Królewski Kościół Katedralny Na Wawelu. W Rocznicę Konsekracji

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Królewski Kościół Katedralny Na Wawelu. W Rocznicę Konsekracji Tomasz Węcławowicz Królewski kościół katedralny na Wawelu W rocznicę konsekracji 1364-2014 Royal Cathedral Church on Wawel Hill in Krakow Jubilee of the Consecration 1364-2014 Dekoracja zachodniej ściany katedry dobitnie ilustruje powiązanie św. Stanisława z ideą polityczną ostatnich władców z dynastii Piastów. Szczyt wieńczy figura św. Stani­ sława, poniżej na drzwiach widnieje monogram króla Kazimierza Wielkiego - a między nimi Orzeł, herb Królestwa Polskiego - heraldyczny łącznik spajający dwie personifikacje religijnej i świeckiej władzy. [...] Dlatego krakowska katedra jest w każdym znaczeniu tego słowa „kościołem królewskim” - a przy tym jedną z najwcześniejszych takich realizacji w Europie Środkowej. Paul Crossley, Gothic Architecture in the Reign of Kazimir the Great, Kraków 1985 [The] demonstration of the link between St Stanislaw and the political ideology of the last Piast King is provided by the decoration of the west front of the cathedral. Above, in the gable is the figure of St Stanislaw; below, on the doors, is the pronounced signature of Kazimir the Great; and between them, as a heraldic link between these two personifica­ tions of the religious and secular authority, is the Polish eagle, the arms of Poland [...] In every sense of the word, therefore, Krakow cathedral is - a Konigskirche. It is moreover one of the earliest of its kind in Central Europe. Paul Crossley, Gothic Architecture in the Reign of Kazimir the Great, Krakow 1985 Tomasz Węcławowicz Królewski kościół katedralny na Wawelu W rocznicę konsekracji 1364-2014 Royal Cathedral Church on Wawel Hill in Krakow Jubilee of the Consecration 1364-2014 Kraków 2014 UNIW ERSYTET PAPIESKI JANA PAWŁA II WYDZIAŁ HISTORII I DZIEDZICTWA KULTUROWEGO PONTIFICAL UNIVERSITY OF JOH N PAUL II FACULTY OF HISTORY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE KRAKOWSKA AKADEMIA IM. ANDRZEJA FRYCZA MODRZEWSKIEGO WYDZIAŁ ARCHITEKTURY I SZTUK PIĘKNYCH ANDRZEJ FRYCZ MODRZEWSKI KRAKOW UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO TEOLOGICZNE W 90 ROCZNICĘ ZAŁOŻENIA POLISH THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY IN THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF ITS FOUNDATION Spis treści - Table o f contents Ed y t o r ia le - Ed it o r ia l s - ks. kardynał Stanisław Dziwisz, Arcybiskup Metropolita Krakowski........................................................7 - Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz Metropolitan Archbishop of Kraków ............................................................9 - Paul Crossley, The Cathedral o f the Kings....................................................................................................... 11 - ks. Jacek Urban, Locus iste a Deo factus est...................................................................................................... 17 K r ó lew sk i k o śc ió ł k a t ed r a ln y na Wawelu. W r o c z n ic ę konsekracji 1364-2014 Wprowadzenie.......................................................................................................................................................23 Podwójna katedra pierwszych Piastów ..............................................................................................................27 Królewski kościół katedralny Wacława I I .........................................................................................................47 Koronacyjna katedra ostatnich Piastów ............................................................................................................59 Katedralne patrocinia i relikwie a krakowskie mity początku...................................................................... 79 Zakończenie...........................................................................................................................................................99 A lbu m fo t o g r a f ii i r y su n k ó w - Illustrations ..................................................................................101 Royal Cathedral C hurch on Wawel H ill in Krakow. J ubilee of the C onsecration 1364-2014 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................141 The Double Cathedral of the Early Piasts....................................................................................................... 145 The Royal Cathedral of Vaclav II...................................................................................................................... 161 The Coronation Cathedral o f the Piast Kings................................................................................................171 Patron Saints, their Holy Relics, and Krakow Myths of the ‘Beginning’ .................................................. 191 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................... 209 Wybrana biografia - Selected bibliography....................................................................................................211 Spis ilustracji - List of illustrations..................................................................................................................241 Indeks.................................................................................................................................................................... 248 Index...................................................................................................................................................................... 256 Stanisław K ard yn ał D )ziw isz ^Arcybiskup '^M etrcpdta K rakow ski Kraków, 14 lutego 2014 r. 28 marca bieżącego roku minie 650 lat od konsekracji gotyckiej katedry na Wawelu. W czwartek po Wielkanocy (28 III) 1364 roku arcybiskup gnieźnieński Jarosław Bogoria ze Skotnik dokonał jej konsekracji. Na uroczystości jubileuszowe złożą się uroczysta msza święta pod przewodnictwem legata papieskiego, koncert i sesja naukowa zorganizowana przez Wydział Historii i Dziedzictwa Kultu­ rowego Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie. Jedną z form uczczenia tego jubile­ uszu jest publikacja prezentowanej w tym miejscu książki prof. Tomasza Węcławowicza, poświę­ conej genezie obecnej, gotyckiej, katedry na Wawelu. Myśląc o konsekracji katedry, patrzymy na nią dzisiaj, 650 lat później. Podnosząc oczy po­ nad ołtarz główny w prezbiterium, patrzymy na centralny zwornik na jego sklepieniu, który bywa określany jako kamień węgielny kościoła. Przedstawia Chrystusa zasiadającego na majestacie, na tronie z podnóżkiem. Lewą ręką podtrzymuje księgę Ewangelii, wspartą na lewym kolanie, a pra­ wą unosi w górę w geście błogosławieństwa. To przedstawienie w ikonografii określane bywa jako Maiestas Domini. Chrystus na majestacie, czyli na tronie jest Królem. Ten tron jest także katedrą, na której zasiada trzymając księgę Ewangelii. Równocześnie jest to tron Najwyższego Kapłana. Aniołowie w towarzyszących zwornikach podtrzymują, jeden dymiącą kadzielnicę, a drugi pło­ nący lichtarz, a więc oddają część Bogu, sprawując liturgię niebieską. Chrystus chwalebny w centralnym zworniku katedry jest Tym, który naucza, który roz­ grzesza, który się ofiaruje i który błogosławi. Równocześnie jest Tym, któremu cześć winne jest stworzenie. Scena ta przywołuje tekst z Apokalipsy „godzien jesteś Panie i nasz Boże, odebrać chwałę i cześć i moc” (Ap 4, 11). Celebracja liturgii niebieskiej sprawowana przez Aniołów, jest równocześnie pobudką i przypomnieniem dla żyjących, że po konsekracji miejsce to stało się świątynią Boga żywego. Kolejne zworniki prezbiterium katedry zostały poświęcone św. Wacławowi i św. Stanisławo­ wi, a więc patronom katedry. Katedrę wzniesiono jako sanktuarium dla św. Stanisława, kanonizo­ wanego w Asyżu w 1253 r. Niedługo po konsekracji katedra na Wawelu stała się także miejscem czci św. Jadwigi królowej. Równocześnie katedrę wznoszono jako kościół królewski. Wskazują na to zworniki w nawie głównej. Zanim zamknięto prezbiterium, katedra stała się miejscem koronacji królewskiej Wła­ dysława Łokietka, miejscem jego pochówku i koronacji jego syna Kazimierza Wielkiego. Odtąd kościół katedralny na Wawelu trwał i pozostał w swej funkcji kościoła koronacyjnego i grzebalne­ go większości polskich monarchów, co zapewniło mu pozycję nieporównywalną w stosunku do innych polskich kościołów i katedr. Równocześnie katedra na Wawelu była kościołem biskupim. Jest nim od ponad tysiąca lat, od roku 1000. Herb bp. Jana Grota (Rawicz) w ostatnim zworniku prezbiterium wskazuje na tego, który w 1346 roku doprowadził do konsekracji prezbiterium katedry, natomiast herb bi­ skupa Bodzanty (Poraj), na tego, który doprowadził do końca budowy i do konsekracji. Katedra jest miejscem, z którego biskup naucza, sprawuje sakramenty święte, poświęca i błogosławi. Ka­ tedra na Wawelu to pierwszy Jordan i pierwszy Wieczernik dla Krakowa i Małopolski. To Mater i Caput wszystkich kościołów Krakowa i diecezji krakowskiej, która podówczas swoją wielkością przekraczała granice Małopolski. Dziś w jej pierwotnych granicach znajduje się dziesięć diecezji. To miejsce najszczególniejsze. Miejsce koronacji królów i ich pochówków, miejsce konsekra­ cji biskupów, święceń kapłanów i diakonów. Miejsce święceń olejów świętych w Wielki Czwartek, miejsce sprawowania uroczystej liturgii, miejsce nauczania, sprawowania sakramentów i miejsce dumy narodowej. Katedra na Wawelu była miejscem szczególnym dla bł. Jana Pawła II, który 50 lat temu, 8 marca 1964 roku odbył ingres do katedry, został jej gospodarzem - a 27 kwietnia tego roku zostanie ogłoszony
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