The Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 7.0 No. 2 Winter Issue 2016 pp. 38 - 42 The Indian Journal of Spatial Science EISSN: 2249 - 4316 homepage: www.indiansss.org ISSN: 2249 - 3921 Patterns and Potential of Urbanisation of Khordha district, Odisha, India Debika Banerji Research Scholar, Research Scholar,Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan,West Bengal Article Info Abstract ______________________ _________________________________________________________ Article History In a developing nation like India, the characteristics of the urbanisation are pronounced in Received on: migration patterns. By analysing the ever growing demand of the population in terms of its number 14 June 2016 and nature it is seen an ever increase in urban growth is concentrated in the cities. Thus a primate Accepted inRevised Form on: city develops, which leads to too much concentration and overcrowding in a small place. An 15 August 2016 overview of the Khordha District in Odisha gives us the results. AvailableOnline on and from: 23 September 2016 ________________ __ __ _ ___ Key Words Urbanisation Census Towns © 2016 ISSS. All Rights Reserved Primate city ___________________ _______________________________________________________________ Introduction Literature Review Urbanisation is an index of transformation from Urbanisation and the progressive associated changes traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is that are seen in a region lead to a change in the a progressive concentration (Davis, 1965;Datta, 2006) population characteristics of that region (Davis, 1965; of population in any urban unit. Kingsley Davis has Datta, 2006). The most important reportshave been the mentioned has mentioned a stage wise change from the Census of India, 2011, Provisional Population Totals for traditional rural agrarian economies to the industrial the Indian definitions of Towns and Cities. The Town and non-agrarian urban towns. Country Planning Organisation usethe Census Criteria for defining towns. Urban growth is determined by a The StudyArea number of locational as well as economic factors and Khordha (also written as Khurda) is an administrative follows certain patterns (Hauser, 1956; Proudlove, division of the state of Orissa, India. It was formed on 1968; Bose, 1969; Suri, 1972). The background of the April 1, 1993 by the division of former Puri district into study area which is the Khordha district of Odisha has Puri, Khurda and Nayagarh districts. In the year 2000 been established with reference to the official district the district name was changed to Khordha. The district website(www.ordistricts.nic.in) as well as a report headquarters is KhordhaTown, formerly known as (Patnaik, 2004). The concepts of Primacy and Primate Jajarsingh, or Kurada. The capital city of Bhubaneswar Cities have been of significance in this study is located in this district. Khordha is the most urbanized (Siddhartha and Mukherjee, 1997) of all the districts of Orissa (Patnaik, 2004).. Khordha is known for its brass utensils, cottage industries, railway Methodology coach manufacturing, and cable manufacture (Patnaik, For this study, the 2001 Census data handbook of 2004). Orrisa has been used for obtaining village level maps and also the 1991,2001 and 2011 Principal Census Objectives Abstract data has been used. To get a general understanding of the urbanization The generation of maps using the different census year pattern and trends of Khordha district of Odisha. data corresponding to the given village boundaries have www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 38 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 The Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 7.0 No. 2 Winter Issue 2016 pp. 38 - 42 been used for understanding the urbanization pattern of electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste the district. Recognition of potential villages that can water etc. educational institutions, post offices, medical become future towns has been attempted following the facilities, banks etc. census criteria. The reason for the observations is sought with the help of the gleaned data. Analysis The analysis of Census data for the three decades has Definitions and Criteria used in by the Census of been done with the help of maps(Fig.2; Fig.3; Fig.4; India (2011) (as well as the Town and Country Fig.5; Fig.6; Fig.7; Fig. 8; Fig. 9; Fig. 10). Each criterion Planning Organisation of India) is selected and the villages demarcated that fulfill them. a. Census Definition of Towns, 2011) Total population of the village of more than 4000 is used In Census of India, 2011 two types of town were as the first criteria (Fig.2; Fig.5 and Fig. 8). Villages' identified such as – having a 75 % and more male population engaged in the a) Statutory towns: All places with a non agricultural sector is used as the second criteria municipality, corporation, Cantonment board (Fig.3; Fig.6 and Fig.9). The third criterion for data ornotified town area committee, etc. so analysis is villages having population density of more declared by state law. than 400 persons per square kilometer (Fig.4; Fig.7 and b) Census towns: Places which satisfy the Fig.10).Total population of villages having more than following criteria - 4000 persons have increased over the decades as seen i) a minimum population of 5000 ; in Fig. 2, Fig.5 and Fig. 8). It is seen that the villages ii) at least 75% of male working population having male percentage of population in non engaged in non agricultural pursuits; and agricultural sectors increased from 1991(Fig. 3) to iii) a density of population of atleast 400 persons 2001(Fig. 6) but there has been a slight decrease in the per sq. km village numbers in 2011 (Fig. 9). This could be accounted for the outmigration of the male members b.UrbanAgglomeration(Census of India, 2011) engaged in agriculture in large numbers leading to an Urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread apparent view that the villagers now had changed their constituting atown and its adjoining urban outgrowths occupation from primary activities to secondary (OGs) or two or more physical contiguous towntogether activities. Villages having a population density of 400 and any adjoining urban out growths of such towns. persons per square kilometers has also shown a Examples of out growths arerailway colonies, university decadal rise as depicted in the Fig. 4 , Fig.7 and Fig. 10 ( campus, port area, military campus and so on that may from 8 villages in 1991 to 14 villages in 2011). come up near a statutory town or city. For census of Overall when all the three criteria were taken India, 2001 it was decided that the core town or at least together, it is seen that there has been no increase in the one of the constituent towns of an urban agglomeration number of villages which would qualify as census towns should necessarily be a statutory town and the total in the near future. In 1991 no village fulfills all the three population of all the constituents should not be less than criteria, in 2001 only Balipatapur village (19° 55'N; 20,000 ( as per 1991 Census). With these two basic 85°30' E) fulfills all requisite criteria. It is expected that criteria having been met the following are the possible the trend would continue in 2011 and more villages different situations in which urban agglomerations could would slowly qualify as Census towns. But in 2011 a be constituted: different village Baulabandha (19° 16' N; 85° 51'E) i) a city or town with one or more contiguous outgrowths fulfills the criteria. Hence no definite growth zones can ii) two or more adjoining towns with or without their be recognized in Khordha.However the urban outgrowths; population of Khordha district has increased over the iii) a city or one or more adjoining towns with their out last three decades (Fig.11 a). This means that growths all of which form acontinuous spread. Bhubaneshwar (20°17'N; 85°49'E) has qualified as a primate city (Fig.11 b) (Siddhartha and Mukherjee, C.Out Growths (OG)(Census of India, 2011) 1997), leading to a large scale inmigration from the An Out Growth (OG) is a viable unit such as a village or a surrounding hinterlands (Bose, 1969). Urban Centers hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village act as nucleus to pull in the population from the or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its surrounding regions in order to absorb them mainly in boundaries and location. Some of the examples are employment related activities. With rising income railway colony, university campus, port area, military levels, people demand more goods and services, which camps, etc., which have come up near a statutory town becomes an important factor for them to live in cities. outside its statutory limits but within the revenue limits of The cities attract more skilled labour, which, in turn, a village or villages contiguous to the town. While facilitates investments to open new firms and foster determining the outgrowth of a town, it has been industrial development in the cities(Kapoor and ensured that it possesses the urban features in terms of Pachouri, 2012). However growth of several urban infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, centers reduces problems of overcrowding and www.h-net.org/.....ID=201577 39 Advanced Science Index...ID=1260 The Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 7.0 No. 2 Winter Issue 2016 pp. 38 - 42 overutilization of resources in any region (Proudlove, References 1968). There is a large migration from all parts of the 1. Bose, D.K. (1969): Urbanisation, Industralisation state to the State Capital, Bhubaneshwar in search of and Planning for Regional Development jobs and better education. Economic and Political Weekly Vol 4 No.28/30 Conclusion pp 1169, 1171-1172. Comparisons of urbanization trends and processes in 2.