2014

ANNUALREPORT 20 14 TABLEOFCONTENTS 1 Director’s Update 2 Trustee’s Update 3 Science Highlights 20 Technical Support Highlights 22 Development Highlights 24 Public Program Highlights 25 Putnam Collection Center Highlights 26 Peer-Reviewed Publications 29 Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 35 Statement of Financial Position DIRECTOR’SUPDATE

By Jeffrey Hall 2014 marked the official our operating revenue depends, it is completion of the largest project Lowell all too easy to try to “hunker down” Observatory has ever undertaken: the and avoid the unease of change by Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT). We over-conserving human and financial declared the telescope “commissioned” resources in times of stress. — a glorified way of saying fully Therefore, throughout 2014, and debugged — on December 31, 2014, continuing as I write this in May 2015, and are planning on full science we have taken a tack of identifying operations throughout 2015. where we were mired in the common In practice, this is a somewhat non-profit mindset of trying to do fuzzy line. We still have instruments to too much with too few people or too complete, and with a facility as complex few tools to carry out our mission, as DCT, hardware and software issues and to rectify those deficiencies so will continually occur. One has to draw we can make maximum use of our the line somewhere though, and by magnificent new asset. That is still a the end of 2014 we had achieved the work in progress, but there is definitely key milestones we felt were required progress. to declare our ten-, $53,000,000 This journey of settling Lowell journey complete. Minor issues aside, Observatory fully into its new position DCT is functioning exceptionally as the owner and operator of a state- well, and it is something of which the of-the-art, 4-meter telescope will take entire Lowell family — staff, Board, time. We are discovering, often by Trustee, institutional partners, and all experiment, how to move forward our friends and supporters — can be most efficiently as a greatly expanded justifiably proud. organization. We are pursuing, As we headed toward DCT through our new Foundation and other completion in 2014, we were already avenues, the more diversified sources looking ahead to the next journey, one of revenue we need to support our I estimate will occupy us for about the newly expanded operations and reduce next seven . As I’ve noted before, our reliance on ever-fickle Federal adding an asset like DCT to a company funding. We are identifying both what the size of Lowell is transformative — skill sets are crucial to have on staff, culturally, operationally, and financially. and the levels of staffing required. It is We expended significant effort a cooperative effort of the entire team, throughout 2014 doing a complete and it depends crucially on the interest overhaul of our strategic plan, and support of all those who believe in producing a new plan that sets goals our mission. for science and outreach, operations, Happily, that mission is clicking and finances through 2017. Some of along. In this report, you can read these are truly fundamental, such as the about the diverse and fascinating creation of the governing principles and research our astronomers carry out documents for a new Foundation for so well, and have a glimpse into the Lowell Observatory. steadily growing and popular programs At the heart of the plan, however, is we’ve implemented to bring the results one overarching philosophy, which is of our research to the public. With our to aggressively embrace the profound new telescope for research and our change DCT is bringing upon the established reputation as a national institution. That may seem self-evident, leader in astronomy outreach, we’re but not necessarily: in the face of a working not toward just success but a steadily more difficult environment golden age. I invite all of you to come for winning the Federal grants and along on the ride with us. ■ contracts upon which some 50% of

LowellLowell ObservatoryObservatory || 20142014 ANNUAL ANNUALREPORTREPORT || Director’sTrustee’s Update Update 1 TRUSTEE’SUPDATE

By W. Lowell Putnam As I write this, I am getting ready The restoration of the Clark to join Jeff Hall in Washington, DC Telescope, an important part of our where we have been invited to a two- past and present, was incredibly well day conference to discuss how the done. I want to thank the team for National Science Foundation (NSF) can doing such a wonderful job. Otto be a better “partner” with non-profit Franz, who was taught to use the Clark foundations and research institutions. by E.C. Slipher when he started doing I am also just back from a day of science here in the 1950s, told me that presenting to three classes of sixth it was better than new. So we can look graders using astronomy to promote forward to many decades of sharing interest in STEM-related careers. My this instrument with the public, teaching ears are still ringing! and creating moments of engagement New Horizons is providing a great which we hope will last lifetimes. opportunity for public outreach and While these two examples (and engagement, but it also provides some there are others) may seem disjointed, interesting points of reflection. With they speak to a point that has come up Percival Lowell and Will Grundy as over the past few years. I have often bookends, and Clyde Tombaugh in the been asked how we should balance middle, we have a unique relationship the history and current research, and with the outer solar system, and one my reply is that if we keep doing good that spans a century. So perhaps it science and talking about it with the was no surprise that the New Horizons public, the history will take care of itself. team came back to Lowell to access And if we do things right, the history our 1915 plates in order to get a more will come back to help the current accurate course plan! In this case science do even more. the past was indeed prologue to the Thank you for your help and support! ■ present.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Trustee’s Update 2 SCIENCEHIGHLIGHTS

Ted Dunham Dr. Dunham’s primary activities in 2014 were related to SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy). Dunham and his team carried out observations of a transit involving the GJ1214b in February using the co-mounted HIPO and FLITECAM instruments in the so- called FLIPO configuration. The primary purpose of this observation was to search for evidence of water vapor in the atmosphere of the planet. Transit observations are very tricky since the scientifically interesting signals are at the level of one part in 1,000 to one part in 10,000. The team is still working on the data analysis. These flights also included final commissioning observations for both FLITECAM and HIPO. Following this flight series both instruments passed their commissioning reviews for SOFIA. HIPO was developed by the instrument group at Lowell and FLITECAM by the Infrared Lab at UCLA. Later in the year the project agreed to support FLIPO observations of an occultation of a bright by Pluto that occurs just two weeks before the New Horizons encounter with Pluto in July 2015. This observation will be part of a deployment to New Zealand in June and July of 2015. Scientifically it is valuable because Earth-based occultations probe a different altitude range in Pluto’s atmosphere than the New Horizons experiments will, and because it will help put the very brief New Horizons flyby results in the context of the scientific community’s current understanding of Pluto’s atmosphere from Earth-based occultations. Dunham is also personally gratified by this turn of events since it is exactly the kind of observation that FLIPO was designed for. This is a big payoff for all the work the team has done developing HIPO and FLITECAM since 1997! In other areas considerable progress has been made on the NIHTS instrument for the DCT. Dunham hopes to have it on the telescope by early fall of 2015. Also, his work for the TESS project based at MIT and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics began this year. TESS is an Earth- orbital survey satellite designed to discover the “best and brightest” transiting extrasolar planets for further study using other facilities. It is scheduled to launch in 2017. ■ Images (left): SOFIA in flight; (right): Dr. Dunham aboard SOFIA.

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Will Grundy Dr. Grundy’s research involves icy outer Solar System planets, satellites, and Kuiper belt objects, and was fully funded during 2014 by research grants from the federal government. Grundy leads projects to discover Kuiper belt binaries and to determine their mutual and masses. He is also involved with observational studies of Pluto’s recently-discovered small satellites. Grundy is a co- investigator on NASA’s New Horizons mission on its way to encountering the Pluto system in 2015. He heads the mission’s surface composition science theme team. Grundy is also working on spectroscopic and thermal observations of outer Solar System bodies including Pluto, Triton, Eris, and Makemake which share possession of volatile surface ices seasonally interacting with thin atmospheres. He participated in observations from a number of large space- and ground-based telescopes including Hubble, Spitzer, Keck, SALT, Gemini, IRTF, and DCT. To complement this observational work, he does laboratory studies of cryogenic ices and ice mixtures at Northern Arizona University where numerous students seeking hands-on laboratory experience can readily contribute to the research. Grundy was an author on six peer-reviewed scientific papers published during 2014 plus another five in press or undergoing review as of the end of the year. Since 2009, he has been an editor for Icarus, the leading international scientific journal for Solar System studies. During 2014 he was lead editor for an Icarus special issue on Pluto system science that was published in early 2015. A highlight of Grundy’s 2014 research was using the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the mutual of the binary Kuiper belt object Manwë, enabling him to predict that between 2015 and 2018, it will undergo a series of mutual events in which Manwë and its satellite Thorondor occult and eclipse one another. Mutual events such as this provide a rare and valuable opportunity to learn much more about the system. ■ Image: Schematic view of predicted future Manwë-Thorondor mutual events as seen from Earth (from Grundy et al. 2014).

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Deidre Hunter Dr. Hunter organized a workshop “The Formation and Evolution of Exponential Disks in “, held October 5-9, 2014 at Lowell Observatory. Stellar disks, in which the starlight drops off exponentially from the center of the outwards, are ubiquitous. The in both spiral and dwarf galaxies are generally found to be organized in exponential disks, even extending to very large radii where the surface densities of stars are very low. But the gas from which stars form does not fall off with radius in the same manner. Furthermore, the formation of new stars is highly lumpy. How does lumpy star formation produce distributions of stars that fall off smoothly? And how are these profiles maintained over the lifetime of the galaxy? This workshop brought together 67 theorists and observers from all over the world to discuss the formation of exponential disks and their evolution. Many ideas were presented and discussed, but these remain major open questions in extragalactic astronomy. ■ Image: Attendees watch a presentation during the workshop.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Science Highlights 5 SCIENCEHIGHLIGHTS Stephen Levine Dr. Levine’s institutional responsibilities (which occupied the bulk of his time this past year) included helping with science operations of the DCT (scheduling science time, working with observers and evaluating the overall performance of the telescope and instruments) and general oversight of Lowell’s observing facilities. As noted in the Technical Highlights section (see page 20), in 2014, DCT science time accounted for more than 200 nights. Commissioning of the telescope went very well and formal full time science operations began on January 1, 2015 Levine’s research interests include large astrometric surveys and numerical simulation of the dynamics of astrophysical disk systems, with an emphasis on understanding the structure and evolution of lopsided disk and irregular galaxies. He is investigating uses of observations of gravitational microlensing for disentangling astrophysical disk structures, and also maintains an active interest in stellar occultation studies of outer solar system objects. During 2014, Levine and his team tried to observe several Pluto and KBO occultations. They began preparing for a busy summer of Earth-based observations of Pluto and KBO occultations in 2015, with particular emphasis on three events that bracket the New Horizon’s fly-by of Pluto in July and will provide a unique tie between 20 years of ground based observations and direct observations with the spacecraft. Levine continued collaborating with Arne Henden (AAVSO) on the construction of the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS), which will greatly simplify photometric calibration over the entire sky in the under- served magnitude range from 10 to 16 (see image). He has also installed, and is testing, the prototype instrument for a set of modest-sized, wide field telescopes to be sited around the globe for use as a second generation synoptic survey. ■ Image: The distribution of A (upper), F (middle) and G (lower panel) type stars between magnitudes 14 and 16 around the sky. The plane of the Milky Way is apparent in the distribution of the F and G stars and runs across the middle of the images. The can be seen below and to the right of center in the distribution of A stars. Data are taken from the APASS catalog.

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Philip Massey In 1975, Caltech physicists Kip Thorne and Anna Żytkow wrote a paper speculating about what would happen if a neutron star was absorbed by a red supergiant (RSG) star. The scenario is not as unlikely as it might first appear. If two massive stars are in a binary, the more massive component will evolve quicker than the less massive component, and if its mass is just about right (15 to 20 times the mass of the Sun) it will leave behind a neutron star when it explodes, rather than a black hole. As the other star evolves, it will likely turn into a RSG, greatly expanding in radius and possibly engulfing the other neutron star. What would result? This hybrid object, this star-within-a-star became known as a Thorne-Żytkow Object (TŻO). At the surface of the neutron star, the extremely high temperatures would create a proton-rich environment where “rapid proton” interactions would take place, but for a very short time (about a second) as material circulated to the surface and back down. Potentially TŻOs could explain the mystery of how the rare proton-rich elements (such as rubidium, molybdenum, zirconium, and strontium) were formed. The only problem was that in 40 years no one had ever discovered a TŻO. Did such objects even exist? Such a star would resemble a normal RSG in all properties, except that there would be considerable enhancements of the proton-rich elements as well as lithium. In early 2011 Dr. Żytkow (now a faculty member at the University of Cambridge) emailed Dr. Emily Levesque (a Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow in Boulder, and a former Lowell MIT Field Camp and REU student) and Dr. Massey, suggesting that they look at a sample of weird RSGs that they had identified in the Magellanic Clouds a few years back. Massey’s reaction was that this was a snipe hunt, a search for a mythical creature. (continued on next page) Image: The mighty 6.5-meter Magellan Telescopes are located at in northern Chile. (Image Credit: Kathryn F. Neugent)

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Philip Massey (continued from previous page) (continued) But Levesque convinced him that they should give this a try. They would have to observe these stars at very high dispersion, requiring not a burlap bag and a stick (typical snipe-hunting tools) but rather the 6.5-meter Magellan Telescope located at Las Campanas Observatory in northern Chile (see image) and a very powerful spectrograph known as MIKE. The team argued in their observing proposal that “If we don’t look, we certainly won’t fine one,” and recruited Dr. (Carnegie Observatory) to help them. Much to Massey’s surprise, the time allocation committee gave them time. During the course of several nights in September 2011, Levesque, Morrell, and Massey observed 38 RSGs in the Magellanic Clouds, including a few late additions Massey had made once they were at the telescope. One of these “extra” objects, HV 2112, caught their attention right away, with Morrell exclaiming, “I don’t know what this one is, but I know that I like it!” Morrell reduced the data over the course of the next several months, and Levesque then spent some time deciding exactly how to measure the extremely weak lines, and how to best analyze the data. When all was said and done, she sent Massey a plot, which showed that their friend HV 2112 stood out from the other stars in all of the right ways to be a TŻO. The four of them conferred, and were convinced: they had indeed found the first viable ŻT O candidate after 40 years! Their study was published in September 2014 in the Letters section of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (Levesque et al. 2014). They seem to have found their snipe! ■

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Nicholas Moskovitz Since arriving at Lowell in January 2014 Dr. Moskovitz has primarily focused on leading a large physical characterization study of near-Earth asteroids. This program, called MANOS (the Mission Accessible Near-Earth Object Survey), is providing information on the orbital, rotational, and compositional properties of near-Earth objects (NEOs) that are accessible to spacecraft for robotic or human exploration. In addition, MANOS is probing some of the smallest known NEOs, which remain a largely unstudied population but are highly interesting for understanding the direct parent bodies of meteorites, the properties of potential Earth-impactors, and the geophysical evolution of planetary bodies. MANOS is a collaborative program with more than 20 team members and employs a variety of telescopes around the world, including the Gemini 8-meter North and South facilities, the Kitt Peak 4-meter, the SOAR 4-meter, several 1- to 2-meter class telescopes, and of course Lowell’s DCT. Included amongst the MANOS collaborators are Lowell research associates Thomas Endicott, Brian Burt and Kathryn Neugent; NAU graduate student Mary Hinkle; Lowell astronomers Drs. Larry Wasserman, Will Grundy and Henry Roe; and Lowell postdoc Dr. Audrey Thirouin, who started at Lowell in September 2014. MANOS began in August 2013 and will continue for several years, but is already providing a host of novel insights. Using instruments like LMI at DCT the team is measuring rotational light curves and is beginning to better understand the distribution of rotation states amongst NEOs. Team members have found clear evidence that NEOs can be spun-up or spun-down due to gravitational perturbations during near-Earth encounters inside of about one Earth-Moon distance (approximately 400,000 km). (continued on next page) Image: DCT with a scale cartoon of the near-Earth asteroid 2014 RC, which experienced a near-Earth flyby in September 2014 at a distance of 39,000 km or 1/10th the Earth-Moon separation. Moskovitz and team observed this asteroid with the DCT and the Hall 42-inch, and found a rotation period of 15.8 seconds, the fastest ever measured for a minor planet. (Image credit: Jeremy Perez).

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Nicholas Moskovitz (continued from previous page) (continued) Follow-up modeling of this result will ultimately provide new insight into the internal structures of NEOs and tell the team whether these objects are loosely bound rubble piles, monolithic blocks, or something in between. As part of these light curve observations the team discovered the fastest rotating minor planet to date — the roughly 10-meter object 2014 RC completes a full rotation in only 15.8 seconds (see image). The team is also learning new things about the mineral compositions of NEOs. Observations strongly suggest that the average composition of NEOs changes with size. This is particularly interesting because the average composition for the smallest NEOs, which are believed to be most related to meteorites, seems to be very different from that of meteorites. This result will provide important fodder for models that try to explain the origin and evolution of NEOs. Finally, in support of MANOS, Moskovitz and team began an effort to expand the functionality and scope of the Lowell Observatory asteroid database, which was created in the mid-1990s by Lowell astronomer Dr. Ted Bowell and collaborators. This database catalogs the orbits of all known minor planets in the Solar System and is an important tool for researchers around the world. ■

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Lisa Prato Observations taken in the past year have confirmed a 12 Jupiter-mass object around the very young star, CI Tau, the first discovery of its kind and one that will inform new, improved theories of the youngest stages of planet formation. Undergraduate Jacob McLane was busy with the analysis for this system. New postdoc Dr. Tom Allen took charge of the rich data sets collected at the 10-meter Keck II and 8-meter European Very Large Telescope for young binary stars. Using high-resolution spectroscopy behind adaptive optics systems to take out the blurring of Earth’s atmosphere, the team obtained spectra of each star in newly-formed binary systems with separations as close as the Sun-Jupiter distance. Interns Nuria Wright-Garba and Lauren Biddle worked with Allen to analyze these unique data sets. During a recent Keck II run in April, Dr. Prato obtained an adaptive optics image of the young, gravitationally bound triple system T Tauri with her colleague Dr. Gail Schaefer. Using this and previous epochs of observation they have now determined a precise mass for the pair of close stars that comprise the two southernmost elements in this complex system: one is twice the mass of our Sun and the other is only half its mass! Studying this orbit has been a long-term project (see image) but over the next 10 years, as the stars go through closest approach, things will speed up. They expect some action as these extremely young stars, surrounded by the remnant dust and gas from which they formed, which is likely now forming young planets, pass close to one and other and potentially cause massive perturbations in the circumstellar material. The entire is 28 years; however, the last arc of the orbit to be mapped out will take only about 10 years as the stars race by each other at periastron. ■

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Henry Roe In 2014 Dr. Roe continued his observing of Pluto’s methane atmosphere in advance of the 2015 New Horizons flyby. He developed plans for an instrument upgrade to the 0.5-meter Titan Monitor (TiMo) Telescope on Mars Hill that will be implemented in 2015 and will enable a new spectroscopic capability. Additionally, he worked on the Near-Infrared High-Throughput Spectrograph (NIHTS), which should see first light on the DCT in 2015. In 2014 he finished his term as Chair of the Science & Technology Advisory Committee (STAC) for Gemini Observatory. ■ Image: The 0.5-meter Titan Monitor (TiMo).

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Dave Schleicher As usual, the comet studies during this year were a mix of new observations along with analyses of data obtained in prior years. In support of the extremely close approach of Comet Siding Spring with Mars in October, Dr. Schleicher obtained measurements of the outgassing rates of water and how much dust was lifted from the comet’s surface by the escaping water vapor prior to and immediately after Siding Spring’s passage by Mars. These data confirmed earlier predictions that the comet should not present a danger to the several spacecraft in orbit about Mars — a major concern for NASA. Schleicher also discovered why a comet, 209P/LINEAR, that orbits the Sun every five years was only first detected in 2004 — it has an exceptionally small amount of outgassing and is thus intrinsically very faint. It is only in the past decade that its orbit has brought it sufficiently close to Earth, 0.055 AU or five million miles in 2014, that it’s coma (the material surrounding the nucleus in an outward expanding cloud) could be successfully measured. Although radar measurements indicate the nucleus is more than one mile in diameter, only a tiny area about the size of a football field remains “active” and continues to sublimate ice. This is considerably smaller than for any other comet that has been measured in the past several decades by Schleicher and his colleagues. Research Assistant Allison Bair and Schleicher continued their studies of brightness variations in Halley’s comet during 1985/86. These variations, quite complicated in nature, are produced as one or more active regions move in and out of sunlight (see image). The difficulty is that Halley is both rotating and precessing (like a top), but with the precession rate — once every 3.7 days — being about twice as fast as the rotation rate! Their findings, when combined with other measurements of Halley, will be used in subsequent modeling of the nucleus and its associated activity. ■ Image: A small section of the lightcurve for Comet Halley, showing the brightness variations over a five-week interval for just one of the many gas species emitted by Halley; in this case triatomic carbon. Time from Halley’s closest approach to the Sun is indicated on the bottom axis, while a measure of the amount of gas being released from the surface is given to the left; this variation can be greater than a factor of four from one day to the next due to the combined precession and rotation of the nucleus. Differing colors for the data points indicate small changes in how the observations were obtained. A synthetic curve is overlaid to show that while the lightcurve generally repeats its shape every week, the shape also slowly evolves from three peaks and troughs each cycle to two. This behavior is characteristic of a body in “complex” rotation; Halley was the first comet in which complex rotation was identified.

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UV Evolu-on over Planet Forma-on & Evolu-on Timescales

Disk dispersal and giant planet formation

UV Emission Terrestrial planet Earth’s second If the secondary formation and atmosphere was atmosphere survives, primordial generated plus turn- then life may evolve. atmosphere on of dynamo action for magnetic field.

Stellar Age (Myr)

Evgenya Shkolnik Dr. Shkolnik grew her team in 2014 by recruiting postdoctoral scholar Dr. Joe Llama, a freshly- minted Ph.D. from the University of St. Andrews, and NAU graduate student Laura Flagg, who worked as an intern at Carnegie’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism for several years. It has been really exciting, productive, and fun to have Llama and Flagg around, working hard on young stars, binaries, and . One of the greatest scientific discoveries of the past couple of years is that we now know, thanks to the Kepler space mission (of which Lowell’s Dr. Ted Dunham is a member), that planets are ubiquitous and that a significant fraction of stars have planets in their “Goldilocks” zone. The next step is to understand the ways that otherwise promising planets may turn out to be uninhabitable. Small M stars, the most common star in the Galaxy, are a great place to search for rocky planets in the star’s Goldilocks Zone, but planets orbiting these lower-mass stars (less than 60% the Sun’s mass), are also bombarded with high-energy radiation (i.e., UV light), potentially making them uninhabitable. Shkolnik spent much of the year studying the evolution of this UV light emitted from M stars. More information can be found in Shkolnik & Barman (a former Lowell scientist), 2014, AJ, 148, 64 and Shkolnik et al., 2014, ApJ, 796, 20. In addition, Llama and Shkolnik focused on the effects of stellar variability on astronomers’ ability to measure exoplanetary radii; i.e., Does stellar activity give you the wrong answer? For more information on this subject, see Llama & Shkolnik, 2015, ApJ, 802, 41. ■ Image (left): Extreme UV image of the sun observed during the latest transit of Venus. (Image Credit: NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams)

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Gerard van Belle Dr. van Belle continued to work on a number of high-spatial resolution projects, including a major study on milliarcsecond-scale angular diameters of evolved giant stars using optical interferometry, and a Hubble parallax project for measuring the distances to eclipsing M-dwarf binary stars. For the former project, the diameters are combined with stellar bolometric flux measures to empirically establish the effective temperatures for these touchstone stars. These objects, with their directly measured sizes and temperatures, are used to constrain stellar models, particularly with respect to the physics of convection. Van Belle, working with NAU NASA Space Grant intern Ryan Buckingham, developed a pipeline for Lowell’s robotic telescope to measure the necessary stellar fluxes using a simple $200 transmission grating in place of an imaging filter (see image). One ancillary benefit of this work is the pipeline, written in open source Python, will be made available to the amateur community in the near future, effectively enabling massively parallel narrow-band photometry on telescopes with a CCD camera and a filter wheel.■ Image: Image from Lowell Observatory’s 31-inch telescope, through its transmission grating optic. Each star has a portion of its light that passes directly through the optic that forms an image; each star also has a ‘smear’ of light to the left from the portion of its light that is diffracted by the transmission grating. The spectrum of each star in the frame can be extracted from that second portion of the starlight.

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Thomas Allen Since beginning his postdoc position at Lowell Observatory in August 2014, Dr. Allen was been busy with a number of observational projects. His primary focus was the reduction and analysis of high resolution spectroscopic data of young systems observed by Dr. Lisa Prato. The other project Allen worked on was a survey of the star formation region Cep OB3b. Both of these projects utilize Lowell Observatory’s Discovery Channel Telescope, with 12 half- nights of time awarded in Q2 2015 and additional seven half-nights in Q3 2015. Results from both projects have been presented at conferences including the Keck Science Meeting in October 2014 and Star Formation in the Southwest 1, in March 2015. In addition to research, Allen helped mentor undergraduates in Prato’s research group, as well as helping in the Navajo-Hopi outreach program. ■ Image: A U, B and I band Discovery Channel Telescope image of a part of Cep OB3b, a cluster of a few thousand young stars about 2000 light years from Earth. The U-band is color coded as blue, the B-band is color coded as green and the I-band is color coded as red. The brightest star is HD 217086, an O7V star, which is one of the most massive in the cluster, and the second brightest star is HD 217061, a B1V star. The radiation from these stars is interacting with the nearby molecular cloud creating the diffuse blue emission in the lower left of the image. Many of the other bright blue stars are young stars that are actively accreting material from circumstellar disks of gas and dust. By observing large clusters such as Cep OB3b, we can trace the properties of large numbers of young stars and their circumstellar disks as they evolve toward the main sequence.

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Matthew Knight Much of Dr. Knight’s work in 2014 was devoted to comet ISON, the much-hyped comet that was destroyed when it reached “sungrazing” distances on Thanksgiving Day, 2013. As an expert on sungrazing comets, Knight was heavily involved in a number of studies of ISON. Notably, he and senior astronomer Dr. Dave Schleicher published the results of their extensive observations using the DCT, Hall 42-inch telescope, and 31-inch telescope. These included measurements of the comet’s gas production across a wider range of distances from the Sun than any other observers and nightly imaging in the first half of November. The November observations conclusively showed that ISON’s huge outburst of activity on November 13 did not result in the destruction of the nucleus at that time, as some have argued. Knight gave several invited talks on his ISON work, including at two major international meetings: Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors in Helsinki and Committee on Space Research in Moscow. Knight was a member of NASA’s campaign to help facilitate ground- and space-based observations of comet Siding Spring (C/2013 A1) during its historic close approach to Mars in October 2014. Knight and research scientist Brian Skiff obtained unique images of its CN gas coma with the DCT (see image). These will be vital for helping various Mars spacecraft teams interpret their data since none of the instruments that observed Siding Spring at Mars are designed to study comets. Knight also continued doing outreach teaching at an inner city school in Baltimore, MD through Towson University’s Project ASTRO, an NSF-sponsored program similar to Lowell’s Navajo-Hopi program. He and his partner teacher were featured in an article by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific for their “exemplary partnership” over the last four years.■ Image: Comet Siding Spring (C/2013 A1) imaged on October 20, 2014 with the Discovery Channel Telescope just eight hours after its extraordinarily close flyby of Mars, when it passed ~3 times closer to Mars than the Moon is to Earth. The left image uses an R filter that is primarily sensitive to dust, while the right image uses a filter that isolates CN (cyanogen) gas. Both images are centered on the comet’s nucleus (which is too small to be seen) and have been processed to enhance subtle differences in brightness. The color scale is shown at the bottom, with regions in red being bright and black being dark. The R image shows a dust tail pointing to the lower left, while the CN image shows evidence for the tail in the same direction, but also a fan of CN gas towards the north (top) with little accompanying dust. Background stars are seen as red dots (left panel) or streaks (right panel). At the time of the Mars flyby, Siding Spring was only briefly visible near the horizon during evening twilight, so very few ground-based observers were able to observe it. This CN image is the only such observation reported in the scientific literature, and provides valuable context for the observations acquired by the fleet of spacecraft at Mars.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Science Highlights 17 SCIENCEHIGHLIGHTS

Joe Llama Since moving to Lowell in June 2014 as a postdoctoral researcher Dr. Llama has investigated the impact of stellar activity on exoplanets. He worked with high-resolution images of the Sun taken with NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. He simulated over 30,000 transit light curves of exoplanets over these Solar images to place statistical limits on how much stellar activity impacts the light curve. He found that for X-ray and extreme ultraviolet observations the depth of the transit can be highly variable which could be misinterpreted as the planet having an extended atmosphere at these wavelengths. This work was published in The Astrophysical Journal in January 2015, and he presented the preliminary findings at Towards Other Earths II in Porto, Portugal in September 2014. Llama was also part of a hares-and-hounds exercise to determine the accuracy of recovering differential rotation from Kepler light curves. The presence of dark spots on the surface of stars produce variations in the stellar light curve that can be used to determine the rotation period of the star. If the star is rotating differentially (like the Sun) then multiple rotation periods will be present in the light curve. Understanding differential rotation is fundamental for furthering our knowledge of the internal workings of the stellar dynamo and magnetic field generation. Llama’s role involved simulating over one thousand light curves with various star spot and differential rotation patterns. These light curves were then given to eight teams who applied various techniques to recover the input parameters. He presented the results of the investigation at Cool Stars 18 in Flagstaff, AZ during an invited review talk in one of the splinter sessions and the final paper was published inMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in April. ■

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Science Highlights 18 SCIENCEHIGHLIGHTS

Kathryn Neugent Kathryn Neugent and Dr. Phil Massey continued their research on Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars in Local Group galaxies, including those in our nearby spiral galaxies, M31 and M33. WRs are the final evolutionary stage of high mass stars before they erupt into spectacular supernovae. While in this stage, stars can be thought of as “bare stellar cores” characterized by highly evolved surface elements. Back in 2011/12, the team surveyed both M31 and M33 for new WRs using the 6.5-meter MMT down near Tucson, AZ. After achieving a completeness rate of ~95%, the team found that their results were inconsistent with the predictions of the stellar evolutionary models. This inconsistency could possibly be explained if the frequency of binary WRs varied with . Knowing this, Neugent devised a project to test this explanation. After writing a successful observing proposal, she was awarded time on the MMT to spectroscopically observe the team’s discovered WRs in M31 and M33. These additional observations allowed them to determine which WRs showed radial velocity variations and were potentially part of a binary system. After identifying WR binaries, the team found that the binary frequency does not appear to change with respect to metallicity. So, more research is required to explain the discrepancies between their observations and the evolutionary models. To present these results, Neugent published an Astrophysical Journal paper (Neugent & Massey 2014), and traveled to Geneva for the “New Windows on Massive Stars” IAU Symposium. As an added bonus, Neugent got to visit CERN and the Large Hadron Collider. As part of this research, the team developed a list of likely WR binaries in M31 and M33. Letting this information go to waste would be a shame, so they began a new project to directly measure the masses of these WRs. Such data will provide unprecedented constraints on the evolutionary models of massive stars, and help answer how Wolf-Rayet stars form. To do this, the team obtained additional spectroscopic observations of the likely M31 and M33 WR binaries using the MMT down near Tucson. The team also began a photometric monitoring program of these stars using Lowell’s own DCT (special thanks goes to Brian Skiff and Teznie Pugh for helping out). More observations are needed (scheduled for Fall 2015), but their current results are promising. Stay tuned and look for more exciting results next year! ■ Images (left): Drs. Gerard Van Belle and Phil Massey, and Kathryn Neugent at the “New Windows on Massive Stars” IAU Symposium in Geneva. (Right): Picture of the MMT opening up at sunset to begin observing our M31 and M33 Wolf-Rayet binaries.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Science Highlights 19 TECHNICALSUPPORTHIGHLIGHTS

By Bill DeGroff DCT Since commissioning began in 2012, the Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) transitioned rapidly from engineering activities to science program support, with night-time telescope operation provided by Teznie Pugh, Heidi Larson, Jason Sanborn, Susan Strosahl, and Lisa Foley. In 2014, part or all of 236 nights were scheduled for science operations. Total science time was 216 nights (some nights 3 were half-nights); 1 ⁄4 nights were lost due to technical problems. This record of highly reliable operation was due to the hard work of the DCT site engineering crew, which included Frank Cornelius (mechanical engineer), Ben Hardesty (engineering technician), Mike Sweaton (electrical engineer) and Michael Lacasse (software engineer). The engineering crew ensured that the telescope and facility systems were operating normally at all times through a well- defined strategy of preventive maintenance, rapid problem diagnosis, and when necessary, repair. Maintaining DCT involves not only major operations such as cleaning and re-coating mirrors, but a myriad of lesser tasks: sampling, analyzing, and changing gearbox oil; air compressor maintenance; facility and instrument chiller maintenance and checkout; HVAC maintenance; computer systems maintenance; cleaning telescope components; lubricating critical bearings and gears; troubleshooting and fixing software bugs; and many more. The day crew did an outstanding job in staying ahead of these tasks and ensuring the telescope and facility were prepared for night operations. During the 2014 monsoon season, for the first time at the DCT the team performed an aqueous wash of the primary mirror. The mirror is normally cleaned using carbon dioxide (CO2) snow on a monthly basis; however CO2 snow is not effective at removing some types of particulate matter such as pollen and ash. The MMT observatory near Tucson, AZ has been performing an aqueous wash of their primary mirror for some time, and they generously provided procedural information and participated physically in the DCT wash. The wash was very successful, not only improving the reflectivity and scattered light attributes but significantly extending the interval between mirror re-coating. This is a significant reduction in technical risk and physical work. The team anticipates performing the aqueous wash on a twice a year basis going forward. DCT instrumentation continued to progress during 2014, with assembly and preliminary testing of the DeVeny Spectrograph in the instrument shop, and fabrication and assembly of critical components for NIHTS (Near-Infrared High-Throughput Spectrograph). Images: The Discovery Channel Telescope

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Technical Support Highlights 20 TECHNICALSUPPORTHIGHLIGHTS (continued)

By Bill DeGroff Anderson Mesa The Anderson Mesa telescopes continued to support science operations with 209 science nights recorded by the 72-inch Perkins, 207 nights by the 42-inch Hall, and 365 nights by the 31-inch telescope in 2014. Great credit for the outstanding reliability of the Mesa facilities is due to the efforts of Ralph Nye, Dr. Larry Wasserman, Rich Oliver, and Len Bright. NPOI The Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI) is not only a complex instrument, but operates in a complex organizational environment. The primary partners for system commissioning and operations are the US Naval Observatory – Flagstaff Station, the Naval Research Lab, and Lowell Observatory. Collaborators include Tennessee State University and New Mexico Tech. Some technical support is provided by US Navy Reservists. Lowell Observatory provided infrastructure support, with full-time effort by Steve Winchester and Jim Gorney, and on-call support from other Lowell technicians and engineers as required. Night operations support was provided by observers Teznie Pugh, Susan Strosahl, Jason Sanborn, Ron Winner, and Lisa Foley. Near year’s end, Jason Sanborn moved to DCT operations full-time, Ron Winner retired, and Lisa Foley left the observatory. Three new observers were recruited: Mike Sakosky, Jacob Gannon, and Stephen Zawicki. Completion of their training is anticipated for first quarter 2015. During 2014, the Lowell staff supported 342 nights of operation, easily meeting the Navy’s contractual requirement of 90% (320 nights) on-sky support excluding Lowell holidays. Mars Hill During 2014 the highly anticipated restoration of the Clark Telescope was begun, and completion is anticipated for 2015. This effort comprised a complete disassembly, rework and repair, and re-assembly of the telescope and mount, with significant repairs and improvements performed to the dome as well. Key personnel in this effort included Ralph Nye, Peter Rosenthal, Rich Oliver, Steve Winchester, Glenn Hill, Jeff Gehring, Dave Shuck and Wyatt Jordan. ■ Images (left): Anderson Mesa and the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI). The 72-inch and 42-inch telescopes are at lower left; the 24-inch LONEOS Schmidt telescope is at lower center. Out of the frame to the left is the robotic 31-inch telescope. NPOI is the large Y-shaped ensemble of structures. (Right): The Clark restoration project gets underway with removal of the telescope and here, the mount.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Technical Support Highlights 21 DEVELOPMENTHIGHLIGHTS

By Mica Gratton Memberships Members are an integral part of Lowell Observatory’s success. In 2014, the observatory welcomed 844 new members, bringing the total to 2,111 active members. Lowell had a record number (1,267) of existing members renew. Memberships to Lowell Observatory fuel the annual budget, which allowed the observatory to operate so many wonderful programs such as night viewing experiences. In 2014 Lowell instituted VIP member events such as the grand opening to the new Pluto at 85 exhibit. In October Lowell took more than 60 Pluto Circle members out to Lowell’s Discovery Channel Telescope for lunch and a private tour by Director Jeff Hall. As a member of Lowell, members receive the added benefit of the ASTC Travel Passport program that allows them to enjoy more than 300 science and technology centers and museums around the world from Alabama to Venezuela! Being part of the ASTC has allowed members to experience fantastic museums, but has also opened up Lowell to visits by other museums’ members giving them the opportunity to discover what Lowell has been presenting to the public for the past 120 years while also educating them on all of Lowell’s great new discoveries. Images (left): Members at the $100 level and above were invited to the Grand Opening of Pluto at 85: From Discovery to New Horizons. (Right): Director Jeff Hall, shown here explaining the machine used to aluminize the DCT’s mirrors, gave a tour of the DCT to Pluto Circle members. (Image Credits (left): Richard Bohner; (Right): Beverly Dilse Johnson)

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Development Highlights 22 DEVELOPMENTHIGHLIGHTS (continued)

By Mica Gratton Speakers Series On June 7, 2014, Lowell Observatory’s signature event, the 3rd Annual Lowell Speakers Series, was celebrated. The Speakers Series featured Captain Mark Kelly as the keynote speaker. Kelly is an American astronaut, retired US Navy Captain, best-selling author, prostate cancer survivor, and experienced naval aviator who flew combat missions during the Gulf War. He kept the audience captivated with his accounts of his life experiences and inspired them to be their best while remaining true to their core values. He exemplifies leadership, the importance of teamwork, and courage under pressure. The event began with a special VIP reception for Galaxy Circle Members. They had the opportunity to have their photo taken with Captain Mark Kelly at the 1899 Bar & Grill. The main event at the High Country Conference Center featured a meal, silent auction and a 45-minute talk by Captain Kelly. All proceeds from the Speakers Series benefited Lowell Observatory. Images (left): Captain Mark Kelly enthralled the crowd at the High Country Conference Center. (Right): Captain Mark Kelly.

By Lisa Actor Are YOU a member of The Percival Lowell Society? Friends who designate Lowell Observatory in their will, trust, or other testamentary document are members of the Percival Lowell Society. Members receive a bronze replica of Percival Lowell’s Mars globe, an invitation to an annual brunch, and the pleasure of knowing their gift helps secure the future of Lowell Observatory. Please let us know if you would like to become a member of the Percival Lowell Society! ■

For more information, contact Antoinette Beiser at (928) 255-0186 or email her at [email protected]

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Development Highlights 23 PUBLICPROGRAMHIGHLIGHTS

By Samantha Christensen Nearly 75,000 visitors participated in Lowell Observatory’s outreach programs in 2014. Extended hours in March and April allowed for more opportunities to visit Lowell and exciting new programs and traveling exhibits gave visitors more reasons to come to the observatory. Feedback from public program guests and Lowell Observatory Camps for Kids (LOCKs) participants was overwhelmingly positive. Traditional public program activities such as grounds tours, solar viewing, evening telescope viewing, and live indoor astronomy presentations continued to be offered in 2014. Guests were also able to experience new programs like Stars on Mars Hill — a monthly public lecture series featuring visiting colloquium speakers. Traveling exhibits in 2014 included Black Holes: Space Warps and Time Twists (developed by educators and scientists at the Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) and New Views of the Universe (developed by the Space Telescope Science Institute and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service). These highly interactive exhibits delighted children and adults alike. LOCKs continued to expand in several directions. Additional sessions of LOCKs – Preschool were added in order to meet growing demand for the program and scholarships were made available to eligible LOCKs – Elementary School participants. A new branch of the program, LOCKs – Middle School, launched during the summer. Impressive learning outcomes were achieved in all of the LOCKs programs. The public program had a successful year thanks to the efforts of our outstanding staff. We are fortunate to have such a talented, dedicated team. ■ Images (left): Summer camp participants engaged in hands-on activities to learn about STEM. (Right): Black Holes: Space Warps and Time Twists was featured in the exhibit hall from January through May 2014. Each visitor created an “Explorer’s Card” with a unique name to personalize their experience.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Public Program Highlights 24 PUTNAMCOLLECTIONCENTERHIGHLIGHTS

By Lauren Amundson Lowell celebrated the dedication and opening of the Putnam Collection Center (PCC) on June 7, 2014. The PCC houses Lowell Observatory’s library, archives, and artifact collection. Staff members and volunteers transferred more than 300 linear feet of manuscripts and rare books from the Hendricks Center for Planetary Studies in May and June, and began moving collections out of the Slipher Building basement in the fall. The collections team inspected each box and then wrapped and sealed it in plastic before transferring it to a walk-in freezer to kill any insect infestations. Curator Samantha Thompson created exhibits in the PCC lobby, which houses Percival Lowell’s 1911 Stevens-Duryea touring car (“Big Red”) and is open to the public. The exhibits include rare books, glass plate negatives, meteorites, and artifacts from our collections. The team rotates the items on a regular basis to protect them and attract repeat visitors. Volunteers and interns helped with projects such as digitizing photographs and documents, processing collections, cataloging, preparing collections for transfer to the PCC, and exhibit research and design. Archivist and Librarian Lauren Amundson attended the annual Arizona Archives Summit in Tempe, AZ, and Amundson and Thompson both participated in an Arizona Humanities grant- writing workshop and a BitCurator digital forensics workshop. They also gave PCC tours to various private and professional groups. Visiting scholars used the archives to conduct research on Wilbur Cogshall, Frank Holden, and cosmic evolution, and Lowell received two dozen requests from researchers and publishers for images and other archival material. The digital collection at the Arizona Memory Project received 850 hits. ■ Image (left): Former Trustee Bill Putnam cut the ribbon at the dedication of the Putnam Collection Center. Image (right): Big Red on display in the lobby of the PCC.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Putnam Collection Center Highlights 25 PEER-REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONS Baines, E. ; Armstrong, J. ; Schmitt, H. Volume 787, Issue 1, article id. 92 Feaga, L. ; A’Hearn, M. ; Farnham, T. ; ; Benson, J. ; Zavala, R. ; van Belle, Bodewits, D. ; Sunshine, J. ; Gersch, A. G. (2014). Navy Precision Optical Boyajian, T. ; von Braun, K. ; van ; Protopapa, S. ; Yang, B. ; Drahus, M. Interferometer Measurements of 10 Belle, G. ; McAlister, H. ; ten ; Schleicher, D. (2014). Uncorrelated Stellar Oscillators. The Astrophysical Brummelaar, T. ; Kane, S. ; Muirhead, Volatile Behavior during the 2011 Journal, Volume 781, Issue 2, article P. ; Jones, J. ; White, R. ; Schaefer, G. ; Apparition of Comet C/2009 P1 id. 90 Ciardi, D. ; Henry, T. ; López-Morales, Garradd. The Astronomical Journal, M. ; Ridgway, S. ; Gies, D. ; Jao, Volume 147, Issue 1, article id. 24 Benecchi, S. ; Noll, K. ; Thirouin, A. ; W. -C. ; Rojas-Ayala, B. ; Parks, J. ; Ryan, E. ; Grundy, W. ; Verbiscer, A. Sturmann, L. ; Sturmann, J. ; Turner, N. Grundy, W. ; Benecchi, S. ; Porter, ; Doressoundiram, A. ; Hestroffer, D. ; ; Farrington, C. ; Goldfinger, P. ; Berger, S. ; Noll, K. (2014). The orbit of Beaton, R. ; Rabinowitz, D. ; Chanover, D. (2014). Erratum: “Stellar Diameters transneptunian binary Manwë and N. (2014). The UT 7/8 February 2013 and Temperatures. II. Main-sequence Thorondor and their upcoming mutual Sila-Nunam mutual event & future K- and M-stars.” The Astrophysical events. Icarus, Volume 237, p. 1 predictions. Icarus, Volume 229, p. 423 Journal, Volume 790, Issue 2, article id. 166 Grundy, W. ; Olkin, C. ; Young, L. ; Biddle, L. ; Pearson, K. ; Crossfield, Holler, B. (2014). Near-infrared spectral I. ; Fulton, B. ; Ciceri, S. ; Eastman, J. Caballero-Nieves, S. ; Nelan, E. ; Gies, monitoring of Pluto’s ices II: Recent ; Barman, T. ; Mann, A. ; Henry, G. ; D. ; Wallace, D. ; DeGioia-Eastwood, decline of CO and N2 ice absorptions. Howard, A. ; Williamson, M. ; Sinukoff, K. ; Herrero, A. ; Jao, W. -C. ; Mason, Icarus, Volume 235, p. 220 E. ; Dragomir, D. ; Vican, L. ; Mancini, B. ; Massey, P. ; Moffat, A. ; Walborn, L. ; Southworth, J. ; Greenberg, A. ; N. (2014). A High Angular Resolution Guilloteau, S. ; Simon, M. ; Piétu, V. Turner, J. ; Thompson, R. ; Taylor, B. Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus ; Di Folco, E. ; Dutrey, A. ; Prato, L. ; Levine, S. ; Webber, M. (2014). OB2: Results from the Hubble Space ; Chapillon, E. (2014). The masses Warm ice giant GJ 3470b - II. Revised Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors. The of young stars: CN as a probe of planetary and stellar parameters Astronomical Journal, Volume 147, dynamical masses. Astronomy & from optical to near-infrared transit Issue 2, article id. 40 Astrophysics, Volume 567, id.A117 photometry. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume Clark, R. ; Swayze, G. ; Carlson, Hoard, D. ; Long, K. ; Howell, S. ; 443, Issue 2, p.1810 R. ; Grundy, W. ; Noll, K. (2014). Wachter, S. ; Brinkworth, C. ; Knigge, Spectroscopy from Space. Reviews in C. ; Drew, J. ; Szkody, P. ; Kafka, S. ; Bodewits, D. ; Farnham, T. ; Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 78, Belle, K. ; Ciardi, D. ; Froning, C. ; A’Hearn, M. ; Feaga, L. ; McKay, A. ; No. 1, p. 399 van Belle, G. ; Pretorius, M. (2014). Schleicher, D. ; Sunshine, J. (2014). Nova-like Cataclysmic Variables in the The Evolving Activity of the Dynamically DeMeo, F. ; Binzel, R. ; Carry, B. ; Infrared. The Astrophysical Journal, Young Comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd). Polishook, D. ; Moskovitz, N. (2014). Volume 786, Issue 1, article id. 68 The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 786, Unexpected D-type interlopers in the inner Issue 1, article id. 48 main belt. Icarus, Volume 229, p. 392 Holler, B. ; Young, L. ; Grundy, W. ; Olkin, C. ; Cook, J. (2014). Evidence Boyajian, T. ; van Belle, G. ; von Elmegreen, B. ; Struck, C. ; Hunter, for longitudinal variability of ethane ice Braun, K. (2014). Stellar Diameters D. (2014). Shrinking Galaxy Disks on the surface of Pluto. Icarus, Volume and Temperatures. IV. Predicting Stellar with Fountain-driven Accretion from 243, p. 104 Angular Diameters. The Astronomical the Halo. The Astrophysical Journal, Journal, Volume 147, Issue 3, article Volume 796, Issue 2, article id. 110 Hsieh, H. ; Denneau, L. ; Fitzsimmons, id. 47 A. ; Hainaut, O. ; Ishiguro, M. ; Elmegreen, D. ; Elmegreen, B. ; Jedicke, R. ; Kaluna, H. ; Keane, J. ; Boyajian, T. ; von Braun, K. ; van Adamo, A. ; Aloisi, A. ; Andrews, J. ; Kleyna, J. ; Lacerda, P. ; MacLennan, E. Belle, G. ; Farrington, C. ; Schaefer, Annibali, F. ; Bright, S. ; Calzetti, D. ; ; Meech, K. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Riesen, G. ; Jones, J. ; White, R. ; McAlister, Cignoni, M. ; Evans, A. ; Gallagher, T. (2014). Search for the Return of H. ; ten Brummelaar, T. ; Ridgway, S. J., III ; Gouliermis, D. ; Grebel, E. ; Activity in Active Asteroid 176P/LINEAR. ; Gies, D. ; Sturmann, L. ; Sturmann, Hunter, D. ; Johnson, K. ; Kim, H. ; The Astronomical Journal, Volume 147, J. ; Turner, N. ; Goldfinger, P. ; Vargas, Lee, J. ; Sabbi, E. ; Smith, L. ; Thilker, Issue 4, article id. 89 N. (2014). Erratum: “Stellar Diameters D. ; Tosi, M. ; Ubeda, L. (2014). and Temperatures. III. Main Sequence Hierarchical Star Formation in Nearby Ishiguro, M. ; Kuroda, D. ; Hasegawa, A, F, G, and K Stars: Additional High- LEGUS Galaxies. The Astrophysical S. ; Kim, M. -J. ; Choi, Y. -J. ; precision Measurements and Empirical Journal Letters, Volume 787, Issue 1, Moskovitz, N. ; Abe, S. ; Pan, Relations.” The Astrophysical Journal, article id. L15 K. -S. ; Takahashi, J. ; Takagi, Y. ;

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Peer-Reviewed Publications 26 PEER-REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONS Arai, A. ; Tokimasa, N. ; Hsieh, H. Margutti, R. ; Milisavljevic, D. ; Issue 5, article id. 81 ; Thomas-Osip, J. ; Osip, D. ; Abe, Soderberg, A. ; Chornock, R. ; M. ; Yoshikawa, M. ; Urakawa, S. ; Zauderer, B. ; Murase, K. ; Guidorzi, C. Neugent, K. ; Massey, P. (2014). The Hanayama, H. ; Sekiguchi, T. ; Wada, ; Sanders, N. ; Kuin, P. ; Fransson, C. Close Binary Frequency of Wolf-Rayet K. ; Sumi, T. ; Tristram, P. ; Furusawa, ; Levesque, E. ; Chandra, P. ; Berger, Stars as a Function of Metallicity in M31 K. ; Abe, F. ; Fukui, A. ; Nagayama, E.; Bianco, F. ; Brown, P. ; Challis, and M33. The Astrophysical Journal, T. ; Warjurkar, D. ; Rau, A. ; Greiner, P. ; Chatzopoulos, E. ; Cheung, C. ; Volume 789, Issue 1, article id. 10 J. ; Schady, P. ; Knust, F. ; Usui, F. ; Choi, C. ; Chomiuk, L. ; Chugai, N.; Müller, T. (2014). Optical Properties of Contreras, C. ; Drout, M. ; Fesen, R. Paust, N. ; Wilson, D. ; van Belle, G. (162173) 1999 JU3: In Preparation for ; Foley, R. ; Fong, W. ; Friedman, A. (2014). Reinvestigating the Clusters the JAXA Hayabusa 2 Sample Return S. ; Gall, C. ; Gehrels, N. ; Hjorth, Koposov 1 and 2. The Astronomical Mission. The Astrophysical Journal, J. ; Hsiao, E. ; Kirshner, R. ; Im, M. ; Journal, Volume 148, Issue 1, article id. Volume 792, Issue 1, article id. 74 Leloudas, G. ; Lunnan, R. ; Marion, G. 19 H. ; Martin, J. ; Morrell, N. ; Neugent, Kelly, P. ; Fox, O. ; Filippenko, A. ; K.; Omodei, N. ; Phillips, M. ; Rest, A. Polishook, D. ; Moskovitz, N. Cenko, S. ; Prato, L. ; Schaefer, G. ; Silverman, J. ; Strader, J. ; Stritzinger, ; DeMeo, F. ; Binzel, R. (2014). ; Shen, K. ; Zheng, W. ; Graham, M. M. ; Szalai, T. ; Utterback, N. ; Vinko, Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of ; Tucker, B. (2014). Constraints on J. ; Wheeler, J. ; Arnett, D. ; Campana, asteroid pairs: No spectral variation the Progenitor System of the Type Ia S. ; Chevalier, R. ; Ginsburg, A. ; suggests fission is followed by settling 2014J from Pre-explosion Kamble, A. ; Roming, P. ; Pritchard, T. ; of dust. Icarus, Volume 243, p. 222 Hubble Space Telescope Imaging. The Stringfellow, G. (2014) A Panchromatic Astrophysical Journal, Volume 790, View of the Restless SN 2009ip Reveals Polishook, D. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Issue 1, article id. 3 the Explosive Ejection of a Massive Star Binzel, R. ; DeMeo, F. ; Vokrouhlický, Envelope. The Astrophysical Journal, D. ; Žižka, J. ; Oszkiewicz, D. (2014). Knight, M., Battams, K. (2014). Volume 780, Issue 1, article id. 21, 38 Observations of “fresh” and weathered Preliminary Analysis of SOHO/STEREO pp surfaces on asteroid pairs and their Observations of Sungrazing Comet implications on the rotational-fission ISON (C/2012 S1) Around Perihelion. Massey, P. ; Neugent, K. ; Morrell, mechanism. Icarus, Volume 233, p. 9 The Astrophysical Journal, 782, L37 N. ; Hillier, D. (2014). A Modern Search for Wolf-Rayet Stars in the Magellanic Rabinowitz, D. ; Benecchi, S. ; Grundy, Kraus, A. ; Shkolnik, E. ; Allers, K. ; Clouds: First Results. The Astrophysical W. ; Verbiscer, A. (2014). The rotational Liu, M. (2014). A Stellar Census of the Journal, Volume 788, Issue 1, article id. light curve of (79360) Sila-Nunam, -Horologium Moving Group. 83 an eclipsing binary in the Kuiper Belt. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 147, Icarus, Volume 236, p. 72 Issue 6, article id. 146 Morrell, N. ; Massey, P. ; Neugent, K. ; Penny, L. ; Gies, D. (2014). Rapson, V. ; Pipher, J. ; Gutermuth, R. Lanza, A. ; Shkolnik, E. (2014). Photometric and Spectroscopic Studies ; Megeath, S. ; Allen, T. ; Myers, P. Secular orbital evolution of planetary of Massive Binaries in the Large ; Allen, L. (2014). The Astrophysical systems and the dearth of close-in Magellanic Cloud. II. Three O-type Journal, 794, 124 planets around fast rotators. Monthly Systems in the 30 Dor Region. The Notices of the Royal Astronomical Astrophysical Journal, Volume 789, Schaefer, G. ; Brummelaar, T. ; Gies, Society, Volume 443, Issue 2, p.1451 Issue 2, article id. 139 D. ; Farrington, C. ; Kloppenborg, B. ; Chesneau, O. ; Monnier, J. ; Le Bouquin, J. -B. ; Monin, J. -L. ; Munari, U. ; Henden, A. ; Frigo, A. Ridgway, S. ; Scott, N. ; Tallon-Bosc, I. ; Berger, J. -P. ; Prato, L. ; Benisty, M. ; Zwitter, T. ; Bienaymé, O. ; Bland- McAlister, H. ; Boyajian, T. ; Maestro, V. ; Schaefer, G. (2014). Refined masses Hawthorn, J. ; Boeche, C. ; Freeman, ; Mourard, D. ; Meilland, A. ; Nardetto, and distance of the young binary Haro K. C. ; Gibson, B. K. ; Gilmore, G. ; N. ; Stee, P. ; Sturmann, J. ; Vargas, 1-14 C. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Grebel, E. ; Helmi, A. ; Kordopatis, G. N. ; Baron, F. ; Ireland, M. ; Baines, E. Volume 561, id.A101 ; Levine, S. ; Navarro, J. ; Parker, Q. ; Che, X. ; Jones, J. ; Richardson, N. ; Reid, W. ; Seabroke, G.; Siebert, A. D. ; Roettenbacher, R. ; Sturmann, L. ; Levesque, E. ; Massey, P. ; Żytkow, ; Siviero, A. ; Smith, T. ; Steinmetz, M. Turner, N. ; Tuthill, P. ; van Belle, G. ; A. ; Morrell, N. (2014). Discovery of ; Templeton, M. ; Terrell, D. ; Welch, von Braun, K. ; Zavala, R. ; Banerjee, a Thorne-Żytkow object candidate in D. ; Williams, M. ; Wyse, R. (2014). D. ; Ashok, N. ; Joshi, V. ; Becker, J. ; the . Monthly APASS Landolt-Sloan BVgri Photometry Muirhead, P. (2014). The expanding Notices of the Royal Astronomical of RAVE Stars. I. Data, Effective fireball of Nova Delphini 2013. Nature, Society: Letters, Volume 443, Issue 1, Temperatures, and Reddenings. The Volume 515, Issue 7526, pp. 234 p.L94-L98 Astronomical Journal, Volume 148,

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Peer-Reviewed Publications 27 PEER-REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONS Schaefer, G. ; Prato, L. ; Simon, M. 11 newly characterized exoplanet host ; Patience, J. (2014). Orbital Motion stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal in Pre-main Sequence Binaries. The Astronomical Society, Volume 438, Astronomical Journal, Volume 147, Issue 3, p. 2413 ■ Issue 6, article id. 157 Shkolnik, E. ; Barman, T. (2014). HAZMAT. I. The Evolution of Far-UV and Near-UV Emission from Early M Stars. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 148, Issue 4, article id. 64

Shkolnik, E. ; Rolph, K.; Peacock, S. ; Barman, T. (2014). Predicting Lyα and Mg II Fluxes from K and M Dwarfs Using Galaxy Evolution Explorer Ultraviolet Photometry. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 796, Issue 1, article id. L20

Temi, P. ; Marcum, P. ; Young, E. ; Adams, J. ; Adams, S. ; Andersson, B. -G. ; Becklin, E. ; Boogert, A. ; Brewster, R. ; Burgh, E. ; Cobleigh, B. ; Culp, S. ; De Buizer, J. ; Dunham, E. ; Engfer, C. ; Ediss, G. ; Fujieh, M. ; Grashuis, R. ; Gross, M. ; Harmon, E. ; Helton, A. ; Hoffman, D. ; Homan, J.; Hütwohl, M. ; Jakob, H. ; Jensen, S. ; Kaminski, C. ; Kozarsky, D. ; Krabbe, A. ; Klein, R.; Lammen, Y. ; Lampater, U. ; Latter, W. ; Le, J. ; McKown, N. ; Melchiorri, R. ; Meyer, A. ; Miles, J. ; Miller, W. ; Miller, S. ; Moore, E. ; Nickison, D. ; Opshaug, K. ; Pfüeller, E. ; Radomski, J. ; Rasmussen, J. ; Reach, W. ; Reinacher, A. ; Roellig, T. ; Sandell, G. ; Sankrit, R. ; Savage, M. ; Shenoy, S. ; Schonfeld, J. ; Shuping, R. ; Smith, E. ; Talebi, E. ; Teufel, S. ; Tseng, T. ; Vacca, W. ; Vaillancourt, J. ; Van Cleve, J. ; Wiedemann, M. ; Wolf, J. ; Zavala, E. ; Zeile, O. ; Zell, P. ; Zinnecker, H. (2014). The SOFIA Observatory at the Start of Routine Science Operations: Mission Capabilities and Performance. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, Volume 212, Issue 2, article id. 24 von Braun, K. ; Boyajian, T. ; van Belle, G. ; Kane, S.; Jones, J.; Farrington, C. ; Schaefer, G. ; Vargas, N. ; Scott, N. ; ten Brummelaar, T. ; Kephart, M. ; Gies, D. ; Ciardi, D. ; López-Morales, M. ; Mazingue, C.; McAlister, H. ; Ridgway, S. ; Goldfinger, P. ; Turner, N. ; Sturmann, L. (2014). Stellar diameters and temperatures - V.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Peer-Reviewed Publications 28 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS Armstrong, J. ; Restaino, S. ; Clark, J. Boyajian, T. ; von Braun, K. ; van Van Eyken, J. ; von Braun, K. (2014). ; Schmitt, H. ; Baines, E. ; Hutter, D. Belle, G. ; McAlister, H. ; Brummelaar, Observations of the Pre-Main Sequence ; Benson, J. ; Zavala, R. ; Shankland, T. ; Ciardi, D. ; Lopez-Morales, M. ; Exoplanet Candidate PTFO 8-8695. P. ; van Belle, G. ; Jorgensen, A. Ridgway, S. ; Sturmann, L. ; Sturmann, American Astronomical Society, AAS (2014). Progress in the expansion of the J. ; Turner, N. ; Farrington, C. ; Meeting #223, #430.03 Navy Precision Optical Interferometer. Goldfinger, P. (2014). Dwarf Diameters. American Astronomical Society, AAS Resolving The Future Of Astronomy Cruikshank, D. ; Pinilla-Alonso, N. ; Meeting #223, #202.02 With Long-Baseline Interferometry. Lorenzi, V. ; Grundy, W. ; Licandro, Proceedings of a conference held J. ; Binzel, R. (2014). Spectroscopy of Baines, E. ; Armstrong, J. ; van Belle, 28-31 March 2011, at New Mexico Pluto at six longitudes, 380-930 nm. G. (2014). NPOI Observations of Institute of Mining and Technology, American Astronomical Society, DPS the Exoplanet Host Kappa Coronae Socorro, New Mexico, USA. Edited meeting #46, #419.04 Borealis. American Astronomical by Michelle J. Creech-Eakman, Joyce Society, AAS Meeting #223, #105.03 A. Guzik, and Robert E. Stencel. ASP Davis, A. ; Pasachoff, J. ; Babcock, B. Conference Series, Vol. 487. San ; Person, M. ; Zuluaga, C. ; Bosh, A. Bair, A. ; Schleicher, D.(2014). The Francisco: Astronomical Society of the ; Levine, S. ; Naranjo, O. ; Navas, Photometric lightcurve of Comet 1P/ Pacific, 2014, p. 247 G. ; Gulbis, A. ; Winters, J. ; Bianco, Halley. American Astronomical Society, F. (2014). Observation and Analysis of DPS meeting #46, #209.26 Bruhns, S. ; Prato, L. (2014). Stellar a Single-Chord Stellar Occultation by and Circumstellar Properties of Low- Kuiper Belt Object (50000) Quaoar. Bida, T. ; Dunham, E.; Massey, Mass, Young, Subarcsecond Binaries. American Astronomical Society, AAS P. ; Roe, H. (2014). First-generation American Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting #223, #247.08 instrumentation for the Discovery Meeting #223, #244.15 Channel Telescope. Proceedings of the DeGroff, W. ; Levine, S. ; Bida, T. ; SPIE, Volume 9147, id. 91472N Burt, Brian ; Moskovitz, N. ; Putnam, Cornelius, F. ; Collins, P. ; Dunham, L. (2014). The Mission Accessible Near- E. ; Hardesty, B. ; Lacasse, M. Biddle, L. ; Pearson, K. ; Crossfield, Earth Object Survey Public Database ; Sweaton, M. ; Venetiou, A. ; I. ; Barman, T. ; Fulton, B. ; Ciceri, S. Development Effort. American Zoonemat Kermani, S. ; Massey, P. ; Eastman, J. ; Howard, A. ; Mann, Astronomical Society, DPS meeting ; Foley, M. ; Larson, H. ; Sanborn, A. ; Henry, G. ; Williamson, M. ; #46, #414.02 J. ; Strosahl, S. ; Winner, R. ; Pugh, Sinukoff, E. ; Dragomir, D. ; Vican, L. ; T. (2014). Status and performance Greenberg, A. ; Turner, J. ; Thompson, Calzetti, D. ; Lee, J. ; Adamo, A. ; of the Discovery Channel Telescope R. ; Mancini, L. ; Taylor, B. ; Levine, Aloisi, A. ; Andrews, J. ; Brown, T. ; from commissioning into early science S. ; Webber, M. (2014). Warm Ice Chandar, R. ; Christian, C. ; Cignoni, operations. Proceedings of the SPIE, Giant GJ 3470b: Revised Planetary M. ; Clayton, G. ; Da Silva, R. ; de Volume 9145, id. 91452C and Stellar Parameters from Optical Mink, S. ; Dobbs, C. ; Elmegreen, B. ; to Near-infrared Transit Photometry. Elmegreen, D. ; Evans, A. ; Fumagalli, Delbo, M. ; Tanga, P. ; van Belle, American Astronomical Society, AAS M. ; Gallagher, J. ; Gouliermis, D. G. ; Matter, A. ; Carry, B. ; Creech- Meeting #223, #131.08 ; Grebel, E. ; Herrero-Davo, A. ; Eakman, M. (2014). Long Baseline Hilbert, B. ; Hunter, D. ; Johnson, K. ; Interferometric Observations of Biller, B. ; Liu, M. ; Wahhaj, Z. ; Kennicutt, R. ; Kim, H. ; Krumholz, M. ; Asteroids: Physical Characterization of Nielsen, E. ; Hayward, T. ; Chun, M. Lennon, D. ; Martin, C. ; Nair, P. ; Nota, Binary Systems. Resolving The Future ; Close, L. ; Ftaclas, C. ; Males, J. ; A. ; Pellerin, A. ; Prieto, J. ; Regan, M. ; Of Astronomy With Long-Baseline Hartung, M. ; Reid, I. ; Shkolnik, E. Sabbi, E. ; Schaerer, D. ; Schiminovich, Interferometry. Proceedings of a ; Skemer, A. ; Tecza, M. ; Thatte, N. ; D. ; Smith, L. ; Thilker, D. ; Tosi, M. ; conference held 28-31 March 2011, Clarke, F. ; Toomey, D. (2014). Results Van Dyk, S. ; Walterbos, R. ; Whitmore, at New Mexico Institute of Mining and from the Gemini NICI Planet-Finding B. ; Wofford, A. (2014). Legacy Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, USA. Campaign. Proceedings of the SPIE, ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS): The Edited by Michelle J. Creech-Eakman, Volume 9148, id. 91481O HST View of Star Formation in Nearby Joyce A. Guzik, and Robert E. Stencel. Galaxies. American Astronomical ASP Conference Series, Vol. 487. San Borucki, W. ; Batalha, N. ; Dunham, Society, AAS Meeting #223, #254.08 Francisco: Astronomical Society of the E. ; Jenkins, J. ; Kepler Science Team Pacific, 2014, p. 217 (2014). Barriers to the Development Ciardi, D. ; Beichman, C. ; Carey, S. ; of the Kepler Mission. American Crockett, C. ; Johns-Krull, C. ; Kane, DeMeo, F. ; Binzel, R. ; Carry, B. ; Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting S. ; McLane, J. ; Plavchan, P. ; Prato, Moskovitz, N. ; Polishook, D. (2014). #223, #91.04 L. ; Stauffer, J. ; van Belle, G. ; Rogue Asteroids in the Inner Main Asteroid Belt. American Astronomical

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 29 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS Society, AAS Meeting #223, #247.03 Endicott, T. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Binzel, 30, 2014 in Laurel, Maryland. LPI R. ; Polishook, D. ; Burt, B. (2014). Contribution No. 1798, p. 2010 DeMeo, F. ; Binzel, R. ; Carry, B. ; Earth’s Nearest Neighbors: Dynamical Polishook, D. ; Moskovitz, N. (2014). integrations of NEO-Earth approaches Holler, B. ; Young, L. ; Buie, M. ; Young, Unexpected D-type interlopers in the in support of MANOS. American E. ; Roe, H. (2014). Medium-resolution inner main belt. Asteroids, Comets, Astronomical Society, DPS meeting ( 3800) Near-infrared Spectrum of Meteors 2014. Proceedings of the #46, #304.02 Charon from 1.47-2.38 μm. American conference held 30 June - 4 July, Astronomical Society, DPS meeting 2014 in Helsinki, Finland. Edited by K. Garcia, E. ; van Belle, G. ; #46, #404.03 Muinonen et al. Muterspaugh, M. ; Swihart, S. (2014). VISION: Next Generation Beam Johnson, J. ; Grundy, W. ; Lemmon, DeMeo, F. ; Carry, B. ; Binzel, R. ; Combiner for the Navy Precision M. ; Bell, J. ; Deen, R. (2014). Surface Moskovitz, N. ; Polishook, D. ; Burt, Optical Interferometer. American Photometric Properties Along the Mars B. (2014). The distribution of mantle Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting Exploration Rovers’ Traverses: Sols material in the main belt. Asteroids, #223, #154.26 500-1525. 45th Lunar and Planetary Comets, Meteors 2014. Proceedings of Science Conference, held 17-21 March, the conference held 30 June - 4 July, Green, R. ; Allen, L. ; Alvarez Del 2014 at The Woodlands, Texas. LPI 2014 in Helsinki, Finland. Edited by K. Castillo, E. ; Brocious, D. ; Corbally, Contribution No. 1777, p. 1371 Muinonen et al. C. ; Davis, D. ; Falco, E. ; Gabor, P. ; Hall, J. ; Jannuzi, B. ; Larson, S. ; Jorgensen, A. ; Mozurkewich, D. ; DeMeo, F. ; Carry, B. ; Binzel, R. P. ; Mighell, K. ; Nance, C. ; Shankland, P. Schmitt, H. ; van Belle, G. ; Hutter, D. Moskovitz, N. ; Polishook, D. ; Burt, ; Walker, C. ; Williams, G. ; Zaritsky, D. ; Clark, J. ; Armstrong, J. ; Baines, E ; B. (2014). The distribution of mantle (2014). Progress in Dark Sky Protection Newman, K. ; Landavazo, M. ; Sun, B. material among main-belt asteroids. in Southern Arizona. American ; Restaino, S. (2014). Progress toward American Astronomical Society, AAS Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting unprecedented imaging of stellar Meeting #224, #321.09 #223, #413.05 surfaces with the Navy precision optical interferometer. Proceedings of the SPIE, De Rosa, R. ; Patience, J. ; Zavala, R. Gustafsson, A. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Volume 9146, id. 91460A T. ; Prato, L. ; Marois, C. ; Thomas, Levine, S. (2014). The Rotational S. (2014). Two B’s, or Not Two B’s? An Properties of Multi-tailed Asteroid Jorgensen, A. ; Schmitt, H. NPOI Survey of Massive Stars. Resolving P/2013 P5. American Astronomical ; Landavazo, M. ; Sun, B.. ; The Future Of Astronomy With Long- Society, DPS meeting #46, #415.13 Mozurkewich, D. ; van Belle, G. ; Baseline Interferometry. Proceedings of Hutter, D. ; Armstrong, J. ; Baines, E. a conference held 28-31 March 2011, Hall, J. ; Shankland, P. ; Green, R. ; ; Clark, J. ; Newman, K. ; Restaino, S. at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Jannuzi, B. (2014). Recent Local and (2014). Update on the Stellar Surface Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, USA. State Action in Arizona to Maintain Sky Imaging Project at NPOI. American Edited by Michelle J. Creech-Eakman, Quality. American Astronomical Society, Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting Joyce A. Guzik, and Robert E. Stencel. AAS Meeting #223, #413.06 #224, #404.05 ASP Conference Series, Vol. 487. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Herrmann, K.. ; Hunter, D. ; THINGS, Jorgensen, A. ; Schmitt, H. ; Pacific, 2014, p. 251 LITTLE (2014). Radial Color and Mozurkewich, D. ; van Belle, G. Mass Profile Trends of Dwarf Irregular ; Hutter, D.; Armstrong, J. ; Baines, Dunham, E. ; Bida, T. ; Galaxies. American Astronomical E. (2014). Plans for Unprecedented Collins, P. ; Mandushev, G.; Society, AAS Meeting #223, #355.18 Imaging of Stellar Surfaces with the Zoonematkermani, S. ; Van Cleve, NPOI. American Astronomical Society, J. ; Angerhausen, D. ; Mandell, Avi Hinkle, M.. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Trilling, AAS Meeting #223, #315.01 (2014). HIPO in-flight performance D. (2014). The Taxonomic Distribution improvements. Proceedings of the SPIE, of Mission-Accessible Small Near-Earth Kelley, M., Li ; J. -Y., Mutchler ; M, Volume 9147, id. 91470H Asteroids. American Astronomical Weaver, H. ; Knight, M. ; HST ISON Society, DPS meeting #46, #213.07 Imaging Science Team. (2014). The Dunham, E. ; Borucki, W. ; Jenkins, Pre-Perihelion Size of the Nucleus J. ; Batalha, N. ; Caldwell, D. ; Holler, B. ; Grundy, W. ; Young, of Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON). AAS Mandushev, G. (2014). The Discovery L. ; Olkin, C. (2014). Longitudinal Meeting 223, Abstract #247.15. of Extrasolar Planets via Transits. Variability of Ethane Ice on the Surface American Astronomical Society, AAS of Triton. Workshop on the Study of Kidder, B. ; Shkolnik, E. ; Skiff, B. Meeting #223, #91.05 the Ice Giant Planets, held July 28- (2014). Gyrochronology of Low-mass Stars - Age-Rotation-Activity Relations

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 30 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS for Young M Dwarfs. American ; Grebel, E. ; Herrero-Davò, A. ; (Siding Spring). AOGS 2014, Abstract Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting Hilbert, B. ; Hunter, D. ; Johnson, K. ; #PS04-D2-PM1-CC-004. #223, #215.04 Kennicutt, R. ; Kim, H. ; Krumholz, M. ; Lennon, D. ; Martin, C. ; Nair, P. ; Nota, Li, J. -Y. ; Kelley, M. ; Knight, M. ; Knight, M. (2014). Sungrazing A. ; Pellerin, A. ; Prieto, J. ; Regan, M. ; Farnham, T. ; Weaver, H. ; A’Hearn, comets: Probing the inner extremes of Sabbi, E. ; Schaerer, D. ; Schiminovich, M. ; Mutcher, M. ; Kolokolova, L. ; the Solar System [Invited talk]. ACM D. ; Smith, L. ; Thilker, D. ; Tosi, M. ; Lamy, P. ; Toth, I. ; Xia, K. (2014). 2014. Abstract #3448. Van Dyk, S. ; Walterbos, R. ; Whitmore, The Characteristics and Evolution of B. ; Wofford, A. (2014). LEGUS: A the Dust Coma of Comet C/2012 S1 Knight, M. ; CIOC Team. (2014). Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey of (ISON). AAS Meeting 223, Abstract Observing campaigns for two unique Nearby Galaxies with HST. American #218.06. comets: C/2012 S1 ISON and C/2013 Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting A1 Siding Spring [Invited talk]. COSPAR #223, #217.01 Lim, L. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Thomas, Meeting 40, Abstract B0.4-35-14. C. ; Howell, E. ; Emery, J. ; Benner, L. Lejoly, C. ; Samarasinha, N. ; (2014). Thermal Emission Photometry Knight, M. ; Schleicher, D. (2014). Schleicher, D. ; Ojha, L. (2014). of Three Near-Earth Asteroids in L’ and Coma Morphology of Recent Comets: Outflow Velocities of Dust as a Function M’. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science C/ISON (2012 S1), C/Pan-STARRS of Time in the Coma of Comet 1P/ Conference, held 17-21 March, 2014 at (2012 K1), C/Jacques (2014 E2), and Halley. American Astronomical Society, The Woodlands, Texas. LPI Contribution C/Siding Spring (2013 A1). American DPS meeting #46, #209.27 No. 1777, p.1695 Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #46, #209.20 Levesque, E. ; Massey, P. ; Morrell, Logsdon, S. ; McLean, I. ; Becklin, E. ; N. ; Żytkow, A. (2014). A Search for Dunham, E. ; Hamilton, R. ; Johnson, Kohn, S. ; Shkolnik, E. ; Weinberger, Thorne-Żytkow Objects. American C. ; Milburn, J. ; Savage, M. ; Shenoy, A. ; Carlberg, J. (2014). Searching for Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting S. ; Smith, E. ; Vacca, W. (2014). spectroscopic binaries within transition #223, #113.06 FLITECAM: early commissioning results. disk objects. American Astronomical Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 9147, Society, AAS Meeting #223, #424.04 Levine, S. (2014). Early science id. 91472Y performance and upcoming changes Kraus, S. ; Monnier, J. ; Harries, T. ; at Lowell Observatory’s Discovery Lopez, B. ; Lagarde, S. ; Jaffe, W. ; Dong, R. ; Bate, M. ; Whitney, B. ; Zhu, Channel Telescope. American Petrov, R. ; Schöller, M. ; Antonelli, P. ; Z. ; Buscher, D. ; Berger, J. -P. ; Haniff, Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting Beckmann, U. ; Berio, P. ; Bettonvil, F. C. ; Ireland, M. ; Labadie, L. ; Lacour, #224, #122.19 ; Glindemann, A. ; … van Belle, G. S. ; Petrov, R. ; Ridgway, S. ; Surdej, J. … ; Woillez, J. (2014). An Overview ; ten Brummelaar, T. ; Tuthill, P. ; van Levine, S. ; Bosh, A. ; Person, M. of the MATISSE Instrument — Science, Belle, G. (2014). The science case ; Osip, D. ; Zuluaga, C. ; Rojo, P. ; Concept and Current Status. The for the Planet Formation Imager (PFI). Kosiarek, M. ; Thanathibodee, T. ; Messenger, vol. 157, p. 5 Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 9146, Kulchoakrungsun, E. (2014). Upper id. 914611 limit on dust in the Pluto system. Lopez, B. ; Lagarde, S. ; Jaffe, W. ; American Astronomical Society, DPS Petrov, R. ; Schöller, M. ; Antonelli, P. Landavazo, M. ; Jorgensen, A. ; Sun, meeting #46, #419.08 ; Beckman, U. ; Bério, Ph. ; Bettonvil, B. ; Newman, K. ; Mozurkewich, D. ; F. ; Graser, U. ; … van Belle, G. van Belle, G. ; Hutter, D. ; Schmitt, H. Lim, L. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Thomas, ; Wagner, K. ; Woillez, J. (2014). ; Armstrong, J. ; Baines, E. ; Restaino, C. ; Howell, E. ; Emery, J. ; Benner, L. MATISSE status report and science S. (2014). 6-station, 5-baseline fringe (2014). Thermal emission photometry forecast. Proceedings of the SPIE, tracking with the new classic data of three near-Earth asteroids in L’ and Volume 9146, id. 91460M acquisition system at the Navy Precision M’. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2014. Optical Interferometer. Proceedings of Proceedings of the conference held 30 Martlin, C. ; Jensen, E. ; Shkolnik, the SPIE, Volume 9146, id. 914621 June - 4 July, 2014 in Helsinki, Finland. E. (2014). Measuring the Rotational Edited by K. Muinonen et al. Velocities of Young M Stars. American Lee, J. ; Calzetti, D. ; Adamo, A. ; Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting Aloisi, A. ; Andrews, J. ; Brown, T. ; Li, J. -Y. ; Kelley, M. ; Farnham, T. #223, #441.13 Chandar, R. ; Christian, C. ; Cignoni, ; Samarasinha, N. ; Knight, M. ; M. ; Clayton, G. ; Da Silva, R. ; de A’Hearn, M. ; Weaver, H. ; Lisse, C. ; Mommert, M. ; Trilling, D. ; Axelrod, T. Mink, S. ; Dobbs, C. ; Elmegreen, B. ; Mutcher, M. ; Kolokolova, L. ; Levay, ; Butler, N. ; Jedicke, R. ; Moskovitz, Elmegreen, D. ; Evans, A. ; Fumagalli, Z. (2014). HST Imaging of Comets N. ; Pichardo, B. ; Reyes, M. (2014). M. ; Gallagher, J. ; Gouliermis, D. C/2012 S1 (ISON) and C/2013 A1 Rapid response near-infrared

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 31 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS spectrophotometric characterization ; Grundy, W. (2014). Ultra-Slow Plavchan, P. ; Gao, P. ; Bottom, M. ; of Near Earth Objects. American Rotating Outer Main Belt and Trojan Davison, C. ; Mills, S. ; Ciardi, D. R. ; Astronomical Society, DPS meeting Asteroids: Search for Binaries. Brinkworth, C. ; Tanner, A. ; Beichman, #46, #213.08 45th Lunar and Planetary Science C. ; Catanzarite, J. ; Crawford, S. ; Conference, held 17-21 March, Wallace, J. ; Mennesson, B. ; Johnson, Monnier, J. ; Kraus, S. ; Buscher, D. ; 2014 at The Woodlands, Texas. LPI J. ; White, R. ; Anglada-Escudé, G. ; Berger, J. -P. ; Haniff, C. ; Ireland, M. ; Contribution No. 1777, p. 1703 von Braun, K. ; Walp, B. ; Vasisht, G. ; Labadie, L. ; Lacour, S. ; Le Coroller, H. Kane, S. ; Prato, L. ; NIRRVs (2014). ; Petrov, R. ; Pott, J. -U. ; Ridgway, S. ; Noll, K. ; Parker, A. ; Grundy, W. Precise Near-Infrared Radial Velocities. Surdej, J. ; ten Brummelaar, T. ; Tuthill, (2014). All Bright Cold Classical KBOs American Astronomical Society, AAS P. ; van Belle, G. (2014). Planet are Binary. American Astronomical Meeting #223, #430.02 formation imager (PFI): introduction Society, DPS meeting #46, #507.05 and technical considerations. Polishook, D. ; Moskovitz, N. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 9146, Pasachoff, J. ; Schiff, A. ; Seeger, C. ; DeMeo, F. ; Binzel, R. (2014). id. 914610 ; Babcock, B. ; Person, M. ; Gulbis, Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of A. ; Bosh, A. ; Zuluaga, C. ; Levine, asteroid pairs: No spectral variation Moskovitz, N. ; MANOS Team S. ; Osip, D. ; Rojo, P. ; Kosiarek, M. detected. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (2014). The Mission Accessible (2014). Coordinated Occultation 2014. Proceedings of the conference Near-Earth Object Survey (MANOS). Observations for Pluto, Nix, and held 30 June - 4 July, 2014 in Helsinki, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2014. Quaoar in July 2014. American Finland. Edited by K. Muinonen et al. Proceedings of the conference held 30 Astronomical Society, DPS meeting June - 4 July, 2014 in Helsinki, Finland. #46, #419.01 Prato, L. (2014). Young, Subarcsecond Edited by K. Muinonen et al. Binaries: Laboratories for Early Stellar Paust, N. ; Wilson, D. ; van Belle, G. and Circumstellar Disk Evolution. Moskovitz, N. ; Polishook, D. ; (2014). New Deep Photometry and American Astronomical Society, AAS DeMeo, F. ; Binzel, R. ; Endicott, T. ; Stellar Functions for Ko Meeting #223, #345.03 Yang, B. ; Howell, E. ; Vervack, R., Jr. 1 and Ko 2. American Astronomical ; Fernandez, Y. (2014). Detection of Society, AAS Meeting #223, #442.17 Prato, L. ; Shkolnik, E. (2014). aspect-dependent thermal emission as The Lowell Observatory Predoctoral a signature of near-Earth asteroid pole Peacock, S. ; Barman, T. ; Shkolnik, Fellowship Program. American orientation. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors E. (2014). HAZMAT II: Modeling the Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting 2014. Proceedings of the conference Evolution of Extreme--UV Radiation #223, #445.09 held 30 June - 4 July, 2014 in Helsinki, from M Stars. Search for Life Beyond Finland. Edited by K. Muinonen et al. the Solar System. Exoplanets, Protopapa, S. ; Grundy, W. ; Tegler, S. Biosignatures & Instruments. Online at (2014). The methane-nitrogen mixing Moskovitz, N. ; Polishook, D. ; http://www.ebi2014.org, id.P2.33 ratio across the surface of Pluto by Thomas, C. ; Willman, M. ; DeMeo, F. means of a two-phase Hapke model. ; Mommert, M. ; Endicott, T. ; Trilling, Person, M. ; Bosh, A. ; Zuluaga, C. ; American Astronomical Society, DPS D. ; Binzel, R. ; Hinkle, M. ; Siu, H. Kosiarek, M. ; Osip, D. ; Levine, S. ; meeting #46, #404.07 ; Neugent, K. ; Christensen, E. ; Pasachoff, J. ; Schiff, A. ; Seegar, C.. Person, M. ; Burt, B. ; Grundy, W. ; ; Babcock, B. ; Gulbis, A. ; Rojo, P. Protopapa, S. ; Grundy, W. ; Tegler, S. Roe, H. ; Abell, P.; Busch, M. (2014). (2014). Atmospheric state of Pluto from ; Bergonio, J. (2014). Optical Constants The Mission Accessible Near-Earth the 31 July 2014 stellar occultation. of the Methane-Nitrogen Binary Ice Object Survey (MANOS): Project American Astronomical Society, DPS System: Implications for Methane- Overview. American Astronomical meeting #46, #419.09 Dominated Transneptunian Objects. Society, DPS meeting #46, #503.09 American Astronomical Society, AAS Pinilla-Alonso, N. ; Emery, J. ; Meeting #224, #214.03 Newman, K. ; Jorgensen, A. ; Cruikshank, D. ; Protopapa, S. ; Landavazo, M. ; Sun, B. ; Hutter, D. Grundy, W. ; Lisse, C. ; Bauer, Ricker, G. ; Winn, J. ; Vanderspek, ; Armstrong, J. ; Mozurkewich, D. ; J. ; Fernandez, Y. ; Stansberry, J. R. ; Latham, D. ; Bakos, G. ; Bean, Elias, N. ; van Belle, G. ; Schmitt, ; Buratti, B. (2014). Diurnal and J. ; Berta-Thompson, Z. ; Brown, T. H. ; Baines, E. (2014). Design and Seasonal Variations of Pluto’s surface ; Buchhave, L. ; Butler, N. ; Butler, implementation of the NPOI database composition through Spitzer Space R.; Chaplin, W. ; Charbonneau, D. ; and website. Proceedings of the SPIE, telescope eyes. American Astronomical Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. ; Clampin, Volume 9146, id. 914630 Society, DPS meeting #46, #404.05 M. ; Deming, D. ; Doty, J. ; De Lee, N. ; Dressing, C. ; Dunham, E. ; Endl, Noll, K. ; Benecchi, S. ; Ryan, E. M. ; Fressin, F. ; Ge, J. ; Henning, T.

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 32 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS ; Holman, M. ; Howard, A. ; Ida, S. ; Shkolnik, E. ; Barman, T. ; Peacock, Tegler, S. ; Grundy, W. ; Dillingham, Jenkins, J. ; Jernigan, G. ; Johnson, J. ; S. (2014). HAZMAT I: The Evolution R. ; Fish, D. ; Hendler, N. ; Sufflebeam, Kaltenegger, L. ; Kawai, N. ; Kjeldsen, of Far- and Near-UV Emission from T. (2014). Methane and Nitrogen H. ; Laughlin, G. ; Levine, A. ; Lin, D. ; Early M Stars. American Astronomical Abundances on the Icy Dwarf Planet Lissauer, J.; MacQueen, P. ; Marcy, G. Society, AAS Meeting #223, #215.03 Makemake. American Astronomical ; McCullough, P. ; Morton, T. ; Narita, Society, DPS meeting #46, #510.03 N. ; Paegert, M. ; Palle, E. ; Pepe, F. ; Smith, E. ; Miles, J. ; Helton, L. Andrew Pepper, J. ; Quirrenbach, A. ; Rinehart, ; Sankrit, R. ; Andersson, B. ; Becklin, E. Thomas, C. ; Rivkin, A. ; Trilling, D. S. ; Sasselov, D. ; Sato, B. ; Seager, S. ; De Buizer, J. ; Dowell, C. ; Dunham, ; Moskovitz, N. (2014). Spectra ; Sozzetti, A. ; Stassun, K. ; Sullivan, P. E. ; Güsten, R. ; Harper, D. ; Herter, of small Koronis family members. ; Szentgyorgyi, A. ; Torres, G. ; Udry, T. ; Keller, L. ; Klein, R.; Krabbe, A. ; Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2014. S. ; Villasenor, J. (2014). Transiting Logsdon, S. ; Marcum, P. ; McLean, I. Proceedings of the conference held 30 Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). ; Reach, W. ; Richter, M.; Roellig, T. ; June - 4 July, 2014 in Helsinki, Finland. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 9143, Sandell, G. ; Savage, M. ; Temi, P. ; Edited by K. Muinonen et al. id. 914320 Vacca, W. ; Vaillancourt, J. ; Van Cleve, J. ; Young, E. (2014). SOFIA science Throop, H. ; Gulbis, A. ; Grundy, W. Rinehart, S. ; Carpenter, K. ; van instruments: commissioning, upgrades ; Young, L. ; Olkin, C. (2014). New Belle, G. ; Unwin, S. (2014). and future opportunities. Proceedings of rotationally resolved spectra of Pluto- Interferometer evolution: imaging the SPIE, Volume 9147, id. 914706 Charon from 350 - 900 nm. American terras after building ‘little’ experiments Astronomical Society, DPS meeting (INEVITABLE). Proceedings of the SPIE, Stansberry, J. ; Grundy, W. ; Young, #46, #404.04 Volume 9146, id. 914617 L. (2014). The Influence of Topography on Volatile Transport. American van Belle, G. ; Ciardi, D. ; von Braun, Schleicher, D. (2014). A Smorgasbord Astronomical Society, DPS meeting K. (2014). The PTI Giant Star Angular of Comet Narrowband Photometry: #46, #401.08 Size Survey: Effective Temperatures & Results from 209P/LINEAR, PanSTARRS Linear Radii. American Astronomical (2012 K1), Jacques (2014 E2), and Steckloff, J. ; Keane, J. ; Milam, S. ; Society, AAS Meeting #223, #441.33 Siding Spring (2013 A1). American Coulson, I. ; Melosh, H. ; Knight, Astronomical Society, DPS meeting M. (2014). The Drift of Comet ISON van Belle, G. ; Ridgway, S. ; #46, #110.08 (C/2012 S1) near Perihelion and the ten Brummelaar, T. (2014). 2013 Size of its Nucleus. AGU 2014, P43C- Interferometry Forum Report. Schleicher, D. ; Bair, A. (2014). 4005. Proceedings of colloquium ‘Improving Chemical and physical properties the performances of current optical of comets in the Lowell database: Sun, B. ; Jorgensen, A. ; Landavazo, interferometers & future designs’ held Results from 35 years of narrow-band M. ; Hutter, D. ; van Belle, G. ; at Observatoire de Haute Provence, photometry. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors Mozurkewich, D. ; Armstrong, J. ; France, September 23-27, 2013. 2014. Proceedings of the conference Schmitt, H. ; Baines, E. ; Restaino, S. Edited by L. Arnold, H. Le Coroller & J. held 30 June - 4 July, 2014 in Helsinki, (2014). The new classic data acquisition Surdej. Published by the Observatoire Finland. Edited by K. Muinonen et al. system for NPOI. Proceedings of the de Haute-Provence, Institut Pythéas. SPIE, Volume 9146, id. 914620 Scott, E. ; Goldstein, J. ; Asphaug, E. ; van Belle, G. ; von Braun, K. ; Bottke, W. ; Moskovitz, N. ; Keil, K. Swihart, S. ; Muterspaugh, M. ; Garcia, Boyajian, T. ; Schaefer, G. (2014). (2014). Origin of igneous meteorites E. ; van Belle, G. ; Stassun, K. (2014). Direct Imaging of Planet Transit and differentiated asteroids. Asteroids, A Catalog of Stellar Targets and Events. Formation, Detection, and Comets, Meteors 2014. Proceedings of Calibrators for Next Generation Optical Characterization of Extrasolar the conference held 30 June - 4 July, Interferometers. American Astronomical Habitable Planets, Proceedings of the 2014 in Helsinki, Finland. Edited by K. Society, AAS Meeting #223, #256.05 International Astronomical Union, IAU Muinonen et al. Symposium, Volume 293, pp. 378 Tanner, A. ; Boyajian, T. ; von Braun, Shkolnik, E. ; Barman, T. (2014). K. ; van Belle, G. ; Beichman, C. ; van Eyken, J. ; Ciardi, D. ; Barnes, J. HAZMAT I: The Evolution of X-ray, Far- Fischer, D. ; Brewer, J. ; GSU CHARA ; Brown, T. ; Dragomir, D. ; Eastman, UV and Near-UV Emission from Early Team (2014). Stellar Parameters for J. ; Beichman, C. ; van Belle, G. ; M Stars. Search for Life Beyond the HD 69830, a Nearby Star with Three von Braun, K. ; Carey, S. ; Crockett, Solar System. Exoplanets, Biosignatures Neptune Mass Planets and an Asteroid C. ; Fortney, J. ; Howell, S. ; Jackson, & Instruments. Online at http://www. Belt. American Astronomical Society, B. ; Johns-Krull, C. ; Kane, S. ; Lister, ebi2014.org, id.2.3 AAS Meeting #223, #347.27 T. ; Mazin, B. ; McLane, J. ; Plavchan,

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 33 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS P. ; Prato, L. ; Shporer, A. ; Stauffer, J. ; PTF Collaboration (2014). PTFO 8-8695b: An Extremely Young T-Tauri- Transiting Planet. Search for Life Beyond the Solar System. Exoplanets, Biosignatures & Instruments. Online at http://www.ebi2014.org, id.P3.57

Young, L. ; Cook, J.. ; Roe, H. ; Stern, S. (2014). Keck/NIRSPEC High- Resolution Spectra of Pluto: A Search for Cold Gaseous CH4 Layer and Spatial Variation In CH4 Column Abundance. American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #46, #401.03 ■

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 34 STATEMENTOFFINANCIALPOSITION BALANCE SHEET

December 31, 2014

ASSETS

Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 656,119 Restricted cash 261,760 Research grants receivable 272,258 Contributions receivable 800,141 Inventory and other assests 180,259 Total Current Assets 2,170,537

Investments, unrestricted 4,398,104 Investments, permanently restricted 35,590,303 Long term pledge receivable 500,000 Collection item 400,000 Property, plant and equipment, net 45,517,194

Total Assets $88,576,138

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS

Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 157,784 Accrued vacation and employee related expenses 274,221 Accrued liabilites 45,477 Current portion of long-term debt 15,148 Deferred research grant revenue 72,263 Deferred revenue - other 6,980,427 Total Current Liabilites 7,545,320

Long-term debt, less current portion 20,400,000

Total Liabilites $27,945,320

Net Assets Unrestricted $ 20,046,630 Board designated - Millennium Fund 1,940,428 Temporarily restricted 231,971 Permanently restricted 38,411,789 Total Net Assets 60,630,818

Total Liabilities and Net Assets $88,576,138

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Statement of Financial Position - Balance Sheet 35 STATEMENTOFFINANCIALPOSITION ACTIVITIES (Unrestricted, Temporarily Restricted, and Permanently Restricted Assets)

Miscellaneous income Contributions

Investment gain 14.5% SUPPORT AND REVENUE 23%

Contributions $ 2,178,094 (23%) 20.6% Grant and contract revenue 2,886,459 (30.5%) Public program revenue 1,074,509 (11.4%) Investment gain 1,945,212 (20.6%) 30.5% 11.4% Miscellaneous income 1,371,252 (14.5%) Total Support and Revenue $ 9,455,526

Public Program revenue Grant and contract revenue

Management and general Research

EXPENSES 36.4% 39.3% Research $ 4,207,551 (39.3%) Technology 1,435,636 (13.4%) Advancement 1,164,869 (10.9%) Management and general 3,897,105 (36.4%) Total Expenses $10,705,161 10.9% 13.4%

Advancement Technology

Change in net assets $ (1,249,635)

Net assets, beginning of year 61,880,453

Net assets, end of year $ 60,630,818

Lowell Observatory | 2014 ANNUALREPORT | Statement of Financial Position - Activities 36 ANNUALREPORT 2014

Image (front cover): The mount of the Clark Telescope being removed by crane. Image (back cover) The lens cell of the Clark Telescope just after removal (Images Credit: Sarah Conant)

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