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The Art of Reading Smoke for Rapid Decision Making
The Art of Reading Smoke for Rapid Decision Making Dave Dodson teaches the art of reading smoke. This is an important skill since fighting fires in the year 2006 and beyond will be unlike the fires we fought in the 1900’s. Composites, lightweight construction, engineered structures, and unusual fuels will cause hostile fires to burn hotter, faster, and less predictable. Concept #1: “Smoke” is FUEL! Firefighters use the term “smoke” when addressing the solids, aerosols, and gases being produced by the hostile fire. Soot, dust, and fibers make up the solids. Aerosols are suspended liquids such as water, trace acids, and hydrocarbons (oil). Gases are numerous in smoke – mass quantities of Carbon Monoxide lead the list. Concept #2: The Fuels have changed: The contents and structural elements being burned are of LOWER MASS than previous decades. These materials are also more synthetic than ever. Concept #3: The Fuels have triggers There are “Triggers” for Hostile Fire Events. Flash point triggers a smoke explosion. Fire Point triggers rapid fire spread, ignition temperature triggers auto ignition, Backdraft, and Flashover. Hostile fire events (know the warning signs): Flashover: The classic American Version of a Flashover is the simultaneous ignition of fuels within a compartment due to reflective radiant heat – the “box” is heat saturated and can’t absorb any more. The British use the term Flashover to describe any ignition of the smoke cloud within a structure. Signs: Turbulent smoke, rollover, and auto-ignition outside the box. Backdraft: A “true” backdraft occurs when oxygen is introduced into an O2 deficient environment that is charged with gases (pressurized) at or above their ignition temperature. -
FIRE DEPARTMENT COUNTY Adair County Tri Community Volunteer Fire Dept
FIRE DEPARTMENT COUNTY Adair County Tri Community Volunteer Fire Dept. Adair Bell Rural Fire Department Inc Adair Chance Community Fire Department Inc. Adair Christie Proctor Fire Association Adair Greasy Volunteer Fire Department Inc. Adair Hwy 100 West Fire Protection Adair Hwy 51 West Rural Fire District, Inc. Adair Mid County Rural Fire Dept. Inc. Adair Town of Stilwell for Stilwell Fire Department Adair Town of Watts for Watts Fire Department Adair Town of Westville for Westville Fire Department Adair City of Cherokee for Cherokee Fire Department Alfalfa Nescatunga Rural Fire Association Alfalfa Town of Aline for Aline Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Burlington for Burlington Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Byron for A&B Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Carmen for Carmen Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Goltry for Goltry Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Helena for Helena Fire Department Alfalfa Town of Jet for Jet Fire Department Alfalfa Bentley Volunteer Fire District Atoka City of Atoka for Atoka Fire Department Atoka Crystal Volunteer Fire Department Association Atoka Daisy Volunteer Fire Department, Inc. Atoka Farris Fire District Atoka Harmony Fire Department Atoka Hopewell Community Firefighters Association Atoka Lane Volunteer Fire Department Association Atoka Town of Caney for Caney Fire Department Atoka Town of Stringtown for Stringtown Fire Department Atoka Town of Tushka for Tushka Fire Department Atoka Wards Chapel Fire Department, Inc. Atoka Wardville Rural Volunteer Fire Dept. Atoka Wilson Community Rural Fire Association -
Session 611 Fire Behavior Ppt Instructor Notes
The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 1 Recruit Firefighter Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 Slide 2 © Darin Echelberger/ShutterStock, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Fire Behavior Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 3 Some have said that fires in modern furnished Fires Are Not Unpredictable! homes are unpredictable • A thorough knowledge of fire behavior will help you predict fireground events Nothing is unpredictable, firefighters just need to know what clues to look for Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 4 Connecticut Fire Academy Recruit Program CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 of 26 Revision: 011414 The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 5 A basic understanding of how fire burns will give a Chemistry firefighter the ability to choose the best means of • Understanding the • Fire behavior is one of chemistry of fire will the largest extinguishment make you more considerations when effective choosing tactics Fire behavior and building construction are the basis for all of our actions on the fire ground Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 6 What is Fire? • A rapid chemical reaction that produces heat and light Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 7 Types of Reactions Exothermic Endothermic • Gives off heat • Absorbs heat Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 8 Non-flaming -
Occupational Risks and Hazards Associated with Firefighting Laura Walker Montana Tech of the University of Montana
Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Graduate Theses & Non-Theses Student Scholarship Summer 2016 Occupational Risks and Hazards Associated with Firefighting Laura Walker Montana Tech of the University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch Part of the Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene Commons Recommended Citation Walker, Laura, "Occupational Risks and Hazards Associated with Firefighting" (2016). Graduate Theses & Non-Theses. 90. http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch/90 This Non-Thesis Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses & Non-Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Occupational Risks and Hazards Associated with Firefighting by Laura Walker A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Industrial Hygiene Distance Learning / Professional Track Montana Tech of the University of Montana 2016 This page intentionally left blank. 1 Abstract Annually about 100 firefighters die in the line duty, in the United States. Firefighters know it is a hazardous occupation. Firefighters know the only way to reduce the number of deaths is to change the way the firefighter (FF) operates. Changing the way a firefighter operates starts by utilizing traditional industrial hygiene tactics, anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling the hazard. Basic information and history of the fire service is necessary to evaluate FF hazards. An electronic survey was distributed to FFs. The first question was, “What are the health and safety risks of a firefighter?” Hypothetically heart attacks and new style construction would rise to the top of the survey data. -
Introduction to Fire Behavior Modeling (2012)
Introduction to Fire Behavior Modeling Introduction to Wildfire Behavior Modeling Introduction Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1: Background........................................................................................ 7 What is wildfire? ..................................................................................................................... 7 Wildfire morphology ............................................................................................................. 10 By shape........................................................................................................ 10 By relative spread direction ........................................................................... 12 Wildfire behavior characteristics ........................................................................................... 14 Flame front rate of spread (ROS) ................................................................... 15 Heat per unit area (HPA) ................................................................................ 17 Fireline intensity (FLI) .................................................................................... 19 Flame size ..................................................................................................... 23 Major influences on fire behavior simulations ....................................................................... 24 Fuelbed structure ......................................................................................... -
Fire Risk on the Centennial Specific Plan Project Site
December 6, 2018 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors 856 Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration 500 W. Temple Street Los Angeles CA, 90012 Submitted electronically to: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] CC: [email protected], [email protected] Clarification of Fire Risk on the Centennial Specific Plan Project Site Dear Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, Thank you very much for the continued opportunity to provide input on the Centennial Specific Plan (“Centennial”). As an organization, the California Native Plant Society (“CNPS”) is very concerned with the potential impacts of Centennial. CNPS has detailed the reasons why we oppose Centennial in numerous comment letters that focus on the project’s unacceptable impacts to irreplaceable grassland habitats, lack of appropriate mitigation, inappropriate use of Cap-and-Trade, and other issues. One issue that continues to be a major concern to CNPS members and the general public is that the Centennial project site is a dangerous place to build a new city for nearly 60,000 people. Chief among our concerns are the facts that project site is designated by CalFire as a High or Very High Fire Severity Zone (see Attachment 1), and that Centennial would be built on/adjacent to California’s two largest earthquake faults, the Garlock and San Andreas (see Attachment 2). The issue of greenlighting large development projects in areas with high fire danger should be a primary concern to decision-makers. The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors should regard wildfire as a major liability in their pending decision on Centennial. -
CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Software Development and Model Evaluation Guide
NIST Special Publication 1086r1 December 2012 Revision CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Software Development and Model Evaluation Guide Richard D. Peacock Paul A. Reneke http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1086r1 NIST Special Publication 1086r1 December 2012 Revision CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Software Development and Model Evaluation Guide Richard D. Peacock Paul A. Reneke Fire Research Division Engineering Laboratory http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1086r1 March 2013 SV N Re posit ory Revision : 507 T OF C EN OM M M T E R R A C P E E D U N A I C T I E R D E M ST A ATES OF U.S. Department of Commerce Rebecca Blank, Acting Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director Disclaimer The U. S. Department of Commerce makes no warranty, expressed or implied, to users of CFAST and associated computer programs, and accepts no responsibility for its use. Users of CFAST assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application; for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use; and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools. CFAST is intended for use only by those competent in the field of fire safety and is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of a qualified user. The software package is a computer model which may or may not have predictive value when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances. -
FIRE DEPARTMENT TOWN 106 Rural Fire District Association Newkirk Adair County Tri Community Volunteer Fire Dept
FIRE DEPARTMENT TOWN 106 Rural Fire District Association Newkirk Adair County Tri Community Volunteer Fire Dept. Stilwell Airport Road Fire Support Incorporated Bartlesville Albany Volunteer Fire Department Albany Albion Fire Department Association Albion Alden Fire Department Association Carnegie Alfalfa Rural Fire Company Carnegie Arlington Volunteer Fire Dept. Incorporated Prague Arrowhead Estates Voluntary Fire Department, Inc. Canadian Ash Creek Community Fire Department Inc. Wilburton Ashland Volunteer Fire Dept Association Stuart Baker Fire Protection Association Turpin Bar C Rural Fire Department, Inc Burbank Barnsdall Rural Fire Association Incorporated Barnsdall Basin Volunteer Fire Department, Inc. Mannford Bear Creek Rural Fire District Association Kaw City Bee Community Volunteer Fire Department Association Kenefic Bell Rural Fire Department Inc Stilwell Bengal Fire Department Assn Wister Bennington Community Rural Volunteer Fire Department Assoc. Bennington Bennington Bentley Volunteer Fire District Atoka Berlin Volunteer Fire Association Sayre Berryhill Volunteer Fire Department, Inc. Tulsa Bethel Road Fire Department Association Lawton Big 4 Rural Fire District Association Kingfisher Big Beaver Fire Department Inc. Shidler Big Bend Volunteer Fire Department Inc. Ralston Big Cedar Volunteer Fire Dept., Inc. Muse Black Dog Fire Association Tulsa Blackburn Rural Fire Department Pawnee Blackgum Mountain Fire Department Vian Blackland Fire Corporation Pawhuska Blue Volunteer Fire Association McAlester Bluff Fire Department Inc Soper Boggy Fire Department Association Red Oak Boulanger Rural Fire Dept. Inc. Pawhuska Bowlin Springs Fire Protection Association Chelsea Brent Rural Fire District Inc. Sallisaw Bridge Creek Fire Fighters Association Blanchard Brooken Volunteer Fire Department Stigler Brooksville Volunteer Fire Dept Corporation Tecumseh Broxton Fire Dept. Company Assn. Fort Cobb Brushy Mt. Vol. Fire Dept. Muskogee Brushy Mt.-Sequoyah Co. -
APPENDIX to ANALYSIS of EXCEPTIONAL EVENTS CONTRIBUTING to HIGH PM10 CONCENTRATIONS in the SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN on OCTOBER 13, 2008
SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT PLANNING, RULE DEVELOPMENT, AND AREA SOURCES APPENDIX to ANALYSIS OF EXCEPTIONAL EVENTS CONTRIBUTING TO HIGH PM10 CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN ON OCTOBER 13, 2008 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................i A SUPPORTING MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 1 A.1 Meteorological Observations ................................................................................................................................ 1 Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS): 10/13/2008 .................................................................................... 1 NWS/FAA METAR Observations: 10/12 – 10/14/2008 ......................................................................................... 13 A.2 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Discussions .................................................................................. 61 NWS Los Angeles/Oxnard Forecast Office ............................................................................................................. 61 NWS San Diego Forecast Office .............................................................................................................................. 69 A.3 National Weather Service Short Term Forecasts (Nowcasts) ............................................................................ -
Basement Fire Strategy and Tactics by John J
Continuing Education Course Basement Fire Strategy and Tactics BY JOHN J. LEWIS AND ROBERT MORAN TRAINING THE FIRE SERVICE FOR 134 YEARS To earn continuing education credits, you must successfully complete the course examination. The cost for this CE exam is $25.00. For group rates, call (973) 251-5055. Basement Fire Strategy and Tactics Educational Objectives On completion of this course, students will 1. Identify common basement fire indicators. 3. Describe the key components of an effective, task oriented incident size up. 2. Understand the importance of rapid, coordinated fire sup- pression, search, and ventilation operations during a base- 4. Illustrate the major safety concerns facing firefighters oper- ment fire. ating at a basement fire. CENARIO: YOU ARE DISPATCHED TO A REPORTED alternate method of attack, particularly if the initial size-up structure fire at 12 Bella Court; early radio reports reveals the use of lightweight building components. S indicate a definite fire with smoke showing on -ar • Overhaul is not yet a major issue. However, the quick and rival of the deputy chief. You are the officer on the first-due efficient use of precontrol overhaul to open up and get engine company. As you approach the scene, you attempt a ahead of the fire by checking for fire extension in interior three-sided view of the 2½-story wood-frame structure. Thick voids, baseboards, ceilings, and floors will have a major im- black smoke is showing from the first and second floors and pact on limiting fire extension and controlling the fire. the open front door. No fire is visible as you move past the • Ventilation operations may be severely hampered or delayed structure. -
Oxnard Course Outline
Course ID: FT R170 Curriculum Committee Approval Date: 10/10/2018 Catalog Start Date: Fall 2019 COURSE OUTLINE OXNARD COLLEGE I. Course Identification and Justification: A. Proposed course id: FT R170 Banner title: Firefighter I Academy Full title: Firefighter I Academy Previous course id: FT R170 Banner title: Firefighter I Academy Full title: Firefighter I Academy B. Reason(s) course is offered: To provide students the opportunity to receive a California State Fire Marshal Firefighter 1 Eligible Certificate. C. Reason(s) for current outline revision: State Fire Training mandates for State Firefighter 1 Testing. Required by all Regionally Accredited Fire Academies. D. C-ID: 1. C-ID Descriptor: 2. C-ID Status: E. Co-listed as: Current: None Previous: II. Catalog Information: A. Units: Current: 19.00 Previous: 18.00 B. Course Hours: 1. Weekly Meeting Hours: Current: Lecture: 10.00 Lab: 27.00 Other: Previous: Lecture: 10.00 Lab: 24.00 Other: 2. Total Contact Hours: Current: 592.00 to 666.00 Previous: 544.00 to 612.00 C. Prerequisites, Corequisites, Advisories, and Limitations on Enrollment: 1. Prerequisites Current: FT R151: Fire Protection Organizations EMT R169: Emergency Medical Technician Previous: FT R151: Fire Protection Organizations EMT R169: Emergency Medical Technician 2. Corequisites Current: Previous: 3. Advisories: Current: FT R154: Fire Behavior and Principles of Combustion FT R161: Building Construction for Fire Protection FT R167: Fire Equipment and Apparatus Previous: FT R154: Fire Behavior and Principles of Combustion FT R161: Building Construction for Fire Protection FT R167: Fire Equipment and Apparatus 4. Limitations on Enrollment: Current: Previous: D. Catalog description: Current: The Oxnard College Regional Fire Academy (OCRFA) provides the skills and knowledge needed for the entry level firefighter, career or volunteer, to perform duties safely, effectively, and competently. -
Post-Wildfire Rebuilding and New Development in California Indicates Minimal Adaptation to Fire Risk
Land Use Policy 107 (2021) 105502 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Land Use Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol Post-wildfire rebuilding and new development in California indicates minimal adaptation to fire risk H. Anu Kramer a,*, Van Butsic b, Miranda H. Mockrin c, Carlos Ramirez-Reyes a, Patricia M. Alexandre a,d, Volker C. Radeloff a a SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA b Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, 231 Mulford Hall, Berkeley CA 94720, USA c Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 5523 Research Park Dr. Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA d Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Every year, wildfires destroy thousands of buildings in the United States, especially in the rapidly growing Wildfire wildland-urban interface, where homes and wildland vegetation meet or intermingle. After a wildfire there is a Housing growth window of opportunity for residents and public agencies to re-shape patterns of development, and avoid Wildland urban interface development in locations that are inherently at higher risk of wildfire destruction. We examined 28 of the most Policy destructive wildfiresin California, the state where most buildings are destroyed by wildfires,to evaluate whether Planning locations of rebuilt and newly constructed buildings were adaptive (i.e., if building occurred in lower risk areas). In total, these fires burned 7,075 buildings from 1970 to 2009. We found minimal evidence for adaptation both in the number and placement of buildings post-fire.