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Responding to the Growing Issue of Research Reproducibility Donald R Responding to the growing issue of research reproducibility Donald R. Baer, and Ian S. Gilmore Citation: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 36, 068502 (2018); doi: 10.1116/1.5049141 View online: https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5049141 View Table of Contents: https://avs.scitation.org/toc/jva/36/6 Published by the American Vacuum Society ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN Transient behavior in quasi-atomic layer etching of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride in fluorocarbon plasmas Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 36, 06B101 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5049225 Review Article: Atomic layer deposition for oxide semiconductor thin film transistors: Advances in research and development Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 36, 060801 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5047237 Review Article: Stress in thin films and coatings: Current status, challenges, and prospects Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 36, 020801 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5011790 Rapid atomic layer etching of Al2O3 using sequential exposures of hydrogen fluoride and trimethylaluminum with no purging Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 36, 061508 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5043488 Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 36, 062902 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5043297 Precise control of ion and radical production using electron beam generated plasmas Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 36, 060601 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5053615 Responding to the growing issue of research reproducibility Donald R. Baer1,a) and Ian S. Gilmore2,b) 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352 2National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom (Received 19 July 2018; accepted 28 September 2018; published 12 October 2018) An increasing number of studies, surveys, and editorials highlight experimental and computational reproducibility and replication issues that appear to pervade most areas of modern science. This per- spective examines some of the multiple and complex causes of what has been called a “reproduc- ibility crisis,” which can impact materials, interface/(bio)interphase, and vacuum sciences. Reproducibility issues are not new to science, but they are now appearing in new forms requiring innovative solutions. Drivers include the increasingly multidiscipline, multimethod nature of much advanced science, increased complexity of the problems and systems being addressed, and the large amounts and multiple types of experimental and computational data being collected and analyzed in many studies. Sustained efforts are needed to address the causes of reproducibility problems that can hinder the rate of scientific progress and lower public and political regard for science. The initial efforts of the American Vacuum Society to raise awareness of a new generation of reproduc- ibility challenges and provide tools to help address them serve as examples of mitigating actions that can be undertaken. Published by the AVS. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5049141 I. INTRODUCTION reproducibility of the analysis of a set of results or the repeat- 6 A. Is there a reproducibility crisis? ability of a measurement. They all deal in different ways with the reliability and repeatability of scientific results. In a survey of 1576 scientists reported in Nature in 2016,1 Issues within the reproducibility and replication category 90% of those interviewed indicated they thought there was at include: (i) Are results within one study appropriately repro- least some level of reproducibility problem in the scientific ducible and appropriately measured and reported, and/or are literature. More than half of the scientists responding indi- only selected measurements reported with some others cated there was a “significant reproducibility crisis” and only “ignored”? (ii) Have research groups established and com- 3% indicated there were no reproducibility problems. In the municated adequately clear procedures, protocols, qualified fall of 2017, National Public Radio’s Science Correspondent measurement methods, and training to enable others within Richard Harris wrote a guest editorial in Chemical and their group (or close collaborator) to reproduce materials, Engineering News2 on “Reproducibility issues,” observing analysis results, and other aspects of research? (iii) Are that although discussion about a “reproducibility crisis” reports, measurement approaches, and information in publi- often focused on preclinical medical research and social psy- cations adequately detailed so other research teams can chology studies, based on the causes of nonreproducibility reproduce the work? there are many indications the issue extends to the physical The issue of reproducibility has received sufficient atten- sciences as well. tion that the U.S. Congress mandated the National Science Questions or concerns about reproducibility can be asked Foundation to fund a National Academies (NAs) study on at multiple levels, but they all address or impact the ability Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. Their charter is for the results of studies to be replicated by others. to “explore what is known and identify areas that may need Reproducibility issues can generally be categorized into two more information to ascertain the extent of reproducibility topics: (1) research integrity, which includes the ethics, mis- and replication, review current activities to improve repro- conduct, and deviation from good research practices along ducibility and replication highlighting examples of good with the mechanisms to identify and correct research outputs practices, and examine factors that adversely affect reproduc- that fall short of these; and (2) reproducibility or replicability ibility and replication.” The study group has met four times, of an experiment, computation, or a whole study. In this dis- and the study webpage contains informative videos of speak- cussion, we focus entirely on the latter as the former is ers discussing the topic in different fields.7 already well-developed, for example, the United Kingdom A great deal of discussion and many articles have been Concordat on Research Integrity3 and the U.S.A., Federal dedicated to this topic at a high level and, as noted below, Research Misconduct Policy.4 concerns have been noted in specific areas of science. There Uses of the terms reproducibility, repeatability, and repli- is a growing recognition that as science and technology have cability have overlapping, distinctive, and inconsistent mean- evolved with advanced computation and experimental ings depending on the area of science.5 One common methods there are new issues and more needs to be done to distinction is the replicability of a study versus the address them. The term “crisis” is somewhat hyperbolic a)Electronic mail: [email protected] since research endeavors continue to productively bear fruit b)Electronic mail: [email protected] in new innovations and products. However, in addition to 068502-1 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 36(6), Nov/Dec 2018 0734-2101/2018/36(6)/068502/5/$30.00 Published by the AVS. 068502-1 068502-2 D. R. Baer and I. S. Gilmore: Responding to the growing issue of research reproducibility 068502-2 slowing scientific progress, nonreproducibility of high profile frameworks where 20% of the data reported could be classi- and other research results impacts public and political fied as outliers (significantly different or distant from the opinion, and the general regard for science that may have majority of other observations).9 In 2014, the National long lasting and significant impacts on science and society. Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) highlighted The research community will learn more about the nature the reproducibility issue in biomedical research in Nature and extent of the problem and likely obtain useful guidance Methods10 and proposed a route to improve reproducibility from the NAs report and other studies. However, given the was through better measurements, appropriate controls, refer- systemic nature of the challenges and the possible long-range ence materials, and statistics. Recently, the U.K.’s National impacts, it is useful to identify and initiate efforts to improve Physical Laboratory (NPL) prepared a 2017 Nature editorial the current situation. This perspective identifies some of the on the importance of metrology in the efforts to improve sources of reproducibility problems and ways the research reproducibility.11 The reproducibility issue has been recog- community can respond now to address them. The perspec- nized by editors of AVS’ Biointerphases12 in presenting a tive is prepared in the context of materials, interface/(bio) list of publications identified as “Biointerphases Tutorials” interphase, vacuum, and other sciences important to the noting that “The following publications have been identified Journals of Vacuum Science and Technology ( JVST) parts by the Editors as foundational in furthering understanding of A and B, and the American Vacuum Society (AVS) and the biointerface. The methods and approaches used for char- highlights, as examples, some of the initial actions planned acterization at the biointerface are state-of-the-art and or undertaken in response to reproducibility issues. thorough.” In 2018, NIST and NPL co-organized a workshop on “ B. Are reproducibility issues relevant to areas of Improving Reproducibility
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