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JANUARY 2013

DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)

Does Britain have plural cities?

Summary The changing ethnic composition of an area is a guide to Census data on cities changing needs inasmuch as it may indicate a variety of The information we have compiled about each preferences for housing size, for types of school meals, for local authority District is available here. It includes care of older people, for cultural and entertainment facilities, composition according to ethnic group and religion, UK for funeral services or for other aspects of local services. born, year of and age at arrival, numbers with a British • Britain’s cities are more ethnically diverse than ever before. passport, and with a British national identity, households , and are the first local authorities outside with multiple ethnicity, and the diversity index (see which are already plural where no ethnic group is in the below). In this Briefing we have included some of the majority. most diverse Districts. On their charts we have labelled • The census itself has changed how Britain’s diversity is measured each ethnic group which has 2% or more of the by dividing White into , Irish, Gypsy and Irish District’s residents. Traveller, and . The data are currently available for each local authority • The number of and residents who have a British in England and Wales. The boundary of a local authority national identity is six million more than the number who tick sometimes fits closely or even sits within an . White British as an ethnicity. Such a close boundary emphasises ethnic diversity, as in • Britain’s cities are not becoming less British. 81% of Luton’s Leicester. In contrast the boundary of includes residents have a British national identity while 45% are of White surrounding areas with less ethnic diversity and does not British ethnicity. reflect the diversity of the city alone. • Cities labelled by politicians as ‘segregated’ are in fact the most diverse. For example Bradford and Leicester both have more than a thousand residents from each of fifteen ethnic categories measured in the census, and over thirty thousand residents from diverse groups that the census labels as ‘Mixed’ or ‘Other White’, ‘Other Asian’, ‘Other Black’ or simply ‘Other’. White Indian African • Increased diversity over a decade is small but steady: every local British 42k 38k 52k (14%) (12%) authority except Forest Heath has increased its diversity since (17%) 2001. Other 7k (2%)

Pakistani 30k (10%) Caribbean 15kOther (5%) Black 7k (2%)

Other Asian 20k (6%)

Bangladeshi 37k (12%) Other White 35k (11%)

White British Indian Click here for District profiler in Excel 148k (45%) 93k (28%) Newham Newham is Britain’s most ethnically diverse local authority; eight ethnic groups are represented by 5% or more of its residents. Of Newham’s 308 thousand residents, 143 thousand were born in the UK. 52 thousand have

African 12k (4%) ethnic group White British, while 203 thousand have a British identity. Pakistani 8k (2%) 34% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 5% residents are Other White 9k (3%) Other Asian 13k (4%) of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 165,414 born abroad, 47% arrived Click here for District profiler in Excel Leicester since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have Leicester’s Indian population is itself diverse, with Hindu, Muslim and one thousand or more residents. Christian populations born in the UK, , and East Africa. Of Leicester’s 330 thousand residents, 219 thousand were born in the UK. 149 thousand have ethnic group White British, while 273 thousand have a British identity. 18% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 4% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 110,843 born abroad, 36% arrived since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents.

1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Does Britain have CoDE plural cities?

we already know from other sources that British identity Measuring diversity is felt at least as strongly by those of minority ethnicity as Ecologists have a very useful notion of diversity which those of White British ethnicity. This is the case for people of we have applied to calculate how closely each local similar age and background born in the UK: younger, more authority is to having an equal number of each ethnic highly educated people, and those born overseas all express group measured in the census. We have combined less strong British identity4. White Gypsy/Irish Traveller with Other White, and Arab with Other, for better comparability with 2001. Called Ethnic diversity on the increase the ‘Reciprocal Diversity Index’, the ecologists sum the How diverse is each Local Authority: how close is it to sixteen ethnic group proportions, first squaring them, having an equal number of each ethnic group? The 2011 and divide into 1. The Index is greatest when there are Census tells us that no local authority is very diverse in equal numbers in each group, when it is equal to 16, this sense. On a scale of 0 to 100 (see information box), and lowest when there is only one group in an area, Newham is the most diverse local authority in England and when it is equal to 1. We have standardised the index Wales at 55, but the average across the 348 local authorities by stretching it to be always within the range 0 to 100.1 in England and Wales is just under 4. The average across England and Wales as a whole has Diversity, averaged over the local authorities, has increased increased from 2.1 in 2001 to 3.6 in 2011. from 1.4 in 1991, to 2.1 in 2001 and to 3.6 in 2011. These seem small changes, but they are increases of one half in each decade. Every local authority except Forest Heath has Plural cities of the future increased its diversity since 2001. Forest Heath hosts US air Plural cities is a concept used in discussions about how local force bases, affecting its composition from year to year. government policies might change when the population There is a very strong relationship between diversity and the is so ethnically mixed that no one group is the majority. In total population of ethnic minorities in a local authority (the this briefing we examine what the census says about the correlation coefficient is 0.94). The ten local authorities with emergence of plural local authorities, and show how diverse greatest diversity are Newham, Brent, Ealing, Redbridge, 2 our cities already are . Waltham Forest, Hackney, Harrow, Slough, Haringey and Local government deals with diverse areas on an everyday Westminster, with Luton the next most diverse area outside basis: not only ethnic and cultural diversity but claims made London. In other words, areas with the fewest White British, by young adults and older people, those in rural and urban are also the most diverse. Those with little diversity are the neighbourhoods, those with powerful organisations to areas where the population is almost entirely White British, represent them and those without. though in the main, this is no longer a feature of modern Britain. Twenty three of London’s thirty three Boroughs are already ‘plural’. Leicester’s total White population is more than half its residents and this is not expected to reduce to half until 2019.3 But restricting attention to White British shows that it is already plural now, as the Irish, Eastern European and White British African Other White populations are substantial. Thus the diversity 92k (49%) 29k (15%) in the census classification itself affects how we think of

every city’s composition. Slough and Luton are also already Indian 7k (4%)

Pakistani 8k (4%) plural with White British less than half their population. It is Caribbean 5k (3%)

Bangladeshi 8k (4%) Other Asian 5k (3%) possible that will join them during this decade. Other White 15k (8%) However, in none of these local authorities will the White

British population be small. It is now the biggest is every Click here for District profiler in Excel local authority except two (Tower Hamlets and Brent, where Barking and Dagenham it is the second biggest). Barking and Dagenham is home to many people who have moved away from Inner London in the past decade, like many other Outer . Of Barking and Dagenham’s 186 thousand residents, 128 All ethnic groups feel British thousand were born in the UK. 92 thousand have ethnic group White A British identity is adopted by all ethnic groups. National British, while 150 thousand have a British identity. 23% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 4% residents are of mixed ethnicity identity was asked for the first time in the 2011 Census. In themselves. Of the 57,447 born abroad, 40% arrived since 2004. 16 of England and Wales 51.6 million named a British identity. the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have one thousand or This is six million more than the 45.1 million who ticked the more residents. census boxes for a White British ethnic group identity. The census outputs showing the overlaps between ‘ethnicity’ and ‘national identity’ will be released in summer 2013. But

2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Does Britain have CoDE plural cities?

White British Pakistani White British African Caribbean 570k (53%) 145k 114k (41%) 32k 31k (11%) (13%) (12%)

9k (3%)

25k (2%)

Other 6k (2%)

Indian 65k (6%) Chinese 6k (2%) African 30k (3%)

Caribbean 48k (4%) 22k (2%) Other Black 12k (4%) Bangladeshi Other33k (3%) Asian 31k (3%) Other White 29k (3%)

Other White 28k (10%)

Mixed White/Caribbean

Mixed White/Caribbean Birmingham Click here for District profiler in Excel Lewisham Click here for District profiler in Excel Birmingham’s large population means that its ethnic diversity includes ten Lewisham has the highest percentage of Caribbean population among ethnic groups each with twenty thousand people. Of Birmingham’s 1.1 Britain’s local authorities, though larger districts including Birmingham have million residents, 835 thousand were born in the UK. 570 thousand have more Caribbean residents. Of Lewisham’s 276 thousand residents, 183 ethnic group White British, while 952 thousand have a British identity. thousand were born in the UK. 114 thousand have ethnic group White 21% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 4% residents are British, while 218 thousand have a British identity. 39% of households have of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 238,313 born abroad, 33% arrived more than one ethnicity, and 7% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have Of the 93,086 born abroad, 35% arrived since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic one thousand or more residents. groups counted in the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents.

White British Pakistani White British Pakistani 334k (64%) 107k (20%) 91k (45%) 29k (14%)

African 9k (5%) Indian 14k (3%) Indian 11k (5%)

Caribbean 8k (4%) White Irish 6k (3%)

Other Asian 6k (3%)

Bangladeshi 14k (7%) Other White 16k (3%) Other White 14k (7%)

Bradford Click here for District profiler in Excel Luton Click here for District profiler in Excel Bradford’s Pakistani population is eight times the next largest ethnic minority Luton is one of the three districts outside London where the number of group. A third of the local authority population lives outside the urban area White British is less than half of all residents, though still three times the next of Bradford. Of Bradford’s 522 thousand residents, 433 thousand were largest group, Pakistanis. Of Luton’s 203 thousand residents, 140 thousand born in the UK. 334 thousand have ethnic group White British, while 481 were born in the UK. 91 thousand have ethnic group White British, while thousand have a British identity. 12% of households have more than one 165 thousand have a British identity. 24% of households have more than ethnicity, and 2% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 89,609 one ethnicity, and 4% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the born abroad, 36% arrived since 2004. 15 of the 18 ethnic groups counted 62,872 born abroad, 40% arrived since 2004. 16 of the 18 ethnic groups in the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents. counted in the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents.

Indian White Other White British 58k British White 298k (59%) (19%) 56k 44k (18%) (14%)

Other 7k (2%) Arab 11k (3%)

Indian 11k (2%)

African 24k (8%) African 26k (5%) Chinese 14k (3%) Pakistani 14k (5%) Pakistani 43k (9%)

Caribbean 24k (8%) White Irish 12k (4%) White Irish 12k (2%) Other Black 11k (3%) Other Asian 29k (9%) Other Asian 12k (2%) Other White 25k (5%)

Brent Click here for District profiler in Excel Click here for District profiler in Excel Brent is one of Britain and London’s most ethnically diverse areas. Of Manchester’s African population has more than trebled in the past decade. Brent’s 311 thousand residents, 140 thousand were born in the UK. 56 Of Manchester’s 503 thousand residents, 376 thousand were born in the thousand have ethnic group White British, while 210 thousand have a UK. 298 thousand have ethnic group White British, while 418 thousand British identity. 34% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 5% have a British identity. 25% of households have more than one ethnicity, residents are of mixed ethnicity. Of the 171,427 born abroad, 37% arrived and 5% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 127,061 born since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have abroad, 51% arrived since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in one thousand or more residents the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents.

3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Does Britain have CoDE plural cities?

White British Pakistani Bangladeshi White British 225k (76%) 23k 81k (32%) 79k (31%) (10%)

Indian 7k (3%)

African 9k (4%) Chinese 8k (3%)

Caribbean 5k (2%)

Other Asian 6k (2%)

Bangladeshi 16k (7%)

Other White 32k (12%)

Oldham Click here for District profiler in Excel Tower Hamlets Click here for District profiler in Excel includes rural and industrial areas outside its main urban centre. Tower Hamlets has Britain’s largest Bangladeshi population. Of Tower Of Oldham’s 225 thousand residents, 198 thousand were born in the UK. Hamlets’ 254 thousand residents, 145 thousand were born in the UK. 79 170 thousand have ethnic group White British, while 214 thousand have a thousand have ethnic group White British, while 190 thousand have a British identity. 9% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 2% British identity. 33% of households have more than one ethnicity, and 4% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 26,501 born abroad, residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 109,434 born abroad, 30% arrived since 2004. 10 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 44% arrived since 2004. 17 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents. Census have one thousand or more residents.

White British Pakistani Indian White British Other White 48k (35%) 25k (18%) 22k 77k (35%) 53k (24%) (16%)

Arab 6k (3%)

Arab 16k (7%) Indian 7k (3%) Others 9k (4%) African 8k (5%) African 9k (4%) Chinese 6k (3%)

Caribbean 3k (2%) Caribbean 4k (2%) White Irish 5k (2%)

Other Asian 8k (5%)

Other Asian 10k (5%)

Other White 14k (10%)

Slough Click here for District profiler in Excel Westminster Click here for District profiler in Excel Outside London, Slough is the most ethnically diverse local authority in Westminster is a gateway for many new residents of Britain from Europe Britain. Of Slough’s 140 thousand residents, 86 thousand were born in and the Middle East. Of Westminster’s 219 thousand residents, 102 the UK. 48 thousand have ethnic group White British, while 108 thousand thousand were born in the UK. 77 thousand have ethnic group White have a British identity. 21% of households have more than one ethnicity, British, while 139 thousand have a British identity. 42% of households and 3% residents are of mixed ethnicity themselves. Of the 54,652 born have more than one ethnicity, and 5% residents are of mixed ethnicity abroad, 41% arrived since 2004. 13 of the 18 ethnic groups counted in themselves. Of the 116,989 born abroad, 46% arrived since 2004. 17 of the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents. the 18 ethnic groups counted in the 2011 Census have one thousand or more residents.

1 Simpson, L. (2007). of the mind: the empirical behaviour of indices of segregation and diversity. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 170(2), 405-424. 2 Finney, N., & Simpson, L. (2009). ‘Sleepwalking to segregation’? Challenging myths about race and migration. : Policy Press, especially Chapter 7: Challenging the myth of minority white cities, pp 141-160. 3 Projections from Manchester University suggest 2019, while those from University suggest 2023 or 2032, depending on future migration. 4 Nandi, A., & Platt, L. (2012). How diverse is the UK. In S. L. McFall (Ed.), Understanding Society: Findings 2012. Colchester: ISER, University of .

Sources: the 2011 Census (Crown Copyright).

This briefing is one in a series, The Dynamics of Diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census. Author: Ludi Simpson Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) The University of Manchester Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK email: [email protected] www.ethnicity.ac.uk

4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk