Viewed in [42])
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Endocrinology
Endocrinology INTRODUCTION Endocrinology 1. Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system secretions and their role at target cells within the body and nervous system are the major contributors to the flow of information between different cells and tissues. 2. Two systems maintain Homeostasis a. b 3. Maintain a complicated relationship 4. Hormones 1. The endocrine system uses hormones (chemical messengers/neurotransmitters) to convey information between different tissues. 2. Transport via the bloodstream to target cells within the body. It is here they bind to receptors on the cell surface. 3. Non-nutritive Endocrine System- Consists of a variety of glands working together. 1. Paracrine Effect (CHEMICAL) Endocrinology Spring 2013 Page 1 a. Autocrine Effect i. Hormones released by cells that act on the membrane receptor ii. When a hormone is released by a cell and acts on the receptors located WITHIN the same cell. Endocrine Secretions: 1. Secretions secreted Exocrine Secretion: 1. Secretion which come from a gland 2. The secretion will be released into a specific location Nervous System vs tHe Endocrine System 1. Nervous System a. Neurons b. Homeostatic control of the body achieved in conjunction with the endocrine system c. Maintain d. This system will have direct contact with the cells to be affected e. Composed of both the somatic and autonomic systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic) Endocrinology Spring 2013 Page 2 2. Endocrine System a. b. c. 3. Neuroendocrine: a. These are specialized neurons that release chemicals that travel through the vascular system and interact with target tissue. b. Hypothalamus à posterior pituitary gland History of tHe Endocrine System Bertold (1849)-FATHER OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 1. -
Segregating Expression Domains of Two Goosecoid Genes During the Transition from Gastrulation to Neurulation in Chick Embryos
Development 124, 1443-1452 (1997) 1443 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 DEV2146 Segregating expression domains of two goosecoid genes during the transition from gastrulation to neurulation in chick embryos Lydia Lemaire1, Tobias Roeser1, Juan Carlos Izpisúa-Belmonte2 and Michael Kessel1,* 1Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany 2The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) SUMMARY We report the isolation and characterization of a chicken plate around the anterior streak and overlying the pre- gene, GSX, containing a homeobox similar to that of the chordal plate. We demonstrate that the GSX-positive part goosecoid gene. The structure of the GSX gene and the of the primitive streak induces gastrulation, while the GSC- deduced GSX protein are highly related to the previously expressing part induces neurulation. After full extension of described goosecoid gene. The two homeodomains are 74% the streak, the fate of cells now characterized by GSX is to identical. In the first few hours of chick embryogenesis, the undergo neurulation, while those expressing GSC undergo expression pattern of GSX is similar to GSC, in the gastrulation. We discuss the effect of a duplicated basic posterior margin of the embryo and the young primitive goosecoid identity for the generation of a chordate nervous streak. Later during gastrulation, expression of the two system in ontogeny and phylogeny. genes segregate. GSC is expressed in the anterior part of the primitive streak, then in the node, and finally in the pre- chordal plate. -
Comparative Neuroanatomy of Mollusks and Nemerteans in the Context of Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
Comparative Neuroanatomy of Mollusks and Nemerteans in the Context of Deep Metazoan Phylogeny Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Simone Faller aus Frankfurt am Main Berichter: Privatdozent Dr. Rudolf Loesel Universitätsprofessor Dr. Peter Bräunig Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 09. März 2012 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. Contents 1 General Introduction 1 Deep Metazoan Phylogeny 1 Neurophylogeny 2 Mollusca 5 Nemertea 6 Aim of the thesis 7 2 Neuroanatomy of Minor Mollusca 9 Introduction 9 Material and Methods 10 Results 12 Caudofoveata 12 Scutopus ventrolineatus 12 Falcidens crossotus 16 Solenogastres 16 Dorymenia sarsii 16 Polyplacophora 20 Lepidochitona cinerea 20 Acanthochitona crinita 20 Scaphopoda 22 Antalis entalis 22 Entalina quinquangularis 24 Discussion 25 Structure of the brain and nerve cords 25 Caudofoveata 25 Solenogastres 26 Polyplacophora 27 Scaphopoda 27 i CONTENTS Evolutionary considerations 28 Relationship among non-conchiferan molluscan taxa 28 Position of the Scaphopoda within Conchifera 29 Position of Mollusca within Protostomia 30 3 Neuroanatomy of Nemertea 33 Introduction 33 Material and Methods 34 Results 35 Brain 35 Cerebral organ 38 Nerve cords and peripheral nervous system 38 Discussion 38 Peripheral nervous system 40 Central nervous system 40 In search for the urbilaterian brain 42 4 General Discussion 45 Evolution of higher brain centers 46 Neuroanatomical glossary and data matrix – Essential steps toward a cladistic analysis of neuroanatomical data 49 5 Summary 53 6 Zusammenfassung 57 7 References 61 Danksagung 75 Lebenslauf 79 ii iii 1 General Introduction Deep Metazoan Phylogeny The concept of phylogeny follows directly from the theory of evolution as published by Charles Darwin in The origin of species (1859). -
Defining Phyla: Evolutionary Pathways to Metazoan Body Plans
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 3:6, 432-442 (2001) Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans Allen G. Collins^ and James W. Valentine* Museum of Paleontology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 'Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) 'Present address: Section of Ecology, Befiavior, and Evolution, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA SUMMARY Phyla are defined by two sets of criteria, one pothesis of Nielsen; the clonal hypothesis of Dewel; the set- morphological and the other historical. Molecular evidence aside cell hypothesis of Davidson et al.; and a benthic hy- permits the grouping of animals into clades and suggests that pothesis suggested by the fossil record. It is concluded that a some groups widely recognized as phyla are paraphyletic, benthic radiation of animals could have supplied the ances- while some may be polyphyletic; the phyletic status of crown tral lineages of all but a few phyla, is consistent with molecu- phyla is tabulated. Four recent evolutionary scenarios for the lar evidence, accords well with fossil evidence, and accounts origins of metazoan phyla and of supraphyletic clades are as- for some of the difficulties in phylogenetic analyses of phyla sessed in the light of a molecular phylogeny: the trochaea hy- based on morphological criteria. INTRODUCTION Molecules have provided an important operational ad- vance to addressing questions about the origins of animal Concepts of animal phyla have changed importantly from phyla. Molecular developmental and comparative genomic their origins in the six Linnaean classis and four Cuvieran evidence offer insights into the genetic bases of body plan embranchements. -
Title of Dissertation Goes Here in All Caps
GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ASCL1 AND PTF1A IN DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Jane E. Johnson, Ph.D. Gang. Yu, Ph.D. Q. Richard Lu, Ph.D. Tae-Kyung Kim, Ph.D. DEDICATION I dedicate this to my mother and wife, for their love and devotion, and their endless support throughout my life. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ASCL1 AND PTF1A IN DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER by MARK DOMINIC BORROMEO DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dallas, Texas December, 2013 Copyright by Mark Dominic Borromeo, 2013 All Rights Reserved GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ASCL1 AND PTF1A IN DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER Mark Dominic Borromeo, Ph.D. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2013 Jane E. Johnson, Ph.D. Cell fate specification in the developing embryo relies on combinations of transcription factors to regulate tissue specific gene programs. Many of the same transcription factors can be found in multiple tissue types and are crucial for their development, and at other times these same factors can be misused in disease states. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors Ascl1 and Ptf1a are examples of factors that give rise to and function in multiple tissues. Ascl1 and Ptf1a are essential for generating the correct number and sub-type of neurons in multiple regions of the nervous system. In addition, Ptf1a is required in the developing pancreas for both its formation and maturation, while Ascl1 is crucial for tumor v growth in malignant small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). -
Breakup of a Homeobox Cluster After Genome Duplication in Teleosts
Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts John F. Mulley*, Chi-hua Chiu†, and Peter W. H. Holland*‡ *Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; and †Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Life Sciences Building, Piscataway, NJ 08854 Edited by Eric H. Davidson, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved May 11, 2006 (received for review January 13, 2006) Several families of homeobox genes are arranged in genomic been active throughout vertebrate history, we show that in the clusters in metazoan genomes, including the Hox, ParaHox, NK, ray-finned fish clade, the ParaHox gene cluster was lost in the Rhox, and Iroquois gene clusters. The selective pressures respon- evolution of teleosts after divergence from more basal ray- sible for maintenance of these gene clusters are poorly under- finned fish. stood. The ParaHox gene cluster is evolutionarily conserved be- tween amphioxus and human but is fragmented in teleost fishes. Results We show that two basal ray-finned fish, Polypterus and Amia, each We searched the emerging genome sequences of zebrafish possess an intact ParaHox cluster; this implies that the selective (Danio rerio; www.sanger.ac.uk͞Projects͞Drerio) and two pressure maintaining clustering was lost after whole-genome pufferfish [Tetraodon nigroviridis (10) and Takifugu rubripes duplication in teleosts. Cluster breakup is because of gene loss, not (11)] for DNA sequences assignable to the Gsx, Xlox, and Cdx transposition or inversion, and the total number of ParaHox genes gene families. Comparison between species gave a consistent is the same in teleosts, human, mouse, and frog. -
Septal Contributions to Olfactory Bulb Interneuron Diversity in the Embryonic Mouse Telencephalon: Role of the Homeobox Gene Gsx2 Shenyue Qin1,2, Stephanie M
Qin et al. Neural Development (2017) 12:13 DOI 10.1186/s13064-017-0090-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Septal contributions to olfactory bulb interneuron diversity in the embryonic mouse telencephalon: role of the homeobox gene Gsx2 Shenyue Qin1,2, Stephanie M. Ware5, Ronald R. Waclaw1,4 and Kenneth Campbell1,3* Abstract Background: Olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are known to represent diverse neuronal subtypes, which are thought to originate from a number of telencephalic regions including the embryonic dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (dLGE) and septum. These cells migrate rostrally toward the OB, where they then radially migrate to populate different OB layers including the granule cell layer (GCL) and the outer glomerular layer (GL). Although previous studies have attempted to investigate regional contributions to OB interneuron diversity, few genetic tools have been used to address this question at embryonic time points when the earliest populations are specified. Methods: In this study, we utilized Zic3-lacZ and Gsx2e-CIE transgenic mice as genetic fate-mapping tools to study OB interneuron contributions derived from septum and LGE, respectively. Moreover, to address the regional (i.e. septal) requirements of the homeobox gene Gsx2 for OB interneuron diversity, we conditionally inactivated Gsx2 in the septum, leaving it largely intact in the dLGE, by recombining the Gsx2 floxed allele using Olig2Cre/+ mice. Results: Our fate mapping studies demonstrated that the dLGE and septum gave rise to OB interneuron subtypes differently. Notably, the embryonic septum was found to give rise largely to the calretinin+ (CR+) GL subtype, while the dLGE was more diverse, generating all major GL subpopulations as well as many GCL interneurons. -
Animal Phylogeny and the Ancestry of Bilaterians: Inferences from Morphology and 18S Rdna Gene Sequences
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 3:3, 170–205 (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences Kevin J. Peterson and Douglas J. Eernisse* Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA; and *Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton CA 92834-6850, USA *Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) SUMMARY Insight into the origin and early evolution of the and protostomes, with ctenophores the bilaterian sister- animal phyla requires an understanding of how animal group, whereas 18S rDNA suggests that the root is within the groups are related to one another. Thus, we set out to explore Lophotrochozoa with acoel flatworms and gnathostomulids animal phylogeny by analyzing with maximum parsimony 138 as basal bilaterians, and with cnidarians the bilaterian sister- morphological characters from 40 metazoan groups, and 304 group. We suggest that this basal position of acoels and gna- 18S rDNA sequences, both separately and together. Both thostomulids is artifactal because for 1000 replicate phyloge- types of data agree that arthropods are not closely related to netic analyses with one random sequence as outgroup, the annelids: the former group with nematodes and other molting majority root with an acoel flatworm or gnathostomulid as the animals (Ecdysozoa), and the latter group with molluscs and basal ingroup lineage. When these problematic taxa are elim- other taxa with spiral cleavage. Furthermore, neither brachi- inated from the matrix, the combined analysis suggests that opods nor chaetognaths group with deuterostomes; brachiopods the root lies between the deuterostomes and protostomes, are allied with the molluscs and annelids (Lophotrochozoa), and Ctenophora is the bilaterian sister-group. -
Nemertean and Phoronid Genomes Reveal Lophotrochozoan Evolution and the Origin of Bilaterian Heads
Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads Author Yi-Jyun Luo, Miyuki Kanda, Ryo Koyanagi, Kanako Hisata, Tadashi Akiyama, Hirotaka Sakamoto, Tatsuya Sakamoto, Noriyuki Satoh journal or Nature Ecology & Evolution publication title volume 2 page range 141-151 year 2017-12-04 Publisher Springer Nature Macmillan Publishers Limited Rights (C) 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. Author's flag publisher URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1394/00000281/ doi: info:doi/10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads Yi-Jyun Luo 1,4*, Miyuki Kanda2, Ryo Koyanagi2, Kanako Hisata1, Tadashi Akiyama3, Hirotaka Sakamoto3, Tatsuya Sakamoto3 and Noriyuki Satoh 1* Nemerteans (ribbon worms) and phoronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related lophotrochozoans—a group of animals including leeches, snails and other invertebrates. Lophotrochozoans represent a superphylum that is crucial to our understand- ing of bilaterian evolution. However, given the inconsistency of molecular and morphological data for these groups, their ori- gins have been unclear. Here, we present draft genomes of the nemertean Notospermus geniculatus and the phoronid Phoronis australis, together with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our genome-based phylogenetic analyses place Nemertea sis- ter to the group containing Phoronida and Brachiopoda. We show that lophotrochozoans share many gene families with deu- terostomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a core bilaterian gene repertoire that ecdysozoans (for example, flies and nematodes) and platyzoans (for example, flatworms and rotifers) do not. -
Early Transcriptional Targets of Myod Link Myogenesis and Somitogenesis
Developmental Biology 371 (2012) 256–268 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/developmentalbiology Early transcriptional targets of MyoD link myogenesis and somitogenesis Richard J. Maguire, Harry V. Isaacs, Mary Elizabeth Pownall n Biology Department, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5YW, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: In order to identify early transcriptional targets of MyoD prior to skeletal muscle differentiation, we Received 27 February 2012 have undertaken a transcriptomic analysis on gastrula stage Xenopus embryos in which MyoD has been Received in revised form knocked-down. Our validated list of genes transcriptionally regulated by MyoD includes Esr1 and Esr2, 10 July 2012 which are known targets of Notch signalling, and Tbx6, mesogenin, and FoxC1; these genes are all are Accepted 22 August 2012 known to be essential for normal somitogenesis but are expressed surprisingly early in the mesoderm. Available online 31 August 2012 In addition we found that MyoD is required for the expression of myf5 in the early mesoderm, in Keywords: contrast to the reverse relationship of these two regulators in amniote somites. These data highlight a Skeletal muscle role for MyoD in the early mesoderm in regulating a set of genes that are essential for both myogenesis Gene regulation and somitogenesis. Muscle progenitors & 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Determination Introduction gastrula embryo requires continued cell signals, such as FGF4, to maintain a myogenic fate (Standley et al., 2001), however, a single In vertebrates, the myogenic regulatory genes myoD, myf5, cell taken from a late gastrula embryo behaves as a determined myogenin, and mrf4 code for bHLH transcription factors which are myoblast: when transplanted to a ventral region, it differentiates expressed specifically in the myogenic cell lineage. -
The Molecular and Developmental Biologisk Basis of Bodyplan Patterning in Institut Sipuncula and the Evolution Of
1 THE MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISK BASIS OF BODYPLAN PATTERNING IN INSTITUT SIPUNCULA AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEGMENTATION Alen Kristof | Københavns Universitet 2 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN PhD thesis Alen Kristof The molecular and developmental basis of bodyplan patterning in Sipuncula and the evolution of segmentation Principal supervisor Associate Prof. Dr. Andreas Wanninger Co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Pedro Martinez, University of Barcelona April, 2011 3 Reviewed by: Assistant Professor Anja Schulze Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston Galveston, USA Professor Stefan Richter Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany Faculty opponent: Associate Professor Danny Eibye-Jacobsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark ______________________________________________________________ Cover illustration: Front: Frontal view of an adult specimen of the sipunculan Themiste pyroides with a total length of 13 cm. Back: Confocal laserscanning micrograph of a Phascolosoma agassizii pelagosphera larva showing its musculature. Lateral view. Age of the specimen is 15 days and its total size approximately 300 µm in length. 4 “In a world that keeps on pushin’ me around, but I’ll stand my ground, and I won’t back down.” Thomas Earl Petty, 1989 5 Preface Preface The content of this dissertation comprises three years of research at the University of Copenhagen from May 1, 2008 to April 30, 2011. The PhD project on the development of Sipuncula was mainly carried out in the Research Group for Comparative Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Andreas Wanninger. I spent nine months working on body patterning genes in the lab of Prof. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,377,886 B2 Susztak Et Al
US008377886B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,377,886 B2 Susztak et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 19, 2013 (54) USE OF GAMMA SECRETASE INHIBITORS 7,144.910 B2 12/2006 Madin et al. AND NOTCH PATHWAY INHIBITORS FOR E.R. 358 (SR." TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF RENAL 2003/0166894 A1* 9/2003 Kapeller Libermann et al. .......... 536,231 DISEASE 2006/0264380 A1* 11/2006 Hellstrom et al. .............. 514, 19 2007/0066568 A1 3/2007 Dalton et al. (75) Inventors: Katalin Susztak, Cresskill, NJ (US); Bernhard Bielesz, Rye, NY (US); FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Thiruvur G. Niranjan, Bronx, NY (US) WO WO2004/073630 * 9/2004 (73) Assignee: Albert Einstein College of Medicine of OTHER PUBLICATIONS Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY (US) “Glomerulonephritis' (in WWW. intellihealth.com/ IH/ht?t=31198& p=~br, IHWI-st, 24479-r, WSIH (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this W000-b.* liprevent).* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Vanes et al. in Nature 435(16), pp. 959-963 (2005).* U.S.C. 154(b) by 78 days. Masuda et al. in American Journal of Pathology, 159(2) (2001).* Yum et al. in Human Pathology 15(10), 921-927 (1984).* PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability (dated Mar. (21) Appl. No.: 12/733,339 16, 2010) in connection with PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US2003/010362, 6 pages. (22) PCT Filed: Sep. 4, 2008 Cheng HT et al., entitled Notch2, but not Notch1, is required for proximal fate acquisition in the mammalian nephron, Development (86) PCT NO.: PCT/US2O08/O10362 134,801-811 (2007).