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Differential Expression of Polyamine Biosynthetic Pathways in Skin

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Differential Expression of Polyamine Biosynthetic Pathways in Skin www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Diferential expression of polyamine biosynthetic pathways in skin lesions and in plasma reveals distinct profles in difuse cutaneous leishmaniasis Hayna Malta‑Santos1,2,10, Jaqueline França‑Costa1,2,10, Amanda Macedo3, Artur T. L. Queiroz2, Kiyoshi F. Fukutani2,4, Sandra Marcia Muxel5, Ricardo Khouri1,2, Johan Van Weyenbergh2,6, Viviane Boaventura1,2, Aldina Barral1,2, Jackson M. Costa2,7, Eny Iochevet Segal Floh3, Bruno B. Andrade1,2,4,8,9, Lucile M. Floeter‑Winter5 & Valéria M. Borges1,2* Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a parasitic disease that can result in wide spectrum clinical manifestations. It is necessary to understand host and parasite determinants of clinical outcomes to identify novel therapeutic targets. Previous studies have indicated that the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is critical for Leishmania growth and survival. Despite its importance, expression of the such pathway has not been previously investigated in TL patients. We performed an exploratory analysis employing Systems Biology tools to compare circulating polyamines and amino acid concentration as well as polyamine pathway gene expression in cutaneous lesions patients presenting with distinct TL disease presentations. Difuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) was associated with higher concentrations of amino acids, polyamines and its substrate transporters than mucosal cutaneous leishmaniasis or localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. In addition, the RNA expression of polyamine‑ related genes of patients lesions from two separate cohorts demonstrated that diferential activation of this pathway is associated with parasite loads and able to discriminate the clinical spectrum of TL. Taken together, our fndings highlight a new aspect of DCL immunopathogenesis indicating that the polyamine pathway may be explored as a novel therapeutic target to control disease burden. Leishmania infection causes Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL), which exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Clinical forms vary from self-healing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), with a moderate cell-mediated immune response, to more severe forms such as the hyper-infammatory mucocutaneous leishma- niasis (MCL); both conditions are caused by L. braziliensis. A less common disease manifestation is the difuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), which is caused by L. amazonensis and associated with immune anergy 1,2. Te diferences observed between the distinct clinical forms of TL and its associated immune activation are described 1Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. 2Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil. 3Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 4Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil. 5Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 7Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil. 8Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil. 9Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil. 10These authors contributed equally: Hayna Malta-Santos and Jaqueline França-Costa. *email: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:10543 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67432-5 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ to be linked to the parasite load in lesion sites 3. In MCL lesions, parasites are rarely detected whereas in DCL lesions heavily parasitized macrophages are usually observed2. We have previously shown high concentrations of arginase-1 (ARG1), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in DCL patients4, which could contribute to an inefective immune response unable to hamper parasite replication. Although recent studies have shown that components of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway are linked to survival of Leishmania sp. inside macrophages in experimental settings5,6 it is unknown whether there is a diferential expression of such components in patients with distinct clinical forms of TL. Among the metabolites from the polyamine pathway, putrescine, cadaverin, spermidine and spermine are aliphatic cations derived from amino acids such as l-arginine and lysine, with multiple functions which are essential for all living organisms7. Polyamines are critically involved in a diverse range of cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression and translation, modulation of cell signaling, membrane stabilization and cell proliferation7,8. Tese metabolites are synthesized in a reaction catalyzed by ARG1, which converts l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea6. Another enzyme, ODC, catalyzes l-ornithine conversion to putrescine6. Putrescine then participates in an intricate cascade of reactions involving several enzymes such as spermidine synthase (SpdS) and spermine synthase (SpmS), which results in formation of polyamines, spermidine and spermine, respectively 6. Cadaverine, a polyamine poorly studied in humans, is derived from the amino acid lysine9. Te uptake of l-arginine in macrophages infected with Leishmania sp. occurs via transporters from the cati- onic amino acid family (CAT)10. Hence, inhibition of the l-arginine transporter by melatonin reduces parasite burden by decreasing the production of polyamines11. We have previously demonstrated that treatment of L. amazonensis infected macrophages with arginase or ODC inhibitors leads to enhanced parasite clearance and dampened secretion of pro-infammatory cytokines4. Indeed, diferent immune response profles can infuence l-arginine catabolism that, ultimately, result in resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania infection. l-arginine is catabolized by ARG1 in the presence of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-β, producing polyamines and collagen and enhancing Leishmania infection12. In converse, in the presence of pro-infammatory mediators, such as interferon γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL-12, the nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS/NOS2) will be preferentially activated, resulting in production of nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline12,13. Although NO alone is not sufcient to control infection, it can be further metabolized in reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which are then involved in parasite killing 14,15. Terefore, the profle of the host immune responses dictates diferential activation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway which strongly infuences the outcome of Leishmania infection. In the present study, we examined in situ (in skin lesions) and systemic concentrations of enzymes and products from the polyamine pathway in patients with LCL, MCL and DCL. We identifed a distinct biosigna- ture of DCL, with increased expression of polyamine enzymes and transporters in skin lesions and in plasma samples of DCL as compared to MCL and LCL. In addition, patients with DCL exhibited a distinct profle of gene expression in lesions. Tese fndings suggest that the polyamine pathway contributes to disease phenotypes in tegumentary leishmaniasis. Results DCL patients exhibit high plasma levels of polyamines and amino acids. Initially we tested if there is a distinct systemic profle of plasma concentrations of arginase-1 (protein), amino acids and free poly- amines in patients with TL. We found that patients with DCL presented a distinct profle compared to LCL and MCL patients (Fig. 1A). We observed that the relative systemic concentrations of arginase-1, cadaverine and spermidine, but not of putrescine, were signifcantly higher in DCL, compared with either LCL, MCL patients or health controls (Fig. 1B, C and Table S1). Moreover, concentrations of ornithine and citrulline, but not of arginine, were signifcantly higher in DCL patients compared to LCL (Fig. 1B). Noteworthy, our analyses showed that, among the polyamines, cadaverine was the most abundant in DCL patients, relative to the other TL clinical forms (Fig. 1C). Expression of genes from the polyamine pathways in lesion biopsy specimens from patients with DCL. To further characterize the polyamine pathway in DCL, LCL and MCL patient lesions, we evalu- ated mRNA transcripts for key molecules isolated from skin biopsies from these clinical forms using a pre- defned nanostring panel (Table 1). We observed a specifc profle of gene expression that, when combined, could successfully discriminate the diferent clinical groups (Fig. 2A, B). Notably, patients with DCL exhibited substantial up regulation of all genes from the polyamine pathway, except ODC, compared with LCL or MCL patients (Fig. 2B). Among all genes examined, we found that the expression values of CAT2A (isoform encoded by SLC7A2), ARG1 and SMS were signifcantly higher in DCL lesions compared to MCL lesions (Fig. 2C). Transcriptomic analyses of tegumentary lesions from publicly available datasets validate the diferential expression of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in distinct clinical forms of leishmaniasis. To validate our fndings on the polyamine pathway in TL, we re-analyzed the gene expres- sion data from an independent patient cohort, which was recently published16. Tis approach revealed that skin lesions from TL patients generally exhibit a distinct gene expression profle compared to normal skin from uninfected healthy endemic controls (Fig. 3A). Fold-diference
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