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A. WEEKLY JOURNAIi Devoted to the Work of Conciliating Religion with Science,

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( Dollars per Year. Vol. III.— 12 Two No. 90. CHICAGO, MAY 16, li Single Copies, I 10 cts. CONTENTS:

RISE OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. I. Prof. Carl POETRY. Heinrich Cornill i6ig Sonnet. Louis Belrose, Jr 1626 FACTS AND TRUTHS. COL. INGERSOLL'S SCIENCE. To The Soul. W. D. Lighthall 1626 W, M. Boucher 1620 CORRESPONDENCE.

THE SITAHARANAM ; OR, THE RAPE OF SITA. An Positivism. Louis Belrose, Jr 1626 Episode from the Great Sanskrit Epic "Ramayana." Comtists And Agnostics. R. F. Smith 1626

Prof, .\lbert H. Gunlogsen 1622 Philosophy At Montreal. JIarv Morgan (Gowan Lea.) 1627 THE COMING RELIGION. Charles K. Whipple 1623 Absolute Existence (^With Editorial Note). P 1627 GOD, FREEDOM, AND IMMORTALITY. Editor 1625 FICTION. BOOK REVIEWS, NOTES, ETC. The Lost Manuscript. (Continued.) Gustav Freytag. 1628

the con- REMINGTON TWENTIETHCENTURY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. Devoted to Secular Religion dnd "THE WEEK," Social Regeneration. Type- A Cafiadian Journal of Politics^ Lit-

erature^ Science J and Art. HUGH 0. PENTECOST, Editor. Published every Friday. $3.00 per writer year. $1.00 for Four Months. Contains, besides crisp and pointed editorials WON THE WEEK has entered on its SIXTHf^ear of and contributions from a corps of able writers, the publication, greatly enlarged and improved in every respect, rendering it still more worthy Sunday Addresses of the Editor before Unity Con- the cordial GOLD MEDAL support of every one interested in the maintenance gregation. of a first-class literary journal. " " It is the only so-called Liberal paper that ad- The independence in politics and criticism which SILVER "medal vocates radical social regeneration. has characterized THE WEEK ever since its first issue will be rigidly maintained; and unceasing' Its columns are open to the absolutely free dis- efforts will be made to improve its literary charac- CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE WORLD, cussion of all religious and economic theories. ter and increase its attractiveness as a journal for pages. Issued subscrip- the cultured home. Many new and able writers At TORONTO, in open contest, August 13, 18S8. Twelve weekly. Annual are now, or have promised to become, contributors tion, one dollar. Saiupie Copies free. All subscrib- to 151 WORDS PER MINUTE, its columns, and the constant aim of the Publisher ers 'Will receive a Copy of Mr. Pentecost's book, will be to make THE WEEK fully equal to the best " WHAT I BELIEVE." literary journals in Britain and the United States. is authentic record The above an made by Mr. Address: THE WEEK in its enlarged form will be the Frank E. McGurrin, at Detroit, on January 21, 1889. same size as " Harper's Weekly," and the largest b€ati7t^ ait on a memorized sentence, \\ims previous paper of its class on the continent. records of correct work by thirty words per minute. Twentieth Century Pnblisliing Company, and placing the " Remington" still further beyond Send for Free Sample Copy. reach of competition. No. 4 Warren St., NEW YORK CITY. Photographic copies of certified work furnished C. BLACKETT ROBINSON, PuMisher, on application. Yearly Subscription, including postage, is. Jordan Street, Toronto, Canada. WYCKOFF, SEAMANS, & BENEDICT, 5 WATS'S LITERARY GUIDE. ig6 La Salle St.. CHICAGO. J. Ennis, A Monthly Record of Liberal nd Advanced Henry Publications. 4- SUBSCRIBERS -f Attorney and Counsellor in Patent Cases. Invaluable vho desire to keep abreast with H^'Ao-w/s/i to preserve the 7t%tmbers of THE OPEN Rejected and Complicated Cases a Specialty. the highest thought of the age. COURTfor binding, may ha%>e tkcnt viaileU iveekly Office: Lenox Building, in a paper tube at the additional cost of 50 Cents SPECIMEN copy POST FREE. WASHINGTON, D. C. a year. In this way they -will reach their desti- Address: WATTS & CO., Johnson's Court, 17, (Opposite the U. S. Patent Office.) P. O. Boj nation unsoiled and uncreased. Fleet street, LONDON, E. C. 442. Patent Business Exclusively. :

THK OPEN COURT.

Science is the search for truth. THE OPEN COURT. The nature of science is the economy of thought. (Mac/i.) Economy of thought is possible through application of the PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY BY laws of form to thought. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. Knowledge is the possession of certain truths.

BDWARD C. HEGELER, President. DR. PAUL CARUS, Editor. [Knowledge is, so to say, the present stock or capital with which Science works. Science cannot exist without knowledge.

The object of Science is not only to increase and enlarge knowl- Throughout the Postal Union edge but also to purify the present stock of knowledge from vague- PER YEAR. SI. 00 FOR SIX MONTHS. TERMS. S2.00 ness, errors, and misconceptions. S0.50 FOR THREE MONTHS. SINGLE COPIES. 10 GTS. The purpose of knowledge is that of increasing our power over nature.] All communications should be addressed to Monism is that philosophy which recognizes the oneness of All- existence, and the Religion of Monism teaches that the individual, (Nixon Building, 175 La Salle Street,) as a part of the whole, has to conform to the cosmical laws of the F. O. DRAWER F. CHICAGO. ILL. All.

Religion is man's aspiration to be in harmony with the All.

Review of Recent Work of TH E OPEN COURT. [Religion has been defined differently in the columns of The PHILOSOPHY. Open Court, but all definitions that have been presented are in Hedonism and Asceticism. Editor No. 8r strict agreement. Mr. Hegeler in No. 25, defines Religion as "man's union with the All " (taking the definition from the Lu- Philosophy has two aspects. Of these, ethics forms the prac- theran Catechism " Religion ist der Bund des Menschen mit Gott tical aspect, and, a systematic conception of the universe, the durchGott, " and replacing the Word God by the more compre- fallacy in the one theoretical. Philosophy and ethics go together ; hensive word The All). The editor has defined Religion as leads to corruption in the other. Materialism will logically end in "man's consciousness of his relation to the AH" (No. 24); as "Das hedonism or utilitarianism, for it places the object of life in mate- Allgeflihl im Einzelnen," the All-feeling in the individual (see asceticism, rial well-being, in happiness ; Spiritualism will lead to foot-note page 965); as " man's conception of the world that serves a renunciation of the pleasures of the world. Monism rejects both him as a guiding-star through life" (page 1180).] of existence in progress, in the constant views ; it sees the purpose aspiration after something higher and nobler. Morals are man's conduct in so far as it is in unison with the All.

HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL. [The basis of morality is religion. A moral educator or The Discovery of the Veda. —The iNTERPfiEXAXiON preacher may justly be asked, "On what authority dost thou jus- OF THE Hindu Epic. H. Oldeneerg. .Nos. 84 and 85 tify thy precepts?" And he will tell us that his authority is not personal; he speaks in the name of universal order. Accordingly Prof. Oldenberg is one of the most eminent Sanskrit scholars his authority is that of religion. If it were not so, all his good of the present day. He tells us in popular language the story of precepts would have no foundation; they would hover in the air the origin, growth, and present state of Sanskrit research. The like beautiful dreams that have no reality.] discovery of the Veda, which forms the subject of the paper pub- is lished in No. 84, must be accounted the most important ac- Ethics the Science of Morals ; it teaches man why he must, quisition to science ever made through any one branch of oriental and how he can, regulate his conduct so as to be in unison enquiry. The results of investigation in this department have re- with the All. constructed the foundations of comparative history, philology, Natural history and the history of mankind prove that here on and religion. Through the untiring efforts of great philosophy, earth a constant progress takes place developing ever higher forms a new world, a new literature, a new and strange people scholars, of existence. been revealed to us. have Morally good are those acts which are in harmony with the All,

i. f. , those which enhance progress, and morally iad are those DEFINITIONS EXPLANATORY OF THE POSITION OF which are not in harmony with the All, /. ^. , those which retard or OPEN COURT." "THE prevent progress. The Data of experience are perceptions. [Religion (man's aspiration to be in unison with the All) has

Reality is the sum total of all that is. naturally produced many superstitious notions in the world, of its

Truth is the conformity of cognition to reality. origin, and of its purpose. Similarly, science (man's search for [Truth being a relation between subject and object appears to truth) has produced many errors or false notions .of reality. But be relative in its nature. Absolute truth is a self-contradiction; it all the superstitions of religion do not prove that religion as such would imply cognition without a cognizing subject. is an illusion, and all the errors of science are no evidence that sci- At the same time it is obvious that absolute existence (in fact ence as such is a sham. everything absolute) is impossible. Reality is properly called IVirk- It is obvious that religion and science, as here defined, are not lichkeit in German, derived from wirken, to take effect. Reality is contradictory to, but complementary of. each other. If religion not immovable and unchangeable absoluteness, but the effective- and science do not agree, it is a certain, sign that our conception of ness of things in their relations. Reality therefore implies not either the one or the other is wrong. The history of the human only existence, but the manifestation of existence also. Existence mind has been one of constant conflict and reconciliation between things one. and its manifestation are not two different ; both are religion and science. Their relation has repeatedly been disturbed The idea of something absolutely Unknowable is therefore also and re-adjusted. existence of an object whose ex- of for untenable ; it would imply the The unitary conception the world affords the only basis

i. e. , Sdi/i istence is not manifested existence without reality ; the union of Religion and Science, and opens a new vista of prog- pAne Wirkliclikeii—which is a contradiction, an impossibility.] ress for both.] The Open Court

A. WEEKLY JOURNAlb Devoted to the \A/'ork of Conciliating Religion with Science.

No. 90. (Vol. III. — 12.) CHICAGO, MAY 16, i!

RISE OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. ery side and at all times we are confronted by entranc- BY PROF. CARL HEINRICH CORNILL. ing phenomena, arousing all our interest. Translated from the German by yiOr. From out of this superabundant wealth of accumu-

Anyone wishing to speak upon the history of the lated materials I shall select particularly the rise of people of Israel must as particularly the people of Israel and of its national organization regard himself ; favored, from the very nature of the subject itself. To and as a legitimate ground for this preference of mine

all of us, Abraham and Moses, Saul and David, and I mayremark, that it accords perfectly with the predom- the others of Vifhatever name, are like dear, old ac- inant trait of our century and of its science, to inves- quaintances. These, in fact, are among the first im- tigate precisely the origins of organisms, and to ex- pressions which the susceptible minds of children re- plain all the most hidden processes in the life and

ceive, and the unique magic of religious poetry that action of nature ; for the nations of the earth may like- clings to these legends always deeply and ineffaceably wise be regarded as organisms. Still, my principal

impresses itself upon their youthful hearts ; and even motive in choosing this part of the subject was the he who has long since forgotten to look upon the Bi- hope of being able to contribute, regarding this very ble with the eyes of faith, nevertheless will not be able epoch, results which are least known. In fact, since to wipe out altogether those tender youthful memories. the grand work of Heinrich Ewald, signalizing an ep-

I may, accordingly, anticipate a general interest in och in these researches, science has not achieved more

and, at least in its broad outlines, suppose a certain for any era of the history of the people of Israel general knowledge, of the subject to be treated. Still, than for the history of its primitive existence. Our on the other hand, this knowledge is not so complete present subject, accordingly, expressed in popular Ian

that I might not hope to be able to show those old and guage, will embrace the period from Abraham to well-known forms in a new light, and through the ac- David, as related in the five books of Moses and in cumulation of various details and the revelation of a those of Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. grand historical inward connection, to work them into The usual exposition is to the effect that Abraham well-colored and realistic historical pictures. went forth from the land of Haran into Canaan in or- Of truth, what an astonishing wealth and variety der to settle there. In the fourth generation after him

of separate material is here ready at hand ! The his- his descendants migrated to Egypt. In the latter

tory of the people of Israel, in fact, shares with the . country they led for a long period a quiet and peace- common and many-sided life of humanity, the eminent ful life until the unbearable oppression of the Egyp- quality of being interesting at whatever point we may tians drove them out of the country. Their leader,

touch it. We may turn our attention to characters Moses, by birth a Hebrew, yet thoroughly imbued with more particularly belonging to political history and we Eg)'ptian culture, led them through the desert and

shall behold a Saul, David, Ahab ; or to the heroes of across the peninsula of Sinai, back to the land of their the soul, and we shall encounter Moses, Samuel, Elia. fathers. Moses conquered the land to the east of the

We behold the ruin of the people as a political nation Jordan, Joshua the land to the west of that river ; the through Babylonian conquest, and the resurrection of latter exterminated almost entirely the Canaanite pop- the people as a religious sect through Ezra and Nehe- ulation and allotted the land as untenanted posses- miah. The ideal, heroical figures of the early Macca- sions to the Israelites. Thereupon twelve judges in bees justly awaken our admiration, and even their de- succession wield the supreme power of the people, generate descendants, during the period of the people's until finally the national kingdom arose in the person decadence, are themselves not altogether destitute of of the Benjamite Saul, which, in the person of his suc-

a certain attraction. The truculent grandeur of a King cessor, David, is transferred to the house of Judah. Herod, and the appalling extermination of the nation It cannot be denied that this was the prevailing by the Roman sword—the most heartrending catastro- idea, as early as the time of the Babylonian exile, when phe, perhaps, that history ever has witnessed—fitly the historical books of the Old Testament were for the

close this grand historical panorama, in which on ev- first time subjected to a comprehensive revision ; and l620 THE OPEN COURT. to-day, in fact, the Books of Judges, Samuel, and about cold matters of fact, often resistlessly over- Kings lie before us, upon the whole, in this shape. powering them and flourishing in rank luxuriance, yet This version is a relatively recent one, having not able to thrive without them and unsupported by arisen at a period when living historical tradition them. no longer afforded information. The oldest written Legend and history, therefore, are not contradic- sources, having by a fortunate chance been only slightly tions, but advance together in brotherly harmony; the digested, and thus preserved in all substantial features, legend, from its very nature, presupposes an historical were incorporated in the great historical collection and substratum. Only traditions that are attached to some give a widely different picture of the earliest history definite locality, some definite monument, or name, of the people of Israel. are to be regarded as exceptions to the truth of these

At this point, there arises the unavoidable question remarks ; traditions of the latter kind adhere ex- whether, generally speaking, we are permitted to re- clusively to the locality, monument, or name that they gard these oldest traditions of the people of Israel as are intended to explain; instead of an historical they history in the strict sense of the word. Not before the here have a material substratum, and even in these exodus from Egypt can we speak in a strict sense of a instances, they still have a substratum; the legend history of the people of Israel. All that lies before always stands with firm, marrowy frame upon solid this point of time may be characterized as prehistoric and durable soil, and not with uncertain foothold touch- or primeval. Only in the first Book of Moses, the book ing the stars, a play to wind and wave ; and on this of Genesis, is information to be had of this prehistoric ground, precisely, we are, in my opinion, altogether or primeval era. wrong in looking upon legend with an exaggerated Even regarding Moses as the author of the five skepticism. books that bear his name, yet concerning this remote Legend bears a resemblance to the youthful mem- epoch, separated from his own by a series of centu- ories of man. The child will not retain everything, ries, Moses himself would have had to resort to oral but only distinct events, and not always the most im- hearsay and tradition. It was impossible for him to portant ; but what it does retain it retains firmly. And report these things as an eye-witness. But it is above all the child will never be mistaken as to the now generally conceded that Moses cannot possibly total character of its childhood. A man who has spent be the author of the books named after him. These a cheerless youth will never imagine that he has been books have rather originated from the comprehensive a merry, happy child ; a man who has been raised in digestion of a whole series of independent written a village or among the mountains will never believe sources, of which the oldest cannot be older than King that he was born in a large city or on the plain. The Solomon, nor yet much later, and written consequently youthful reminiscences of nations must also be judged between 900 and 850; thus between them and Moses according to this same analogy. The ready-made, ar- there is an interval of several centuries. Only a few tistically complete, and finished shape that these rem- scattered sections in the Books of Judges and Sam- iniscences have assumed on the lips of the people, or uel, and a few poetical fragments from the five Books of any great poet, is to be called legend and, as such, of Moses might be older ; any comprehensive and the result of unintentional poetic creation ; but, on the coherent historical work earlier than 900 cannot be contrary, its historical substratum and the basic char- proved. acter of the whole must be regarded as authentic tra- The memory of the past, accordingly, has been dition. handed down substantially through the medium of oral It shall be my endeavor to sketch in brief outline tradition ; the Israelitic nation itself is the author of the character of the historical substratum underlying these historical narrations, to which the biblical nar- the oldest traditions of the people of Israel, and to rator, in giving them a permanent written form, has show how upon this basis may be erected the true only imparted a finer psychological character and the course of the early history of this remarkable people. magic of his unsurpassed art of representation. The material contents, the ingredients of these narrations, FACTS AND TRUTHS. must be regarded from the point of view of popular BY W. M. BOUCHER. tradition, of legend. Though, as compared with his theological antagon-

What is legend ? Its main characteristic, of course, ists. Col. Ingersoll is like a "light shining in dark- is popularity. Legend is a natural product, unaffected ness," a glowing meteor rising above the horizon of by tendencies, an unconscious poetry; and moreover irrationalism, superstition, ignorance; and as day ban- it is characteristic of legend that it does not invent ishes night, so his luminous sentences drive out from its material but that it embellishes extant tradition the region of the mind mists and mysticism, ghosts with poetic imagery; legend, like ivy, winds itself and hobgoblins innumerable; yet he shows that he him- IHE OPEN COURT. 1621 self has not reached to full appreciation of science; Now, I submit that there is scarcely a proposition has not compassed its real significance, nor understood amid all the barren dogmas, of theology (which he so fully its methods. I am here taking for granted that brilliantly and successfully attacks) more short-sighted, so great, brilliant, and successful a critic, so " free a superficial, irrational, than this one, that facts cover lance," as the Colonel is, will not object to be himself the whole field of our research ; that a knowledge of criticized. facts is all we know. Irrational I say advisedly. (And

The Colonel intentionally and professedly ignores how strange it is that so great a rationalist should be and repudiates much of what the scientists — all the so irrational.) scientists — hold to, and much of what is the most For if we stop with the observation of facts (and essential element or process in science as a method. bj' observation is the way we come to a knowledge of He almost wholly ignores and repudiates the words facts), we fail to give any scope to our reason, to ex-

" law," " principle," " truth," in a scientific sense ercise it at all. And in thus failing we, of course, will

(though he is not consistent with himself here), and not and cannot discover or come to anj' knowledge of affirms that the word " fact" covers the ground. He law, and, therefore, of science. We cannot have sci- claims that there is no difference between the words ence without "superadding reason to sense " (obser- "fact" and "truth," that there is no such thing as vation.) Those who understand science or scientific law, in the sense which scientists use it (no natural methods know that we observe facts and infer laws, laws), and that we should not speak of laws as causes which inferring means, or is, reasoning. And so the to effects or of causes at all, though he himself is fond truth is that by far the greater part, and b)' far the of using the phrase "laws are this side the facts," higher, of our knowledge is inferential—that is, ra- meaning thereby that we do not discover the law tional—which particularly distinguishes man from the until after we have observed and considered the facts. brutes and the cultured from the uncultured.

And, admitting thereby, it will be seen (but he does Now, this is the way in which the Colonel has got not seem to see), that there is the law nevertheless. into such a muddle about laws and science. He has Besides, though we do not discover the law until after taken the scientists' word law to mean a sort of entity, we have considered the facts, this does not prove that a thing in itself, such a meaning as was at one time the law is not behind, beneath or in the facts, and given to the word disease, when it was spoken of as much less does it prove that there is no law. an entity which entered the system and was to be Indeed, the most distinguishing difference between driven out again in order to cure the patient. But, had an ignorant and uncultured mind and an intelligent he seen fit to give as much attention to the construc- and cultured mind is, that the former sees only the tive as he has to the destructive side of reform, he facts or phenomena, while the latter sees not only the would have long ago learned that no such meaning is facts, with the physical eye, like the other, but pene- any longer given to the word law, and that this sort of trates or sees with the mental eye beyond the facts personification of what was but a relation is a remnant and into their relation, and therefore their meaning or survival of the " spirit of the time" when men were and their significance; in other words, discovers their wont to personify all of the forces or laws of nature. law or laws. For " law is an invariable relation between No, my courageous, noble brother, do not worship variable phenomena." facts. They are poor, superficial, naked things. Don't If the Colonel had learned enough of science to have let their ostentatious claims and noisy presentation of learned this, he would not have undertaken the implied themselves impose upon you. The babbling, noisy criticism of the scientist for using the word, which he brook is likely to be a shallow one. What's most ap-' does when he insists (and he does so insist, as I parent is generally not the most real. " Appearances learned in conversation when taking him to task), are deceitful." upon saying "fact of gravitation," instead of law of, Your worshiping facts is a reaction, and the other or even truth of, gravitation. And see what company extreme from the worshiping of those personifications he classes himself with in thus insisting upon seeing called gods. Rather worship truth than fact, for it is no further and deeper than this mere surface view of fact. a much greater and grander thing. One truth may

I am all the more surprised at the Colonel for his compass a myriad of facts. Facts are fleeting and not having corrected this error — this stupendous changeable. Truths or laws or principles are immu- error — after having read (which I know he has read table and therefore wholly reliable. In fact, upon the by what, in his discourses and writings, I have noticed) immutabilit}' of law depends the possibility of science. the description of these two classes of minds in relation And it is the doctrine of rationalism itself that science to these subjects of fact, law, truth, principle, etc., in is the only canon of truth. Science is the means and an article entitled " Public Spirit as a Measure of truth the end. The practice of truth the means and Manhood." salvation or happiness the end. Facts are on the plane l622 THE OPEN COURT

of our mere animal senses. Truths are on the plane when they had reached the banks of the"river Yamuna, of the most exalted part^ of our being. and of the upper Ganges. The Mahabharata, accord- But I am not, in all this, by any means ignoring ingly, exhibits the picture of endless battles between facts. They are the necessary foundation of this grand the Aryan tribes themselves, and displays all the and high-reaching structure called science. But, as manly generosity, chivalry, as also the more dangerous facts, they are as inferior to the completed structure passions that characterize the earlier stages of any

of science as the pile of loose bricks is to the perfected tribal and national development. building. So we are not like those of whom you so The Ra?nayana, on the contrary, belongs to a much justly complain, the theologians, in that we do not ig- later period, when the religious and social institu- nore the facts, although (unlike them) we do so exalt tions of the Aryas had considerably weakened and reason, and somewhat unlike you, we do say that all modified their self-assertion and energy in their mo- our knowledge would not amount to much without tives, and outward manifestions. The " Sitahara?ia", reason, inference, law, truth. that is, "the Rape of Sita," is generally admitted to

Science is, say, " a body of organized phenomena be one of the most touching episodes, contained in the (facts), so arranged as to exhibit the law by which Ramayana. The Ramayana describes the high feats they are governed (or attended) in their relations of of the Indian prince Rama; while the scene of his ex- interdependence." poits is laid in Southern India (Southern Deccati) and But the Colonel objects to the word " cause." But in the Island of Lanka, or the modern Island of Cey-

would not he be one of the first to claim that all our lon, both of which are supposed have been conquered,

knowledge is at best but relative ? And could he there- and colonized by the Aryas about 500 years before

fore insist that there is no justification, either for the Christ. sake of elucidation or otherwise, for the use of such a The Aryan tribe of the Koshala had originally juxtaposition of words as " cause and effect," and no settled on the banks of the river Sarayu; and here in real scientific or valuable meaning in them when so the beautiful city of Ayodhya (the modern Oude), is placed or joined? If so, then, like the most of peo- said to have resided the old king Dasaratha. This ple, the Colonel, too, must have a "bias." And it looks king had three wives, of the names Kausalya, Suniiira, to be more than an anti-theological bias. and Kaykey t. The first wife bore him Rama; the I would that our brave, sincere and earnest brother second, Lakshmana; and the third, his youngest son would not only be almost, but altogether, persuaded to Bharata. The king, when grown old and infirm, wished be a—no, no, not that—a scientist, and so a construc- to crown his oldest son, Rama; but Kaykeyi, the tionist, instead of, or as well as being, a destructionist. third wife, opposes his will, and demands that her own He has splendid capabilities for such a calling. We son Bharata should be crowned, and besides that are agreed in challenging the soundness of the propo- Rama be exiled for a period of fifteen years. In vain sition that " an honest man is the noblest work of God," the old king entreats her to desist from her cruel

for the reason of the assumption that is involved request. She obstinately refuses; and, as the king on therein (not that we don't think an honest man a noble a certain occasion, in the fulness of his kind heart, thing.) Let us also agree in believing and maintain- had promised to grant her any first two requests she ing that the "noblest works of man are the discovery might demand, he is .accordingly compelled to accede and " to her wishes. his part, forthwith obeys, application of truth —not facts ; facts are not Rama, on "discovered." and sets out accompanied by his young wife Sita and by his half-brother Lakshmana, king Dasaratha's sec- THE SITAHARANAM ; OR, RAPE OF SITA.* THE ond son.

AN EPISODE FROM THE GREAT SANSKRIT EPIC " RAMAYANA," Such was the legendary origin and motive of prince ATTRIBUTED TO VALMIKI. Rama's expedition against the swarthy, aboriginal TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY PROF. ALBERT H. GUNLOGSEN. population of Southern India; and at this conjuncture INTRODUCTION. also the Ramayana displays the leading features,

The Mahabharata and the Ramayana, as is gene- characterizing, and pervading the whole poem. Rama, rally known, are the two great epic poems of the Aryan namely, in a passive manner obeys the unjust sentence, tribes that settled in India. The Mahabharata de- and in the same submissive spirit, valor, self-asserting scribes the prolonged internal struggles of the Aryan independence, with every other manly quality, are tribes, supposed to have taken place about the time throughout this poem, in each instance presented as purely secondary to filial attachment, to passive obe- *The Hindu proper names are here spelt in ordinary English characters. Their correct transcription, according to the usage adopted by Sanskrit dience, humility and self-denial. Rama, accordingly, scholars is as follows ; Mahabharata —Mahabharata ; Ramayana—Ramfiyana ; is a kind of observant knight of the Temple, or what Sitaharana— Sltfiharana; Sita— Situ; Rama— Rilma; Koshala— Kocala (a tribe); Dasaratha— Dacaratha ; Sumitra— Sumitrfi ; " Dandaka—Dandaka ; Lanka. the Germans would call, ein Tugendheld." THE OPEN COURT. 1623

This moreover shows, that the Ramayana, in its At the opening of the present episode the dusky ultimate form, was recast at a period, when the proud king Ravana orders a Raksha of his subjects, Mar- Kshatrya, or warrior caste, had at last definitely bent itcha by name, to execute his design, by transform- its neck under the controlling yoke of the sacerdotal ing himself into a golden stag, for the purpose of en- caste of India. ticing away from the hermitage the two brothers, Rama's pure-minded wife Sita also renounces all Rama and Lakshmana. The plan is successful, and poor earthly coriifort, to follow her husband; and the broth- Sita falls an easy prey to Ravana. Her constancy, erly attachment is illustrated in Lakshmana, who ac- however, and devoted attachment to her husband are companies them. Rama, indeed regrets, that he shall touchingly illustrated in the last chapters of the Sita- no more go a hunting on the charming banks of the haranam. To this very day Sita has remained the Sarayu; but he forgets his own troubles, when his most exalted pattern of conjugal fidelity and an interest- beloved Sita wants him " to tell her the names of all ing type of noble Hindu womanhood. But I must also the strange plants and flowers they meet with." —In add, that her faith was ultimately rewarded by a this manner the Brahmanic, or sacerdotal influence, happy and pleasant sequel. has strongly asserted itself in the Ramayana; not A kind, black devil, Hanuman by name, described merely in the motives, but also in the means, through as the king of all monkeys, informs Rama of Sita's which the aboriginal population of Southern India was whereabouts ; and with the assistance of the aforesaid vanquished. All those high feats are performed by a king, Rama recovers Sita. They bridge the sea be- single man, and his arms are divine weapons, created tween the continent and the • island of Lanka with by the supreme god Brahma himself; and, accordingly, huge rocks, and attack Ravana in his own stronghold. mere human valor and virtue are forcibl}' thrust into Rama in battle encounters the chariot of his foe, and the back-ground, or reduced to diminutive proportions. they fight long, very long, until, on the seventh day, Rama settles in the wood of Dandaka, which be- Rama fells Ravana, "the swarthy, fierce-eyed king of gins on the southern bank of the Ganges, and his her- the Rakshas, in blood-red garments, with ear-rings, mitage is called Janasthana. Here he is said to have necklace and bracelets of gold." alone killed the prodigious number of fourteen thou- Sita, through a trial of fire, proves that all the sand Rakshas that is, fiends, demons, giants, by which while she has been faithful to Rama ; and, as now the names must be understood the aboriginal Dravidian fifteen years' of exile in the wilderness have at length population of Southern India, the swarthy Bhillas, expired, they all return to the beautiful city of Ayod- and Gonda-tribes. On this account Rama naturally hya, where in peace and plenty Rama and Sita reign arouses the bitter resentment of the powerful Rakshas- many happy years. king Ravana by name, the ruler of Lanka, or Ceylon, THE COMING RELIGION. "the fairest isle of the ocean." One fine day the BY CHARLES K. WHIPPLE. wily Ravana devises a plan for carrying off Rama's In ancient times, dissent from the theological ideas ex- wife, Sita ; and this forms the subject of the Sitahar- then generally accepted received not only the ana, which I have attempted to paraphrase, rather tremity of popular indignation, but condemnation to than translate literally into the English language. the severest penalties by the civil ruler. Increasing Classical Sanskrit, viz., the main bulk of Sanskrit intelligence and the advance of civilization have literature has no prose, but in every department, even materially changed that state of things, and now every in science and philosophy, adopted a metrical form. article of theology and religion is freely discussed, Hence all extant European translations from Sanskrit sometimes even in an irreverent and contemptuous literature unavoidably display the hybrid character of manner. We maintain, however, the right of free both translation and paraphrase. Those who are ac- inquiry and discussion; considering the occasional quainted with Sanskrit syntax well know, that without abuse of it a less evil than the governmental suppres- the latitude allowed by both paraphrase and the genius sion of it. It may be worth while to consider what of the Sanskrit language, Sanskrit literature would be features of religious belief are likely to hold their highly unattractive to most European readers. With- ground against hostile criticism, and to remain per- out violating the original text in any essential particu- manent features of the religion of the future. Such I lars, it was necessary for the popular purpose of the consider to be the five following, namely: — God, paraphrase to depart in several instances from the literal Immortality, Duty, Responsibility, Retribution. meaning of certain epithets and allegorical similes, I. God. The devotees of science generally admit contained in the Sanskrit text. My translation, hence, a manifest purpose in that which we call collectively simply aims at being a readable paraphrase of a highly Nature. As it is difficult to conceive a purpose without poetical episode, that certainly deserves to be known a purposer, we can escape the absurdity of referring to all men of average culture. ourselves and our habitation to chance onl}' by assum- 1624 THK OPEN COURT. ing the existence of God; and as religionists agree pose in great numbers of cases for want of wisdom or with agnostics in admitting this supreme power to be goodness or power sufficient for the purpose. But if past finding out, we may rationally believe in Him there be a Ruler of mankind perfectly wise and good without comprehending Him. and just and powerful, whose plan includes the govern-

2. Immortality. The existence and action of God ment of men after this world as well as in it, it is a being assumed, it seems absurd to suppose that He matter of course that He will render to every man would have given such capacities to human beings according to his works. So much faithful obedience, without giving opportunity for all to expand and de- so much welfare. So much disregard or violation of velop as a few have alread)' done. So large and elaborate known right, so much necessity of painfully retracing a foundation implies an intended superstructure. It our course to the point of deviation, and then be- seems reasonable, as John Fiske has said, to feel ginning a return to the right road. So much wilful entire confidence in the reasonableness of God's work. injury to a fellow creature in this life, so much service It must be that He will give opportunity in another applied to his benefit in the next. The perfectly just state of existence for the development of those won- and good Ruler will necessarily arrange and accom- derful and admirable faculties which, richly manifested plish this work of rendering to each of his subjects in a small minority of human beings, remain latent in according to his works. the vast majority, as far as this world is concerned. But when the perfect Ruler is also a loving Father Therefore, we shall continue to live after the death to each one of his subjects, a new and most important of the body. element comes into the case. The retribution for evil-

3. Duty. We cannot comprehend God. But since doing must then contemplate and provide for the ul- the works which (to avoid absurdity) we must attribute timate welfare of the evil-doer. The first element of to his purpose and action, are great beyond our con- welfare to such a person must be his reformation, and ception, and since that purpose and action are in many whatever suffering is essential to such reformation things manifestly good, perhaps the aspects of nature must on no account be remitted. So far as the offender and humanit}' which seem to us not good, seem so in is wise, he will see the advantage of not only submit- consequence, partly of our limited powers, and partly ting to this discipline, but of cooperating with it and of the small portion of time allotted to us here and of making every effort to reform himself. If, however, our ignorance of God's purposes in the future. Perhaps he is stupidly obstinate, and determined to persist in the whole plan is as great and good as parts of it now error, the consequence to him must be a continuance appear to our imperfect vision. In that case, it is of failure, defeat, and suffering. Eternity is before him, rational for us to ascribe perfect goodness (what the with endless opportunit}' of repeating the experiment, Hebrew prophets called righteousness) to the author of tr3'ing to gain advantage by wrong-doing. How long of our being, and to assume our moral obligation to will he hold out? The Ruler who must render to him cooperate with Him by being good and doing good to according to his works, the Father who is demonstrat- the extent of our ability. If God be really such as I ing to him by experience the certain ill consequences have supposed, we must recognize a duty of attempt- of ill-doing, can wait as long as he can. The contest ing such cooperation with Him as may assist his pur- is unequal. Sooner or later, supreme wisdom and good- pose of promoting human welfare and happiness. ness must certainly prevail, and the rebellious subject,

4. Responsibility. If duty really thus binds us to God the prodigal son, will repent and return. The char- as a Father and to human beings as brothers and acter of God being such as we ascribe to Him, it is sisters, failure' in either department of this duty must, absurd to suppose that his administration will fail of sooner or later, prove injurious to ourselves. He who its purpose ; absurd to suppose that his justice and chains another, necessarily feels one end of the chain love, working in concert, will not ultimately accom- weighing upon and encumbering himself. The still, plish the welfare of every human being bj' accomplish- small voice of conscience, reproaching us for wrong- ing his reformation. doing, is as manifestly a part of human nature as any The idea, then, of escaping the consequences of other part of it, material or spiritual; and it is reason- evil-doing by obtaining pardon through an intercessor able to suppose that the invisible Power whose voice is an utterly erroneous one. To request that the wrong- we thus hear has the right so to reproach us, as well doer should not be worse off for his offence, or that as authority to hold us to account. There is every another should suffer for the wrong instead of himself, reason to believe that we are responsible to God for would be to request a reversal of God's method of the right use of the life He has bestowed, and the moral government. The only right course for the of- opportunities He has given us. fender is reverentl}' to submit himself to the law, to

5. Retribution. ANhB.i we call justice, administered accept its penalty, and to keep himself thenceforth in by public functionaries, fails of accomplishing its pur- the line of its requirements. : —

THK OREN COURT 1625

GOD, FREEDOM, AND IMMORTALITY. tion of the dilemma is radically incorrect, —and such is Mr. Charles K.Whipple in his essay, "The Coming the case with Kant's antinomies. Religion," considers five features of religious belief, We resolve the four antinomies into the following which as he hopes, are likely to hold their ground statements, which cannot be said to be contradictory. against hostile criticism. He names the ideas God, 1. Space (which is no object, no palpable thing, but Immortalit}', Duty, Responsibility, and Retribution. merely the possibility of motion in every direction) is Mr. Whipple's arguments are in the main similar to infinite. Yet the world, although immeasurable to us those proposed by Kant in his Critique of Practical consists of a definite amount of matter and energy Reason. which can neither increase nor decrease.

Kant showed in his Critique of Pure Reason that 2. The soul is a compound of highest complexity the ideas Soul, World, and God are 'paralogisms of pure and is therefore destructible; but being a compound of a reason.' We can arrive at these concepts by a logical special form, it can be broken and built again. When fallacy only. We may nevertheless, he declared in his built again, it can be improved. Souls of a special Critique of Practical Reason, retain these concepts, kind can be formed, and ever nobler ideas can be im- because they are of greatest importance for our prac- planted into souls. Thus the soul—a special compound tical and our moral life. If we act as if we had no of living thoughts, living in the organized brain-sub- can soul, and as if no God existed, we are more likely to stance of bodily beings as real nerve-structures— the single go astray than if we act as if we had an immortal soul continue to exist even beyond the death of

; it transplanted, and and as if a God existed—a God, a just and omnipo- individual can be propagated, tent judge, who will reward the good and punish the evolved. And to accomplish this is the main object evil. of human institutions. There is no immortality of the ego beyond the clouds, but there is a continuance of Upon the need of morality he builds an ideal world, soul-life in this world. The continuance and higher the foundations of which are the ideas of Freedom (in- development of soul-life is of vital importance, and the cluding moral responsibilit}'), Immorfa/iiy, and God. duties of our present lives must be performed, not to Being fully conscious of the fact, that these ideas are please or benefit ourselves but in a spirit such as to not provable, Kant called them " the three postulates enhance the life of the race to come. must live of practical reason." We so that our soul shall continue to live and to evolve in The conflict between Pure Reason and Practical future generations. Reason proves that in Kant's philosophy traces of Du- 3. Freedom and necessitj' are not incompatible;* alism are preserved which lead him to incompatible but freedom and compulsion are contradictions. If a assertions. He boldly and honestty lays down the in- man is compelled b}' the authorities of the law to observe consistency of his philosophy in his four "antinomies," the law he cannot be said to be free. But if the law or contradictory statements. Popularly expressed, they the good will to live according to the law and the are honest intention to act with righteousness—is a part THESIS. ANTITHESIS. of the man and a feature of his character, he is free 1. The world is lim- 1. The world is infinite. while observing the law. The actions of a moral man ited. are necessarily moral ; they are the necessary outcome 2. The soul is a sim- 2. The soul is a com- of his free will. ple substance, and there- pound, and therefore de- 4. The anthropomorphic idea of God as a transcend- fore immortal. structible. ent personality is undoubtedly a paralogism of pure rea- 3. There is moral free- 3. There is no freedom, son ; but the conception of an immanent God as the dom distinct from the law but all is subject to cau- cosmical law to which we have to conform in order to of causality. sality. live and to continue to live in future generations is no 4. There is a God. There is no God. 4. paralogism, no logical fallacy. Such a conception of

Kant believes that the arguments to either issue, God is at variance neither with reason nor experience, the positive or the negative, are of equal weight. and there is no atheist who could not be converted to Thesis as well as Antithesis, he declares, can be de- it by rational argument and b}' a study of nature. This fended or attacked with equal force. God is not the personified weakness of a benevolent Is it not strange that a great man can fall into, so father—the ideal of the deists who would fain make great an error—an error that is at the same time so him as sentimental and feeble as the}"" were them- palpable ? Of two statements that are contradictory, selves. This God is the stern severity of order and one only can be true. It is impossible that both are law—irrefragable and immutable as are all natural right, or that the arguments of either are correct. Yet * See the writer's " Fundamental Problei -ig6. to be published it is possible that both are wrong, that the formula- I about a week, and the Editorial of No. 33. ! — —

1626 THE OPEN COURT laws, and yet at the same time as reliable and as grand, as sure and eternal—visiting the iniquity of the fathers CORRESPONDENCE. upon the children unto the third and fourth genera- POSITIVISM. tion, and showing mercy unto the thousands of those To the Editor The Open Court: — that keep'his commandments. of Kindly permit me a word of e.xplanation. We thus have the three postulates of Kant again, It is true, as you say, that I am a follower of August Comte although in another shape. We have no transcenden- in his first period, but if I were inclined to hold any one responsible tal God, no illusory ghost-immortality, no freedom that for my conception of the universe I should choose his disciple, stands in contradiction to the law of causation. But Emile Littre. we have the immanent God of a moral law in nature; To use Comte's own words, the initial elaboration of his second great work coincided with a decisive invasion of a virtuous we have the immanent immortality of a continuance passion for Mme. Clotilde de Vau.x, and the result was a nervous of our soul-life beyond death and the moral freedom crisis that put him in real cerebral danger. (Letter to Mill.) of responsibility for our actions. The errors that were When, under this influence, he adopted the subjective method attached to these ideas are done away with, but their and, as he says, " began the new philosophic career, in which the ethical value remains unimpaired. They have ceased heart was to have at least as much place as the mind itself," Littre staid with the facts. to be postulates and have become truths—for now Speaking of some verses in No. 87, of The Open Court, you they are no longer paralogisms, they are free from say that you " differ with me concerning the idea of God and have contradictions ; they are real, because they represent attempted to conceive it on the basis of positive facts." Please do certain facts of reality which can be verified by expe- not judge me by those lines. Your conception is about the same rience, p. c. as mine, although I do not call mine God. Respectfully yours, SONNET. Louis Belrose, Jr.

BY LOUIS BELROSE, JR. COMTISTS AND AGNOSTICS. While yet a child, before the joys of spring To the Editor of The Open Court Had come and gone till all were known to me, I set an orchard out with many a tree In Mr. Wakeman's article, in a former issue, there is a remark Of goodly stock for plenteous harvesting. that is decidedly puzzling to one acquainted with the writings of

Spencer ; and I feel the more constrained to call attention to it, And though the sweet birds came to light and sing, since it opens the way to a general criticism on Mr. Wakeman's It seemed the far-off day would never be ; paper and the attitude of Comtists toward other anti-metaphysical And, heedless of their note, impatiently schools of thought. I waited for the time of fruit-bearing. The remark is to the effect that the attacks of " Spencer and

The time has come : the trees full-grown are now ; Co." upon the four corner-stones of Positivism have failed. These And o'er my head the branches interlaced

corner-stones are enumerated thus : Bear fruits of varied flavor, all my own. a) The relativity of human knowledge.

But, nearly in reach, I let waste : my them b) The classification of the sciences. While, listening to the bees' unwearied drone, c) The evolution of human history and civilization. I sit and muse, and hardly care to taste. d) The conception of humanity as a great social, organic being. Now how any portion of Spencer's writings can be construed TO SOUL. THE into an attack on numbers (a), (c), and (d), I cannot understand. AN ODE OF EVOLUTION BY W. D. LIGHTHALL. Surely there has never been a more ardent supporter than Spencer O lark aspire of the relativity of knowledge, the evolution of man and the or- unity of society. Aspire forever, in thy morning sky ! ganic Forever, soul, beat bravely, gladly, higher. lam persuaded that Mr. Wakeman intended that the "at-

And sing and sing that sadness is a lie. tacks of ' Spencer and Co.' upon these corner-stones" should refer only to (b). This has undoubtedly been assailed by Spencer; with Forever, soul, achieve ! what success need not here be discussed. For this "corner- Droop not an instant into sloth and rest. stone " is plainly not one on which the superstructure of the " Re- Live in a changeless moment of the best ligion of Humanity " rests in the least. What possible difference And lower heights to Heaven forgotten leave. can it make to that religion whether in our hierarchy of the sci- Man still will strive. ences we introduce the division of " abstract-concrete, " or deny

Delight of battle leaped within his sires : the possibility of a linear arrangement ? They laughed at death; and Life was all alive: Mr. Wakeman's placing this as a fundamental doctrine of In him not blood it seeks, but vast desires. monistic religion is, however, quite in accord with the custom of

He wakens from a dream ; Comtists in general ; and suggests the general criticism first al- Reviews the forms he fought in ages gone luded to. For is it not this insistence by Comtists on unessentials

pr his : He ancestors, their shapes are one that has kept agnostics away from the Religion of Humanity, ra- And also of himself the forms he battled seem. ther than a spirit of " envious and idle criticism"? Agnostics,

He sees the truth ! even though agreeing with Spencer in regard to the worship of the " I wrestled with myself, and rose to strength. Unknowable, believe also in the necessity of an ethical religion,,

Still be that progress mine ! — I see at length and would gladly join hands with positivists in forwarding it. But All World, all Soul are one, all ages youth !" they are so persistently met with this demand that they should give — ;

THE OPEN COURT 1627

assent to unessential Comtean dogmas, hail Comte as their High Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism, was the subject of last meet-

Priest, and confess that to him they owe their emancipation from ing. ' A biographical sketdh of the ' angelic doctor ' arrived just at

mysticism, that union is rendered impossible. the right moment fro.m our Scottish correspondent, under the sig-

Surely it is very unfortunate that agnostics and positivists, nature "Scotch Mist." The prelude is characteristic of the whose differences are slight compared with their fundamental writer agreement, should not be able to unite in common work for hu- " Fain would your Scottish correspondent go to sleep until the

if fellow philosophers would also do manity ; but Mr. Wakeman has only strengthed my conviction next century, assured that his that agnostics cannot be held accountable for the continued sepa- so and waken at the same moment. By that time, as he has heard ration. R. F. Smith. from good authority, that marvelous instrument, the phonograph, Saranac Lake, N. Y. will be in perfection, and in daily use. Then will Progress, Mys-

tic, Metaphor, Commentator, and their compeers ' do their think- PHILOSOPHY AT MONTREAL. ing aloud ' and brighten the dullness of their far distant cousin, Scotch Mist. Said Mist is noted for absorbing all that comes, only To the Editor of The Open Court; — to be lost in colorless, shapeless vacuity. Not altogether, nor " " Dear Correspondent," writes one, tell us a little more of hopelessly, however. As a metaphysician he believes there is that interesting circle of friends who meet fortnightly to read and something hidden beyond the visible ; as a philosopher he loves to discuss together philosophical topics." search out wisdom, to ponder upon the mysteries of consciousness, In reply, I might say something of what might be called an this inscrutable ego which dwells within and mocks all efforts to

exceptional evening—one spent in listening to an able essay on the define it." . Mary Morgan (Gowan Lea).

I Transcendental Philosophy of New England : the Emerson period. Montreal, April, 1889. t By courteous invitation of the scholarly lecturer, members of the club assembled in his delightful and spacious study on the evening ^appointed. The first half hour was spent in examining photographs ABSOLUTE EXISTENCE. 'of the literary celebrities of that interesting epoch. The essay oc- To the Editor of The Open Court;— licupied an hour or more, the lecturer delivering it in his usual calm, Allow me to ask you the explanation of a sentence I read in \ clear style, emphasizing the more important parts, and pausing

your paper ; "Agnosticism and August Comte's Positivism." You i occasionally to give his audience a chance for a moment's reflection. the belief in absolute exist- Toward the end of the lecture, something was said about the dis- say; "The errors of ontology and * * * Monistic Unity of our Monism, [Monos,) is it not astrous failure of the Brook farm experiment—as seen from a ence." The existence" absolute substance of which nou- financial point of view. As the lecturer concluded, 'Metaphor' the ENS, "absolute the or " mat- enquired of him with something of an anxious tone. mena are the different aspects, and of which phenomena " ? In that question is the " And do you think the dream must always be a failure—from ter are only the sensed manifestations '' ? ' that is obscuring to me a point of our beautiful mo- ' only cloud what is called the practical ' point of view [ P. "I hope not," answered the lecturer, in grave if not hopeless nistic sky. 'tone, and Metaphor's optimism was evidently unsatisfied.

Opposite the essayist sat " Greek." ' Greek ' took up the argu- The answer to this question is contained in the editorials of " " ment immediately, and in firm voice, and interestingly broken Nos. 82 and 83, "Phenomena and Noumena and The Oneness

: and Noumenal." I English, said "of the Phenomenal "I am qiiite sure that the dreamer and the worker are two, The word phenomena is derived from (j)aivsa&ai, to appear, "appearance." It is and must always be two. The thinker has enough to do with his ((paivo), to show ; (jidu, to shine) and means now I i^a- thinking, and the doer has enough to do with his doing, and both used in two senses: i) appearance or unreal illusion ; and, 2) fail when they take up what belongs to the department of the tural phenomenon. The two meanings exclude one another. The

other. dreamer will always get the pail on the wrong side of former is mere appearance or unreal semblance, the latter the fact I The " the cow, and the milk will always be spilled— just as we hear was of experience or the reality that is sensed." Phenomena, in the the case at Brook farm. When I teach my Latin and my He- sense of the latter explanation, are the basis of all knowledge and brew and my French, I am often that tired and my head aches, and philosophy. They are the positive existences of nature. 1 cannot go and plant and dig." Noumena, (or thought-existences,) are concepts of an abstract "Ah, but," said 'Metaphor,' laughing, "if you had taught nature. The idea of goodness or virtue is a noumenon. Virtue does as an absolute being, or as a concrete object ; Hebrew and Latin for perhaps two hours, and then rested your not exist corporeally

L brain by doing an hour's gardening, it appears to me you might like a table or a tree. Virtue is nevertheless a reality. It does not have saved time in the end, by escaping a headache. Why should exist as a body of itself, but it exists as a real quality in bodies. tnot the worker learn to work thoughtfully, and the thinker learn We, in our mind, abstract the quality of goodness and call it vir-

I to think healthfully ? At the present day dreamers and workers, tue. Noumena, therefore, are not things, and not objects, or bodily

both, are drudges, and why ? Because there is an unnatural sep- entities, but, if they are true, they represent real qualities of l^aration between the two sides of life. With a more advanced civ- bodily entities. If there are no realities that correspond to them, ilization I anticipate that brain and hand-work will be so judi- they must be looked upon as mere illusions, but they are of ciously intermingled that both shall be done pleasurably as profi- greatest importance in so far as they afford us the possibilities of

[tably—that is, wholesomely." a higher, a human, and humane life. The noumenal world of foundation of man's rational existence. "No, no," 'Greek' broke in, "I speak because I have tried ; thought is the f and if I worked at the garden after my Hebrew, my head ached The idea of absolute existence, of the Ens, the monos, or what- ." an abstract conception which f more than ever. I ever it may be called, is a noumenon, But at this point the clock, inconsiderately, struck ten, and embraces all facts of reality under the aspect of their inseparable-

; is "absolute exist- I the philosophers dispersed. Perhaps The Open Court will help ness. But there is no monos of itself there no

' them to settle the unsettled question. ' Metaphor quotes in de- ence " that exists like a thing. The facts of reality are never fense of his solitary position Emerson's words, One must believe absolute, never abstract, they always are definite single objects of one's own thoiiohl. experience. p- c- i628 THE OPKN COURT.

THE LOST MANUSCRIPT.* and sister's things, and saw whether the boy's clothes

BY GUSTAV FREYTAG. needed mending. I was then a regular home body. CHAPTER XXXVI. Ah, I am so still; I hope it will help me now. I will put all my things together for I feel as if should take ilse's flight. a journey to-day, and that it will be well to have all Ilse was awakened by her husband's parting kiss ; prepared." she sat at her bed-side and listened to the sound of She opened the closet, drew out her trunk, and the rolling wheels. packed it. " This has been a fearful night," she said; " after " But where to ?" she asked herself. "Far away? tears and anguish there came bad dreams. I was How long it is since I had wings like a swallow, and hanging over a precipice; from the depth below, con- could gaily fly with my thoughts into foreign parts! cealed by fog, arose the noise of a waterfall. Felix And now the wings of the poor little swallow are standing above, held me by a handkerchief; his broken. I sit alone on my branch; I would gladly con- strength was giving way; I felt that, but I had no ceal myself in the leaves, and I dread the fluttering anxiety about it in my dream. I wished that Felix and the chattering of my neighbors." would let me go, and not sink with me. Pass away in She supported her weary head with her hands. peace, my dream, to thy portals of ivorjr; thou wast "Where should I go to?" she sighed; "not to my a good dream, and 1 have no cause to be ashamed of father; nor could I now look with pleasure on moun- thee. tains and old monuments. How can one have a heart " He is on his journey, and I am alone. No, my for the forms of nature and the achievements of past Felix, you are with me, even when I do not hear your nations when one's own life is racked and disturbed ? voice. Yesterday I was angry with you; I am sorry for it. " My Felix said that one should always consider I bear you within me, just as you have taught me, that oneself the child of the whole human race, and be the soul of man passes into and rests in others. That elevated by the high thought that millions of the dead part of Felix which I preserve within me I will keep and living are united to us in an indissoluble unity. honorably, and quietly cherish in this hateful house." But who of those who were and are about me will She opened the curtains. relieve m}' tormented soul of the pangs that constantly "It will be a gloomy day again; the finches are trouble me ? Who will deliver me from dissatisfaction already sitting at the window, crying for the dilatory with myself and from fear about the future? Ah me! woman who has slept beyond the breakfast hour of It may be a teaching to inspire man in hours of exal- her little ones. Outside all is in bloom, and the large tation, when calmly contemplating all about him, but leaves of the Schubart-plant blow about joyously in for him who is writhing in torment and affliction, the the moist air. But this rain will be more than my teaching is too high, too high!" father likes; the seed will suffer. The good God cannot She took from the shelf her little Bible, which had please us all at the same time; we are indeed covetous. been given her by the good Pastor on her departure "At home they gossip about me; my neighbor did from her father's house, and drew it out of its cover. not say the worst that she knew. I have not been used " I have long neglected to read 3'ou, dear book, for to this. When I became the wife of my Felix I thought when I open your pages I feel as if I had two lives; myself raised above all the meanness of the world, but the old Ilse revives who once trusted in j'our words; I now feel its sting in my soul." and then again I see myself, like my husband, criti- She passed her hand over her eyes. cizing many passages, and asking myself whether what " No tears to-day ?" she cried springing up. " When I find in you is according to my reason. I have lost my mj' thoughts course wildly through my brain I will childish faith, and what I have gained instead gives prove to myself that I have something of the scholar's me no certainty. When I fold my hands in prayer, as character in me, and will calmly look into my own I did when I was a child, I know that I dare pray for heart and quiet its beatings by prudent reflection. nothing but strength to overcome, by my own exertion, When he first came to our house, and the noble spirit what now casts down my spirit." of his conversation aroused me, his image pursued me The gardener entered the room, as he did every into my room. I took a book, but I did not know what mornin'g, with a basket of flowers which the lord of I read; I took up my accounts, but I could not the castle sent her. Ilse rose and pointed to the table. put two and two together; I observed that all was con- "Set it down," she said, coldly, without touching fusion within me. Yet it was wrong to think thus about the basket. a man who was still a stranger to me. Then in my She had, at other times, frequently expressed to anguish I went into the nursery, tidied all my brother's the man her pleasure in the beautiful flowers he had

• Translation copyriglued. cultivated. It had always given him pain that the XHK OPEN COURT. 1629

illustrious personages of the castle never noticed his "Her heart, too, is heavy. It is well that Felix is rare plants, and he had been so pleased with the warm not at home, for I can now be alone with my sorrow. interest taken by the strange lady that he brought the It will be a quiet day, and this will be welcome after flowers every morning himself, and pointed out to her yesterday's storm." the new favorites of the conservatory; he had cut for Again there was a knocking at the door; the Castel- her the best he had. lan brought the letters that the postman had given "The others do not notice them," he would say; him for the Pavilion. There were letters from her "and she remembers the Latin names too." brothers and sisters who kept up a regular cor- He now placed the basket of flowers down with a respondence with their distant Use. A ray of joy feeling of mortification. passed over her serious face. " There are some new specimens of the calceolaria," "This is a pleasant morning greeting," she said. he began, reproachfully; "they are of my own raising: "I will to-day answer my little band in detail. Who

you will not see others of this kind." knows whether I may have time for it next week." Use felt the disappointment of the gardener. She She hastened to the writing-table, read, laughed,, approached the table, and said: and wrote. Her uneasiness had passed awa}'; she I " They are indeed very beautiful; but flowers, dear chatted like a lively child in the language and thoughts sir, require a light heart, and that I have not now. I of the nursery. Hours flew in this occupation. Gabriel have ill repaid your kindness to-day; but you must brought up and carried away the dinner. When in the not be angry with me." afternoon he found her still bending over the letters, " If you would only look at the grey-spotted ones, he lingered by her and hesitated whether he should exclaimed the gardener, with the enthusiasm of an speak to her; but as Use was so deeply engrossed in artist; "these are my pride, and are not to be had her work, he nodded and closed the door. anywhere else in the world." Finally, Use wrote to her father. Again her thoughts Use admired them. became sad, anguish rose from the depth of her heart, "I had taken great pains for many years," con- and lay like a burning weight on her bosom. She'left tinued the gardener. "I had done all I could to obtain her writing- table, and paced hastily about the room. good seed, but only common ones came; after I had When she came to the window, she saw the lord of almost lost courage, the new kinds blossomed all in the castle coming slowly along the gravel path towards one year. It was not my art," he added, honestly: " it the Pavilion. is a secret of nature; she has given me good fortune,- Use stepped back quickly. She was not unaccus- and relieved me from my cares all at once." tomed to the short visits of the Sovereign; but to-day "But you took pains and did your best," answered she felt fearful, the blood rushed to her heart, she Use; "when one does thus, one may trust to the good pressed her hands over her bosom, and struggled for spirit of life." composure. The gardener went away appeased; Use looked at The door flew open. the flowers. "I come to inquire," began his Highness, "how "Even he who sent you has become to me an you bear your solitude. My house also has become

object of dread. Yet he was the only one here who empty, my children are gone from me, and it is lonely showed me uniform kindness and treated me with in the great building." respect. Felix is right: there is no reason for us to be "I have emplo3'ed my leisure in intercourse with disturbed on his account. Who knows whether he is distant friends," answered Use. much to blame for the disagreeable reports about this She would not on this occasion mention the chil- house. I must not be unjust towards him; but when dren to the Sovereign. I look at his flowers, it seems as if an adder lay within "Are the little ones who pla}' about in your home them, for I do not know whether his soul is pure or amongst these friends ?" he asked laughing. " Have impure. I do not understand his ways, and that makes the children again expressed their wishes to you?" me uncertain and fearful." He took a chair and invited Use to be seated. His

the and it. She pushed basket away, turned from demeanor made her more composed ; his manner was The maid who waited upon her came into the that of a discreet and well-intentioned person. room, with a troubled countenance, and begged per- "Yes, your Highness," replied Use; "but this time mission to go away for the day, as her mother was my younger sister, Luise, was the most active cor- very ill in a neighboring village. Use asked kindly respondent." about the woman, and gave the girl the desired per- "Does she promise to become like you?" asked mission, with good wishes and advice. The maid went the Sovereign, kindly.

slowly out of the room; Use looked sorrowfully after her. "She is now twelve years old," replied Use, with —

i6.^,o THE OPEN COURT.

reserve; she is sentimental upon every subject and son who could ever command a true, impartial judg- every blade of grass excites her fancy. It appears as ment of his own position, would have a freedom that

if she were to be the poetess of the play-room. I do would make life hardly endurable." not know how these fantastical ideas have come into " Fancy confuses us," answered Use, looking round,

our family. In her letter she tells me a long story, as " but it warns us also."

if it had happened to herself, and yet it is only a tale "What is warmth of feeling, and devotion to which she has read somewhere. For since I have left others?" continued the Sovereign, sorrowfully. "Noth- reached it my home, more story-books have than were ing but subtle self-deceit. If I now am flattered by

there in my youth." the joyful feeling that I have succeeded in sharing " Probably it is only childish vanity," said the the wealth of your heart, that too is only a deception; kindly, " that to substitute Sovereign, leads her an but it is a dream which I carefully cherish, for it does invention for truth." me good. With a happiness which I have long been "That is it exactly," answered Use, more cheer- deprived of, I listen to the honest tones of your voice, that she lost her fully. "She pretends way in the and the thought is painful to me that I shall ever be sitting wood, and that when she was sorrowfully among without the sweet enjoyment thej' afford. It is of the toad-stools, the little animals whom she was in the greater value to me than you imagine." habit of feeding in our court-yard,— the white mouse in " Your Highness speaks to me as to a true friend," the cage, the cats, and the shepherd's dog, placed — replied Use, drawing herself up; " and when I take to themselves about her and ran before her till she found heart the kindly tone in which you now express your her way out of the wood. The cat together with the sympathy, I have to believe your honesty and sincere mouse, your Highness; that was silly! This story she intentions. But this same fancy, which you blame related boldly as if it were the truth, and expected me and praise, disturbs also the confidence which I would to think it touching. That was too much—but I have gladly have in your Highness. I will no longer be given her my opinion of it." silent about it, for it pains me after such kind words, Tiie Sovereign laughed, laughed from his heart. to foster any unfounded feeling against you." She rose It was a rare sound that echoed through the walls of hastily. " It disturbs my peace of mind to feel that I the dark room, and the god of love above looked down dwell in a house which the feet of other women avoid." with surprise on the joyous man. The Sovereign looked astonished at the woman "May I ask how you criticized this poetic state of who, with such firmness, controlled her inward ex- mind?" asked the Sovereign. "There is a poetical citement. idea in the tale, that the kindness shown to others will " The fortune-teller," he murmured. always be repaid when required. But it is unfortuna- "Your Highness knows well what fancy does," tely only an poetic idea; gratitude is seldom met with continued Use, sorrowfully. "It has tormented my in real life." soul, and made it difficult for me in this place to be- "One ought not, in life, to trust solely to the help lieve in the esteem of which your Highness assures of others," replied Use, firmly; "and one ought not to me." show kindness to others in order that it may be re- "What have they been telling you?" asked the paid. There is indeed a strange pleasure felt when Sovereign, in a sharp tone. some chord which one has struck brings back its echo " What your Highness ought not to desire to hear to one's heart ; buf one should not trust to it. A child from my lips," replied Use, proudly. " It is pos- that has lost its way should make good use of its five sible that the master of a Court considers such things senses in order to find its way home by itself. But, with indifference. I say that to myself. But it is a certainly, one ought not to put forth poetical ideas as misfortune to me to have been here: it is a stain on if they were real incidents. I was obliged to scold a spotless robe, and I fix my eyes wildly upon it; I her; for, your Highness, girls in these days must have wash it away with my hand, and yet it always lies be- right ideas taught them, or they will soon lose them- fore me, for it is a shadow that falls from without." selves in dreams." The Sovereign looked gloomily before him. The Sovereign laughed again. ( To be continued.') Where are the wise and good animals. Lady Use, that will give you friendly counsel in your time of All things are connected with one another and the bond is need ? holy. There is hardly anything foreign to any other thing. For combine to form one and " You are too strict," continued the Sovereign. things have been coordinated and they the same cosmos. For there is one cosmos made up of all things " The witch fancy deceives the judgment of even us and one God who pervades all things and one substance, one law, grown-up people; one is fearful without reason, and one common reason in all intelligent animals, and one truth. one hopes and trusts without justification. The per- Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. "

THE OPKN COURT.

BOOK REVIEWS. Murray, of London, has issued a cheap edition of Darwin's " In the Art Amateur for May, by far the most interesting arti- Naturalist's Voyage Round the World," which will ensure a wider

cle is one on Pen Drawing for Photo-Engraving. It is the third reading for this masterpiece of narrative. of the series, and is profusely illustrated with reproductions of pen The new Century Dictionary, which has been in course of and ink sketches. These are so carefully described and analyzed, preparation during the past seven years, is about completed. We as to direct the attention of the student to the most important await its appearance with pleasure and expectant curiosity. points, and lead him to reflect on the principles illustrated in the The researches in theoretical electricity conducted in work. Attention is also drawn to the roulette work, which is a recent years by Prof. Hertz, of Karlsruhe, have attracted quick method of producing strong effects, although the writer ap- widespread at- tention in the world of science. The results obtained pears to think that equally good results, if not better, are produced point to the conclusion that electricity is an undulatory movement by hand work alone. The article is by Ernest Knaufif, who has of the same medium which scientists have assumed to be the vehicle the true German idea that long and careful study is necessary to of light and produce good work. heat. The Open Court will soon publish a paper descrip- tive and explanatory of Prof. Hertz's experiments. " Architect's" paper on Home Decoration is illustrated by a very attractive looking, cozy corner with book shelves, and it con- The " Rise of the People of Israel," an historical sketch begun hints tains some good to make home attractive. in this issue of The Open Court, is from the pen of Dr. Carl A few words on lambrequins and corner cupboards will be Heinrich Cornill, an eminent theologian of the University of Kon- very suggestive to housekeepers who like to contrive conveniences igsberg. An orthodox expounder of Christian doctrine. Prof. Cor- and decorations. nill has nevertheless been actuated in his researches by the spirit The number contains also the usual variety of designs, the of modern historical criticism. The essay originally appeared in gossip about picture sales, a paper on the influence of artificial the series " Sammlung gemeinverstandlicher wissenschaftlicher light on color, some interesting statements regarding woods, and Vortrage " (Rud. Virchow and Fr. v. Holtzendorff, Editors), from other instructive and agreeable reading. E. D. c. which the translation has been made. In the latest number of Mind Dr. Maudsley discusses the The latest Independent Pulpit contains a controversy between Double Brain, which, he states, represents the halves of the body Edgeworth and Pericles. Edgeworth (alias 'Dr. Lazarus) assails, and the unity of the whole whereof itself is a part. The halves of in the name of anarchism, anything and everything that represents the double brain, like the halves of the body, (one perhaps fuller order or law. He fiercely attacks The Open Court in the name than the other) have corresponding functions. Mr. Stephen pre- " of agnosticism and materialism for "its representation of monism sents the second paper "on some kinds of necessary truths." Mr. which "is but a metaphysical fantasy " and its shadowy "order Stephen says that geometrical axioms are neither simple empirical of atomic shapes," as if The Open Court had propounded some truths, nor the result of a form arbitrarily imposed upon the sense- new atomic theory. He ridicules " the elegant troll of its wheel- given symbols, but that they emerge under the necessity of correl- " " barrow because it vilifies" (sic !) "mutual banking, the only ating our various impressions by the help of certain assumptions possible mode by which labor can exchange with labor in avoiding (p. 214). a ruinous tribute to money monopoly." Edgeworth believes in It is with pleasure that we learn of the proposed new edition polarity. Polarity is one of those words, alluded to by Mephis- (the eleventh) of Diesterweg's celebrated work, " Popular Astron- topheles in Goethe's Faust : omy and Mathematical Geography," (Populiire Himmelskundc ttnd " Shun too over sharp a tension. Geographie.) Mnt/iematische The revision has been conducted by For just where fails the comprehension Dr. M. Wilhelm Meyer, whose name is well known to the readers A word steps promptly in as deputy. of The Open Court, and Dr. B. Schwalbe, a distinguished With words 'tis excellent disputing. Systems to words 'tis easy suiting teacher, of Berlin. -The worth of the new edition needs no further ; On words 'tis excellent believing, warranty than the names of the editors afford. Complete in ten No word can ever lose a jot by thieving." parts, 15 cents each. Emil Goldschmidt, Publisher, Berlin. We recommend Edgeworth to read what Professor Huxley has The publishing house of Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipsic an- to say on polarity. He says in his article on agnosticism in the the projected publication of a series of little nounce works, enti- Nineteenth Century of February, 18S9 : " tled The Classics of the Exact Sciences." The first will fitly be • " Polarity is a word about which I heard a good deal in my " the famous monograph of Helmholtz on the Conservation of youth when " Natur-Philosophie " was in fashion, and greatly did

Energy." I suffer from it. For many years past, whenever I have met with

' The Revue de la Science Noiivelle is a monthly magazine pub- polarity ' anywhere but in a discussion of a purely physical topic, lished by the Paris "Scientific Association for the Defense of such as magnetism, I have shut the book." Christianity." Its table of contents embraces a vast range of sub- Pericles encounters the gallant knight of anarchism who wants jects of universal interest. " liberty in love and love in liberty " with great ability and good

humor. He says : NOTES. " One cannot help remembering the advice given Paddy at the

' ' Donnybrook Fair : Wherever you see a head, hit it ; and Prof. Edward S. Holden, the director of the Lick Observa- as the legend tells us, Paddy did so without much caring whether it tory, contributes to Himmel tmd Erde for May, a paper upon the was the pate of friend or foe." Lick Telescope and its achievements. Pericles, it appears in the discussion, is a Frenchman whose lay The Re-c'ue Belgique has been publishing, of late, a number of sermons in the Independent Pulpit and other papers are efforts to interesting papers upon instruction in Political Economy at the introduce the Athenian spirit into our nation. " The first thing to German and Austrian universities. be done," he says, " is by an artistic education to raise the minds A series of articles, by prominent American scientists, upon of the people to a higher and nobler standard, that they be, as said the practical applications of electricity, will begin m the June Gambetta, ' un peuple artiste.' Meliorism and Art are twin broth- Scribner. The series will be a complete representation of the po- ers. It is this conviction that has led me to take, as nam de plume sition of electricity in the industrial world. the name of Pericles. — .

THK OPKN COURT. THE TEACHER'S OUTLOOK. NEW PUBLICATION. "Free Thought," Published by The Teacher's Publishing Com- pany, Des Moines, Iowa. A monthly magazine de- -^ Ijiloeraadian Secular ber, Pfeffer, Kent, Duj'ardin, Gruber, Nusshaunt^ which their would lead them. further tastes For Biitschn, LieberkUhn. Union. particulars send four cents for Prospectus, or fifty In preface written especially $2 a Year. Published Weekly. Single Copy, 5c. cents for magazine eight months. 112 a for the American edition, M. Binet confutes the theory of the English- CHARLES WATTS, Editor. Original., Simple, Natrtral, Sug-gesti7'e, Comprehen- scientist, Dr. G. y. Romanes, that the first appear- ance of the various psychical and intellectual fac- Street East, Ont., sive, Educational, and helpful entirely apart from 31 Adelaide Toronto, Canada. ulties is assignable to different stages in the scale ase ofthe subject. Read what Colonel Ingersoll says: of zoological development. yOURiVAL of EDUCATION. 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