DOCSLIB.ORG

The Srivijayan Civilization in Southern Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Srivijayan Civilization in Southern Thailand NOTES AND NEWS MCKERRELL, H. 1972. On the origins of British 1g7zb. The emergence of civilization : the Cyclades faience beads and some aspects of the Wessex- and the Aegean in the third millennium BC Mycenae relationship, PPS, XXXVIII, 286-301. (London). NEWTON, R. G. and c. RENFREW.1970. British faience 1973. Monuments, mobilization and social organi- beads reconsidered, Antiquity, XLIV,199-206. zation in neolithic Wessex, in (ed.) c. Renfrew, PIGGOTT,s. 1938. The early bronze age in Wessex, The explanation of culture change: models in PPS, IV,52-106. prehistory (London). RENFREW, C. 1968. Wessex without Mycenae, Annual SELKIRK, A. 1972. Wessex with Mycenae, Current of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, Avchaeology, 32, 225. LXIII, 277-85. SHERRATT, A. I 972. Socio-economic and demographic rgza. Beyond a subsistence economy: the evolu- models for the neolithic and bronze ages of tion of social organization in prehistoric Europe, Europe, in (ed.) D. L. Clarke, Models in arch- in (ed). C. Moore, The reconstruction of com- aeology (London), 477-542. plex societies, International Symposium held by the Czmbridge Seminar, Cambridge, Mass. The Srivijayan civilization in Southern Thailand Janice Stargardt is a Fellow of Lucy Cavendish original monumental context was a developed Collegiate Society and also Evans Fellow in and prosperous one. The Cambridge South South East Asian Archaeology at the University East Asian archaeological expedition has been of Cambridge. In this note, she sets out some of working in peninsular Thailand since 1970 and the basic features of the economy of the Srivijayan the evidence it has uncovered gives us some civilization of Southern Thailand. We suggested insight for the first time into the economic, as that she append a further note (p. 228) on progress well as the monumental, aspects of southern made to date, in tests to identify the technology civilization. In this note are presented the used in the Srivijayan ceramic tradition. concise results of a series of excavations relating Until now, the Srivijayan tradition in Thailand to the economic bases of Srivijayan civilization. was associated only with the admirable bronzes, centred in the South, but found over a wide MODIFICATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT area. Similarly, the major series of Pre- Southern Thailand possesses the largest body Angkorian Khmer Visnus from peninsular of inland waters in South East Asia (FIG. I) and Thailand have been isolated by time from their this vast lake system is separated from the Gulf original cultural environment. Scholars of of Thailand by a long flat strip of land called South East Asian civilization are aware that the Satingpra Peninsula. This strip is part of a major images such as the Srivijayan Avalokites- continuing process of beach build-up which, as varas and the Khmer Visnus would have been the map shows, is still producing sand, clay and fashioned originally as the focal point of a mud banks in the coastal waters. It varies monument. No Pre-Angkorian Khmer monu- between 5 and 12 km. in width and its greatest ments or ruins have yet been found in Southern elevation is 3-4 m. until it terminates in a single Thailand and only one Srivijayan monument- mountain on its southern tip. Upon a deep Wat Boromdhatu, Chaiya-has survived intact, basic stratum of grey clay there are successive while Wat Chedi Ngam and Wat Sii Yang layers of dune sand along the coastal perimeter, (FIG. I) contain a Srivijayan core and ruined while inland, there are areas where the grey clay pediment respectively. In the summer of 1971, is overlaid by red-brown and mid-brown clay a Cambridge expedition identified a further and some humus. seven ruined monumental sites of the Srivijayan The Satingpra Peninsula presents most of the period at Kok Tong (FIG. I). defensive features of an island and offers ths The size and quality of the statues themselves, additional advantage of sheltered, inland waters to which some critical attention has already been for easy access to the isthmian hinterland. On devoted (Dupont, 1941 and 1955; O’Connor, the other hand, its soil was originally poor and it 1966 and 1972; Diskul, 1971), suggest that their lacked natural watercourses and ponds. These ANTIQUITY deficiencies presented considerable barriers to concepts resemble those of early hydraulic the establishment there of an urban settlement achievements across the Gulf of Thailand, at (Old Songkhla), supported by efficient agricul- Funan, between the first and sixth centuries of ture, transport and communications and active the modern era, whereas the Srivijayan in manufacture and foreign trade over an civilization of West Indonesia was not renow- extensive area in the first half of the Srivijayan ned for this type of undertaking. The character period, and possibly earlier. The archaeological of the hydraulic system, together with the evidence shows that hydraulic skills played a preponderance of Khmer wares among the fundamental role in control and improvement trade pottery and of Mon/Khmer small finds at of the environment. Kok Tong, should be considered alongside the All of Southern Thailand has a heavy and Pre-Angkorian Khmer statues mentioned at the prolonged rainy season; on the Satingpra beginning of this paper. They collectively Peninsula the problem was to retain water and remind us of the strong Khmer influence on exploit it for agriculture and transport, since peninsular Thailand, beginning during the the rains would have made the clay surface Funan period, surviving the fall of Funan itself impassable. The problem of water retention and by no means obliterated by the imposition was solved by the creation of some two hundred of Srivijayan suzerainty in the early eighth water tanks (noted, but not charted, by the Fine century. The Satingpra hydraulic system may Arts Department, Region No. 9, Songkhla), have derived, in time and character, from the which were dug into the clay stratum with an Pre-Srivijayan Khmer period of the isthmus average size of 20 x 30". These provided and been extended on the same lines during the water for households and animals and served Srivijayan period. Other trade wares found in agriculture, too, as seedling beds for young rice the system include Chinese celadons, beads plants to gain their first growth at the end of the associated with South Indian and Ceylonese dry season on the residual moisture in the base ports, West Asian glass. These convey the of the tanks. These methods probably preserved extent of the trading interests which crossed the tanks-many of which still function today- here. as well as fostering agricultural efficiency The canals may have served yet another (Stargardt, 1973a). purpose in the struggle to control and improve Transport, communications and trade were the environment. The stratification exposed at served by the construction of a system of canals two sites, Kok Moh and Kok Tong (FIG. I), capable of carrying sea-going ships to centres up suggest an improvement in the terrain coincid- and down the Satingpra Peninsula as well as ing with occupancy during the Srivijayan introducing them to the natural waterways of period (Stargardt, 1973b, figs. 3-6). At Kok lake and river with which the canals were Moh the basic stratum of grey clay was over- skilfully integrated. The work carried out by laid, first by sands, but then by more arable the Cambridge expedition to trace this ancient types of red and brown clays as well as humus. system is by no means complete; the results to The agencies which effected this amelioration date show a hydraulic network which served a were undoubtedly partly natural-deposits of core land area of 804 sq. km. and, through the the seasonal floods and winds. Among the direct links to lakes and rivers, served a total prolific deposits of the ceramic production at land area of more than double that extent. An Kok Moh, there is, however, plenty of evidence analysis of the technology of this hydraulic that local firing clays were supplemented by system and an examination of the trade pottery imported clays of a variety of types. The efforts and stoneware found in it have been given of the discriminating potters of Kok Moh to elsewhere (Stargardt, 1g73a, figs. 3-5 and IO- enrich and diversify their clay supply may well I 5). The implications of that evidence concern have been accompanied by cumulative work to us here, although space will not permit its convey more arable, clayey soils from the repetition: the construction methods and western side of the lake system and distribute 226 NOTES AND NEWS these over the developing network of dyked and as the only potters' pestle to be found in levelled rice fields. Both the particular needs of Thailand outside the extreme North-East (see the ceramic industry and the wider needs of Stargardt, 1973a, table 36 and 19736, table 4 for agriculture would have been served by the graphic representations of total diversification capacity of water transport to move heavy, of production at Koh Moh, by levels). The fine bulky and sometimes fragile loads. texture flagons have a high curvature of the bowl, a slender throat and a thin fluted collar. CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY AND TRADE These features, coupled with the normal At Kok Moh approximately 16,000 ceramic fragility of thin, unglazed earthenwares, suggest specimens were excavated from 16 levels of the that these vessels were not intended for domestic site. Among them, 23 distinct categories of use but as votive wares or containers in the wares were represented embracing great varia- luxury trade in oils and powdered gums which tions in the production repertoire of this site. passed across the isthmus. In general, the Prior to the excavations at this site by the production level and type indicated by the Cambridge Expedition in 1971 and 1972, no deposits suggests a specialized industry manu- ceramic tradition was associated with the facturing for an external cash market, not a local Srivijayan civilization in Thailand.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics by Zachary Abuza
    STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 6 The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics by Zachary Abuza Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Center for Complex Operations, and Center for Strategic Conferencing. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, and publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Unified Combatant Commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Thai and U.S. Army Soldiers participate in Cobra Gold 2006, a combined annual joint training exercise involving the United States, Thailand, Japan, Singapore, and Indonesia. Photo by Efren Lopez, U.S. Air Force The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics By Zachary Abuza Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 6 Series Editors: C. Nicholas Rostow and Phillip C. Saunders National Defense University Press Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • THAILAND Buddhist Minority Declines in the ‘Deep South’ Due to Protracted Armed Conflict
    15 November 2011 THAILAND Buddhist minority declines in the ‘deep south’ due to protracted armed conflict Since 2004, there has been a resurgence of violence in Thailand’s southern provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, where the government is facing the violent opposition of a number of Malay Muslim insurgency groups. Close to 5,000 people have been killed and nearly 8,000 injured. Buddhists, esti- mated to represent around 20 per cent of the total population of the three provinces in 2000, have been disproportionately affected by the violence; they account for nearly 40 per cent of all deaths and more than 60 per cent of all injured. Civilians from both communities are the main victims of the violence. As a result, many have since 2004 fled their homes and moved to safer areas. There are no reliable figures on the number of people displaced since 2004, but available information suggests that at least 30 per cent of Buddhists and ten per cent of Malay Muslims may have left their homes. While some have fled in direct response to the violence, many have moved because of the adverse effects of the conflict on the economy, on the availability and quality of education or on the provision of social services. Many of the displacements are also intended to be only temporary, and have split families, the head of household staying and the wife and children moving to safer areas. Buddhist civilians targeted by the insurgents because of their real or perceived association with the Thai state have fled their homes in large numbers, either seeking refuge in nearby urban areas or leaving the three provinces altogether.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Separatism in Southern Thailand: Kingdom Fraying at the Edge?
    1 ETHNIC SEPARATISM IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: KINGDOM FRAYING AT THE EDGE? Ian Storey Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies March 2007 The Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS) is a regional study, conference and research center under the United States Department of Defense. The views in this paper are personal opinions of the author, and are not official positions of the U.S. government, the U.S. Pacific Command, or the APCSS. All APCSS publications are posted on the APCSS web site at www.apcss.org. Overview • Since January 2004 separatist violence in Thailand’s three Muslim-majority southern provinces has claimed the lives of nearly 1,900 people. • The root causes of this latest phase of separatist violence are a complex mix of history, ethnicity, and religion, fueled by socio-economic disparities, poor governance, and political grievances. Observers differ on the role of radical Islam in the south, though the general consensus is that transnational terrorist groups are not involved. • A clear picture of the insurgency is rendered difficult by the multiplicity of actors, and by the fact that none of the groups involved has articulated clear demands. What is apparent, however, is that the overall aim of the insurgents is the establishment of an independent Islamic state comprising the three provinces. • The heavy-handed and deeply flawed policies of the Thaksin government during 2004-2006 deepened the trust deficit between Malay-Muslims and the Thai authorities and fueled separatist sentiment. 2 • Post-coup, the Thai authorities have made resolving violence in the south a priority, and promised to improve governance and conduct a more effective counter-insurgency campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Silat: a Muslim Traditional Martial Art in Southern Thailand 125
    Silat: A Muslim Traditional Martial Art in Southern Thailand 125 Chapter 3 Silat: A Muslim Traditional Martial Art in Southern Thailand Bussakorn Binson Introduction In Thai nomenclature, silat has various written forms, e.g. zila, sila, shila, zilat, sila, shilat, and zzila. It can also be called dika, buedika, buezila, buerasila, padik, and bueradika. In this chapter, “silat” will be used in accordance with the Encyclopaedia of Cultures in Southern Thailand (Ruengnarong 1999:8029) to depict an art form that is a blend of martial arts, folk performing arts, sport, and an element of the ritual occult all belonging to the Muslim social group of the Malay Peninsula. The most prominent martial art among Thai-Muslim communities in Southern Thailand is known as pencak silat. According to the Pattani Malay dialect - Thai Dictionary, “silat” is derived from “bersila” or “ssila” which means a form of traditional Malaysian martial art. Some linguists postulate that “silat” is derived from the Sanskrit word “shila” which means a fight to support honesty. Silat spread northward from the Malay Peninsula into Southeast Asia sev- eral hundred years ago. Its origin, however, is still ambiguous among Thais due to the absence of written evidence. A few legends have been maintained over the generations by lineages of silat masters in Southern Thailand. Whilst the history of silat is neither clear nor concise, most scholars acknowledge the art form is the result of the blending of a mixture of religious influences from Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and cultural influences from Indonesia, India, and China. In this chapter the author will describe the characteristics of silat in Southern Thailand by describing its knowledge transfer and the related rites and beliefs in both practice and performance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Malay Community in Southern Thailand: a “Small People” Facing Existential Uncertainty
    The Muslim Malay Community in Southern Thailand: A “Small People” Facing Existential Uncertainty Otto VON FEIGENBLATT Nova Southeastern University Abstract This article aims to apply Abulof’s concept of “small peoples” to the case of the Muslim Malay Community in Southern Thailand. Existential uncertainty as an intersubjective reality is the defi ning characteristic of a “small people.” Moreover, the article explores how the Muslim Malay community in the South of Thailand is facing ethnonational existential threats due to the assimilationist policies of the central government. The Patani-Malay language and the Islamic religion are threatened by policies favoring a homogenous national culture based on a unitary nation-state held together by the three pillars of nation, monarchy, and religion. Finally, the article concludes that one of the root causes of the Southern insurgency is the perceived slow death of the Patani-Malay ethnonationality by a signifi cant number of traditional leaders and youths. Some “soft” approaches to deal with the intersubjective reality of existential uncertainty experienced by the Muslim Malay minority are also provided as tentative recommendations. Keywords: deep South of Thailand, development, ethnic confl ict, Islam in Southeast Asia, Muslim Malays We should be ashamed of ourselves for sitting idly by and doing nothing while the colonialists trampled our brothers and sisters. The wealth that belongs to us has been seized. Our rights and freedom have been curbed, and our religion and culture have been sullied… From the Berjihad di Pattani (Liow, 2006, p. 100) Introduction “Small peoples” were originally defi ned by the Czech author Milan Kundera as a group of people who lack a sense of “eternal past and future” (Abulof 2009: 227).
    [Show full text]
  • Decentralization, Local Government, and Socio-Political Conflict in Southern Thailand
    No. 5, August 2006 Decentralization, Local Government, and Socio- political Conflict in Southern Thailand Chandra-nuj Mahakanjana East-West Center Washington WORKING PAPERS East-West Center The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes for the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, corporations and a number of Asia- Pacific governments. East-West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East-West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction in the Asia Pacific region and promoting American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. Contact Information: Editor, EWCW Working Papers East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: (202) 293-3995 Fax: (202) 293-1402 [email protected] Chandra-nuj Mahakanjana is a faculty member of the School of Public Administration at the National Institute of Development Administration, Bangkok, Thailand. During 2005, she was a Southeast Asia Fellow at the East- West Center Washington, where this study was written. Details on the fellowship program can be found on page 49.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from Kaeng Krung National Park, Southern Thailand with the Distribution Map of the Genus in Thailand
    Zootaxa 4965 (2): 396–400 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4965.2.12 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:828F1BE6-282F-4CAA-A063-6C9294B90EC5 A new species, Agapetus kaengkrungensis (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from Kaeng Krung National Park, southern Thailand with the distribution map of the genus in Thailand SOLOMON BOGA VADON1,3, PATTIRA PONGTIPATI2,4 & PONGSAK LAUDEE2,5,* 1Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Muang District, Surat Thani Prov- ince, Thailand 84100. 2Faculty of Innovative Agriculture and Fishery Establishment Project, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Muang District, Surat Thani Province, Thailand 84100. 3 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-4831-8854 4 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1370-9313 * Correspondence: 5 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-7980 Abstract The male of a new species of caddisfly, Agapetus kaengkrungensis n. sp. (Glossosomatidae) is described and illustrated from Kaeng Krung National Park, Surat Thani Province, southern Thailand. Agapetus kaengkrungensis n. sp. is distinguished from other species by the characters of segment IX and inferior appendages. The distributions of the Agapetus spp. of Thailand are mapped and discussed. Key words: diversity, Oriental Region, caddisfly Introduction Three genera of Glossosomatidae are known from Thailand including Glossosoma Curtis 1834, Agapetus Curtis 1834, and Padunia Martynov 1910. A fourth genus Cariboptila Flint 1964 has also been reported in Thailand, but its occurrence outside of the Caribbean region is disputed (Robertson & Holzenthal 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Framing the Violence in Southern Thailand: Three Waves Of
    FRAMING THE VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THREE WAVES OF MALAY-MUSLIM SEPARATISM A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Sara A. Jones June 2007 This thesis entitled FRAMING THE VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THREE WAVES OF MALAY-MUSLIM SEPARATISM by SARA A. JONES has been approved for the Center for International Studies by Elizabeth Fuller Collins Associate Professor of Classics and World Religions Drew O. McDaniel Interim Director, Center for International Studies Abstract JONES, SARA A., M.A., June 2007, Southeast Asian Studies FRAMING THE VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THREE WAVES OF MALAY-MUSLIM SEPARATISM (130 pp.) Director of Thesis: Elizabeth Fuller Collins This thesis examines how the Thai newspaper, The Nation (an English-language daily), portrays the violence in the Malay-Muslim South through the use of agenda- setting concepts and framing analyses in articles published about four events in 2004. Two of the events are examples of state aggression against southern insurgents whereas the other two are instances in which southern insurgents were the primary aggressors against the state and/or citizens. The history of the Malay-Muslim dominant provinces is reviewed, showing how the separatist movement has evolved into three distinct waves. The original secessionist movements focused on ethnic Malay identity; over time elements of Islamist ideology were introduced such that the current movement is not recognizably a separatist or Islamist movement. This thesis also includes a short analysis of articles published in Matichon sutsapd, a Thai-language weekly, and shows how Malay-Muslim Thais in the South demand justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Thailand: from Conflict to Negotiations?
    Southern Thailand: Duncan McCargo From conflict to negotiations? April 2014 SOUTHERN THAILAND: FROM CONFLICT TO NEGOTIATIONS? The Lowy Institute for International Policy is an independent policy think tank. Its mandate ranges across all the dimensions of international policy debate in Australia – economic, political and strategic – and it is not limited to a particular geographic region. Its two core tasks are to: • produce distinctive research and fresh policy options for Australia’s international policy and to contribute to the wider international debate. • promote discussion of Australia’s role in the world by providing an accessible and high quality forum for discussion of Australian international relations through debates, seminars, lectures, dialogues and conferences. Lowy Institute Analyses are short papers analysing recent international trends and events and their policy implications. The views expressed in this paper are entirely the author’s own and not those of the Lowy Institute for International Policy. SOUTHERN THAILAND: FROM CONFLICT TO NEGOTIATIONS? EXECUTIVE SUMMARY It has been a decade since the outbreak of one of Asia’s most serious insurgencies, the conflict between Malay Muslims and the Thai state in Southern Thailand. Often ignored and unremarked upon by the international community, this conflict has left over 6,000 dead and countless others wounded. There is more at stake here than just stability in the south. In recent years, Thailand has seen a resurgence of ethno regionalist tensions across the country, most recently in the North and Northeast. Grasping the nettle by addressing the root causes of the southern insurgency will be crucial in turning back the tide of regional resentments and allowing Thais everywhere more political space to manage their own affairs without constant interference from Bangkok.
    [Show full text]
  • Healing Under Fire
    HEALING UNDER FIRE THE CASE OF SOUTHERN THAILAND Editors Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong Louisa Chan Boegli and Supat Hasuwannakit HEALING UNDER FIRE THE CASE OF SOUTHERN THAILAND 1 2 HEALING UNDER FIRE THE CASE OF SOUTHERN THAILAND HEALING UNDER FIRE THE CASE OF SOUTHERN THAILAND Editors Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong Louisa Chan Boegli and Supat Hasuwannakit The Deep South Relief and Reconciliation Foundation This publication is made possible by a grant and the Rugiagli Initiative from the Swiss embassy in Thailand Vietnam Myanmar Lao PDR Songkhla Pattani Thailand Perlis Cambodia Yala Narathiwat Andaman Gulf of Kedah Sea Thailand Kelantan Penang Perak Malaysia Map of Thailand and the four southern provinces Healing Under Fire: The Case of Southern Thailand Editors Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong Louisa Chan Boegli and Supat Hasuwannakit © The Deep South Relief and Reconciliation (DSRR) Foundation and the Rugiagli Initiative (tRI) 2014 Any part of this document may be freely reproduced with appropriate acknowledgement. Suggested citation: The Deep South Relief and Reconciliation (DSRR) Foundation and the Rugiagli Initiative (tRI), Healing Under Fire The Case of Southern Thailand, Bangkok, 2014. ISBN: 978-616-92204-0-4 CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 Surin Pitsuwan PREFACE 6 Prawase Wasi I. BACKGROUND – CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN THAILAND 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Louisa Chan Boegli, Supat Hasuwannakit, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong Chapter 2 The Deep South of Thailand: Neither War Nor Peace? Trajectories for a peaceful settlement of the conflict 16 Norbert Ropers Chapter 3 The Southern Medical Community’s First Forays Into Peace Work 24 Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong, Metta Kuning, Vorasith Sornsrivichai, Wallapa Thakan Chapter 4 By the Numbers: Major Health Problems in the Deep South 31 Rohani Jeharsae, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong Chapter 5 Epidemiology of the Violence in the Deep South 41 Metta Kuning, Mayuening Eso, Vorasith Sornsrivichai, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong II.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia Field: Strategy Name: Radm Syed Zahrul Putra RMN Course: NDC Class 60
    Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia By Rear Admiral Syed Zahrul Putra Royal Malaysian Navy Student of the National Defence College The National Defence Course: Class 60 Academic Year 2017 - 2018 i Abstract Title: Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia Field: Strategy Name: Radm Syed Zahrul Putra RMN Course: NDC Class 60 Series of violence in Southern Thailand resurgence in late 2001 and eventually escalated dramatically in 2004. Many scholars regarded this conflict entailed from the manifestation of deep resentment of the people in the southern provinces towards the central government especially with regards to the historical factor, culture, leadership style and economic deprivation. Being an immediate neighbour, Malaysia in an absolute sense, is affected physically in this situations. The Southern Thailand is experiencing a situation where there is neither total nor civil war. But the “tone” of having some kind of conflict and unrest in these provinces is clearly evident. Malaysia has significantly played several roles in assisting to restore peace and stability in Southern Thailand provinces. One of the examples is the establishment of General Border Committee (GBC) between Thailand and Malaysia with the primary objective of GBC is to enhance the security and stability in the border areas. It has helped bridging differences, building contacts and facilitating communication between the two countries. Additionally, leaders from both sides maintain close ties through regular official and non-official visits in various forums. The Malaysian government has viewed the conflict in the Southern Thailand seriously. The geographical proximity between the two countries placed Malaysia within the parameters of what is essentially as Thai internal problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: the Anomaly of Satun
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2012-06 Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: the Anomaly of Satun Conlon, Kevin T. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7323 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THE ANOMALY OF SATUN by Kevin T. Conlon June 2012 Thesis Advisor: Michael Malley Second Reader: Sandra Leavitt Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: The Anomaly 5. FUNDING NUMBERS of Satun 6. AUTHOR(S) Kevin T. Conlon 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11.
    [Show full text]