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Acronyme du projet/ Acronym of the ENS-ICFP project
Titre du projet en Centre international ENS de physique fondamentale et de français ses interfaces
ENS - International Centre for Fundamental Physics and Project title in English its interfaces Nom / Name : Krauth, Werner Coordinateur du Etablissement / Institution : Ecole normale supérieure projet/Coordinator of Laboratoire / Laboratory : Département de physique the project Numéro d’unité/Unit number : FR 684
Aide demandée/ 9,755,142 Euros Requested funding
□ Santé, bien-être, alimentation et biotechnologies / Health, well- being, nutrition and biotechnologies □ Urgence environnementale et écotechnologies / Environnemental Champs disciplinaires urgency, ecotechnologies (SNRI) / Disciplinary □ Information, communication et nanotechnologies / Information, field communication and nantechnologies □ Sciences humaines et sociales / Social sciences X Autre champ disciplinaire / Other disciplinary scope
Domaines scientifiques/ Physics, Nano, Astro scientific areas
Participation à un ou plusieurs projet(s) « Initiatives d’excellence » (IDEX) / X oui □ non Participation in an « Initiatives d’excellence » project
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Affiliation(s) du partenaire coordinateur de projet/ Organisation of the coordinating partner
Laboratoire(s)/Etablissement(s) Numéro(s) d’unité/ Tutelle(s) /Research Laboratory/Institution(s) Unit number Organisation reference Département de physique FR 684 ENS, CNRS
Affiliations des partenaires au projet/Organization of the partner(s)
Laboratoire(s)/Etablissement(s) Numéro(s) d’unité/ Tutelle(s)/Research Laboratory/Institution(s) Unit number Organisation reference LKB UMR 8552 ENS, CNRS, UPMC LPA UMR 8551 ENS, CNRS,UPMC,UDD LPS UMR 8550 ENS, CNRS, UPMC,UDD LPT UMR 8549 ENS, CNRS, UPMC ENS, CNRS, Observatoire de LRA -LERMA UMR 8112 Paris, UPMC
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1. SUMMARY...... 6 2. APPLICATION TO THE ACTIONS OF THE PROGRAMME «INVESTISSEMENTS D’AVENIR »...... 9 3. MANAGEMENT OF THE PARTNERSHIP...... 9 3.1. Composition of the partnership ...... 9 3.2. Relevant experience of the project coordinator...... 10 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING...... 11 4.1. Partners presentation ...... 11 4.1.1 Partner 1: Department of physics 11 4.1.1.1 Research and innovation ...... 11 4.1.1.2 Exploitation of results ...... 15 4.1.1.3 Higher education ...... 15 4.1.1.4 Organisation ...... 17 4.1.2 Partner 2: Kastler Brossel Laboratory 17 4.1.2.1 Research and innovation ...... 17 4.1.2.2 Exploitation of results ...... 19 4.1.2.3 Higher education ...... 20 4.1.2.4 Organisation ...... 20 4.1.3 Partner 3: Pierre Aigrain laboratory 20 4.1.3.1 Research and innovation ...... 20 4.1.3.2 Exploitation of results ...... 22 4.1.3.3 Higher education ...... 22 4.1.3.4 Organisation ...... 22 4.1.4 Partner 4: Statistical Physics Laboratory 22 4.1.4.1 Research and innovation ...... 22 4.1.4.2 Exploitation of results ...... 24 4.1.4.3 Higher education ...... 24 4.1.4.4 Organisation ...... 25 4.1.5 Partner 5: Theoretical Physics Laboratory 25 4.1.5.1 Research and innovation ...... 25 4.1.5.2 Exploitation of results ...... 26 4.1.5.3 Higher education ...... 26 4.1.5.4 Organisation ...... 26 4.1.6 Partner 6: Radio Astronomy laboratory 27 4.1.6.1 Research and innovation ...... 27 4.1.6.2 Exploitation of results ...... 28 4.1.6.3 Higher education ...... 28 4.1.6.4 Organisation ...... 28 4.2. Existing collaborations ...... 28 5. TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 30 5.1. State of the art...... 30 5.2. Objectives of the project compared to the state of the art and in relation to the SNRI...... 34 5.2.1 Scientific programme 34 5.2.2 Exploitation of results, transfer and expertise 41
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5.2.3 Higher education, integration into the workplace 43 5.2.4 Governance 45 5.2.5 Attraction 47 5.3. Strategy of the supervising institution ...... 48 5.3.1 Strategy of the supervising institutions regarding research 48 5.3.2 Strategy of the supervising institutions regarding higher education 49 5.3.3 Strategy of the supervising institutions regarding valorisation 49 5.4. Connections to the socio-economic world ...... 50 5.5. Pull effect...... 50 6. FINANCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE MOBILISATION OF THE RESOURCES ...... 52 6.1. Justification for the mobilisation of the resources ...... 52 6.1.1 Research project 52 6.1.1.1 Equipement (coût unitaire supérieur à 4000 euros HT)...... 52 6.1.1.2 Personnel cost...... 52 6.1.1.3 Subcontracting...... 53 6.1.1.4 Travel ...... 53 6.1.1.5 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing)...... 53 6.1.1.6 Other working costs ...... 53 6.1.2 Educational project 53 6.1.2.1 Equipement (coût unitaire supérieur à 4000 euros HT)...... 53 6.1.2.2 Personnel cost...... 53 6.1.2.3 Subcontracting...... 54 6.1.2.4 Travel ...... 54 6.1.2.5 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing)...... 54 6.1.2.6 Other working costs ...... 54 6.1.3 Exploitationofresults 54 6.1.3.1 Personnel cost...... 54 6.1.3.2 Subcontracting...... 54 6.1.3.3 Travel ...... 55 6.1.3.4 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing)...... 55 6.1.3.5 Other working costs ...... 55 6.1.4 governance 55 6.1.4.1 Personnel cost...... 55 6.1.4.2 Subcontracting...... 55 6.1.4.3 Travel ...... 55 6.1.4.4 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing)...... 55 6.1.4.5 Other working costs ...... 55 6.2. others resources ...... 55 6.2.1.1 Financial contribution of each laboratory to the ENS-ICFP ...... 56 6.2.1.1.1 Personnel staff provided by each laboratory to the ENS-ICFP...... 57
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6.2.1.1.2 Equipments and working costs provided by each laboratory to the ENS- ICFP 59 7. APPENDICES...... 60 7.1. State of the art references ...... 60 7.2. Partners' references………………………………………………………………….65 7.3. Estimate……………………………………………………………………………………71
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1. SUMMARY The ENS physics department is a world-leading centre of research and training in fundamental physics. Groundbreaking research performed at the department ranges from atom-matter interactions (Nobel prize, A. Kastler (1966)) and laser cooling (Nobel prize, C. Cohen-Tannoudji (1997)) to work on fundamental interactions (Dirac medal, J. Iliopoulos (2007) and breakthroughs in statistical physics (Boltzmann medal, B. Derrida (2010)). The excellence of research at the department is exemplified by the success of seven of its researchers in the 2008-2010 period in obtaining European research grants (ERC), for projects from the physics of liquids at negative pressure to cold atomic gases and to super-solids. The ENS physics department (Fédération de recherche FR684, ENS-CNRS) is composed of five laboratories: Kastler Brossel Laboratory, Pierre Aigrain Laboratory, Statistical Physics Laboratory, Theoretical Physics Laboratory and Radioastronomy Laboratory. All five laboratories are common to ENS, the CNRS and Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC). LPS and LPA are also associated with the Denis Diderot University (UDD), and the LRA is part of the LERMA, a laboratory associated with the Paris Observatory. A common organization under the responsibility of the department's director coordinates research and education, manages technical staff and mutualised equipment. In the 2008 AERES evaluations, the Department of physics and its five laboratories were all ranked A+ (the top mark). The department contributes to the unique intellectual environment at École Normale Supérieure. It oversees several of the entrance examinations for the future third-year students. The department organizes an elite undergraduate program, and a high-level master program. The high-level courses organized by the department call on teachers from the Paris/Ile de France region. They are offered in collaboration with several other universities (UPMC, UDD, Orsay University) and École Polytechnique. The excellent reputation of the relatively small number of students in the department leads to remarkable international mobility: in 2009/2010, ENS master students in physics performed their mandatory six-month internship at universities and institutes such as Princeton University, Stanford, Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, the Max Planck Institutes, the ETH Zürich, among others. Likewise, the excellent track record of young researchers at the ENS physics department has not gone unnoticed internationally. In recent years, a number of young tenured researchers at the department have moved on to highly successful research careers abroad. Even though the ENS Physics department has had and still has a prominent international standing and is still attractive in the international competition for PhD students and post-docs, it encounters problems to maintain and increase its attractiveness, compared to other world- class institutions. This is due to the complexity and the long delays for obtaining, e.g., Marie Curie Grants or PhD fellowships with competitive salaries, while other institutions dispose of dedicated funds. This has been pointed out, among other remarks, by the 2008 international visiting committee chaired by Nobel Laureate Prof. D. Gross (Santa Barbara).
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The objective of the present project is to boost the international attractiveness of the ENS physics department in order to join worldwide top players. Under the common denominator “ENS-International Centre for fundamental Physics and its interfaces (ENS-ICFP)”, the current project will introduce three urgently needed key measures: an ENS-Junior Research Chair program will boost the research potential; the ENS master/graduate school of physics will provide an international platform for proven excellence in teaching. Finally, a valorisation project will significantly change the approach to dissemination and exploitation of results. These measures, which have proven their efficiency in other world-leading institutions, represent a long overdue break in operations. They can be rapidly put into effect. They will have a strong leverage on the international visibility of the ENS physics department.
The ENS-Junior Research chairs (JRC) will be opened for three-year periods (physicists setting up independent experiments can be granted longer stays). JRC recipients will be appointed by the department. They will benefit from competitive research conditions. JRCs will help develop central, rapidly evolving research fields across laboratories of the ENS physics department, with a potential for technological applications. The fields are as follows: Quantum physics: from cold atoms to condensed matter: Building on the outstanding laboratories of the ENS physics department, the ENS-ICFP will federate its research groups in atomic, condensed-matter and theoretical physics for the development of techniques harnessing quantum physics and quantum information. It will push the development of quantum communication, quantum information, high-resolution measurements and quantum simulations. Biophysics: from the cell to the organism: Expertise in micromanipulation, optical visualization and micro-fabrication at the molecular level, spread over several laboratories of the department, will be used to analyse how stochastic molecular processes coordinate large systems. The ENS-ICFP will develop new experimental and theoretical tools to understand the dynamics of living matter, development, and evolution and adaptation. Non-linear physics and hydrodynamics: Building on the major role the department has played in non-linear physics, from Bose condensates to fluid dynamics and astrophysics, the ENS-ICFP will foster interdisciplinary leading-edge research on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. It will combine experiment, theory, numerical simulation, and observations. Applications cover out-of- equilibrium systems, especially dynamo physics, star formation and the dynamics of accretion discs. Theoretical physics and applications: The long-standing leadership in high-energy physics, field theory and statistical mechanics at the department will allow the ENS-ICFP to develop highly sophisticated analytical and computational tools devoted to physics and interfaces from mathematics to the science of complexity. The transfer of techniques and concepts on string theory and cosmology, field theory and condensed matter, statistical physics and computer science will be its strong point.
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Judging from the outstanding success of analogous initiatives, at MIT and other top universities, JRCs will generate strong synergies between groups at the department but also with neighbouring research groups at the Collège de France, the University Pierre et Marie Curie, the Paris Observatory and the ESPCI, among others. The program will boost the international visibility of the ENS department of physics among young physicists, and transform, as was described for the MIT Pappalardo program, into the “heart and soul” of its research action. It will provide the department with essential options for the installation of new permanent members.
The ENS-ICFP teaching project will open up the teaching at the ENS physics department internationally, trying to attract international master students, but also internationally renowned senior professors. The ENS master/graduate school of physics, whose working language will be English, will preserve the essential strong points of the existing ENS Master: the very high level of presentations, the close contact between students and teachers, and the great variety of subjects. On an international level, top-ranked teachers will be invited to participate in the ENS-ICFP teaching program for several years, typically during one month/year, with a competitive part-time salary. JRC recipients will participate in teaching (at the level of 1/3 of regular service), creating a truly international atmosphere at the ENS-ICFP. By providing a small number of master scholarships, the ENS-ICFP will obtain latitude for selecting the most promising students.
The exploitation part of the ENS-ICFP project has three main objectives: maximize the dissemination of scientific results, improve the department's international visibility and build up sustained relations with the private sector in order to facilitate the exploitation of results. Practically, these ambitious objectives require the appointment on a high-level position of an Outreach, Dissemination and Exploitation (ODE) Manager, who will manage the valorisation effort, and also organize and coordinate the JRC program.
The management of the ENS-ICFP will rely on an executive board, composed of the director of the Department, the five directors of laboratories and the director of higher education. This will be completed by an International Advisory Board (IAB), which will take over and extend the role of the highly influential past international visiting committees (2004, 2008). Besides advising the ENS-ICFP, and the ENS physics department, on its long-term strategy, the IAB will be consulted on issues such as the applications of JRC candidates and on the curricula of the ENS master/graduate school of physics. The IAB will advise the executive board in all matters concerning relation with industry, and help develop a sound strategy for innovation, patent production and registration, as well as start-up creation. On the executive level, the research committee, the director of higher education and the ODE manager will be in charge of implementing the strategy defined by the executive board.
The present proposal will strongly increase international visibility of the ENS physics department. This will open new funding opportunities.
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2. APPLICATION TO THE ACTIONS OF THE PROGRAMME «INVESTISSEMENTS D’AVENIR »
Nom de Acronyme du projet Nom du Consortium /partenariat impliqué l’action (préciser si le projet coordinateur est déposé ou envisagé) EQUIPEX CEMEQUIM P. Indelicato LKB, LERMA (Obs. Paris, CNRS, UPMC, submitted (LKB) ENS, Uiv. Cergy), LULI (École Polytechnique, CNRS, Paris XI), LASIM (CNRS, Univ C; Bernard, Lyon), LCAR (CNRS, Univ. P. Sabatier, Toulouse) EQUIPEX REFIMEV C. LPL (Univ. Paris XIII), SYRTE submitted Chardonnet (Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, LNE), LKB, RENATER and most other users of time/frequence references in France EQUIPEX PAM Pascal Debu IRFU (CEA/DSM), LSI (Ecole submitted (IRFU/CEA) Polytechnique, CEA/DSM/IRAMIS CNRS), CSNSM (Université PARIS 11, CNRS/IN2P3), CEMHTI (CNRS, Université d’ORLEANS), LKB EQUIPEX LYMAN-ALPHA Louis Cabaret Laboratoire Aimé Cotton (Unité Propre submitted (LAC) CNRS), LKB EQUIPEX EQUIP@MESO Catherine Le GENCI, Université de Strasbourg, CEA, submitted Louarn Université Aix-Marseille I, Université (GENCI) Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, Université Claude Bernard, PSL, UMPC, PRES Université de Toulouse, Université Joseph Fourier, CRIHAN IDEX IDEX PSL To be defined ENS, Collège de France, Observatoire de To be submitted Paris, ESPCI ParisTech , ENSCP ParisTech
3. MANAGEMENT OF THE PARTNERSHIP
3.1. COMPOSITION OF THE PARTNERSHIP
Nom du partenaire Affiliation Effectifs / Catégorie de personnel (chercheurs, ingénieurs, doctorant …) Département de ENS, CNRS 45 technical staff physique ENS, CNRS, 155 in total : 50 researchers/ 30 technical staff/ LKB UPMC 45 PhD students/ 30 post-docs
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ENS, CNRS, 55 in total: 25 researchers/ 8 technical staff/ 17 LPA UPMC, UDD PhD students/ 5 post-docs ENS, CNRS, 85 in total: 34 researchers/ 10 technical staff/ 27 LPS UPMC, UDD PhD students/ 14 post-docs ENS, CNRS, 41 in total: 22 researchers/2 technical staff/ 11 LPT UPMC PhD students/6 post-docs ENS, CNRS, 16 in total: 9 researchers/2 technical staff/ 3 Observatoire de PhD students/2 post-docs LRA -LERMA Paris, UPMC
3.2. RELEVANT EXPERIENCE OF THE PROJECT COORDINATOR Werner Krauth, Director of the ENS Physics department, is CNRS Research Director (directeur de recherche 1ère classe). He studied physics and mathematics at the Free University Berlin (West), the University of Vienna (Austria), and the Philipps University Marburg (Germany), from which he graduated with a Diploma in physics (1986) (see references in section 7.2). He obtained his thesis from the University Paris XI (1989), for work on neural networks and combinatorial optimization done at Ecole normale supérieure. He was a post-doctoral research associate at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA) (1989-1991). Since 1991, he has been member of the Statistical physics laboratory (LPS) at the Physics department of Ecole normale supérieure. His research covers a wide range of subjects in statistical mechanics, soft and hard condensed-matter physics, atomic physics and field theory, often using computational approaches. Krauth is author of 61 publications referenced in ISI, with 4700 citations, and single author of a text book, « Statistical mechanics: algorithms and computations » (Oxford University Press, 2006).
W. Krauth is very invested in teaching. Besides regular master and doctoral courses at Ecole normale supérieure and at University Pierre et Marie Curie, he has been invited for extended lecture courses in Shanghai (China), Drakensberg (South Africa), EPFL Lausanne (Switzerland), and at Summer schools such as Les Houches, Beg Rohu, Budapest (Hungary), Salem (Germany), Marmaris (Turkey), among others. Krauth explores new approaches to teaching, as for example teleteaching (ETH-Zürich, ENS, LMU Munich, University of Massachusetts, 2010), or wiki-based formatsA. He has been supervising 9 doctoral students, of which seven have by now graduated.
W. Krauth has taken part in the international opening of ENS studentship (jury member ENS-Europe, Sélection internationale, president of jury), and has represented ENS on missions in China (Shanghai, Nanjing). He is mentor of the German national merit students at ENS. As director of the ENS physics department, since 2010, he emphasizes clear
A http://cours-physique.lps.ens.fr
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governance, as for example in the ongoing 25M€ renovation project, which he oversees for the physics department as head of the Department's governing board, of the renovation committee, but also via the Department blogB.
W. Krauth has been member of external University commissions at Paris 6 (UPMC), Paris 7 (Paris-Diderot), Paris 12 (Créteil), and has served as an AERES expert. In the 2004-2007 period, he was member of the CNRS national steering committee for theoretical physics (Comité national du CNRS, section 02).
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING
4.1. PARTNERS PRESENTATION
4.1.1 PARTNER 1: DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
4.1.1.1 Research and innovation During the AERES evaluation performed in 2008, the ENS physics department has been ranked A+. The evaluation was performed by the 2008 international visiting committee composed of D. Gross (Chair) (Santa Barbara), C. Cesarsky (ESO, Munich), S. Leibler (Rockefeller, New York), H. Levine (San Diego), M. Skolnick (Sheffield), J. Walraven (Amsterdam). The committee stated: “The Physics Department of the Ecole Normale Supérieure is a world-class institution, combining the teaching of many of the best young scientists in France at the undergraduate and graduate level, with leading research in basic science. The department plays an essential role in the graduate education in physics in France. The research performed in the five laboratories of the department is diverse and wide ranging, from galaxies to strings, from biophysics to information theory.”
The ENS physics department is a flagship of research and teaching in theoretical and experimental physics. The department was founded by physicists H. Abraham, E. Bruhat, and G. Bloch, in the years preceding WWII. The department occupies 12000 m² of a building on the ENS campus next to rue d'Ulm in Paris (and 1500 m² on the Jussieu campus of UPMC). The ENS building is presently undergoing large-scale renovation funded by the national and the regional government (CPER). The entire project is on the scale of 60-70 M€, of which 25M€ are already allocated. The renovation will resolve a problem of ill-maintained space that has plagued the department for several decades, and that has been pointed out repeatedly by the international visiting committees. The basic design of the department, which emphasizes the unity of research and education, will remain unchanged.
B http://www.phys.ens.fr/blog
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The ENS department of physics (FR 684, director W. Krauth) is composed of five laboratories: The Kastler Brossel Laboratory (LKB, director P. Indelicato), named after its two founders, deals with matter-field interaction, with an emphasis on quantum optics, quantum information, quantum gases and fundamental measurements as well as their applications to biophysics. The 2008 international committee stated: “The Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel (LKB) is a worldwide leading laboratory in the field of modern atomic physics and quantum optics with strong links to condensed matter physics and quantum information processing. » The Pierre Aigrain Laboratory (LPA, director J.M. Berroir) deals with the fundamental electronic and optical properties of nano-objects: semiconductor nanostructures, quantum conductors, superconducting thin films, carbon nanotubes or DNA molecules. The 2008 international committee stated: “LPA is the focus for condensed matter physics research within the Ecole Normale Supérieure. Over the last five to ten years its research has concentrated increasingly on mesoscopic and nanoscopic systems, in line with general trends worldwide in solid state physics. There is increasing emphasis on quantum information topics, an identified long-term goal, leading to a number of common directions with LKB (...) The over-riding strength of the Laboratory is the very high quality of its personnel at both the permanent staff and at PhD student level.“ The Statistical Physics Laboratory (LPS, director E. Perez) has a wide range of activities centred on statistical physics (from helium crystals to complex systems). It is particularly active in the interface between physics and biology. The 2008 international committee stated: “The Laboratoire de Physique Statistique has had a long history of world-leading research into the dynamical behavior of non-equilibrium systems, encompassing both theoretical and experimental approaches. These efforts were coordinated over the past decades by first class international scientists such as Yves Pomeau and Yves Couder, who made LPS into one of the very top places for this entire research direction.” The Theoretical Physics Laboratory (LPT, director C. Kounnas) deals with fundamental problems such as the unification of interactions of particles and particles within string theory, the quantization of gravity as well as with the applications of statistical methods to the theory of disordered condensed matter systems, biology and to large optimization problems. The 2008 international committee stated: “The Laboratoire de Physique Théorique at the ENS has been for over thirty years one of the centres of excellence in theoretical physics in Europe. Since 1974, when it was consolidated at the ENS, it has had a major impact on a variety of fields, ranging from particle physics to string theory, from statistical mechanics to information theory and optimization. Ideas and methods of quantum field theory, the renormalization group and integrable systems formed the intellectual core of the laboratory.” The Radioastronomy Laboratory (LRA, director M. Gérin) deals with the physics of astrophysical gases: the relationship of star formation with the structure of the interstellar medium, including the characterization of its turbulence, the physics of magnetized accretion disks, planetary and stellar dynamos. The 2008 international committee stated: “The Laboratoire Radioastronomie Millimétrique (LRA) is much smaller than the other Physics Laboratories of ENS, with only ten permanent researchers, and eight students and post-docs. It is nevertheless thriving, working on a restricted set of interesting and contemporary problems related to galaxy, star and planet formation.”
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For a detailed description of the laboratories see sections 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 4.1.6.
With their focus on fundamental research, a common emphasis on the unity between research and education, the mutualised equipment and the well-coordinated governance, the laboratories of the ENS physics department have been actively collaborating in recent decades. A number of worldwide scientific convergences have been mirrored on the level of the department and its laboratories: Quantum physics: from cold atoms to condensed matter: This field has traditionally been a focus of LKB and LPA. The international research focus on the cross-links between atomic, statistical and condensed-matter physics, has led to common research projects. In the domain of cold-atom physics, for example, a number of highly visible papers were written across the laboratories. This has led to a number of prominent articles, as for example [1,2], common PhD theses, and a number of joint publications [3,4, 5]. Biophysics has been actively studied in several of the laboratories of the department for more than 15 years. Starting from pioneering research in the micro-manipulation of DNA molecules, research has built on visualization expertise and micro-fabrication knowledge, as well as on advanced theoretical tools. Internal coordination involves for example a common biophysics seminar. External coordination, with the chemistry and biology departments at ENS and with other neighbouring groups has led to highly visible results (see section 4.2). Non-linear physics and hydrodynamics is another cross-laboratory initiative at the department. This subject is a focus of large experimental effort in LPS, which has culminated in the first realization of the dynamo effect, the spontaneous generation of magnetic fields in a laboratory experiment and observations of their reversal [6]. The subject of magnetohydrodynamics is also the focus of a very strong research group in LRA, which works on the modelling and observation of magnetized astrophysical gases. Both groups work jointly on the theoretical description and numerical modelling of such flows, with a number of joint articles, common PhD theses, and tight collaboration in the teaching activity, for example in computational physics. Theoretical physics and applications are a further example of transversal research activities. Originally centred around questions of high-energy physics at LPT, the point of views from quantum-field theory to universality and to integrability is now studied in several laboratories, and it is giving rise to experimental consequences on all scales, from mesoscopic physics to atomic gases, non-equilibrium phase transitions up to the large scale of LHC experiments, most of them with inter-laboratory collaborations.
The question on how to deal with the emergence of new activities has given rise to intense internal discussions, and it was repeatedly asked to outside advisors of the department. The 2004 and 2008 international committees advised the department to preserve the structure of laboratories, but to increase the cross-laboratory coordination. In the 2004 report, it was pointed out that “The biophysics activities might serve as a role model for other cooperations on subjects of common interests across laboratory borders”. In the 2008 report, it has been pointed out that “The biophysics activities of the Physics Department of the ENS span a horizontal network
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within the vertical columns of the five labs except -and probably for good reasons- the astrophysics lab”. The ENS-ICFP takes up the advice of its international experts.
The department gathers 410 people (see details in Table 1Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.). Two members of the Department were awarded the Nobel Prize and four the CNRS Gold medal, the most prestigious national science award. Two members of the presently active faculty are Professors at the Collège de France. Some of the most eminent scientists in each laboratory are presented in sections 4.1.2.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.5.1, 4.1.6.1.
Table 1 : Staff in the laboratories and in the department Lab Researchers Technical Students Postdocs Total staff (PhD) LKB 50 30 45 30 155 LPA 25 8 17 5 55 LPS 34 10 27 14 85 LPT 22 2 11 6 41 LRA 9 2 3 2 16 Dpt - 45 - - 45
The department provides essential shared facilities for the experimental activities: The department workshop handles large machining projects. It is fully staffed with technicians and engineers, and it has a remarkable expertise in the production of cryogenic setups, among others. In the 2009/2010 period, the department workshop was completely reorganized and renovated in the form of a technical platform. The department's cryogenic service, equipped with a helium liquefier, serves the research groups across three laboratories that are heavy users of the department’s helium supply and recovery system. Currently, 18 cryostats operate for high-visibility applications ranging from atom-photon interactions [7,8] to mesoscopic physics [9] and to low-temperature helium physics [10]. A clean room facility (110 m2, class 10 000, ISO 7), the department’s most recent key equipment, provides state-of-the-art nano-fabrication capabilities. The fully staffed installation is part of a cluster of complementary facilities in central Paris (at UPMC, UDD, ESPCI, Paris Observatory). Applications range from the production of atom chips [11] to mesoscopic physics[12]. The Department hosts a parallel computer dedicated to fluid dynamic simulations, accessible to scientists from PSL. The upgrade of this facility has been requested in the EQUIPEX EQUIP@MESO proposal. Finally, the department's library is being integrated into a newly constructed “learning centre” of the ENS natural science departments, in an adjacent building on the ENS rue d'Ulm campus.
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4.1.1.2 Exploitation of results Members of the department publish more than one scientific paper per work day (300 scientific papers were written in 2009), many of them appearing in high-visibility journals. A significant number of exploitable results were obtained and institutional meetings with industrial partners were organized (for example a meeting with three research board members of Alcatel-Lucent).
Besides, the laboratories have set-up some industrial collaboration (L’Oréal, Renault, Schlumberger, etc). These collaborations are described in more details in the corresponding laboratory description. The exploitation of results is made through the CNRS valorisation structure: DIRE (Direction Innovation et Relation avec les Entreprises). DIRE relies on four structures: FIST in charge of patent issues and start-up creation, RéSVP in charge of setting-up private-public collaboration and file application to apply for a patent protection, CESPI in charge of the definition of the exploitation strategy and COPI operational service. Each laboratory of the department has nominated a person in charge of the contacts between researchers and CNRS valorisation structure. Several start-ups have been created by the laboratories. For example, Picotwist will be described in more details in the presentation of the LPS laboratory.
4.1.1.3 Higher education For many decades, excellence and leadership in teaching and in research, and the close coordination between the two have been the hallmark of the mission of the ENS physics department. The 2008 international visiting committee stated that the department is “combining the teaching of many of the best young scientists in France at the undergraduate and graduate level, with leading research in basic science. The department plays an essential role in the graduate education in physics in France”. Indeed, the department has educated a large fraction of leading physicists all over France, with among them six Nobel Prize winners and 9 winners of the CNRS gold medal.
Due to the particular organization of higher education in France, the undergraduate (bachelor) level at ENS comprises only a single year (L3). About thirty students join the department each year at this level after passing a national exam or through an international scholarship competition. A number of students are accepted from French and International universities following a highly selective process. For the first master year (M1), these students are joined by a few international students. The final master year (M2) welcomes many students who originally studied elsewhere (École Polytechnique, ENS Lyon, ENS Cachan, ESPCI, etc). All the above programs are run under the leadership of the ENS physics department, in collaboration with other schools and universities as indicated in Table 2. This table also lists the present numbers of students.
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Table 2 : Origin of students at the ENS higher education program Year Number of students Number of Partnerships (2010/11) international students Bachelor (final 48 6 ENS, UPMC, UDD, Paris year - L3) XI M1 : First-year 44 6 ENS, UPMC, UDD, Paris Master (FIP) XI M2 : Second-year 110 21 ENS, UPMC, UDD, Paris Master (CFP) XI, Polytechnique
The first year of studies at ENS is devoted to high-level fundamental physics (quantum mechanics, statistical physics, electrodynamics, etc). The first year of the Master program presents in-depth introductions to modern physics including one intense semester of mandatory research internship in a foreign countryC. Within the ENS diploma programD all students take the equivalent of one semester courses in other disciplines: mathematics, biology, foreign languages, humanities. During all their studies, the students are closely followed by a tutor, chosen among the department members, who assists them with their choices of options, research internships and then PhD subject. ENS professors supervise the teaching at the Department. However, ENS professors only give 20% of the total teaching hours and call on colleagues from other Universities and research organizations (mostly CNRS/CEA) for the remainder of classes. This traditional pattern corresponds to the ENS mission of leadership in teaching at the French national level. It ensures the renewal of lectures and programs, and is at the origin of the great breadth of courses at the Department. Teaching duties at ENS are in very high demand, because of the challenge of lecturing at ENS, the opportunity of close contact with students, etc. Besides the bachelor and master program, the department is in charge of the “Ecole Doctorale de Physique” (ED) dedicated to the training of PhD students. The ED normally has 80 new students each year. The total number of students attached to the ENS ED is thus about 250, but only a relatively small fraction do their PhD in one of the five laboratories in the department. This represents a very significant fraction of the PhDs in physics granted in France.
In parallel to the teaching activities organized at the department, members of the laboratories organize and participate in many overarching teaching activities, such as Summer and Winter schools, International Doctoral school Paris-Amsterdam-Bruxelles. A number of
C http://enseignement.phys.ens.fr/master-2-cfp D http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?rubrique30
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CNRS researchers working in the department assume part-time teaching loads both nationally and internationally.
4.1.1.4 Organisation The ENS physics department is governed by a scientific council. The department's director (currently W. Krauth) is appointed for a four-year term by ENS, in agreement with CNRS. Former directors of the Department are E. Brézin, P. Lallemand, S. Haroche, M. Voos, and J. M. Raimond. The department director is assisted by three deputy directors for technical operations, finances and higher education. The department's board of directors composed of the five laboratory directors and the department's direction team deals with all practical and scientific questions of interests. The department organizes international audits of its research and teaching activity every four years.
The department coordinates the research in the laboratories and oversees the teaching policy and organization. It is responsible for all the ENS hiring of permanent and temporary ENS positions, in close cooperation with the laboratoriesE. The department also oversees the teaching policy and organization. The following meetings are organized: bi-weekly meetings of the board of directors, weekly meetings of the heads of technical operations, weekly meetings of the building renovation committee.
4.1.2 PARTNER 2: KASTLER BROSSEL LABORATORY
4.1.2.1 Research and innovation The Kastler Brossel Laboratory (LKB) has obtained an overall A+ ranking (highest ranking), as well as an A+ in each of the 4 categories (Scientific quality and production - outreach, attractiveness and integration in the environment, - strategy, governance and animation - quality of the research project) at the 2008 AERES evaluation. The conclusion of the reports emphasizes the “challenging and often trend setting research strategies” of the laboratory in a “world-class environment for research at the cutting edge of modern atomic, molecular and optical physics with strong links to condensed matter physics and quantum information processing”.
The LKB, founded in 1951, is one of the major players in fundamental and applied quantum optics and atomic physics in the world. In recent years, the LKB has been structured along five thematic axes: quantum optics and quantum information, tests of fundamental theories, quantum gases and cold atoms, atoms in dense or complex media, and physics- biology interface. Research directions are constantly evolving: cold-atom experiments are for example now performed in three distinct groups devoted to “Bose-Einstein condensates”, “Degenerate Fermi gases”, and to “Atom Chips”. LKB research groups have obtained a number of recent breakthroughs. One of them is the ideal measurement of the number of photons of a coherent field stored in a box, in three
E A majority of the personnel, however, belongs to CNRS or the Universities (UPMC and UDD).
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articles in Nature [xiii,xiv,xv], with the observation of the progressive reduction of the wave packet during the measurement by the “Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics” group. Another recent success is the cooling of a micromechanical resonator (MEMS) by radiation pressure, in an article in Nature [xvi], in the “Fundamental Noise and Measurement” group. The “Bose Einstein condensate” group has achieved the first experimental demonstration of the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in an ultra-cold atomic gas, in an article in Nature [xvii]. The “Fermi gases” group has measured the equation of state of a Fermi fluid, in articles in Nature and in Science [xviii,xix]. The “Atom chips” group has obtained first evidence of the coherent energy exchange between a Bose-Einstein condensate and the light field in a cavity and has been recently part of the first free-fall experiment with a Bose-Einstein condensate, in an article in Nature [xx]. The “Metrology of simple system and fundamental tests” group holds the world-record of accuracy in the direct (non-QED) determination of the fine- structure constant, in two articles in Physical Review Letters [xxi, xxii], with the use of cold atoms and Bloch oscillations, and is a key member of the highly successful proton size measurement collaboration using muonic hydrogen, in an article in Nature [xxiii]. The quantum optics group achieved the generation of highly entangled states of light. The principal investigator of the “PHARAO/ACES” space mission [xxiv], which will be launched in 2013, is a member of LKB. This mission will put the first cold atom atomic clock in space for tests of general relativity and the drift of fundamental constants. This mission has strong links with the fundamental constant metrology activity in the “tests of fundamental theories” axis and in the “Quantum fluctuations and Relativity” team. The “Optics and Biology” group is partly installed in the ENS-biology department. It focuses on the imaging and tracking of single molecules using either conventional or quantum dot markers, for example in the study of nerve cells receptors as published in leading journals. Two of the members of the LKB have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, four have obtained the CNRS gold medal and six are members of the French Academy of science. The laboratory gathers 155 persons (among them 50 permanent researchers and 30 technical and administrative staff). Among the very many eminent members of LKB one can cite Serge Haroche, CNRS gold medal 2010, and professor at Collège de France, Christophe Salomon, principal investigator of the PHARAO/ACES space mission to be launched in 2013, Jean Dalibard, member of the French academy of Sciences and, among the young scientists Nicolas Treps and Fabrice Gerbier who, at age 36 and 33, respectively, received ERC starting grants on the subjects “Frequency Combs Quantum Metrology” and “Many-body physics in gauge fields with ultracold Ytterbium atoms in optical lattices”.
The LKB experiments are mostly table-top, rather complex experiments. Some of the research teams use large scale facilities like particle accelerators from the GSI in Darmstadt (highly- charged ion accelerator), the Paul Scherrer Institute (proton accelerator for the production of muonic and pionic atoms) and VIRGO (gravitational waves). The “Metrology of Simple Systems and Fundamental Test” teams have a highly-charged ion source of the “Electron-Cyclotron Resonance” type (ECRIS), that it shares with the Paris
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Institute for Nanosciences (INSP). This facility produces highly charged ion beams (HCI) for all elements with intensities in the µA range. Applications cover ion-surface and ion-cluster interactions, as well as precision measurements. The research teams of LKB are part of 4 “Equipement d’Excellence” projects: CEMEQUIM: Centre for Highly Charged Ions Quantum Metrology (headed by LKB) aiming at upgrading the permanent magnet SIMPA to a fully superconducting ECRIS, with highly improved performances to do experiments ranging from laser metrology of cooled and stored HCI to X-ray metrology for very heavy elements for tests of QED, fundamental constants drift, laboratory astrophysics and ion-surface interactions; REFIMEVE aiming at establishing a nation-wide atomic time distribution through the RENATER academic Internet network, to allow high precision frequency metrology in many academic and industrial laboratories and to create links over Europe; PAM aiming at developing a high intensity, excited positronium source for experiments in antihydrogen and for material sciences applications; LYMAN-ALPHA aiming at obtaining an high resolution and high intensity Lyman-α laser source for cooling and metrology of atomic hydrogen, astro-chemistry.
4.1.2.2 Exploitation of results LKB actively pursues the exploitation of results. Many years ago, the work on Rydberg state in the group of S. Haroche has lead to the creation of a start-up company ABMilimètres, still active today, and specialized in high-performance microwave network analyzers. Among the recent patents granted or in preparation are the following: Author Title Number GERBIERF.etal. Yellowtunablelaser Brevetn°0803153(Juin 2008) LE CLERC F. et al. Dispositif d'holographie numérique Brevet n° 61673 (Avril 1999, Thomson-CSF FR). GROSS M. Procédé et installation d'imagerie acousto optique. N° 0303341 Method and device for opto-acoustical imagery (16/03/2003). GROSS M. et al. Méthode et dispostif d'imagerie acousto optique Brevet CNRS. n° par holographie adaptative du front d'onde 0406592 (16/06/2004) utilisant un cristal photo réfractif. US Patent 7,733,742 Method and installation for acousto-optic 2010 ATLAN.Matal. OphtalmoscopeLaserDopplerHolographique Brevet CNRS/ENS n° FR09 54166 (19/06/2009); Dossier Fist: C0812316 M. Atlan, M. Gross. Dispositif d'holographie Brevet CNRS/ENS. Numéro de dépôt: 10 56080 (27/07/2010).
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The “Optics and Biology” group has a two-year research agreement with Nikon to develop tools for single molecule imaging by fluorescence. The LKB is also active in the dissemination of the state of the art relativistic atomic structure code mcdfgme, developed by P. Indelicato and J.P. Desclaux, available for download to registered usersF. The LKB researchers have also contributed to two widely used databases available on the National Institute of Standards and Technology. One is a database of X-ray transition energies[xxv], which receive several 10 of thousands of hits every year (P. Indelicato) and one provides highly accurate transitions energies in hydrogen and deuterium (E.O. Le Bigot)[xxvi].
4.1.2.3 Higher education The higher education implication of the laboratory is described in section 4.1.1.3.
4.1.2.4 Organisation The organization structure of the laboratory is described in section 4.1.1.4.
4.1.3 PARTNER 3: PIERRE AIGRAIN LABORATORY
4.1.3.1 Research and innovation The Pierre Aigrain laboratory (LPA) has obtained an overall A+ rating as well as an A+ in each of the 4 categories at the 2008 AERES evaluation. The report emphasizes the quality of research at LPA, to the best international level. It mentions that several teams are among world leaders in their field. Finally, it also highlights the exceptional quality of the young researchers in the laboratory, which ensures the quality of future research activities.
The laboratory was founded by Pierre Aigrain after WWII. The original research directions concerned the study of bulk semiconductor and superconductor materials. Continued progress has resulted in the emergence of solid state nanoscience, because the nanostructuration of materials revolutionizes their transport and optical properties. Following these modern developments of solid-state physics, the laboratory today divides its experimental activities into three main research fields: Optical and far-infrared (Tera-Hertz) properties of nano-objects, Transport and mesoscopic physics, and Biophysics. In recent years, LPA groups have produced numerous breakthroughs. The “Optics” group has demonstrated, in an article in Nature physics [xxvii], the key role of the environment on the decoherence dynamics in a single quantum dot, paving the way for possible applications in quantum information processing. The group has also developed new integrated non- classical light sources. An Optical Parametric Oscillator was for example presented in a paper in Nature [xxviii]. It may possibly operate at room temperature and generate twin photons under electrical injection. The group also works on carbon nanotubes, and tries to combine the exceptional transport properties of carbon nanotubes with the versatility of
F http://feynman.lkb.upmc.fr/
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the optical properties of chromophores in the coupling of dye molecules for possible photovoltaic and other optoelectronic applications [xxix,xxx]. The “Tera-hertz and Infrared” group has concentrated on semiconductor nanostructure devices such as Quantum Cascade Lasers or Detectors. Using ultra-fast THz spectroscopy, they have recently developed a THz pulse amplificator based on a novel scheme of gain- switching in quantum cascade lasers [xxxi] (article in Nature Photonics). Another highlight is the achievement of the control of the phase of the laser field [xxxii]. Using magneto-transport and magneto-infrared spectroscopy, they have reported a complete photocurrent analysis of a quantum cascade detector which provides efficient tools for designing and analysing novel infrared and terahertz quantum cascade detectors [xxxiii,xxxiv]. The “Mesoscopic Physics” group studies transport and mesoscopic physics of two- dimensional electron gases, carbon nanotubes, graphene and superconductors. It takes advantage of the environment at the ENS Physics Department, in particular of the convergence between quantum optics physics, strongly represented at LKB, and quantum physics of electrons in nanostructures. Two recent highlights were published in “Science”: the evidence for a new quantization rule for the charge relaxation resistance of a mesoscopic capacitor [xxxv] and the demonstration of an on-demand single electron source similar to the single photon sources of quantum optics [xxxvi]. The first demonstration of an efficient Cooper pair splitter with carbon nanotubes was also reported in Physical Review Letters [xxxvii]. The “Quantum Electronics” group studies the quantum limits of amplification and the realization of a new kind of amplifier based on Josephson junctions. This will have applications to quantum information, in particular for the readout of superconducting qubits. The “Biophysics” group has concentrated on single molecule force measurements, focusing on DNA recombination and repair, with the in-vitro study of particular molecular motors involved [xxxviii,xxxix]. The theoretical group at LPA work works in close relation with the experimental group. Recent breakthroughs concern a theory of carrier decoherence and relaxation in quantum dots, published in “Nature Materials” [xl] and a quantitative description of the excitation spectrum of a Bloch oscillator under pulsed excitation [xli]. The laboratory has also pioneered the study of the fractional quantum Hall effect using topological phases [xlii,xliii]. The role of many-body interactions on the electronic transport properties at the mesoscopic scale is also investigated [xliv,xlv].
The LPA counts 25 permanent researchers, and a total staff of 50, including the technicians, PhD students and post-docs. The laboratory mixes outstanding senior researchers and high-potential junior personnel. Among the former is Gérald Bastard (DR0 CNRS, 184 publications, 13000 citations, Author of a classic book on semiconductor heterostructures)[xlvi]. Nicolas Regnault (CR1 CNRS) belongs to the second group. He was awarded the CNRS bronze medal in 2010 for studies of the fractional quantum Hall effect (8 publications in Physical Review Letters since 2007 [xlvii,xlviii,xlix,l,li,lii,liii,liv]
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Most of the experiments at LPA are table-top complex experiments which use cryogenics, magnetic fields, and sophisticated laser systems or RF equipments. Nanofabrication is a key step for almost all of them. Many of the samples, including all nanotubes, are now produced in the new clean room of the ENS Physics Department using state-of-the art nano- fabrication techniques.
4.1.3.2 Exploitation of results Notwithstanding the very fundamental research, LPA actively pursues the exploitation of results. In the last few years the following patents were filled: Author Title Number D. Programmable Ultra low noise, High Accuracy and Stability, fast CNRS N°10 52396, 2010 Darson DC Power Supplies J. Tignon Optical parametric micro-oscillator comprising coupled cavities PCT/FR2006/001280, et al. WO/2006/131640 S. A device based on a quantum cascade laser is used to perform all- CNRS N° 03491-01, 2010 Dhillon optical wavelength shifting of a near-infrared beam. et al. Vincent Beam Profile Analyzers, Deep UV-THz Any Size, Power, or Thalès-CNRS N° 08 Berger et Wavelength 05374,2008 al. F. Heslot Application on a novel DNA amplification process A patent is being filed. et al.
4.1.3.3 Higher education The higher education implication of the laboratory has been described in section 4.1.1.3.
4.1.3.4 Organisation The organization structure of the laboratory has been described in section 4.1.1.4.
4.1.4 PARTNER 4: STATISTICAL PHYSICS LABORATORY
4.1.4.1 Research and innovation The Statistical Physics laboratory (LPS) has obtained an overall A+ rating as well as an A+ in all categories in the 2008 AERES evaluation. The conclusion of the AERES report is: “Overall, the committee recognized LPS as an outstanding research and teaching organization with world class standing particularly notable for its original, innovative and inter-disciplinary research and ability to produce breakthroughs on long-standing fundamental research problems… In summary, LPS is an outstanding source of innovative research and an excellent venue of graduate and postgraduate training.”
LPS was created in 1988 as a mixed theoretical and experimental lab for statistical physics and condensed matter. Today, experimental work ranges from low-temperature statistical
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physics to magnetohydroynamics, soft condensed matter and to biophysics. Theoretical groups work, often in collaboration with experimentalists, on quantum condensed matter physics, on non-linear physics and hydrodynamics, “soft” condensed matter, statistical physics and biophysics. LPS is strongly interdisciplinary with extensive outreach towards biology, statistics, applied mathematics, and the social sciences.
There are many recent breakthroughs in LPS research. The “Statistical condensed matter physics” group has published, in Science, results of experiments on the super-solid state of matter which are, today, supported by ERC [lv]. Experiments in the same group, on the water at negative pressures were awarded an ERC starting grantG. The “non-linear physics” group has produced the first experimental verification of the dynamo effect [lvi]. The spectacular spontaneous generation of magnetic fields in a cell containing 160 l of rapidly rotating liquid sodium is the crowning achievement of a long- term experimental effort. The “biophysics” group, which had pioneered the use of magnetic tweezers for the study of DNA [lvii], has initiated the first crucial step towards controlling the expression of genes in zebra-fish embryos [lviii], and has initiated the modelling of genetic networks [lix]. The soft condensed matter group has clarified the driving force between coalescence and detachment of droplets [lx]. These systems are at the cross-roads between statistical physics and hydrodynamics. The group has a long track record of innovative experiments on fracture (paper in Science: [lxi]), wetting (paper in Science: [lxii]) in soft condensed-matter systems, with prominent applications from the microworld to the viscosity of quicksand [lxiii]. The theoretical condensed-matter group has calculated in a series of fundamental papers large deviations functions for non-equilibrium systems in a stationary state [lxiv]. The group was able to extend the notion of free energy to out-of-equilibrium systems and to prove universal properties [lxv]. The group has also made fundamental contributions to the Markov-chain theory, with several applications to cold-atom physics, among them the largest simulations of cold atomic gases, and their applications to LKB experiments [5].
LPS has 34 permanent researchers and a total staff of 85 persons, including 27 PhD students. Among the researchers with outstanding international reputation are Bernard Derrida, member of the French Academy of Sciences, and recipient of the 2010 Boltzmann medal. Sébastien Balibar, recipient of the Fritz London memorial prize for low-temperature physics in 2005, obtained an ERC “Advanced grant” in 2009. Stéphan Fauve received the CNRS silver medal in 2010 for his pioneering experiments on the dynamo effect. David Bensimon has been nominated Regent’s Professor at UCLA in 2006-2007 and ICAM Fellow in 2006 at the UCSB KITP. Vincent Croquette has established a start-up “Picotwist”.
G ERC starting grant 240113 “Water anomalies in the stretched and supercooled regions”
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Most of the efforts at LPS concern table-top experiments performed at the physics department, but also intensive use of a biophysics platform in the ENS biology department, as well as in chemistry (two-photon excitation laser used in decageing experiments for the optical control of genetic expression in zebra-fish embryos). Some other experiments on SNARE induced membrane fusion are done in international collaborations (Yale). One of the experiments has been performed at the nuclear centre of Cardarache (VKS collaboration on the dynamo effect, ENS, ENS-Lyon, CEA).
4.1.4.2 Exploitation of results The research in the field of single molecule studies has led to the creation by V. Croquette of a high-tech startup “Picotwist” that develops cutting-edge biophysical devices for the biosciences. Long-term industrial cooperation has been established through contracts with Renault (contract with Renault Formule 1 between 2006 and 2007), L’Oreal (thesis funding, and several publications [lxvi,lxvii]), Saint-Gobain (research contract between 2006 and 2009), Schlumberger mostly based on the use of the Brewster angle microscope and the dual micropipette assay for cell adhesion.
In recent years, members of LPS have published a number of patents, among them the following: Author Title Number D.Bensimonetal. Molecular combing process for detecting US patent 6,548,255 macromolecules (2003)
A.Bensimon et al. Personal or personalizable device for the US patent 6,809,628 conditional use of electric or electronic (2004). appliances T.R.Strick et al. Apparatus and method for the manipulation US patents and testing of molecules, and in particular of 7,052,650(2006) DNA and 7,244,391 (2007) A.Bensimon et al. Physical mapping method using molecular US patent 7,368,234 combining technique allowing positioning of (2008) a great number of clones within a genome K.Firmanetal. Bio-Nano-Switchdevice pending UK patent 0918016.7 (2009). F.Ding et al. Method of DNA sequencing by manipulation EP 10305564.6 (2010).
F.Ding et al. Method of DNA sequencing by EP 10305563.8 (2010) polymerisation
4.1.4.3 Higher education The higher education implication of the laboratory has been described in section 4.1.1.3.
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4.1.4.4 Organisation The organization structure of the laboratory has been described in section 4.1.1.4.
4.1.5 PARTNER 5: THEORETICAL PHYSICS LABORATORY
4.1.5.1 Research and innovation The Theoretical physics laboratory (LPT) has obtained an overall A+ rating as well as an A+ in all but one category during the 2008 AERES evaluation. The conclusion of the report underlines the outstanding overall scientific level of the laboratory, and the world leading position in several of its research activities. The committee also notes the strong involvement of the members of the laboratory in the organization of international scientific workshops and conferences.
The LPT, founded in 1974, initially focused exclusively on high-energy physics and the theory of elementary particles. Classic breakthroughs due to members of this laboratory include the proposal of 2-dimensional supersymmetry [lxviii,lxix] and supersymmetric extensions of the standard model, which are now actively searched for at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, the 11-dimensional (or 4-dimensional N=8) supergravity and its duality invariances [lxx,lxxi]. Further breakthroughs consist of the connection of string theory with quantum gravity and the 4-dimensional superstring constructions [lxxii] with their applications in particle physics and cosmology. Beyond these traditional activities, the LPT today covers a large spectrum of theoretical physics, from the theory of gravitation and cosmology to condensed matter physics and the statistical physics of disordered systems, and their interdisciplinary applications.
In recent years, LPT groups have obtained a number of breakthroughs. The high-energy group has developed many of the tools needed to prove the holographic duality in the most symmetric case of N=4 super-Yang-Mills and has been able to characterize its spectrum [lxxiii,lxxiv]. Members of the lab proposed the first construction of a string theory vacuum whose low-energy limit contains the Standard Model, and where all electric charges are integer multiples of those of quarks. Fractional charges are commonplace in string theory vacua, but their existence is severely limited by experimental searches [lxxv]. Holographic dualities have opened a theoretical window into strongly-coupled critical phenomena such as the QCD quark gluon plasma and, perhaps, high-Tc superconductivity. This subject of extensive current worldwide research was initiated by a seminal calculation of transport coefficients [lxxvi].
The condensed matter/statistical physics group has developed remarkably efficient tools to quantitatively understand the large scale physics of disordered systems with a large number of competing ground states, which standard renormalization group techniques cannot treat. The functional renormalization group was successfully applied to disordered elastic media, interfaces in magnets, lattices of magnetic vortex lines in superconductors, wetting of
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disordered substrates, etc [lxxvii, lxxviii, lxxix], and the group succeeded in bridging the whole spectrum from analytical predictions [lxxx] to applications.
Fully developed fluid turbulence is one of the last unsolved nineteen-century physics problems, but the last fifteen years have seen noticeable progresses in modelling turbulent transports, in particular via the so-called Kraichnan models. The statistical physics group at LPT has played a prominent role in revealing the mechanics underlying intermittency in these models, which are now basic, and the only solved, models of turbulence [lxxxi]. The interdisciplinary applications group was the first to characterize the various phase transitions taking place in random satisfactions and optimization problems and relate those phase transitions to the hardness of resolution with algorithms [lxxxii,lxxxiii]. It has also played a leading role in the analysis of the micro-manipulation experiments on DNA and RNA molecules, performed in particular in the physics department of the ENS [lxxxiv].
LPT houses 22 permanent researchers and its staff totals 41 including technical staff and PhD students. Many members of LPT have received prestigious international prizes, as the Dirac medal for Jean Iliopoulos, a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Édouard Brézin, who has produced fundamental contributions to statistical mechanics and field theory, is a former president of the French Academy of Sciences. Among the outstanding members of the laboratory are Costas Kounnas and Constantin Bachas (Humboldt prize 2010), who both received the special prize of the French Physical Society in 2002, and Pierre le Doussal (CNRS silver medal 2003). Among the younger members, Francesco Zamponi, who, at age 31, is already author of 35 publications, among them articles in Nature, Physical Review Letters and Reviews of Modern Physics [lxxxv, lxxxvi, lxxxvii, lxxxviii, lxxxix].
As a theoretical physics laboratory, LPT relies on analytic calculations and a modest amount of computing power. Several of its members are regular visitors at CERN (Geneva). LPT is very active in organizing scientific exchange, and its summer research institute organized continuously since 1978, draws an international elite of first-rank scientists.
4.1.5.2 Exploitation of results LPT researchers have been interested for many decades in the application of statistical methods, with the discovery of the relationship between statistical mechanics and error- correcting codes. Members of LPT are also actively engaged in applied research and a number of former PhD students evolve in industry or in the financial sector.
4.1.5.3 Higher education The higher education implication of the laboratory is described in section 4.1.1.3.
4.1.5.4 Organisation The organization structure of the laboratory is described in section 4.1.1.4.
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4.1.6 PARTNER 6: RADIO ASTRONOMY LABORATORY
4.1.6.1 Research and innovation The Radio Astronomy laboratory (LRA) has been rated A+ by the AERES 2008 committee. As written in the AERES report, the rating is based on the quality of the LRA research: “Particularly influential work has focused on the structure and evolution of molecular clouds, and on links between cloud dynamics and the formation of stars”. The variety of scientific approaches is a strong point of the group: “A remarkable feature is the synergy between top of the line observations, numerical simulations and even experiments together with more theoretical modelling work”. While Yves Rocard triggered the development of Radioastronomy in France in the 1950s, the association of LRA with the Physics department dates from the 1970s, when a further impulse was given to the development of Radioastronomy by opening the millimetre and submillimetre sky. The LRA is composed of two research teams, one from the LERMA (CNRS-UMR8112) and one from IPGP (CNRS-UMR 7154). Today, the laboratory focuses on theory, modelling, and observations in the domain of star and planet formation. The rapid progress in this field is fuelled by advances in instrumentation (especially in the infrared and (sub)millimetre range), and by the revolution in computational approaches. The laboratory is organized in two thematic groups. The first uses observations, models, theory and numerical simulations to better understand the fundamental processes controlling the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and planets. A second group focuses on the origin and development of turbulence in accretion disks. These structures are present in individual stellar systems (notably contact binaries and protostellar nebulae) as well as galactic nuclei (both active and quiescent).
In recent years, researchers at LRA have been associated with a large number of breakthroughs: the formation of molecular clouds [xc], the growth and collapse of dense cores [xci], and the subsequent formation of stars and protoplanetary disks [xcii]. For the first time, statistical properties of the simulated inter-stellar medium very similar to those deduced from observations were obtained [xciii]. The “accretion disk” group has carried out a series of highly influential investigations explaining the highly complex behaviour of hot gas in clusters of galaxies. Through a deep re-examination of standard treatments of dilute magnetized plasmas, the group has shown that the thermal transport properties of such a gas are dramatically altered in the presence of even a weak magnetic field [xciv]. The feeding and dissipation of interstellar turbulence is also a key question for the understanding of the life cycle of interstellar matter. The laboratory pushed forward the study of interstellar turbulence, revealing the structure and properties of dissipative regions [xcv]. These structures are recognized from their kinematic properties, but also because they host very specific non-equilibrium chemistry. The advances in instrumentation now enable the mapping of large sky areas to reach good statistical measurements of the kinematic properties, and the detection of the full variety of interstellar ions and radicals that are especially sensitive to the dissipation of turbulence (PRISMAS Herschel/HIFI large
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observation program led by M. Gérin), complementing the theoretical and numerical studies also performed at the laboratory.
LRA gathers 9 permanent researchers, and a total staff of 16, including 3 PhD researchers. One of the eminent senior members is Steven Balbus, a world leader in the study of accretion disks [xcvi,xcvii,xcviii]. An outstanding junior member of the laboratory, Patrick Hennebelle, received the CNRS Bronze medal in 2009 for his study of the formation of molecular clouds [xcix]. LRA researchers use a special purpose high performance parallel computer installed at the ENS physics department. The upgrade of this computer is the object of an intensive-computing EQUIPEX project coordinated by GENCI, with active ENS/PSL participation. The team is also an extensive user of the national computing facilities at IDRIS and CINES. LRA research makes extensive use of current observing facilities, both on the ground and in space. LRA is very active in the Herschel Space Observatory (successful launch on May 14, 2009) and the on-going construction of the giant radio interferometer ALMA. These projects are developed through a network of long term national and international collaborations.
4.1.6.2 Exploitation of results LRA actively participates in the dissemination of results and methods. The laboratory has acquired expertise closely connected to the “Virtual Observatory” framework. This includes the delivery of public versions of numerical codes (RAMSES, PARODY, MESA for stellar evolution), as well as the development of a data base of model results (funded by an INSU/European contract) and the future release of processed Herschel data. Research at the laboratory makes use of state of the art numerical MHD codes, to whose development members actively contribute.
4.1.6.3 Higher education The higher education implication of the laboratory is described in section 4.1.1.3.
4.1.6.4 Organisation The organization structure of the laboratory is described in section 4.1.1.4.
4.2. EXISTING COLLABORATIONS As a key player in high-level International research, the ENS Physics Department participates in intense scientific collaborations at all scales: from the research group to the laboratory, the Department, and to the national and international scenes. Collaborations and publications between members of different laboratories are plethoric; their growing importance is at the very basis of the present ENS-ICFP project. Such actions have been instrumental in the opening of the four research axes of the present project (see Section 5.2.1).
International individual collaborations of researchers take many forms, and research articles by members of the department with scientists from major world-leading research institutions
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(Princeton, Yale, MIT (USA), Max Planck (Germany), Microsoft Research, Tsinghua University, etc.) testify the active role of the department in international networks. Members of the Department are in high demand at foreign institutes and universities as renowned as the Institute of Advanced StudiesH, Princeton UniversityI, Yale UniversityJ, the University of CambridgeK, among many others. Members of the department participate in the organization of workshops, international conferences and winter/summer schools.
Beyond the institutional contacts, and the collaborations between research groups through ANR contracts, there are many institutional collaborations. The Physics Department plays a central role in the research in fundamental physics in Paris, with tight connections and many common research projects with neighbouring institutions (Collège de France, ESPCI, Institut Curie and the FPGG, Paris Observatory, etc). As all laboratories are associated to UPMC, members of the department assume high-level responsibilities in teaching (e.g., head of the UPMC Master program in Physics).
On the Île-de-France level, the Department is strongly involved in the C-Nano program which steers research in nanoscience at the region scale, promoting top-level academic research which takes societal challenges into account, and providing support to researchers in their innovation effort. Researchers of the Department are at the origin and are responsible for the IFRAF (Cold Atom Institute for the Île-de-France region), which federates all cold- atom research in the region, giving them a high international visibility, on the same level as e.g. the CUA (Centre for Ultra cold Atoms) between Harvard University and MIT.
A number of large-size experiments exceed the scale of single laboratories. The VKS dynamo experiment (PI S. Fauve (LPS) for the Paris team) gathers scientists from ENS, ENS- Lyon, CEA-SACLAY, while the experiment is performed at the Cadarache Nuclear research center. The PHARAO/ACES space mission will place an atomic clock in orbit on the international space station in 2013. Led by C. Salomon (LKB) and P. Wolf (SYRTE-Paris Observatory), this project of the National Centre for Space studies is at the centre of a worldwide metrology effort. LRA research is performed in close connection with national research programs funded by INSU/CNRS. M. Gérin (LRA) is head scientist of the PRISMAS key program of the Herschel Space Observatory (ESA/NASA, launched May 14, 2009). LPT researchers participate in the scientific exploitation of LHC results at CERN. LRA
H R. Monasson (LPT) Senior visiting scientist at IAS Princeton 2009-2010, I S Balbus (LRA). Princeton Astrophysics department, Pacsynski visitor and Spitzer lecturer (2011). J F. Pincet (LPS) : Associate Research Scientist at Yale University since 09/2008 K J. Dalibard (LKB), visiting fellow at Trinity College (Cavendish Laboratory) since 10/2010.
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researchers are extensive users of the national computing facilities at GENCI, and play a leading role in the expertise and future planning of their research field.
Following the numerous exchanges in the recent past and given the strong complementarities on the experimental side with unique experimental tools and an International associated laboratory (LPS - CNSI - California Nano-science Institute at the University of California at Los Angeles and the University of California at Santa Barbara) is being created to foster collaborative research in biophysics. The program organizes the exchange of students, post-docs and senior researchers and joint teaching activities. Likewise, LKB is partner in the creation of an international associated laboratory (LIA) by the CNRS with the Centre For Quantum Technology in Singapore. This project will increase the visibility of French physics research in a fast growing area. The LKB has also strong ties with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics in Australia.
The “Metrology of Simple Systems and Fundamental tests” group of LKB is a founding member of the “Allianz” program of the Helmholtz society (Germany), called EMMI (ExtreMe Matter Institute). This institute regroups major German universities and research centres with internationally outstanding research partners. The “Bose-Einstein condensate” group of the LKB is a partner of a DARPA project “Optical lattice simulator” coordinated by W. Ketterle (MIT).
Given the strong interdependence of the department with CNRS and with the neighbouring universities, the implication of Department researchers in scientific advisory committees of national or international research bodies is an important aspect of collaboration. Presently, seven members of the Department participate in the CNRS national scientific committees (Comité national du CNRS), and a large number of researchers are members of the scientific council or science directorate of the neighbouring universities and Paris Observatory.
5. TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
5.1. STATE OF THE ART While insisting on the world-class quality of the research produced, International departmental visiting committees have repeatedly emphasized two handicaps of the ENS physics departments: its insufficient international visibility and its chronic underfunding. To avert these vital dangers, the ENS physics department has set up the current project, which is the fruit of very detailed comparisons with initiatives in world-leading universities and institutes elsewhere. The three aspects of this program (Junior Research chair, ENS master/graduate school, Invited professorships) are here compared to programs in leading research universities worldwide.
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Fellowship Program offering attractive positions to young talented scientists was set-up in many world-leading Universities. The Pappalardo Fellowship Program Lin the MIT Physics Department is particularly well designed. Since its inception in 2000, it has attracted talented experimentalists and theorists alike. Benefitting from long-term support, this program has been able to function smoothly, without large fluctuations in its operating budget from year to year. The program competes at the highest level with the Harvard Junior Fellowships which are widely prestigious for scholars at the start of their academic career. Former Junior Fellows include individuals of great distinction in all academic fields. In order to attract young researchers at this level toward a new program, the founders of the Pappalardo Program recognized that the inducement would have to be exceptional. This concerns the salary, the working conditions and the duration of the position. The great interest of three- year positions with respect to two-year postdoctoral positions has also been noted by the Illinois ICMP program.
At MIT, Pappalardo Fellows (theoricians and experimentalists) are given complete freedom in their choice of research. To ensure coherence and interaction, each fellow is assigned a faculty mentor. The program's executive board and the faculty mentors are responsible for the successful integration of the fellows in the life of the department. As an independent fellowship program, and not part of a smaller research unit, the Pappalardo Program could carry the risk that some of its fellows finding themselves isolated, without proper direction (this criticism has sometimes been voiced with regard to the Harvard Junior Fellowship Program). To avoid this, the committee considers during the Pappalardo selection process where a candidate would fit within the existing research groups of the department. The mentor carries the responsibility to provide the proper research environment.
Papallardo Fellows are appointed for a three year term with a salary intermediate between that of a standard postdoctoral research associate and that of an assistant professor. Pappalardo fellows are also provided sizeable discretionary funds for travel or research expenses. The social program (lunches, dinners) is organized between fellows, the executive board and the mentors. Since the year 2000, three Fellows have been appointed each year, making a steady-state total of nine. This regularity and reliability, both in the number of appointments and in the schedule for applications, have undoubtedly contributed to having embedded the Pappalardo Program, in just a few years, into the international academic community’s consciousness. The list of former Fellows is impressive.M Many of the former Pappalardo Fellows have stayed on at MIT; others have also started highly successful careers elsewhere, including posts outside of the US.
L http://web.mit.edu/physics/research/pappalardo/index.htm M http://web.mit.edu/physics/research/pappalardo/fellows.html#former
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The governance of the MIT Papallardo Program is assured through an executive board appointed by the Head of the Department. It is the responsibility of this board to solicit applications for new fellows. The board solicits applications by contacting chairs of physics departments at leading universities around the world, other selected distinguished physicists worldwide, and the MIT faculty. Owing to the overwhelming success of the program since its start in 2000, self-applications are not accepted.
Evaluations of the Pappalardo program from members of the MIT physics department are extremely positive, with several faculty stating that this program has turned into the "heart and soul" of the departmentN and contributes significantly to its international attractiveness.
Among many other initiatives, the Institute of Condensed Matter Theory postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Illinois, started in 2007, adhere to a similar design of three- year prestigious positions. It was pointed outO that three-year positions are considered more attractive, and that the most dynamic candidates are strongly attracted to independent positions, The University of Illinois reports a significant increase in the quality and the number of applications for non-tenure track positions (120 postdoctoral candidates in 2009).
One main objective of the ENS-ICFP is to introduce Junior Research Chair (JRC) program, inspired by the highly successful Pappalardo research fellowship program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), as well as the ICMT (Instiute of Condensed Matter Theory) fellowship program at the University of Illinois (UIUC). Going beyond the MIT and the CMT Programs, the JRC of ENS-ICFP will be involved with teaching the high- level classes at ENS. In fact, this interaction will truly be of great mutual benefit. It will also help ensure that the chair holder becomes more fully integrated into the life of the department.
Master-level teaching programs at world-leading universities outside the English-speaking countries are increasingly using English as a working language, whereas the undergraduate programs remain in the local language. This is for example the case at ETH Zürich (where Bachelors are in German, Masters in English), and at the EPFL Lausanne (Bachelors in French, Masters in English). Master courses at many universities in other non-English speaking countries throughout the world use English as a teaching language.
Many world-leading universities have conceived strategies to particularly attract international students to their master program. The most prominent corresponding program
N Email message from Prof. M. Kardar (MIT) to W. Krauth 10-27-2010. Prof. Kardar noted « I am glad to hear that ENS is considering a similar program ». O Email message from Prof. P. M. Goldbart (ICMT director) to W. Krauth 10-28-2010 and telephone call.
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is the Cambridge mathematical Tripos (Part III), which has grown from a domestic examination into an internationally acclaimed master year, organized conjointly at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) and the DPMMS (Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematics Statistics). After twenty years of active promotion (since 1992) the program is extremely attractive: In 2009/2010, 247 students took Part III examinations. Of these, 142 specifically came to Cambridge for their Master year. Many international students take their Masters year at Cambridge after having been accepted for PhD study elsewhere (and before returning back there). This is becoming a pattern at leading American universities.
The Doctoral program at the “Troisième cycle de physique en Suisse Romande”, jointly organized by Swiss Universities (Geneva, Lausanne, Fribourg, Neuchatel), which has existed for more than 30 years, calls on international experts for extended graduate courses. Thematic ranges are Theoretical physics, Nuclear and high-energy physics, Condensed matter physics. There are also “basis courses” with fourteen lectures while general courses last one or two months. In this program, each professor is coupled to an “inviting professor”, and to a “course assistant” responsible for practical details (distribution of lecture notes, exams, etc). The program is actively contributing to the exchange and the increase in visibility of the participating universities. However, an acknowledged problem with the Lausanne program is that lectures, which are only for one year, often take the form of extended research seminars, rather than lectures, which diminishes their utility for students.
The ENS master/graduate school can be compared with the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos (Part III) year, and the invited professorships with a successful graduate school initiative of Swiss Universities (Geneva, Lausanne, Fribourg, Neuchatel). The change of teaching language and the invited professorships will develop its international attractiveness. A considerable strong point of the ENS master/graduate program consists in its very strong teaching base, as it already calls on a large pool of professors from the entire Paris- Ile-de- France region. To increase this pool even more, to underline the international dimension of the Master program and to build up international resonance for it, the ENS-ICFP intends to call on internationally distinguished visiting professors with a specific teaching duty. Although most academic institutions support visiting professor positions, what will distinguish the ENS-ICFP visiting professor program will be the central role of teaching and student interaction. The need of this kind of activity is evident and acknowledged at other universities.
Financial support for students coming from foreign countries is difficult and often frustrating to secure. Financial support with LABEX funds will be made available to a carefully selected group of international students, at various levels, and based on need. This is also part of the Cambridge program.
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5.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT COMPARED TO THE STATE OF THE ART AND IN RELATION TO THE SNRI
5.2.1 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME In the ENS department of physics, the scientific effort of highest qualities is mainly due to the leadership of individual scientists. Although the overall quality of people is still excellent, the department is aware that, as the 2004 international committeeP stated: “The outstanding qualities of the Department can only be continued if it succeeds to attract and keep the brightest scientists at all levels. Some more centralized leadership may be necessary” Later on, the 2008 international CommitteeQ, while stating that the current decentralized leadership in the laboratories should be maintained, remarked that ¨ There seems to be no coordinated effort to attract graduate students or post-docs....» This serious threat is due to the scarcity of institutional post-doc grants, and to the insufficient culture of high-level non-permanent positions. Within the ENS-ICFP framework, the department will open attractive, high-visibility ENS- Junior Research chair positions (JRC). These will allow identifying and attracting exceptionally talented researchers early in their careers. Several of the leading competitor departments (MIT, Berkeley, University of Illinois) benefit from such programs, and describe them as central to their success (see Section 5.1). JRC positions will be opened for a three- year period, with the first two years being automatically granted, with an extension for the third year except of in especially unfavourable cases. Physicists setting up experiments may be granted an extension for a fourth year. Positions will provide competitive salaries and considerable funds for setting up experiments as well as travel money. Positions will be opened in inter-laboratory research axes, namely quantum physics: from atoms to condensed matter, biophysics: from the cell to the organism, non-linear physics: from the laboratory to the cosmos, theoretical physics and applications. These research axes, further outlined in Section 5.2.1, carry strong potential for rapid development and technological applications, and their interdisciplinary nature highlights the strengths of the ENS physics department. The presence in the department of brilliant and independent young physicists, in itself, will have a major impact on the research atmosphere at the department. Indeed, the JRC program will be an important asset in order to recruit young talented faculties. JRC recipients will be associated to the ENS physics department. They will be given the resources for independent work, and integrated within the department-wide activity in the particular field. A senior researcher at the department will serve as mentor of the JRC recipient. This mentor will be responsible for the integration of JRC recipients into the department. The mentor will assist the JRC recipient in establishing the necessary contacts.
P The 2004 committee was composed of J. Mlynek (Chair) (Berlin), H. Gaub (Munich), L. Kadanoff: (Chicago), M. Pepper (Cambridge), G. Veneziano (CERN), L. Vigroux (Saclay). Q The 2008 committee was composed of D. Gross (Chair) (Santa Barbara), C. Cesarsky (ESO, Munich), S. Leibler (Rockefeller), H. Levine (San Diego), M. Skolnick (Sheffield), J. Walraven (Amsterdam).
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The role of the mentor will be especially crucial for experimentalists. Regular meetings of the JRC recipients with the ENS-ICFP executive board will allow making sure that JRC recipients have optimal working and living conditions. The profile expected for JRC applicants are high-level PhDs, with preferably previous post- doctoral experience. JRC recipients will lead high-quality research and publish results in major research journals. They are expected to initiate new research directions, at the interface between different research groups in the department, or with other international groups. They will be provided with sufficient travel funds to pursue research and present results internationally (see Section 6). All JRC candidates will have to be internationally recognized. This means that they will need to have either obtained their PhD abroad or possess an international research experience of at least one year. Because of the exceptional unity of research and education in the ENS physics department, JRC recipients will also participate in teaching, as further explained in Section 5.2.1. The board will solicit applications by contacting distinguished physicists and the chairs of physics departments at leading universities around the world, and ENS faculty. At least in the first years, positions will be advertised in major journals, such as Nature or Science. Large interest in the JRC research chairs will be built up through a well-coordinated procedure whose dates are compatible with international standards and schedules. Self- applications, through a web-interface will be permitted. Short-listed candidates will be interviewed at the Department. A schematic view of a possible application schedule is shown in the Figure 1.
Figure 1 : Timetable for JRC applications
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The ENS-ICFP must take sufficient time to prepare the JRC program for the crucial first year of operations. It appears too early to solicit applications in spring of 2011. The first call for applications will thus appear in spring of 2012 and the appointment of the first JRCs in the fall of 2013. The application and recruitment procedure will be overseen by the ENS-ICFP research committee, and feedback from the International Advisory Board will be taken into account. In the following figure, the LABEX four inter-laboratory research axes are presented. It is in these research axes that future JRC recipient's are meant to evolve. The status of the field, challenges, expected results, and the position towards competitors are spelled out for each of them.
Figure 2 : Interaction matrix of laboratories and research axes in the ENS-ICFP
Research axis 1: Quantum physics: from atoms to condensed matter A fundamental challenge of present-day quantum physics is the understanding and the control of atomic, mesoscopic and large-scale quantum systems, and the transformation of cutting-edge theoretical knowledge and experimental mastery into pioneering devices and technologies. Across the outstanding laboratories of the ENS Physics department, the ENS- ICFP will federate its research groups in atomic, condensed-matter, and theoretical physics for the development of techniques harnessing quantum physics and quantum information. As the understanding and control of quantum phenomena are still far from complete, the ENS-ICFP will build on its theoretical and experimental expertise across laboratories and research groups to push the development of quantum communication, including single/entangled photon sources and quantum memories; quantum information, involving atoms, photons, ions, spins, superconducting and semi-conducting circuits, carbon nanotubes; high-resolution quantum measurements of space, time, and fields, overcoming
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the barriers of the standard quantum limit; and finally on quantum simulation aimed at the emulation by cold atom gases of condensed matter systems. The project will focus on model systems such as quantum gates and complex quantum operations, simple quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, but also search application from high-precision atomic clocks to the detection of gravitational waves and measurement of fundamental constants. The project aims at an in-depth exploration of the quantum reality. In a situation where many questions about quantum measurement or decoherence are still open, this project intends to explore theoretically and experimentally in quantum physics and to pave the way for practical applications. The ENS-ICFP plans to use quantum technologies to push much further the measurement limits. Some outcomes will be essential for further development of basic physics (quantum- noise limited measurements of electrical currents, quantum-enabled high precision spectroscopy, etc). Others may have considerable practical consequences (high precision time standards distribution, geodesic localization, quantum image enhancement and processing, etc). The ENS-ICFP project will develop the building blocks of the future quantum information systems. Quantum bits, quantum gates, quantum memories will be developed and improved with a variety of approaches, from single atom and single photons to single electron in semi- conducting quantum devices, or single spins in carbon nanotubes. Massive parallel quantum processing in optical lattices or atomic ensembles manipulations are also promising paths and will be explored in this project. The prospect of quantum information processing has fuelled worldwide development of research on basic quantum phenomena, with major national and international initiatives. Many well-funded European networks have been created, in which most ENS teams partake. New quantum physics research centres have been created, and are now leading this thriving activity. Prominent examples are the Perimeter Institute and the Institute for Quantum Computing in Waterloo (Ontario). They have the ability, though innovative programs, to welcome the best researchers in the field. The ENS physics department has the ambition, though the ENS-ICFP project, and particularly through the Junior Research Chairs, to be on a par with these extremely successful ventures. The project builds on leading research groups at the ENS physics department, which constitute a unique ensemble, which makes this department an ideal seed for a major development in quantum physics. The ENS-ICFP project will provide the means to expand their activity, their attractiveness and their outreach. It will contribute to the tightening of close collaborations between these teams. Research axis 2: Biophysics: from the cell to the organism A fundamental challenge of modern biology is to understand how stochastic molecular processes coordinate at the systems level, within networks of interactions, to generate reliable functions and how those networks were generated through evolutionary
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mechanisms. The ENS Physics Department is an ideal place to federate and develop the interdisciplinary cutting-edge experimental and theoretical knowledge from physics, chemistry, biology, statistics and dynamical systems which are necessary to address this major issue. One main objective is to develop ultimate, highly accurate imaging and manipulation tools to study essential biological processes at the individual molecular level, such as DNA- proteins interactions, molecular adhesion or force-generation by molecular motors, and at the cellular level, such as chemotaxis and gene regulation, or morphogenesis and development in the context of multi-cellular systems. Evolution mechanisms will be investigated to probe the origin of biodiversity, pathogenic resistance under extreme environmental conditions. Sophisticated analysis methods, such as high-dimensional inference, will be developed and these measurements will be exploited and compared to theoretical predictive models based on statistical physics concepts and tools. These measures and analyses are essential for revealing the molecular strategies that living systems have developed to achieve specific interactions under physical, biochemical and evolutionary constraints. The ENS-ICFP project aims at understanding how molecular processes coordinate within a cell or a small organism to produce dynamic and functional organization. Highly accurate tools using optics, micro-fabrication and nano-manipulation will be developed and applied to basic and applied bio-physics, and new theoretical and statistical methods, with applications in massive data analysis and modelling. At the molecular level, micromanipulation and optical visualization expertise from LPS and LKB and micro-fabrication knowledge from LPA will allow the development of high- resolution tracking of DNA enzymes with a single base-pair resolution and non-invasive photonics tools to induce gene expression or intracellular signalling via molecular uncaging. This will allow investigating the development, the regeneration and tumor growth, with applications of single molecule DNA sequencing tools. The evolutionary and ecological adaptation in bacterial cell populations will be studied using novel chemostats. New statistical inference tools and theoretical modelling will allow interpreting the measurements at the microscopic and cellular levels. This interdisciplinary work in ENS-ICFP benefits from several decisive features: proper physics expertise with minute signals and with single atoms, leadership in cutting-edge optical experiments – the strength of theoretical modelling in statistical physics – twenty years of involvement in biologically inspired physics. The ENS physics department unites complementary teams as can be found in few other research environments only. A key advantage will be the proximity with the chemistry and biology ENS departments as well as other neighbouring institutes (College de France, Institut Curie, ESPCI) for the development of advanced optical microscopy, photo-reactive compounds, micro-fluidic devices, engineered organisms.
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Biophysics research in the department has so far focused on molecular mechanisms. The next challenge consists in the development of quantitative approaches at the systems level. This involves the control of protein activity at the single cell level in a living organism, biological networks, evolution experiments and sequencing tools, and the development of inference methods. Research axis 3: Non-linear physics: from the laboratory to the cosmos The ENS physics department has from the beginning played a major role in the development of nonlinear physics. Its concepts and tools, some of them developed at the department, apply to an impressive range of natural systems ranging from the stability of Bose condensate and the dynamics of vortices to dissipative out of equilibrium systems at the laboratory scale, and finally the dynamics of astrophysical objects. Pushed by applications from the laboratory to the Earth's core and to the cosmos, and by progress in experimental techniques, observation and simulation, the physics of conducting fluids is in a state of rapid development. The main objective is therefore the understanding of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. Experimentally, the study of fluid dynamo, i.e. the generation of a magnetic field from the dynamical activity of a conducting fluid is a field in its infancy. This problem has strong astrophysical implications on the physics of formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, and planets. MHD turbulence is a ubiquitous process in astrophysics which applies to the interstellar medium, the star formation, the physics of instabilities in accretion disks, the internal rotation profile of the Sun, the generation of planetary and stellar magnetic fields. The ENS Physics department is in a unique position to achieve this goal by bringing together its groups working from statistical physics and from astrophysical viewpoints, and by expanding on its proven expertise in experiment, simulation and observation. The ENS-ICFP will bridge the gap between formal calculation, laboratory experiments and observational data, a truly synergetic effort at the highest levels. The inter-laboratory approach has already proven successful for the analysis of the VKS dynamo experiment using numerical tools first developed for astrophysical applications, but this project will extend this fruitful cross-fertilization to many other phenomena. The project will greatly advance the understanding of magnetic field generation, and the understanding of the fluid structures that form as a result of turbulent motions. The generation in the laboratory of a turbulent dynamo in configurations closer to planetary or stellar dynamos will offer an understanding of the role of turbulent fluctuations on the field generation mechanism and on the scaling law for the magnetic energy (an issue related to the problem of anomalous exponents in out-of-equilibrium systems). Progress in the understanding of MHD turbulence will result in the development of improved models of star formation, a compelling explanation of the Sun’s rotation pattern, improved reduced models and dynamical system techniques to account for observed state changes in accretion disks. In recent years, many research teams devoted themselves to the study of dynamo action in turbulent flows, and the field of MHD simulations has been particularly competitive. The
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ENS-ICFP will gather complementary strengths on all the aspects of this project. It is in a unique position to maintain a leading role in the non-linear physics problems associated with MHD turbulence by strengthening the links between these research teams. Interactions in the department were so far focused on the dynamo instability. By extending this unique interaction between experiments, theory, numerical simulations and observations to other aspects of MHD turbulence, the ENS Physics department wants to open a new avenue of research without equivalents. Research axis 4: Theoretical physics and applications The ENS physics department aims at developing synergies between all the areas of theoretical physics, ranging from high-energy and particle physics to cosmology, statistical mechanics and condensed matter. One of the main efforts of the ENS-ICFP will be the development of concepts and tools of string theory, with applications to particle physics (reproduction and extension of the Standard Model and study of string vacua relevant for experiments), cosmology (quantum black holes, study of the early universe), condensed matter (through the AdS/CFT correspondence). In parallel, general concepts for open and out-of-equilibrium systems of ever-growing experimental importance will be developed. The multi-disciplinary applications of statistical physics, with an emphasis on random geometries and disordered systems (such as pinned manifolds, turbulence or optimization problems), low dimensional condensed matter (from quantum Hall to graphene), and theoretical biophysics will be strengthened. Designing new and efficient computational techniques (for exact diagonalization, Monte Carlo sampling, etc) will also be a central part of this research axis. The project of the ENS-ICFP consists in developing highly sophisticated analytical and computational tools for tackling a wide range of problems in modern theoretical physics and beyond. The transfer of techniques and ideas between fields, such as string theory and cosmology, field theory and condensed matter, statistical physics and computer science will help their cross-fertilization. Expertise in theoretical physics at the ENS physics department ranges from mathematical physics to phenomenology to experiments. Unity and knowledge transfer between high- energy and statistical physics will be a hallmark of the ENS-ICFP. The theoretical physics project will benefit from the proximity with the Mathematics community at the ENS and in central Paris, who is at the world top level, and from the size and quality of the Paris area statistical mechanics community which is one of the most active ones in Europe. The ENS- ICFP project considerably strengthens a tradition of interdisciplinary applications towards computer and information sciences and biology. The novelty of the project lies in the development of analytical and computational techniques in various branches of modern physics, and their active extension and transfer between fields. This constant dialogue and exchange, which so far has been the result of individual and punctual initiatives, should be institutionalized in the project.
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5.2.2 EXPLOITATION OF RESULTS, TRANSFER AND EXPERTISE The exploitation part of the ENS-ICFP project has three main objectives: maximize the dissemination of scientific results, improve the department's international visibility and build up sustained relations with key actors in the private sector in order to facilitate the exploitation of results. Practically, these ambitious objectives require the appointment on a high-level position of an Outreach, Dissemination and Exploitation (ODE) Manager, who will manage the valorisation effort, and also organize and coordinate the JRC program.
The ENS Physics Department has already a strong international scientific reputation, sustained by more than 300 publications per year in high-impact journals, by key invited contributions to all major international conferences. Some of these high-profile publications are quoted in sections 4.1.1.1, 4.1.2.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.5.1, 4.1.6.1. The department's activity is regularly acknowledged by the attribution of prominent scientific prizes. The opening of the JRC positions will certainly contribute significantly to this thriving activity.
One of the missions of the ODE manager will be to increase the international visibility of the most interesting results, particularly of those obtained by the JRC recipients. The manager will coordinate the inclusion and presentation of these results on the ENS-ICFP website. He will facilitate the preparation of general audience presentations by the research teams (text, audio, video...). He will develop the relations between the department and the press and media, making sure that the results obtained at the ENS-ICFP will receive an adequate coverage. He will finally publicize all major scientific prizes received by department's members.
One main objective of the exploitation project and of the ODE manager's activity is to foster exchanges and collaborations between the department and the private sector (ranging from small high-tech companies to major players in the economic world).
As presented above (see sections 4.1.1.2, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.2, 4.1.4.2, 4.1.5.2, 4.1.6.2), fundamental research at the department often leads to the development of technologies of R&D corporate relevance. There are thus already many formal or informal connections between department's teams and actors outside the academic sector. Major industrial companies have expressed interest in the department's research. R
These exchanges will benefit from the links with former department members working now in the private sector. Indeed, an increasing fraction of PhD students moves on to high-level positions in the private sector. Many are employed in R&D (in a variety of subjects such as radar detection, nuclear energy, biotechnology), but others are also involved in financial
R A full-day meeting of the department with the research department of Alcatel-Lucent was e. g. organized on 20/01/2010 to discuss common interest for quantum information and image processing, among other subjects.
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operations or in consulting projects. The excellent training dispensed by the department is increasingly recognized by the economic actors. To take a single example, a major consulting group hires the PhD laureates directly at the senior level, acknowledging their PhD work as a major professional experience. An essential role of the ODE manager will be to organize this reinforcement of the Department's visibility into a consistent approach for valorisation of results.
Three main directions in which the relations with the economic world to mutual benefit could be strengthened are envisioned. First, transfers of technology from or to the industry must be reinforced. The fundamental physics experiments in the department require cutting- edge technological tools in a variety of domains, from cryogenics or microwaves to optics and electronics. More than once, extrapolations of existing tools or completely new systems had to be designed in-house for these experiments. It is essential to get a deeper involvement of the equipment companies in these developments. On the one hand, devices obtained will better fit to the ENS-ICFP needs. On the other hand, these new devices will be of interest for other laboratories and thus profitable in the market.
Second, joint research programs with companies will be developed whenever possible. The department's activity must remain a curiosity-driven investigation of fundamental physics. However, there are clearly some scientific directions in the ENS-ICFP project which are of interest for industrial R&D on the long term. For instance, improvement of the measurement precision by quantum-enabled technologies, quantum information processing (including quantum image processing) or the development of TeraHertz sources and techniques are of particular interest for major actors in the society of information. As already mentioned, informal contacts with Alcatel-Lucent have outlined a strong common interest in these fields. Sophisticated mathematical techniques developed by statistical physics theoreticians can be of high interest for financial and banking companies. Joint research programs, joint PhD supervisions, common applications to funding agencies should be opportunities commonly used by the partners.
Third, knowledge transfer between the partners will be organised and fostered. Patents produced by the department must be publicized widely and possible partners for a practical development identified and contacted. The department's teams must be made aware of the needs of possible partners for new developments. Former department's PhD students getting a position in the industry are an extremely efficient way of disseminating their expertise. Interested students must be identified and tutored during their first contacts with non- academic world. Department members already act as consulting experts in a variety of situations. This activity can be developed and coordinated at the departmental level.
Up to now, the development of these essential valorisation activities has been hindered by the lack of a clear vision and organization at the departmental level, as well as by the lack of a part-time high-level specialist of communication and dissemination. Hiring of an ODE
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manager through the ENS-ICFP project will remove this bottleneck and be of paramount importance to improve the department's impact on the economic world.
For all his activities in this domain, the ODE manager will work in close collaboration with the department's direction and with the research teams. He will identify the companies which can take most interest in a reinforced mutual interaction. He will organize meetings with the representatives of these companies, and reciprocal visits of laboratories and facilities. In particular, a selection of the work done by JRC will be presented to potentially interested partners. The ODE manager will systematically follow this approach. He/she will establish a list of subjects on which the department's members are more competent to offer training to industry employees and disseminate widely this list to possible partners.
More generally, the ODE manager will organize private-public relationship meetings for regular discussions between the department and a pool of privileged industrial partners and foundations, taking benefit of the close relationships which can be established with former department's members being now decision makers in major companies. Periodic information seminars will be set up, with the goal of discussing potential industrial application of research and industrial needs, of organizing collaborative research and other types of interactions, including philanthropic support of some departmental activities. These seminars and meetings will also be an essential tool to present these major economic actors to the interested graduate students and to help them in getting their first contacts in this world.
The ODE manager will be, through his dissemination activity, well aware of the scientific activities of the department. He will be in position to facilitate the exploitation of results. He will point out the subjects more likely to attract industrial interest. He/she will intervene in the preparation of patents. He will take care of the interaction between the teams with the existing ENS/CNRS valorisation structure (cellule de valorisation) and particularly take care of all the local administrative work related to patent application. The researcher will then be able to concentrate on writing the scientific part of it.
Within the ENS-ICFP project, the ODE manager will have a high-level mission of considerable responsibility, requiring independence and excellent communication skills.
5.2.3 HIGHER EDUCATION, INTEGRATION INTO THE WORKPLACE For many decades, the ENS physics department has combined cutting-edge research in fundamental science with highest-level training of future scientific leaders in France. Students have traditionally been selected through a highly competitive national entrance exam, with some possibilities for international students (see section 4.1.1.3). Many successful students have come to ENS from other universities in France or from abroad, following a merit-based admission procedure. The present administrative organization of teaching at the
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Physics Department involves two components: a third-year undergraduate program and a renowned Master program. The first master year at ENS offers an exposure to research through a one-semester internship.
The ENS-ICFP teaching project will open up the teaching at the ENS physics department internationally, trying to attract international master students, but also internationally renowned senior professors. The education at the department, even for the French students, will benefit enormously from this international orientation. The traditional strengths of the teaching at the ENS physics department, namely the unity between teaching and research, the close contacts between students and researchers/ professors and the high general level will be preserved. Specifically, the teaching starting from master program will be transformed into ENS Master/Graduate School of Physics.
To fulfil this objective the following initiatives are planned. Within the ENS-ICFP, internationally renowned senior professors will be specially invited to participate in teaching at the ENS Master/Graduate School, at the master or PhD level. Typically, invited professors will give between six and eight lectures within a one-month period, for several years in a row. Outstanding scholars will be invited. Pioneers of innovative teaching methods will also be given the possibility to develop new approaches for lectures, advanced experimental classes, web-based teaching, international collaborations in teaching, etc. These professors will thus fully integrate the life of the department, benefit from support with teaching assistants. Following a pattern that has proven its effectiveness elsewhereS, a senior member of the Department, assisted by a junior researcher will be responsible for the successful integration of any professor into the department, and into the teaching at the ENS Master/Graduate School of Physics, the distribution of teaching material, announcement on websites, etc. International Professors will often teach at a level intermediate between the master and the graduate level, and courses will be of great benefit for the numerous PhD students at ENS, and in the Paris area. Courses will be widely publicized.
Each JRC will contribute to the educational effort at the ENS-ICFP, with a teaching duty of roughly 1/3 of a regular service. This second focus of the teaching initiative at the ENS-ICFP will have considerable importance for the life and the attractiveness of the ENS physics department. It will provide an obvious enhancement of the international component of the teaching program, creating a truly international atmosphere. Teaching effort by JRC's can take many forms: lectures, repetition classes, mentoring and tutoring, set-up and supervision of experimental projects, etc. The department of physics will increase the offer of ambitious experimental classes.
S For example in the programme at EPFL Lausanne (see Section 5.1)
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The master program at the ENS-ICFP will be far more attractive to foreign students than it is now. The highly efficient tutoring system of physics students at ENS will be extended to the special case of international students, allowing them to adapt to the high level of courses at ENS. These students will also benefit from the close contact between research and teaching at ENS, and the long internships, which have already proven very valuable, will apply to them (mostly in laboratories in the Paris area). By providing a small number of master scholarships, the ENS-ICFP will obtain latitude for selecting the most promising students.
The ODE manager (see section 4.1.1.2) will be in charge of a setting-up systematic strategy for attracting and selecting Master students from an international base, and he will have the possibility for international travel in order to build up international awareness of the ENS Master/Graduate School. The ODE manager will also be a privileged contact for preparing students finishing their PhD for the challenges of the workplace. He will put them into contact with former students, companies, etc. This is part of the valorisation project.
Professors will be selected by the executive board. The international Advisory board will be asked to propose potential names of international professors.
The present proportion of international students in FIP and CFP is roughly 20%. The main goal of this teaching project is to double this percentage in the next five years and in the long term to reach 50% of students who come specifically to ENS for this Master.
5.2.4 GOVERNANCE
To reach the objectives of the ENS-ICFP, the project management is structured around the executive board, the research committee, the directors of higher education and the ODE manager. Such a structure fulfils all functions and responsibilities in the management and decision process.
Figure 3 illustrates the management structure of the ENS-ICFP.
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Figure 3 : Management structure of ENS-ICFP
The executive board will chaired by the head of the ENS physics department and will include the five directors of laboratories and the directors of higher education. It will meet at least once every six months or more often if special issues need to be discussed. The executive board represents the high level of decision-making within the project. It will not only make decisions regarding the management issues of research, teaching and valorisation projects, but will also manage the overall project strategy: increase the international attractiveness of the ENS physics department.
The International Advisory Board (IAB) will be composed of internationally renowned scientists and will be invited at least every other year. It thus takes over and extends the successful, and highly influential work of the international visiting committees (as the 2004 and the 2008 committee largely cited throughout his text). Besides advising the ENS-ICFP on its long-term strategy, the International Advisory board will be consulted (by mail, video conference, etc) on short-term issues, such as the applications of JRC candidates, curricula of the ENS master/graduate school of physics, and the visiting scholar program. The IAB will advise the ENS-ICFP on the strategy for technology transfer, the relation with industry, innovation, patent applications, start-up creation, etc.
The second level is the executive level. The research committee will be chaired by the director of the ENS physics department and will include the five directors of the laboratories. The research committee will be in charge of implementing the recruitment procedure of JRC. This committee will work in closed collaboration with the ODE manager regarding the advertisement of these positions. The research committee will meet at least every three months.
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The director of higher education will be in charge of implementing the teaching project. They will work in close collaboration with ODE manager regarding the advertisement of the new ENS Master/Graduate School of Physics.
The Outreach Dissemination and Exploitation manager (ODE manager) will be in charge of advertising the JRC positions and the ENS Master/Graduate School internationally, of organizing the ENS-ICFP program and maintaining trustworthy relationship with companies and facilitating the exploitation of results. The ODE manager will be in charge of the definition and the implementation of a communication strategy, including international travel to leading universities to present the activities of the ENS-ICFP. The ODE manager will be an engineer specialized in research valorisation. He will work in close collaboration with researchers.
5.2.5 ATTRACTION
The ENS-ICFP project is centred on boosting the international attractiveness of the ENS physics department, and of French fundamental research in general. The objectives are the following: that high-potential international students actually choose to study at ENS, that high-potential candidates apply for, and actually take up JRC positions, and finally that outstanding professors actually come to teach at ENS-ICFP. A competitive salary (see Section 6), taking into account the high cost of living in the Paris area, and the added expenses for expatriate researchers is only one of the elements in this strategy. The design of the JRC positions also stresses the integration of JRC recipients into the Department's structure. As further explained in Section 5.2.1, each JRC recipient will be assigned a mentor among the senior researchers at the department. This mentor will be responsible for the integration of JRC recipients into the department. Regular meetings of all JRC recipients with the ENS-ICFP executive board are also planned. As experience elsewhere has shown, this careful design will increase the attractiveness of the program. Finally, JRC recipients will participate in teaching. This is a key element of the project. It will increase the attractiveness of the program, both for master students and for JRC recipients. It will increase the international attraction of the program and contribute to integrate the JRC recipients into the department.
International visiting professors at the Department on a temporary, yet regular basis (typically for one month per year over several years) will contribute to the worldwide dissemination of JRC positions and of the ENS graduate school of Physics,
Finally, it is beyond doubt that the ENS-ICFP and especially the ENS master/graduate school will be very attractive for international high-potential students. ENS's priority on a pedagogical project, the tight connection of research and teaching (stressed also by the participation of JRC recipients in research) and the international orientation will be clearly visible. The improved international attractiveness will build on a longstanding reputation of
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excellence of the education given at ENS, and in the French higher education system in general. The project's focus on a small number of high-profile initiatives will guarantee that the ENS-ICFP impacts, beyond the ENS Physics Department, fundamental-physics research and education in the central Paris region, with echos on the national scale.
The promotion of the ENS-ICFP project will be planned by the ODE manager and overseen by the executive board. It will involve the use of posters, internet, advertisements in high-impact journals such as Nature, Science, Physics Today, and also direct contacts between senior ENS scientists and colleagues worldwide, the latter having proven efficient in related initiatives (see Section 5.1). The most efficient means for application to JRC positions and registration to the Master program will be available through the website. The ODE manager will travel abroad in order to promote the new offers of ENS-ICFP.
5.3. STRATEGY OF THE SUPERVISING INSTITUTION In this part, we will describe how this project fits into the strategy of the three main supervising institutions: ENS, UPMC and CNRS. Of course, the project is also in line with the Paris Observatory and UDD strategies.
A key objective of the global strategic program 2010-2013 of École normale supérieure is to increase its international attractiveness. In order to achieve this goal, main challenges have been identified, namely Innovation, interdisciplinary and excellence of research and higher education, furthermore the international attractiveness of higher education programs, and finally the strategic partnership allowing synergies and reactivity.
UMPC, in its four-year contract for 2009-2012, has defined three main objectives, namely the reinforcement of research activities at the best international level, the improvement of higher education programs, and the promotion of industrial partnerships.
CNRS, in its “horizon 2020” strategic plan, has identified the following main objectives: the Promotion of interdisciplinary, generator of main discoveries, the reinforcement of the international attractiveness of research centres and of higher education programs, and the increase of industrial partnerships.
5.3.1 STRATEGY OF THE SUPERVISING INSTITUTIONS REGARDING RESEARCH The ENS strategy regarding research aims at reinforcing major research domains and promoting the development of new interdisciplinary research fields. Organized into 13 closely linked departments across the natural and social sciences, mathematics and the humanities, ENS is itself ideally set up for organizing interdisciplinary research activities.
UPMC’s and CNRS’ objectives are the reinforcement of their international visibility of research, and the development of new interdisciplinary research teams.
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ENS-ICFP will open a program of Junior Research Chairs in transversal research fields of fundamental physics in extremely rapid progression, with intense international competition, and a potential for rapid development and technological applications. The internationally competitive working conditions and a careful design of the program will allow the recruitment of young scientists at the best international level. With these new positions, ENS- ICFP will be in line with the ENS, UPMC and CNRS strategies concerning research.
5.3.2 STRATEGY OF THE SUPERVISING INSTITUTIONS REGARDING HIGHER EDUCATION The ENS strategy regarding higher education aims at reinforcing the quality of teaching, developing new teaching programs and increasing the visibility of its higher education programs. Thus, ENS will reinforce its higher education system as an international graduate school. New tools should be developed in order to recruit students from different background. The quality of professorship is one of the most important items in high-level teaching. Besides, one asset of ENS is the close combination of research and teaching in a same place. UPMC aims at maintaining a high-level and internationally visible education program. CNRS aims at reinforcing the international attractiveness of higher education programs.
The teaching project of the ENS-ICFP will greatly enhance the international attractiveness of the ENS teaching programs through the development of the ENS Master/Graduate School in Physics, an international program in English at master and PhD level, gathering the best students, the top-ranked professors and a great variety of subjects in fundamental Physics. This program will continue to be run in cooperation the traditional partners of the ENS physics department. A clear strategy is defined in order to attract the most promising students from a wide pool of applicants. The Junior Research Chairs will participate in the teaching activity in order to keep the close combination between research and teaching, one of the pillars of ENS, following the pattern of the “research university”. This new teaching program proposed by ENS-ICFP will be in line with the strategy of ENS, UPMC and CNRS: reinforcing the quality of teaching and strongly increasing its international visibility.
5.3.3 STRATEGY OF THE SUPERVISING INSTITUTIONS REGARDING VALORISATION The ENS global strategic program aims at increasing the dissemination and exploitation of research results. To stimulate the exploitation of results, ENS will increase the collaboration with the CNRS exploitation board, participate to the UPMC incubator Agoranov, stimulate private-public partnership and increase the participation to collaborative projects.
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UPMC objective regarding exploitation of results are the increase of technology transfer through the promotion of private-public partnership. The goal of CNRS is to increase the technology transfer between laboratories and industries.
The exploitation project of ENS-ICFP has three main objectives: maximize the dissemination of scientific results, maintain trustworthy relationship with companies thanks to the organization of joint meetings with the private sector and facilitate the exploitation of results thanks to the appointment of a manager specifically concerned with the questions of outreach, dissemination and exploitation. It is in line with the strategies of ENS, UPMC and CNRS.
5.4. CONNECTIONS TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC WORLD The strong relations of ENS-ICFP with the socio economic world are very present in the following parts of the project: reinforcing the links between the fundamental research at the Department and the industries; new approach to the outreach activities, that will improve interactions with the general public as pointed out in Section 5.2.2; initiatives on educational work, which will reach the general public, as pointed out in Section 5.2.3. Within the valorisation initiative, a dedicated ODE (outreach, dissemination and exploitation) manager, will organize systematic contact of the Department researchers with companies. This initiative will stand on three pillars, namely existing collaborations with industrial partners, the great interest for the high-level graduates at the department by private companies, as well as the large base of former students at the ENS physics department, who are now employed in the private sector, often in high-level positions (see Section 5.2.2). Those improved relationships will boost knowledge transfer from fundamental physics to private research centres and also make the researchers more aware of applications related questions. Meetings organized by the ODE manager will be the opportunity for researchers to present their results and for researchers in the R&D teams of companies to expose their needs within mutual interest fields. This cooperation between ENS-ICFP and the industries will be mutually beneficial. These exchanges will also stimulate the signature of research contracts between researchers and companies. Both the ENS physics department and the private sector will benefit from this closer cooperation which, as described in Sections 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 4.1.6, several laboratories of the department have already started to set-up, It is on the larger scale of the department that these collaborations can be organized systematically.
5.5. PULL EFFECT Both 2004 and 2008 international visiting committees have identified strengths and challenges faced by the ENS physics department, namely the excellent quality of research, at the top international level, but also a deficit of international visibility, a lack of large-scale coordination of research agendas (beyond the scale of the laboratories) and a growing
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disadvantage in the competition for the best researchers, especially young international researchers. These weaknesses relate partly to global problems of organisation of research and education in France. They also relate to specific problems of the ENS physics department, that this project addresses. It will provoke a very significant change in operations: the Junior Research Chair program will boost the international attractiveness of ENS, the ENS master/graduate school of physics will provide an international platform for teaching. Finally, a valorisation project will revolutionize the approach to dissemination and exploitation of results. These measures have proven their efficiency in other world-leading institutions; however they will be unique in the French national context. One of the significant changes in the ENS-ICFP concerns the increased coordination of the five laboratories, and the interdisplinary nature of the research program. The ENS department of physics recognizes that many exciting R&D opportunities lie at the interface between disciplines. Moreover, it presents a clear strategy for nurturing research at these interfaces. The ENS-ICFP will largely facilitate a number of cross-disciplinary projects.
The presence at ENS-ICFP of independent international physicists in larger proportion than could be proposed with traditional CNRS hiring system will have a huge positive impact on the research environment much beyond ENS. The design of the program, including the salary levels, will turn joining the ENS physics department into an option for candidates that the French academic system can presently not attract. The ENS-ICFP project also proposes an international orientation for the master and graduate studies than before. JRC recipients will participate in this master/graduate school, as will international professors in teaching. Direct contacts between students and the professors will be encouraged.
The ENS-ICFP program will improve the international visibility of the physics department research, and help increasing funding levels from national agencies (such as ANR). It will also help maintain the already exceptional success rate on the European (ERC) level. The consistent approach to the exploitation of results and the improvement of relations with the private sector will certainly bring up new research subjects, together with vastly improved funding opportunities through industrial contracts, thesis contracts, and private sponsorship.
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6. FINANCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE MOBILISATION OF THE RESOURCES
6.1. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE MOBILISATION OF THE RESOURCES
6.1.1 RESEARCH PROJECT
6.1.1.1 Equipement (coût unitaire supérieur à 4000 euros HT) Equipments will be necessary for the experimental JRC positions. Given the difficulty of predicting exactly the needs, the following tentative list is provided and will be adjusted during the course of the project: - Residual gas analyser and quadrupole mass spectrometer - 2 ultra-high vacuum system - ND:Yag Laser (10W 532nm + piezo) - ND:Yag Laser (10 W low noise) - Femto oscillator (Ti:Sa SYNERGY 20HP) - 3 photonics laser fiber - Laser Nd:YV04 10W CW 532+Ring Ti:Sa Tunable Laser+Frequency doubler Wavetrain+frequency doubler range extension - pump Laser Nd:Yag 10W Verdi CW 532+Ti:SA MBR110+MBD200 frequency doubler+optics for extended range - Complete cryostat with cold head - 1W cold head + compressor - Optical table with pneumatic insulation - Optical frequency synthesizer - Four clean hoods This represents a total amount of 1,192,945 € (details given in the document A and estimates given in section 7.3). As 24 JRC will be opened, if it is estimated that half of them will be experimental JRC, it represents an average amount of approximately 100,000 € per experimental JRC.
6.1.1.2 Personnel cost The main element of the LABEX research project is to open attractive ENS-Junior Research Chair positions. Three positions will be opened each year and they will typically last three years. In order to be attractive, competitive salaries will be provided: overall salary of 6 000 Euros/month (net salary of approximately 3,333 €). This is considerably higher than typical ENS post-doctoral salaries (average overall salary corresponding to 4,313 €, highest present ENS overall salary 5,470 €).
With the ENS-ICFP starting mid 2011 and considering the timetable described in section 5.2.1, the first call for positions will be published in spring of 2012 (with a deadline for
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applications in November 2012). First positions will be opened between June and September 2013. With three positions opened each year, there would be 3 JRC positions in 2013, 6 in 2014 and then 9 between 2015 and 2021. This represents a total of 24 JRC. It is planned that the JRC will spend 2/3 of their time in research and 1/3 in teaching activities. This represents 504 person.month (63person.year*12month/year*2/3) and a total amount of: 3,024,000 €.
6.1.1.3 Subcontracting No subcontracting is foreseen for the research project.
6.1.1.4 Travel A travel budget allowing JRC recipient to participate to international congresses and conferences will be allocated. A budget of 8,000 Euros will allow them to participate to one to two international congresses per year. This represents a total amount of 504,000 Euros (8,000 €/person/year*63person.year).
6.1.1.5 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing) No expenses for inward billing are foreseen for the research project.
6.1.1.6 Other working costs Each JRC will be provided a maximum amount of 7,500 € for consumables. This represents a total amount of 472,500 Euros (7,500 €/person/year*63person.year).
6.1.2 EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
6.1.2.1 Equipement (coût unitaire supérieur à 4000 euros HT) No equipment purchase is foreseen for the educational project.
6.1.2.2 Personnel cost One main objective of the educational project is to appoint internationally renowned professors. Each year a few professors will be invited for a total duration of 6 months. Considering that the LABEX project will begin mid 2011, the first professors will be invited as of September 2012. Indeed, even if internationally renowned professors have already shown strong interest in participating in the ENS graduate school of Physics, they need time to plan their venue and to get involved for a 3 to 4 year engagement. In order to attract internationally renowned professors, it is essential to provide competitive salaries: 10 000 €/month (all taxes included). This represents a total amount of: 54person.months (6 months of professors*9years) and a total amount for personnel of: 540,000 €.
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Moreover, the JRC will participate in teaching activities. They will spend 1/3 of their time in teaching. This represents 252 person.month (63person.year*12month/year*1/3) and a total amount of: 1,512,000 €.
Besides, the ENS-ICFP plans to make the master program at the ENS physics department even more attractive to foreign students by providing scholarships. Six fellowships for Master students will be opened each year representing 1,000 €/month. This represents a total amount of: 648person.months (6 scholarships *9years*12months/year) and a total amount of: 648,000 €.
6.1.2.3 Subcontracting No subcontracting is foreseen for the educational project.
6.1.2.4 Travel Invited professors will be paid their travel. As professors will come from all over the world, an average amount of 5,000 € is estimated. This represents a total amount of 135,000 €. (5,000 €/travel*1travel/year*3professors* 9 years)
6.1.2.5 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing) No expenses for inward billing are foreseen for the educational project.
6.1.2.6 Other working costs No other working costs are foreseen for the educational project.
6.1.3 EXPLOITATION OF RESULTS
6.1.3.1 Personnel cost In order to communicate on the JRC positions and on the ENS graduate School of Physics, and to maintain trustworthy relationship with companies and facilitate results exploitation, an outreach, dissemination and exploitation manager will be appointed. This represents a budget of 720,000 € (6,000 €/month*10years*12month/year).
6.1.3.2 Subcontracting The ENS physics department website will be modified in order to make it more attractive and to present the ENS-ICFP. Moreover, some posters will be produced to advertise the ENS graduate school of Physics and the JRC positions. This represents a total budget of 30,000 €.
Besides, some private-public relationship meeting will be organized every year for discussions between the department and a pool of privileged industrial partners and foundations. This represents a total amount of 7,500 € (15 people*50 €* 10 years).
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6.1.3.3 Travel The outreach, dissemination and exploitation manager will visit international Universities in order to communicate on the JRC positions and on the ENS graduate School of Physics. An average amount of 10,000 €/year allowing 2 to 3 international travels per year is estimated. This represents a total amount of 100,000 € (10,000 €/year*10years).
6.1.3.4 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing) No expenses for inward billing are foreseen for the exploitation of results project.
6.1.3.5 Other working costs No other working costs are foreseen for the exploitation of results project.
6.1.4 GOVERNANCE
6.1.4.1 Personnel cost As the management of the LABEX will represent an extra load of work for the directors, they will be awarded a bonus. Our estimation is based on 300 €/month bonus for the chairman of the executive board (director of the department) and 200 €/month for each directors of the laboratories and director of studies. The total budget is 180,000 € (300 €*120 months+200 €*120 months*6 directors).
6.1.4.2 Subcontracting No subcontracting is foreseen for the governance of the project.
6.1.4.3 Travel A travel allocation will be allocated to each international advisory board member. As they will travel internationally, an average amount of 10,000 Euros is estimated per person. This represents a total budget of 250,000 Euros (10,000 Euros/travel* 1 travel / 2 years *5 members *10 years)
6.1.4.4 Expenses for inward billing (Costs justified by internal procedures of invoicing) No expenses for inward billing are foreseen for the governance of the project.
6.1.4.5 Other working costs No other working costs are foreseen for the governance of the project.
6.2. OTHERS RESOURCES Equipments financed in the framework of the EQUIPEX call for proposals will be used in the LABEX project.
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Concerning the CEMEQUIM project, the budget amounts to 19,986,367 €. The ENS physics department will used this equipment at 15% and the ENS-ICFP at 2%. This represents an amount of 59,959 €.
Concerning the PAM project, the budget amounts to 7,432,326 €. The ENS physics department will used this equipment at 10% and the ENS-ICFP at 1.2 %. This represents an amount of 8,919 €.
Concerning the REFIMEVE project, the budget amounts to 9,598,104 €. The ENS physics department will used this equipment at 7% and the ENS-ICFP at 1%. This represents an amount of 6,718 €.
Concerning the LYMAN ALPHA project, the budget amounts to 4,262,720 €. The ENS physics department will used this equipment at 30% and the ENS-ICFP at 3.5%. This represents an amount of 44,758 €. Concerning the EQUIP@MESO project, the budget amounts to 12,338,292 €. The ENS physics department will used this equipment at 38% and the ENS-ICFP at 3.8%. This represents an amount of 48,000 €.
If all these EQUIPEX were accepted, the equipments provided would represent a total amount of 168,354 €.
6.2.1.1 Financial contribution of each laboratory to the ENS-ICFP Besides, each laboratory will make some resources available for the project. The following tables summarize these contributions.
Table 3 : Financial contribution of LKB to the ENS-ICFP
Table 4 : Financial contribution of LPA to the ENS-ICFP
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Table 5 : Financial contribution of LPS to the ENS-ICFP
Table 6 : Financial contribution of LPT to the ENS-ICFP
Table 7 : Financial contribution of LRA to the ENS-ICFP
Besides, the director of the department will dedicate 1.5 PM per year to the ENS-ICFP which represents a total amount of 112,005 € and the director of studies will dedicate 1 PM per year to the ENS-ICFP which represents a total amount of 54,210 €.
6.2.1.1.1 Personnel staff provided by each laboratory to the ENS-ICFP LKB Table 8 : Financial participation on personnel costs of the LKB to the ENS-ICFP
As described in the Table 8, the LKB director will spend 1PM/year on the ENS-ICFP project. 291 person.month of researchers and 291 person.month of PhD students will be made available to work with the JRCs.
LPA Table 9 : Financial participation of the LPA on personnel costs to the ENS-ICFP
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As described in the Table 9, the LPA director will spend 1PM/year on the ENS-ICFP project. 145 person.month of researchers and 145 person.month of PhD students will be made available to work with the JRCs.
LPS Table 10 : Financial participation of the LPS on personnel costs to the ENS-ICFP
As described in the Table 10, the LPS director will spend 1PM/year on the ENS-ICFP project. 140 person.month of researchers and 140 person.month of PhD students will be made available to work with the JRCs.
LPT Table 11 : Financial participation of the LPT on personnel costs to the ENS-ICFP
As described in the Table 11, the LPT director will spend 1PM/year on the ENS-ICFP project. 128 person.month of researchers and 128 person.month of PhD students will be made available to work with the JRCs.
LRA Table 12 : Financial participation of the LRA on personnel costs to the ENS-ICFP
As described in the Table 12, the LRA director will spend 1PM/year on the ENS-ICFP project. 52 person.month of researchers and 52 person.month of PhD students will be made available to work with the JRCs.
Globally, the laboratories will provide 752 person.month of researchers and 752 person.month of PhD in order to work with JRCs.
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6.2.1.1.2 Equipments and working costs provided by each laboratory to the ENS-ICFP
Helium will be provided for the experiments. It is estimated that 12,000 € of helium will be used per year per person and that only 1/3 of JRC will need it. This represents a total amount of 252,000 € (12,000 €*63 person.year*1/3).
Clean room will be provided for the experiments. A corresponding cost of 12,000 € per year per person is considered with 1/3 of JRC using it. This represents a total amount of 252,000 € (12,000 €*63 person.year*1/3).
Electronic equipment will be provided to experimental JRC. A corresponding cost of 12,000 € per year per experimental JRC is estimated. This represents a total amount of 378,000 € (12,000 €*63 person.year*1/2).
Mechanical equipments will be provided to experimental JRC. A corresponding cost of 15,000 € per year per experimental JRC is estimated. This represents a total amount of 472,500 € (15,000 €*63 person.year*1/2).
These costs (helium, clean room, electronic equipments and mechanical equipments) will be taken in charge by each laboratory as described in the Table 13.
Table 13 : Other financial participation of the laboratories to the ENS-ICFP Electrical Mechanical Helium Clean room equipment equipment LKB 127 273 € 127 273 € 190 909 € 238 636 € LPA 63 636 € 63 636 € 95 455 € 119 318 € LPS 61 091 € 61 091 € 91 636 € 114 545 € TOTAL 252000 € 252 000 € 378 000 € 472 500 €
The contribution of partners to this LABEX represents globally 8,148,081€.
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7. APPENDICES
7.1. STATE OF THE ART REFERENCES
1 R. Combescot, S. Giraud, Normal state of highly polarized Fermi gases: Full many-body treatment, Physical Review Letters 101 050404 (2008) 2 G. Semerjian, M. Tarzia, F. Zamponi, Exact solution of the Bose-Hubbard model on the Bethe lattice, Physical Review B 80 014524 (2009) 3 R. Combescot et al., Normal state of highly polarized Fermi gases: Simple many-body approaches Physical Review Letters 98 180402 (2007) 4 Z. Hadzibabic et al., The trapped two-dimensional Bose gas: from Bose-Einstein condensation to Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless physics, New Journal of Physics 10 045006 (2008) 5 M. Holzmann, W. Krauth Kosterlitz-Thouless transition of the quasi-two-dimensional trapped Bose gas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 190402 (2008) 6 R. Monchaux et al., Generation of a magnetic field by dynamo action in a turbulent flow of liquid sodium Physical Review Letters 98 044502 (2007)
7 S. Gleyzes et al., Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity, Nature 446, 297 (2007) 8 S. Deleglise et al., Reconstruction of non-classical cavity field states with snapshots of their decoherence, Nature 455, 510 (2008) 9 G. Fève et al., An on-demand coherent single-electron source, Science 316 1169 (2007)
10 S. Balibar Superfluidity of grain boundaries and supersolid behavior, Science 313 1098 (2006)
11 Y. Colombe et al., Strong atom-field coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip, Nature 450 272 (2007) 12G. Fève et al., An on-demand coherent single-electron source, Science 316 1169 (2007) xiii S. Gleyzes et al., Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity, Nature 446, 297 (2007) xiv C. Guerlin et al., Progressive field-state collapse and quantum non-demolition photon counting Nature 448, 889 (2007) xv S. Deleglise et al., Reconstruction of non-classical cavity field states with snapshots of their decoherence, Nature 455, 510 (2008) xvi O. Arcizet et al., Radiation-pressure cooling and optomechanical instability of a micromirror Nature 444, 71 (2006) xvii Z. Hadzibabic et al., Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless crossover in a trapped atomic gas Nature 441 1118 (2006)
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xviii S. Nascimbène et al., Exploring the thermodynamics of a universal Fermi gas Nature 463 1057 (2010) xix N. Navon et al., The Equation of State of a Low-Temperature Fermi Gas with Tunable Interactions, Science 328 729 (2010) xx Y. Colombe et al., Strong atom-field coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip, Nature 450 272 (2007) xxi P. Cladé et al., Determination of the Fine Structure Constant Based on Bloch Oscillations of Ultracold Atoms in a Vertical Optical Lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 033001 (2006) xxii M. Cadoret et al., Combination of Bloch Oscillations with a Ramsey-Bordé Interferometer: New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 230801 (2008) xxiii R. Pohl, et al. The size of the proton, Nature 466 213 (2010) xxiv L. Cacciapuoti and C. Salomon, Space clocks and fundamental tests: The ACES experiment, The European Physical Journal - Special Topics 172 57-68 (2009) xxv R.D. Deslattes et al., X-ray transition energies: New approach to a Comprehensive evaluation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 35-99 (2003) http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/xraytrans/index.cfm xxvi U.D. Jentschura et al., Precise Calculation of Transition Frequencies of Hydrogen and Deuterium Based on a Least-Squares Analysis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 163003-4 (2005) xxvii A. Berthelot et al., Unconventional motional narrowing in the optical spectrum of a semiconductor quantum dot, Nature Physics 2, 759-764 (2006) xxviii C. Diederichs et al., Parametric oscillation in vertical triple microcavities, Nature 440 904 (2006) xxix C. Roquelet et al., Pi-Stacking Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes through Micelle Swelling, ChemPhysChem 11 1667 (2010) xxx G. Magadur et al., Excitation transfer in functionalized carbon nanotubes, ChemPhysChem 9 1250 (2008) xxxi N. Jukam et al., Terahertz amplifier based on gain switching in a quantum cascade laser, Nature Photonics 3, 715 (2009) xxxii D. Oustinov et al., Phase seeding of a terahertz quantum cascade laser, Nature Comm. 1:69 doi: 10.1038 / ncomms1068 (2010) xxxiii F.R. Jasnot et al., Photocurrent analysis of quantum cascade detectors by magnetotransport, Phys. Rev. B 82 125447 (2010) xxxiv A. Gomez et al., Barrier breakdown in multiple quantum well structure, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 202110 (2008) xxxv J. Gabelli et al., Violation of Lirchhoff's laws for a coherent RC circuit, Science 313 499 (2006) xxxvi G. Fève et al., An on-demand coherent single-electron source, Science 316 1169 (2007)
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xxxvii L.G. Herrmann et al., Carbon Nanotubes as Cooper-Pair Beam Splitters Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 026801 (2010) xxxviii A. Dawid et al., Mechanically controlled DNA extrusion from a palindromic sequence by single molecule micromanipulation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 188102 (2006) xxxix P. Thomen et al., T7 RNA polymerase studied by force measurements varying cofactor concentration, Biophysical Journal 95 2423 (2008) xl E.A. Zibik et al., Long lifetimes of quantum-dot intersublevel transitions in the terahertz range, Nature Materials 8 803 (2009) xli J.R. Cardenas et al., Excitation spectra of terahertz Bloch emission in semiconductor superlattices, Phys. Rev. B 82, 041310(R) (2010) xlii R. Thomale et al., Entanglement Gap and a New Principle of Adiabatic Continuity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 180502 (2010) xliii B. Bernevig et al., Anatomy of Abelian and Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall States, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 206801 (2009) xliv C. Mora and K. Le Hur, Universal resistances of the quantum resistance-capacitance circuit Nature Physics 6 697 (2010) xlv A. Cottet and T. Kontos, Spin Quantum Bit with Ferromagnetic Contacts for Circuit QED, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105 160502 (2010) xlvi G. Bastard “Wave Mechanics Applied to Semiconductor Heterostructures” Wiley- Interscience; (1991) xlvii Z. Papic, M.O. Goerbig, N. Regnault, Atypical Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene at Filling Factor 1/3, Physical Review Letters, 105 176802 (2010) xlviii R. Thomale, A. Sterdyniak, N. Regnault, B. Andrei Bernevig, The entanglement gap and a new principle of adiabatic continuity, Physical Review Letters, 104 180502 (2010) xlix B. Andrei Bernevig, N. Regnault, The Anatomy of Abelian and Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall States, Physical Review Letters, 103, 206801 (2009) l N. Regnault et al., Topological Entanglement and Clustering of Jain Hierarchy States, Physical Review Letters, 103 016801 (2009) li T.H. Hansson et al., Conformal Field Theory approach to Abelian and non-Abelian Quantum Hall quasielectrons, Physical Review Letters, 102 166805 (2009) lii C. Mora, X. Leyronas, N. Regnault, Current noise through a Kondo quantum dot in a SU(N) Fermi liquid state, Physical Review Letters, 100 036604 (2008) liii N. Regnault, M. O. Goerbig, Th. Jolicoeur, Bridge between Abelian and Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall States, Physical Review Letters, 101 066803 (2008) liv C. Toke, N. Regnault, J.K. Jain, Nature of excitations of the 5/2 fractional quantum Hall effect, Physical Review Letters, 98 036806 (2007)
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lv S. Balibar Superfluidity of grain boundaries and supersolid behavior, Science 313 1098 (2006) lvi R. Monchaux et al., Generation of a magnetic field by dynamo action in a turbulent flow of liquid sodium, Physical Review Letters, 98 044502 (2007) lvii T.R. Strick et al., The elasticity of a single supercoiled DNA molecule, Science 271 1835 (1996) lviii Aujard I et al., A caged retinoic acid for one- and two-photon excitation in zebrafish embryos Record contains structures, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. , 47, 3744 (2008) lix Francois P, Hakim V, Design of genetic networks with specified functions by evolution in silico, PNAS 101 580 (2004) lx H.N.W. Lekkerkerker et al., Life at ultralow interfacial tension: wetting, waves and droplets in demixed colloid-polymer mixtures, European Physical Journal B 64 341 (2008) lxi D. Bonn et al., Delayed fracture of an inhomogeneous soft solid, Science 280 265 (1998) lxii D. Ross, D. Bonn D, J. Meunier, Observation of short-range critical wetting, Nature 400 737 (1999) lxiii A. Khaldoun et al., Liquefaction of quicksand under stress - A person trapped in salt-lake quicksand is not in any danger of being sucked under completely, Nature 437 635 (2005) lxiv B. Derrida, Non-equilibrium steady states: fluctuations and large deviations of the density and of the current, Journal of Statistical Mechanics-Theory and Experiment P07023 (2007) lxv B. Derrida, J.L. Lebowitz, E.R. Speer, Free energy functional for nonequilibrium systems: An exactly solvable case, Physical Review Letters, 87 150601 (2001) lxvi L. Qian et al., Dynamic friction by polymer/surfactant mixtures adsorbed on surfaces J. Phys.Chem. B, 108 18608 (2004) lxvii L. Qian et al., New 2-dimensional friction forces apparatus design for measuring shear forces at the nanometer scale Rev. Sci. Inst. 72 4171 (2001) lxviii P. Fayet, Supergauge invariant extension of the Higgs mechanism and a model for the electron and its neutrino, Nucl.Phys.B 90 104 (1975) lxix P. Fayet, Spontaneously broken supersymmetric theories of weak,electromagnetic and strong interactions, Phys.Lett.B 69 489 (1977) lxx E. Cremmer, B. Julia, The SO(8) Supergravity, Nucl.Phys.B 159, 141, (1979) lxxi E. Cremmer, B. Julia, Joel Scherk., Supergravity Theory in Eleven-Dimensions, Phys.Lett.B 76 409 (1978) lxxii I. Antoniadis, C. Bachas and C. Kounnas, Four-DimensionalSuperstrings, Nucl.Phys.B 289 87 (1987) lxxiii N. Gromov, V. Kazakov, P. Vieira, Exact Spectrum of Anomalous Dimensions of Planar N=4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 131601 (2009)
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lxxiv N. Gromov, V. Kazakov, P. Vieira, Exact Spectrum of Planar N=4 Supersymmetric Yang- Mills Theory: Konishi Dimension at Any Coupling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 211601 (2010) lxxv C. Kounnas and al., Exophobic Quasi-Realistic Heterotic StringVacua. Phys.Lett.B 683 306 (2010) lxxvi G. Policastro, Supersymmetric hydrodynamics from the AdS/CFT correspondence, JHEP 0902 034 (2009) lxxvii T. Giamarchi, P. Le Doussal, Elastic theory of flux lattices in the presence of weak disorder, Phys. Rev. B 52 1242 (1995) lxxviii P. Chauve, P. Le Doussal and K.J. Wiese, Renormalization of pinned elastic systems: How does it work beyond one loop? Phys Rev Lett. 86 1785 (2001) lxxix A. Alan Middleton, P. Le Doussal, K.J. Wiese, Measuring functional renormalization group fixed-point functions for pinned manifolds Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 155701 (2007) lxxx Chauve P, Le Doussal P, Wiese KJ Renormalization of pinned elastic systems: How does it work beyond one loop? Physical Review Letters, 86 1785-(2001) lxxxi D. Bernard, K. Gawedzki, A. Kupiainen, Slow modes in passive advection, J. Stat. Phys. 90 (1998) 519 lxxxii R. Monasson et al., Determining computational complexity from characteristic 'phase transitions', Nature 400 133 (1999) lxxxiii F. Krzakala et al., Gibbs states and the set of solutions of random constraint satisfaction problems, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104, 10318 (2007) lxxxiv S. Cocco, R. Monasson, J. Marko, Force and kinetic barriers to unzipping of the DNA double helix, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 98, 8608 (2001) lxxxv G.Parisi, F.Zamponi, Replica approach to glass transition and jammed states of hard spheres, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 789 (2010) lxxxvi F.Zamponi, Packings close and loose, Nature (News & Views) 453 606 (2008) lxxxvii L.Foini, G.Semerjian, F.Zamponi, Solvable model of quantum random optimization problems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 167204 (2010) lxxxviii T.Jorg et al., First-order transitions and the performance of quantum algorithms in random optimization problems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 207206 (2010) lxxxix G.Carleo, M.Tarzia, F.Zamponi, Bose-Einstein condensation in quantum glasses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 215302 (2009) xc P. Hennebelle, R. Banerjee. E. Vázquez-Semadeni. R.S. Klessen, E. Audit, From the warm magnetized atomic medium to molecular clouds, A&A 486 L43 (2008) xci P. Hennebelle, G. Chabrier, Analytical Theory for the Initial Mass Function: CO Clumps and Prestellar Cores, Astrophysical Journal, 684 395 (2008)
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xcii P. Hennebelle, S. Fromang, Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. I. Accretion and ejection, A&A 477 9 (2008) xciii P. Hennebelle, E. Audit, M.A. Miville-Deschênes, On the structure of the turbulent interstellar atomic hydrogen. II. First comparison between observation and theory. Are the characteristics of molecular clouds determined early in the turbulent 2-phase atomic gas? A&A 465 445 (2007) xciv S.A. Balbus, C.S. Reynolds, Radiative and Dynamic Stability of a Dilute Plasma Astrophysical Journal, 720 L97 (2010) xcv B. Godard, E. Falgarone, G. Pineau Des Forêts, Models of turbulent dissipation regions in the diffuse interstellar medium A&A 495 847 (2009) xcvi S.A. Balbus, J.F. Hawley, A powerful local shear instability in weakly magnetized disks. I – Linear analysis. II - Nonlinear evolution, Astrophysical Journal, 376 214 (1991) xcvii S.A. Balbus, N.O. Weiss, Differential rotation in fully convective stars, MNRAS 404 1263 (2010) H.N. Latter, P. Lesaffre, S.A. Balbus, MRI channel flows and their parasites, MNRAS 394 715 (2009) xcviii L. Petitdemange, E. Dormy, S.A. Balbus, Magnetostrophic MRI in the Earth's outer cor, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, Issue 15 (2008) xcix P. Hennebelle, G. Chabrier, Analytical Theory for the Initial Mass Function: CO Clumps and Prestellar Cores, Astrophysical Journal, 684, 395 (2008)
7.2. PARTNERS’ REFERENCES Werner Krauth, Coordinator of the ENS-ICFP S. Grossmann, W. Krauth, Laser with large photon correlation times, Physical Review A 35 2523 (1987) W. Krauth, S. Grossmann, Linewidths of lasers with broken polarization symmetry, Physical Review A 35 4192 (1987) W. Krauth, M. Mézard, Learning algorithms with optimal stability in neural networks, Journal of Physics A 20, L745 (1987) W. Krauth, M. Opper, Critical storage capacity of the J= +/- 1 neural network, Journal of Physics A 22 L519 (1989) W. Krauth, M. Mézard, Storage capacity of memory networks with binary couplings, J. Phys. France 50 3057 (1989) W. Krauth, N. Trivedi, D. Ceperley, Superfluid-insulator transition in disordered boson systems, Physical Review Letters 67 2307 (1991) W. Krauth, N. Trivedi, Mott and superfluid transitions in a model of interacting bosons, Europhysics Letters 14 627 (1991)
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C. Chanal, W. Krauth, Renormalization group approach to exact sampling, Physical Review Letters 100 060601 (2008) L. Santen, W. Krauth, Absence of Thermodynamic Phase Transition in a Model Glass Former, Nature 405 550 (2000) A. Georges et al., Dynamical mean-field theory of strongly correlated fermion systems and the limit of infinite dimensions, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 13 (1996) W. Krauth, Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations for a large number of bosons in a harmonic trap, Physical Review Letters 77 3695 (1996) M. Holzmann, W. Krauth, Kosterlitz-Thouless transition of the quasi two-dimensional trapped Bose gas, Physical Review Letters 100 190402 (2008)
LKB S. Gleyzes et al., Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity, Nature 446, 297 (2007) C. Guerlin et al., Progressive field-state collapse and quantum non-demolition photon counting Nature 448, 889 (2007) S. Deleglise et al., Reconstruction of non-classical cavity field states with snapshots of their decoherence, Nature 455, 510 (2008) O. Arcizet et al., Radiation-pressure cooling and optomechanical instability of a micromirror Nature 444, 71 (2006) Z. Hadzibabic et al., Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless crossover in a trapped atomic gas Nature 441 1118 (2006) S. Nascimbène et al., Exploring the thermodynamics of a universal Fermi gas Nature 463 1057 (2010) The Equation of State of a Low-Temperature Fermi Gas with Tunable Interactions, N. Navon et al., Science 328 729 (2010) Y. Colombe et al., Strong atom-field coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip, Nature 450 272 (2007) P. Cladé et al., Determination of the Fine Structure Constant Based on Bloch Oscillations of Ultracold Atoms in a Vertical Optical Lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 033001 (2006) M. Cadoret et al., Combination of Bloch Oscillations with a Ramsey-Bordé Interferometer: New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 230801 (2008) R. Pohl, et al. The size of the proton, Nature 466 213 (2010) L. Cacciapuoti and C. Salomon, Space clocks and fundamental tests: The ACES experiment, The European Physical Journal - Special Topics 172 57-68 (2009)
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