Supergravity and Its Legacy Prelude and the Play
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Particles-Versus-Strings.Pdf
Particles vs. strings http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~siegel/vs.html In light of the huge amount of propaganda and confusion regarding string theory, it might be useful to consider the relative merits of the descriptions of the fundamental constituents of matter as particles or strings. (More-skeptical reviews can be found in my physics parodies.A more technical analysis can be found at "Warren Siegel's research".) Predictability The main problem in high energy theoretical physics today is predictions, especially for quantum gravity and confinement. An important part of predictability is calculability. There are various levels of calculations possible: 1. Existence: proofs of theorems, answers to yes/no questions 2. Qualitative: "hand-waving" results, answers to multiple choice questions 3. Order of magnitude: dimensional analysis arguments, 10? (but beware hidden numbers, like powers of 4π) 4. Constants: generally low-energy results, like ground-state energies 5. Functions: complete results, like scattering probabilities in terms of energy and angle Any but the last level eventually leads to rejection of the theory, although previous levels are acceptable at early stages, as long as progress is encouraging. It is easy to write down the most general theory consistent with special (and for gravity, general) relativity, quantum mechanics, and field theory, but it is too general: The spectrum of particles must be specified, and more coupling constants and varieties of interaction become available as energy increases. The solutions to this problem go by various names -- "unification", "renormalizability", "finiteness", "universality", etc. -- but they are all just different ways to realize the same goal of predictability. -
Nonextremal Black Holes, Subtracted Geometry and Holography
Nonextremal Black Holes, Subtracted Geometry and Holography Mirjam Cvetič Einstein’s theory of gravity predicts Black Holes Due to it’s high mass density the space-time curved so much that objects traveling toward it reach a point of no return à Horizon (& eventually reaches space-time singularity) Black holes `behave’ as thermodynamic objects w/ Bekenstein-Hawking entropy: S=¼ Ahorizon Ahorizon= area of the black hole horizon (w/ ħ=c=GN=1) Horizon-point of no return Space-time singularity Key Issue in Black Hole Physics: How to relate Bekenstein-Hawking - thermodynamic entropy: Sthermo=¼ Ahor (Ahor= area of the black hole horizon; c=ħ=1;GN=1) to Statistical entropy: Sstat = log Ni ? Where do black hole microscopic degrees Ni come from? Horizon Space-time singularity Black Holes in String Theory The role of D-branes D(irichlet)-branes Polchinski’96 boundaries of open strings with charges at their ends closed strings I. Implications for particle physics (charged excitations)-no time II. Implications for Black Holes Dual D-brane interpretation: extended massive gravitational objects D-branes in four-dimensions: part of their world-volume on compactified space & part in internal compactified space Cartoon of (toroidal) compactification; D-branes as gravitational objects Thermodynamic BH Entropy & wrap cycles in internal space: Statistical field theory interpretation intersecting D-branes in compact dimensions & charged black holes in four dim. space-time (w/ each D-brane sourcing charge Q ) i D-branes as a boundary of strings: microscopic degrees Ni are string excitations on intersecting D-branes w/ S = log Ni Strominger & Vafa ’96 the same! Prototype: four-charge black hole w/ S= π√Q1Q2P3P4 M.C. -
PHYSICS BEYOND the STANDARD MODEL Jean Iliopoulos
PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL Jean Iliopoulos To cite this version: Jean Iliopoulos. PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL. 2008. hal-00308451v1 HAL Id: hal-00308451 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00308451v1 Preprint submitted on 30 Jul 2008 (v1), last revised 13 Aug 2008 (v2) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LPTENS-08/45 PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL JOHN ILIOPOULOS Laboratoire de Physique Th´eorique de L’Ecole Normale Sup´erieure 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France We review our expectations in the last year before the LHC commissioning. Lectures presented at the 2007 European School of High Energy Physics Trest, August 2007 Contents 1 The standard model 4 2 Waiting for the L.H.C. 6 2.1 Animpressiveglobalfit . .. .. .. .. .. 6 2.2 BoundsontheHiggsmass. 7 2.3 NewPhysics............................ 13 3 Grand Unification 17 3.1 The simplest G.U.T.: SU(5)................... 18 3.2 DynamicsofG.U.T.s. 23 3.2.1 Tree-level SU(5)predictions. 23 3.2.2 Higher order effects . 25 3.3 OtherGrandUnifiedTheories. 28 3.3.1 A rank 5 G.U.T.: SO(10) ................ 29 3.3.2 Othermodels ...................... -
Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future
Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future International Symposium 30 October - 2 November 2011 – The purpose of the Symposium is to discuss the origin, the status and the future of the new frontier of Physics, the Subnuclear World, whose first two hints were discovered in the middle of the last century: the so-called “Strange Particles” and the “Resonance #++”. It took more than two decades to understand the real meaning of these two great discoveries: the existence of the Subnuclear World with regularities, spontaneously plus directly broken Symmetries, and totally unexpected phenomena including the existence of a new fundamental force of Nature, called Quantum ChromoDynamics. In order to reach this new frontier of our knowledge, new Laboratories were established all over the world, in Europe, in USA and in the former Soviet Union, with thousands of physicists, engineers and specialists in the most advanced technologies, engaged in the implementation of new experiments of ever increasing complexity. At present the most advanced Laboratory in the world is CERN where experiments are being performed with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most powerful collider in the world, which is able to reach the highest energies possible in this satellite of the Sun, called Earth. Understanding the laws governing the Space-time intervals in the range of 10-17 cm and 10-23 sec will allow our form of living matter endowed with Reason to open new horizons in our knowledge. Antonino Zichichi Participants Prof. Werner Arber H.E. Msgr. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Prof. Guido Altarelli Prof. Ignatios Antoniadis Prof. Robert Aymar Prof. Rinaldo Baldini Ferroli Prof. -
Hep-Ph/9811291
CERN-TH/98-354 hep-ph/9811291 Quantum Gravity and Extra Dimensions at High-Energy Colliders Gian F. Giudice, Riccardo Rattazzi, and James D. Wells Theory Division, CERN CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Abstract Recently it has been pointed out that the characteristic quantum-gravity scale could be as low as the weak scale in theories with gravity propagating in higher dimensions. The observed smallness of Newton’s constant is a consequence of the large compactified volume of the extra dimensions. We investigate the consequences of this supposition for high-energy collider experiments. We do this by first compactifying the higher dimen- sional theory and constructing a 3 + 1-dimensional low-energy effective field theory of the graviton Kaluza-Klein excitations and their interactions with ordinary matter. We then consider graviton production processes, and select γ+ E and jet+ E signatures 6 6 for careful study. We find that both a 1 TeV e+e− collider and the CERN LHC will be able to reliably and perturbatively probe the fundamental gravity scale up to several arXiv:hep-ph/9811291v2 13 Mar 2000 TeV, with the precise value depending on the number of extra dimensions. Similarly, searches at LEP2 and the Tevatron are able to probe this scale up to approximately 1 TeV. We also discuss virtual graviton exchange, which induces local dimension-eight operators associated with the square of the energy-momentum tensor. We estimate the size of such operators and study their effects on ff¯ γγ observables. → CERN-TH/98-354 November 1998 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The Kaluza-Klein Excitations of the Graviton 7 3 Feynman Rules 14 4 Graviton Production Processes 18 5 Virtual Graviton Exchange 21 6 Graviton Production and Collider Experiments 24 6.1 e+e− andMuonColliders............................ -
Field Theory Insight from the Ads/CFT Correspondence
Field theory insight from the AdS/CFT correspondence Daniel Z.Freedman1 and Pierre Henry-Labord`ere2 1Department of Mathematics and Center for Theoretical Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239 E-mail: [email protected] 2LPT-ENS, 24, rue Lhomond F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A survey of ideas, techniques and results from d=5 supergravity for the conformal and mass-perturbed phases of d=4 N =4 Super-Yang-Mills theory. arXiv:hep-th/0011086v2 29 Nov 2000 1 Introduction The AdS/CF T correspondence [1, 20, 11, 12] allows one to calculate quantities of interest in certain d=4 supersymmetric gauge theories using 5 and 10-dimensional supergravity. Mirac- ulously one gets information on a strong coupling limit of the gauge theory– information not otherwise available– from classical supergravity in which calculations are feasible. The prime example of AdS/CF T is the duality between =4 SYM theory and D=10 N Type IIB supergravity. The field theory has the very special property that it is ultraviolet finite and thus conformal invariant. Many years of elegant work on 2-dimensional CF T ′s has taught us that it is useful to consider both the conformal theory and its deformation by relevant operators which changes the long distance behavior and generates a renormalization group flow of the couplings. Analogously, in d=4, one can consider a) the conformal phase of =4 SYM N b) the same theory deformed by adding mass terms to its Lagrangian c) the Coulomb/Higgs phase. -
Twenty Years of the Weyl Anomaly
CTP-TAMU-06/93 Twenty Years of the Weyl Anomaly † M. J. Duff ‡ Center for Theoretical Physics Physics Department Texas A & M University College Station, Texas 77843 ABSTRACT In 1973 two Salam prot´eg´es (Derek Capper and the author) discovered that the conformal invariance under Weyl rescalings of the metric tensor 2 gµν(x) Ω (x)gµν (x) displayed by classical massless field systems in interac- tion with→ gravity no longer survives in the quantum theory. Since then these Weyl anomalies have found a variety of applications in black hole physics, cosmology, string theory and statistical mechanics. We give a nostalgic re- view. arXiv:hep-th/9308075v1 16 Aug 1993 CTP/TAMU-06/93 July 1993 †Talk given at the Salamfest, ICTP, Trieste, March 1993. ‡ Research supported in part by NSF Grant PHY-9106593. When all else fails, you can always tell the truth. Abdus Salam 1 Trieste and Oxford Twenty years ago, Derek Capper and I had embarked on our very first post- docs here in Trieste. We were two Salam students fresh from Imperial College filled with ideas about quantizing the gravitational field: a subject which at the time was pursued only by mad dogs and Englishmen. (My thesis title: Problems in the Classical and Quantum Theories of Gravitation was greeted with hoots of derision when I announced it at the Cargese Summer School en route to Trieste. The work originated with a bet between Abdus Salam and Hermann Bondi about whether you could generate the Schwarzschild solution using Feynman diagrams. You can (and I did) but I never found out if Bondi ever paid up.) Inspired by Salam, Capper and I decided to use the recently discovered dimensional regularization1 to calculate corrections to the graviton propaga- tor from closed loops of massless particles: vectors [1] and spinors [2], the former in collaboration with Leopold Halpern. -
GSS: Gauge and String Theories
GSS: Gauge and String Theories S. Bellucci (Resp.), S. Ferrara (Ass.), S. Krivonos (Osp.), A. Sutulin (Bors. PD), B.N. Tiwari (Ospite), A. Yeranyan (Bors. Fermi Institute) Research Activity S. Ferrara investigated different aspects of black-hole physics, which include a classification of charge- orbits for extremal single-center black holes and first-order flows of extremal black holes with different BPS properties. He also investigated some aspects of multi-center black holes and, in particular, the classification of two-center orbits and first order flows for multi-center composites. He studied several aspects of supersymmetry breaking. Applications to Particle Physics or to inflation rest on N=1 spontaneously broken supergravity where some multiplets mediate supersymmetry breaking while others accommodate the inflaton. The supersymmetric extension of the Starobinsky model depends on the off-shell formulation of the local supersymmetry algebra. This allows one to show the equivalence of this higher curvature theory to a standard Einstein supergravity. Depending on the chosen formulation the model corresponds to supergravity coupled either to two massive chiral multiplets, one of which is the goldstino multiplet, or to a massive vector multiplet. He also introduced a set of minimal models, where the inflaton sector is described by a single scalar field (with D term and Fayet-Iliopoulos term generating potential), unlike in models based on chiral multiplets based on an F-term potential. In minimal models the scalaron is dual to the inflaton, and being the member of a massive vector multiplet, it is the superpartner of the Stueckelberg field. Subsequently, replacing the Goldstino multiplet with its non-linear realization via a nilpotent superfield, he arrived at a new universal Volkov-Akulov-Starobinsky Supergravity. -
Dual Fields and E {11}
KCL-MTH-06-14 hep-th/0612001 Dual fields and E11 Fabio Riccioni and Peter West Department of Mathematics King’s College, London WC2R 2LS, UK Abstract We show that the adjoint representation of E11 contains generators corresponding to the infinite possible dual descriptions of the bosonic on-shell degrees of freedom of eleven dimensional supergravity. We also give an interpretation for the fields corresponding to many of the other generators in the adjoint representation. arXiv:hep-th/0612001v1 1 Dec 2006 1 A few years ago it was conjectured [1] that a rank eleven Kac-Moody algebra, which was called E11, was a symmetry of M theory. The non-linear realisation of this algebra at its lowest levels was shown to contain the fields of eleven dimensional supergravity and to have the equations of motion of this theory [1] when one made use of the earlier results of reference [2]. The physical field content is extracted by decomposing the adjoint representation of E11 into the representations of its A10, or Sl(11), sub-algebra which is associated in the non-linear realisation with eleven dimensional gravity. Non-linear realisations of E11 can also be used to describe ten dimensional theories, but in this case the adjoint representation is decomposed into representations of A9, or Sl(10), associated with ten dimensional gravity. There are only two such A9 subalgebras and the two different choices were found to lead to non-linear realisations which at low levels are the IIA and IIB supergravity theories in references [1] and [3] respectively. It is striking to examine tables of the generators [4] listed in terms of increasing level and see how the generators associated with the field content of the IIA and IIB supergravity theories occupy precisely all the lower levels before an infinite sea of generators whose physical significance was unknown at the time the tables of reference [4] were constructed. -
Supersymmetric Sigma Models with Torsion
R/95/15 May, 1995 Elliptic monop oles and (4,0)-sup ersymmetric sigma mo dels with torsion G. Papadopoulos D.A.M.T.P University of Cambridge Silver Street Cambridge CB3 9EW ABSTRACT We explicitly construct the metric and torsion couplings of two-dimensional processed by the SLAC/DESY Libraries on 21 May 1995. 〉 (4,0)-sup ersymmetric sigma mo dels with target space a four-manifold that are invariant under a U (1) symmetry generated by a tri-holomorphic Killing vector eld PostScript that leaves in addition the torsion invariant. We show that the metric couplings arise from magnetic monop oles on the three-sphere which is the space of orbits of the group action generated by the tri-holomorphic Killing vector eld on the sigma mo del target manifold. We also examine the global structure of a sub class of these metrics that are in addition SO(3)-invariant and nd that the only non-singular one, for mo dels with non-zero torsion, is that of SU (2) U (1) WZW mo del. HEP-TH-9505119 1. Intro duction It has b een known for sometime that there is an interplaybetween the num- b er of sup ersymmetries which leave the action of a sigma mo del invariant and the geometry of its target space. More recently, sigma mo dels with symmetries gener- ated by Killing vector elds are a fertile area for investigation of the prop erties of T-duality. The couplings of two-dimensional sigma mo dels are the metric g and a lo cally de ned two-form b on the sigma mo del manifold M. -
BEYOND the STANDARD MODEL Jean Iliopoulos Laboratoire De Physique Theorique´ De L’Ecole Normale Superieure,´ 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL Jean Iliopoulos Laboratoire de Physique Theorique´ de L’Ecole Normale Superieure,´ 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 1. THE STANDARD MODEL One of the most remarkable achievements of modern theoretical physics has been the construction of the Standard Model for weak, electromagnetic and strong interactions. It is a gauge theory based on the group U(1) SU(2) SU(3) which is spontaneously broken to U(1) SU(3). This relatively simple model epitomizes⊗ our⊗present knowledge of elementary particle interactions.⊗ It is analyzed in detail in the lectures of Prof. Quigg. Here I present only a short summary. The model contains three types of fields: [i] The gauge fields. There are twelve spin-one boson fields which can be classified into the (1; 8) ⊕ (3; 1) (1; 1) representation of SU(2) SU(3). The first eight are the gluons which mediate ⊕ ⊗ strong interactions between quarks and the last four are (W +; W −; Z0 and γ), the vector bosons of the electroweak theory. [ii] Matter fields. The basic unit is the “family” consisting exclusively of spinor fields. Until last year we believed that the neutrinos were massless and this allowed us to use only fifteen two-component complex fields, which, under SU(2) SU(3), form the representation (2; 1) (1; 1) (2; 3) ⊗ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ (1; 3) (1; 3). We can⊕ still fit most experiments with only these fields, but there may be need, suggested by only one experiment, to introduce new degrees of freedom, possibly a right-handed neutrino. The prototype is the electron family: νe ui − ; νeR (??); eR; ; uiR ; diR e di !L !L 9 i = 1; 2; 3 : (1) > => (2; 1) (1; 1) (1; 1) (2; 3) (1; 3) (1; 3) > For the muon family νe νµ; e µ; ui ci and di si and, similarly;> , for the tau family, ! ! ! ! νe ντ ; e τ; ui ti and di bi. -
Jhep05(1999)013
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CERN Document Server Received: March 30, 1999, Accepted: May 11, 1999 HYPER VERSION Sparticle masses from the superconformal anomaly Alex Pomarol∗ Theory Division, CERN CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland JHEP05(1999)013 E-mail: [email protected] Riccardo Rattazzi INFN and Scuola Normale Superiore I-56100 Pisa, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: We discuss a recently proposed scenario where the sparticle masses are purely mediated by gravity through the superconformal anomaly. This scenario ele- gantly evades the supersymmetric flavor problem since soft masses, like the anomaly, are not directly sensitive to ultraviolet physics. However, its minimal incarnation fails by predicting tachyonic sleptons. We study the conditions for decoupling of heavy threshold effects and how these conditions are evaded. We use these results to build a realistic class of models where the non-decoupling effects of ultra-heavy vectorlike matter fields eliminate the tachyons. These models have a flavor invariant superspectrum similar to that of gauge mediated models. They, however, differ in several aspects: the gaugino masses are not unified, the colored sparticles are not much heavier than the others, the µ problem is less severe and the gravitino mass is well above the weak scale, m3=2 & 10 TeV. We also show that in models where an R-symmetry can be gauged, the associated D-term gives rise to soft terms that are similarly insensitive to the ultraviolet. Keywords: Supersymmetry Breaking, Supergravity Models, Supersymmetric Standard Model. ∗On leave of absence from IFAE, Universitat Aut`onoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona.