Introduction 1 Definitions, Debates and Conflicts: Utopianism, Anti

Notes

Introduction

1. Hence defensive statements from Green Parties, such as ‘The Green Party is the fastest growing, worldwide movement seen in the second half of the 20th Century. It is scientifically supportable, not just a romantic utopian vision.’ (Green Party of Texas, USA http://www.txgreens.org/resources/gpinfo/Green%20FAQ%20.rtf accessed 4.10.2007). And this (from the Green Party of Shipley, UK) ‘Are green party members just idealists or utopians? Green Party members are widely cari- catured as hopeless idealists who refuse to acknowledge the so- called ‘realities’ of modern capitalist life and dream of a future based on utopian ideas. In fact, the reverse is more accurate.’ (FAQs at http://www.shipleygreenparty.org.uk/sgpfaqs. htm#idealists accessed 4.10.2007). 2. Barry, 2006 (available at http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue36/Barry36.htm accessed 1.10.2007). 3. See, for example, Rapley, 2007 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4584572.stm accessed 4.10.07).

1 Definitions, debates and conflicts: Utopianism, anti-utopianism and anti-anti-utopianism

1. That is to say, primary sources; examples of actual utopian texts, experiments and theory. 2. See the websites for the Society for Utopian Studies in North America est. 1975 (http://www.toronto.edu.sus) and her European sister organization, The Utopian Studies Society, est. 1980 (http://www.utopianstudiessociety.org). 3. I have developed this argument in depth elsewhere; see Sargisson, 1996 for a discussion of critical utopias inside contemporary feminist utopianism and Sargisson, 2000 for a discussion of critical green politics. 4. Jameson supervised his PhD, which he completed in 1982. 5. Frank Chalmers of the First Hundred and later Jackie, one of the Nisei, the first generation born on Mars. 6. See, for example, Geoghegan, 1995; Daniel and Moylan, 1997. 7. For Suvin, utopia is a sub- genre of science fiction. 8. It is also controversial. While this discussion is not concerned with normative assessment of Suvin’s work, I should note that that has been exhaustively under- taken. See, for example, Parrinder, 2000 and especially 2000a, 36–50; Moylan 2000a, 51–70. See also Moylan, 2000, especially 41–8, 73–5. 9. See also Suvin 1973. 10. I will return to this below, in the discussion of Žižek and Jameson. 11. A polemic against the Russia/USA bilateral arms treaty of 8 April 2010. 12. A scatological blog discussion. 13. See, for instance, Baruch, 1978, 49–60, and Barr and Smith, 1983. 14. Kaufmann, Utopias: Schemes of social improvement from Sir Thomas More to Karl Marx, citied in Levitas, 1990, 12.

244 Notes 245

15. For examples, see Wells, 1905; Moylan, 1986 and Sargent, 1994. 16. As mentioned above, the apparently wise Hytholoday is the ‘peddlar of nonsense’, the river Anyder means ‘without water’ and so on. 17. Although even these, he suggests are dangerous. He continues: ‘ – though when combined with apocalyptic beliefs, as in the Jonestown Massacre in which around a thousand people committed mass suicide in Guyana in 1978, the end can be violent’ (Gray, 2007, 39). 18. The phrase is Jameson’s ( Jameson, 2005, xvi). 19. For example, he occasionally uses the term ‘utopian’ as a form of dismissal (sometimes within the same text where he articulates a eutopian vision). An example is his treatment of basic income schemes in Living in the End Times which, after quite a careful discussion, he sweeps aside as ‘utopian’, saying they are ‘yet another dream of having one’s cake and eating it of (cons)training the capitalist beast to serve the cause of egalitarian justice’ (Žižek, 2011, 241). Here the term ‘utopian’ is used in a conventional and colloquial seen to signify something unobtainable. 20. For an example, see the Diversity Flash Dance (at the Westfield Shopping Centre London, 21 December 2009) http://metacafe.com/watch/3910717/diversity_ flash_mob_sky_com_sky1. This example occurred inside a major retail outlet and is screened by Sky. And the clip is preceded by an advertisement! 21. Žižek notes these trends and often theorizes them in terms of Lacanian psychoa- nalysis. This is interesting but it does not pursue the implications of his intuition about utopia. For the current purposes, we need to ask, ‘What does this mean for utopianism in the twenty- first century?’ And Suvin tackles this, head on. 22. This is a chemical term, meaning ‘sweetened’. 23. I have written about utopianism and Lacanian theory elsewhere, see Sargisson 2000. For a good account of Žižek’s approach, see his 2007 essay on ‘The Market Mechanism for the race of devils’ online at http://www.lacan.com/zizliberal2.html and Living in the End Times (2011, 68–70). He relates utopia to Lacan’s notion of ‘objet a’: the unattainable object of desire. ‘The core of a Lacanian notion of utopia is a vision of desire functioning without objet a and its twists and loops’ (Žižek, 2007, 1). For an interesting critical discussion of Žižek’s adaption of Lacan see Brockelman, 2003. 24. For a clear introduction to Jameson’s work, see Fitting 1998 and 2006.

2 Religious fundamentalism

1. This argument was first made in Sargisson, 2007. 2. The entire set of 90 essays, published between 1910 and 1915, is available online: http://www.xmission.com/~fidelis/ 3. As with any generalization, there are exceptions. Breslov Jewish groups, for example, pay particular attention to the teachings of Rebbe Nachman in addition to the core texts of their tradition. They believe this to be the best route to traditional practices. Nachman offers what he calls a ‘new way’ to the ‘old way of our ancestors’. See http://www.breslov.org. 4. ‘The Talmud… teaches that Jews should not use human force to bring about the establishment of a Jewish state before the coming of the universally accepted Moshiach (Messiah from the House of David). Furthermore it states we are for- bidden to rebel against the house of nations and that we should remain loyal citizens. And we shall not attempt to leave the exile which G- d sent us into ahead of time’ (Neturei Karta: http://www.nkusa.org/aboutus, 24.06.05). 5. Osama bin Laden, CNN interview, aired 10 May 1997, cited in Bergen, 2002, 21. 246 Notes

6. See Chapter 3, plus, for examples, Suzy McKee Charnas’s Holdfast series and Russ, 1985. 7. African Pentecostalism achieved infamy in Britain, after the death of the West African child Victoria Climbié. Victoria Climbié, originally from the West African Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) was under the ‘protection’ of her great- aunt (and partner) in London. She was subjected to prolonged torture and starva- tion by her guardians, who claimed to believe she was possessed by the devil. She died, aged 8, on 25 February 2000 in St Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, London. Infamously, Pastor Pascal Orome, of the London Mission Ensemble Pour Christ, testified at the inquiry following her death that he had believed her wounds to be the result of possession. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1586816.stm 8. For an international directory, see http:// church- of-christ.org/churches/. 9. Intentional communities are discussed in a later chapter. Briefly though, also known as ‘utopian communities’, ‘communes’, and ‘alternative communities’, these are groups of people who live and sometimes work together in an attempt to realize a collective vision of a better way of life (Sargisson and Sargent, 2004). These include religious communities, secular urban and rural communes, cohousing schemes, ecovillages and some housing co- operatives (for examples, see Hardy, 2000, Sargisson and Sargent 2004). 10. The FBI files (File 100-HQ-487200) on the group are available here: http:// vault.fbi.gov/The%20Covenant%20The%20Sword%20The%20Arm%20of%20 the%20Lord%20/The%20Covenant%20The%20Sword%20The%20Arm%20of %20the%20Lord%20Part%201%20of%202/view (accessed 08.08.2011). A list of (firearms, incendiary and/or explosive-related) terrorist activities attributed to the group is available on the Global Terrorism Database: http://www. start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_ max=&perpetrator=10013&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od= desc&expanded=yes# results- table (accessed 13.08.2011). 11. Not all fundamentalist religions are evangelical or proselytizing. 12. It should be noted that some fundamentalist groups do participate in ‘plural- ist’ politics, even if they believe this to be an imperfect forum. An interesting example is the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. This organization is unusual because it works within (as well as outside of) existing political institutions. Some 150 members of this organization stood in the Egyptian elections of 2005 (as independent candidates). The Brotherhood was outlawed in 1954 (following the attempted assassination of Gamal Abdel Nasser, who became president in 1956) and it officially renounced violence in 1970. Before the ‘Arab Spring’ of 2010, members stood as independent candidates because the organization could not legally comprise a political party, but in 2005 candidates publicly cited their allegiance to the Brotherhood (on election posters) for the first time. At this time, the group won 88 (of 444) seats and comprised the largest single opposition bloc in the Egyptian parliament. There is insufficient space to explore the nature of this group’s participation, beyond noting that Brotherhood MPs do attend Parliament and participate in debates. (In March 2007, for example, Brotherhood MPs announced an intention to boycott a vote on constitutional amendments). A thorough exploration of this case would be interesting but, for now, it is raised as remarkable because it is so unusual. See the Muslim Brotherhood’s English language website: http://www.ikhwanweb.com/ (accessed, 13.08.2011), coverage on Aljazeera http://english.aljazeera.net, and the BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ hi/world/middle-east/4417150.stm (both accessed 19.03.07). Notes 247

13. See also Goodwin and Taylor, 1982, 6 and 92–118, and Kateb, 1972. 14. See Chapter 1. Briefly: not all utopias are grounded in such claims and not all are perfectionist. Utopias, I suggest (along with others, such as Lyman Sargent, Ruth Levitas and Tom Moylan) are not definable by these characteristics. It is true that some utopias are perfectionist: Bellamy’s Looking Backwards is an example. But this does not apply to utopias as a whole and should not be taken to represent utopianism. Utopias are about something more important, more complex and more radical than offering visions of a universally perfect world. For example, they engage in contemporaneous debates. They have hermeneutic value, offering insights into their author’s world, revealing weaknesses or topics of controversy. And they challenge the cornerstones that support our worlds, gesture towards alternatives, and, through the mechanism of estrangement, they create new conceptual spaces in which to imagine the world anew (see Chapter 3 for some contemporary examples of fictional utopias that do these things). 15. John Passmore’s classic text The Perfectibility of Man set the parameters for debate on this topic by distinguishing between different theories of human perfection. Some stem from the perfection of tasks and some are founded on an ideal of moral perfection (Passmore, 1970). 16. They also anticipated survival of immanent communist invasion and prepared for this by accumulating a large cache of arms. 17. Qur’anic approval is often cited for this, e.g. ‘Never think that those who were slain in the cause of God are dead. They are alive and well provided for by the Lord’ (The Qur’an verse 3:169).

3 Feminism and gender

1. Oddly, the plants continue to thrive. It is necessary to suspend disbelief on this – and several other matters – in order to mine these texts for their depiction of ideas and concepts. 2. Briefly, all women are telepathic, all people (men and women) have an ‘inner self’ (with whom they can communicate) and all women have the capacity to fly (in pairs). 3. Women in such families usually embraced men as full partners in the human experience’ (Gearhart, 2002, xvi). 4. These are the Asia- China- Insula Tri- Satrapy (Asia, China, Pacific islands (including Australia)), the Africa-Europe- Mideast Satrapy, and the Nueva Tierra Sur- Central- Notre Tri- Satrapy (South America, Anatartica, Central America, North America). 5. By attending scenes of dispute and/or unrest and defusing conflict and, if necessary, apprehending offenders. 6. People who commit violent offences are confined to prison settlements, known as ‘bailiwicks’. 7. The Kanshoubu is organized into three sections: the Amahrery, which serves the Asia-China- Insula region, the Femmedarmery, which sees the Africa- Europe- Mideast region, and the Vigilancia, which serves the Nueva Tierra Sur-Central- Notre region. Within each tri- satrapy there are branches with responsibility for sky, ground and sea. 8. These views are contested, of course, see for example Kaplan, 1994. 248 Notes

9. The full text runs as follows:

As Kanshou, I am Earthkeeper before all things, for the Earth and Her biosphere are essential to the existence of all life. I protect and honor Her above all that is simply important and desirable. As Kanshou, I am guardian of each individual person’s physical safety, for an individual’s safety or assurance of continued existence is the most important element in one’s life and, ultimately, in the life of our species. I protect the safety of our planet’s people above anything that is simply desirable. This is my second- highest priority. As Kanshou, I am protector and preserver of diversity, for diversity is the most desirable quality of human existence. I hold in my heart the vision of the retrun of one of the Earth’s most extraordinary ranges of diverse beings, her non- human Animals. Until their return, my desire for diversity includes the natural World and is centered especially in the variety of human phenomena – our genders, our cultures, our myriad physical forms/colors/textures, our abilities, our ideas, our beliefs, our emotional expressions, our communications, our creations, and our delights. The protection and preservation of these things is my third- highest priority. (Gearhart, 2002, 268)

10. Full name Zella Terremoto Adverb. 11. Jezebel Engracia Dolalicia. 12. These are typical definitions from the field of development studies. The Commonwealth Secretariat’s Human Rights Expert Group Consultation (February 2004) defined it thus: ‘Gender- based violence is violence that is directed at individuals on the basis of their gender, with women and girls making up the vast majority of victims (though boys and men can also be the target)’ ( Johnson, 2004: 23). It is clear that this type of violence can assume a number of forms. A 2007 Oxfam- sponsored edited collection Gender and Violence included discussions of ‘femicide or the murder of women because they are women, domestic and sexual violence, female genital mutilation or cutting, the sexual exploitation of girls at school, and trafficking for prostitution’ (Terry and Hoare, 2007, xiii). The topics covered and the locations studied (South and East Asia, sub- saharan Africa, and Central America) represent the preoccupations of this field. 13. ‘During violent conflicts, men and women experience violence in different ways because of their gender. During recent conflicts in Bosnia, Lieria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, northern Uganda, Burundi, Darfur in Sudan, and elsewhere, rape has been used systematically as a weapon of war.’ (Terry and Hoare, 2007, xvii). 14. Poudel and Smyth discuss human rights and trafficking. 15. For campaigns against gendered violence associated with the UN, see ‘Stop Rape Now!’ http://www.stoprapenow.org/, ‘Women Watch’ http://www.un.org/ womenwatch/daw/public/eWPS.pdf and the 1994 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women http:// daccess- dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/ N94/095/05/PDF/N9409505.pdf?OpenElement. 16. For publications and campaigns associated with the World Health Organization, see ‘WHO Multi- country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women’: http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_ study/en/, and International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Notes 249

Women (25 November 2011) http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/ elimination_vaw/en/index.html. 17. These focus on anger management (learning to step back from the flashpoint or ‘crossover’ into violent action), inner control (including speaking with the inner self) and calm reflection. The training also contains affirmative messages about women (for example, that women are people and not sexual objects). This is effective for some but not all male inmates. Some are deep misogynists ‘See, at heart, my friend, I am not really violent. … I’m just a good old- fashioned woman- hater’, Gearhart, 2002, 152). 18. Much of The Magister is taken up with this story. It is suggested that the animals died in protest against human violence towards the Earth and the children decide to die for similar reasons (this is not suicide or self- harm, they just die). This book is haunted by a desire to have the animals back and when the children try to explain why they have decided to die, some adults listen. 19. See Mayton (2001) for an introduction to ahimsa in Gandhi’s thinking and how this combines with satya (truth) and tapasya (self-suffering). 20. The complete list is given here:

If, it is contended, society were organized on these principles, man would not be limited in the free exercise of his powers in productive work by a capitalist monopoly, maintained by the state; nor would he be limited in the exercise of his will by a fear of punishment, or by obedience towards individuals or metaphysical entities, which both lead to depression of initiative and servility of mind. He would be guided in his actions by his own understanding, which necessarily would bear the impression of a free action and reaction between his own self and the ethical conceptions of his surroundings. Man would thus be enabled to obtain the full development of all his faculties, intellectual, artistic and moral, without being hampered by overwork for the monopolists, or by the servility and inertia of mind of the great number. He would thus be able to reach full individualization, which is not possible either under the present system of individualism, or under any system of state socialism in the so- called Volkstaat (popular state). (Kropotkin, 1905 at http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/ 1905.eng.html accessed 29.08.2011)

21. Gearhart is Professor of Speech and Communication. 22. At the Stanford University website it is possible to access detailed data and watch video clips about the process of deliberative polling pioneered by James Fishkin: http://cdd.stanford.edu/. 23. For examples, see 1) the Centre for Compassionate Communication: http://www. compassionatecommunication.co.uk/?gclid=CNqd74XV9KoCFQcntAodeyxmIg. 2) The Center for Nonviolent Communication (CNVC), which offers courses worldwide:

The CNVC pursues the vision of a world in which everyone values everyone’s basic human needs and lives from a consciousness that connects with the universal life energy and natural oneness of all life. Where every individual embraces self compassion. Where people joyfully and compassionately contribute to each other and resolve conflicts peacefully. Where the systems and structures we create in economics, education, justice, healthcare, peacekeeping and other areas across our global interdependent community reflect that consciousness 250 Notes

and evaluate their actions against their contribution to life and the human needs they ultimately serve. (http://www.cnvc.org/ aboutus accessed 29.08.2011)

24. An example is the convention of a ‘ such- and-such’, in which participants they share stories about their personal histories and family. A formal meeting between Magister Zude and two emissaries from another TriSatapy opens with a such-and- such about their mothers (Gearhart, 2002, 33–7). Their stories are touching and revealing and root each participant in her own ethnic and cultural history. 25. Two- thirds of the sisters leave Earth while one- third remain, in exile. Daughters of an Amber Noon is the story of the latter group (Forrest, 2005). 26. See Machiavelli 1532/1995 and for an excellent discussion of virtu see Mansfield, 1996 and Skinner 1981. 27. For explorations of the ‘why?’ of this issue it is necessary to turn to academic research (for discussions of the low female/male population ratio (see das Gupta et al., 2003, das Gupta and Bhat, 1997 and Mayer, 1999). Explanations for this low ratio include the practice of sex-selective abortions and/or female infanticide (Sudha and Rajan, 1999). They also include high levels of female mortality – the reasons for this are complex, multiple and cross- cutting: medical and socio- economic (including poor health and nutrition for women and girls, poor workplace safety, growing levels of HIV infection, and high rates of breast, cervix and ovarian cancers (see, for example, Richmond, 2000; Joshi and Smith, 2002; Yeole, 2008)). 28. A fragment of this appeared as a short story a few years earlier (Okorafor- Mbachu, 2004). My discussions draws on the novel. 29. ‘Jump at the Sun’, the children’s section of Hyperion (an imprint of the Disney Group). 30. One theoretical framework through which to understand this comes from Freudian (and Post-Freudian) psychoanalytic theory. This suggests that certain changes are essential as we develop into functional ‘normal’ adult beings. These involve constructing a sense of ourselves as separate from other beings and from the world around us. (Conversely, Ejii becomes more and more entwined with other beings as the narrative progresses.) We perceive ourselves as distinct. We take ourselves as a point of reference, and we measure the world against this. For Freud, relations to the Other are governed by the libido: sexual drive, which desires the Other for its difference (Freud, 1931). Lacan adds that this difference is desired for our own sense of completion (Lacan, 1958). The Other is what we lack. In both of these accounts the libido is masculine, in other words, it is phallocentric: focused on desires associated with the phallus and with phallic wants. These wants are said to be for completeness, satisfaction, and unilinear progress. This all evokes a pattern of thinking that is very different from the mental landscape occupied by Ejii. The point is that for Freudians, change must be successfully negotiated in order that social order (and sanity) can continue. Ejii’s experiences conflict with the Freudian description/prescriptions at almost every step. Whether or not we accept Freudian analyses of self, it is certain that change impacts on us as well as the world that we seek to transform. 31. See Chapter 1 for an introduction to critical utopias. 32. She lives in America (see http://nnedi.com/about.html). Her story is embedded in Niger and Nigerian culture. 33. Another is Suzy McKee Charnas’s Conqueror’s Child (1999), which falls outside the time frame for this book but I mention it here because it is another significant Notes 251

feminist text. Conqueror’s Child is the final novel in Charnas’s ‘Holdfast’ series and, like some of the cases discussed in this chapter, it contains critical reflections on separatism, matriarchy and the treatment of men and boys in a female- dominated society.

4 Sex and sexual identity

1. An important but understated aspect of this story is the role of his lover and hus- band, João. João is a Brazilian Indian and his influence on Ron is significant. He first appears in the story at the 26th birthday and expresses concerns about Ron’s involvement in the ‘homosexual cure’ project: ‘It feels wrong. Like genocide’ … ‘The Indians say it is unwise.’… ‘They say it is good to have other ways. They think it is like what almost happened to them’ (7–8). This voice from a minority culture in defence of diversity is the saving grace in Ryman’s story. 2. Although there is a dichotomously constructed set of ‘gendered’ identities within Taelach society, of which see more below. 3. For an account of the hostility between lesbian and heterosexual feminism, see Morgan 1973 or Leeds Revolutionary Feminism Group, 1981. For an argument in favour of disaggregating feminist and lesbian theory, see Calhoun, 1994. For an early account of lesbian feminism, see Katz, 1975. For a more recent overview of the relationship between feminism and lesbians see Dana Heller’s 1997 edited collection (Heller, 1997). 4. At a Serpent clan meeting, for example, gentlewomen are dismissed when defence is discussed:

‘A good thought for all those in skirts.’ [Clan leader] Recca’s slight bow meant dismissal. ‘There are broadback matters yet to discuss-’ ‘Like they won’t know as soon as we crawl into the bed with them,’ sniped one of those remaining seated. ‘They tend to withhold themselves when we don’t share the knowledge.’... Recca’s expression grew exasperated. ‘When gentlewomen defend the clan then they can be present for briefings. Until such a time’ – she pointed to the main cavern’s rocky entrance – ‘they should do as I request. They will, after all hear what went on soon enough’. (G’Fellers, 2006, 43–4)

5. The passage continues:

‘Some Butches are comfortable in their female form, while others experience body dysphoria in varying degrees. Some transgendered Butches take testerone, bind their breasts, and/or pack. Some stone Butches desire to be pleasured in ways that aren’t feminizing, while other stone Butches don’t want to be touched at all, preferring only to please their partner. Some Butches are foremost into pleasing their partners, and others enjoy receiving. Most want their Butch nature to be honored and appreciated, no matter what kind of sex or intimacy they engage in. In describing Butch, I would say it is a journey where we have all taken similar paths, wearing different shoes.’ (http://www.butch- femme. com/content.php?11-about&s=a92b9ba3ecde35dee824d446ee350d32&)

6. ‘[I]dentities are part of contexts and make sense only within the contexts of which they are a part’ (Warnke, 2007, 245.). 252 Notes

5 Climate change and catastrophe fiction

1. The biggest natural disaster of the first decade of this century was the 2004 tsunami, which is not (generally) attributed to climate change. On 26 December, 2004 an earthquake under the Indian Ocean (the Sumatra- Andaman earthquake) triggered a gigantic wave and the word ‘tsunami’ entered the popular vocabulary. 100-feet high walls of water hit the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India, killing an estimated 230,000 people (http://www.tsunami2004.net/). 2. Both have emerged as popular academics and had significant impact outside academia, for example, serving as governmental advisers. 3. This trilogy is a continuation of Robinson’s novel Antarctica (1997). 4. One massive section of the Ross ice shelf breaks at one point and this alone is predicted to raise the sea level by a foot. 5. People who live for free: squatting and salvaging out-of- date food from dump- sters. 6. Icebergs are not salinated (they contain fresh water) and the addition of large volumes of fresh water to the oceans as they melt alters the level and temperature of the sea. 7. The sentence continues ‘– as long as it is based on a reassertion of the Wilsonian tradition that was so influential for a lengthy period of the twentieth century’ (Giddens, 2009, 219). 8. The sentence continues, ‘since, where climate change and energy security are concerned, they hold the future of the world in their hands’ (ibid.). 9. Sixty ships from the US nuclear fleet provided 500 megawatts of power for essential services during the shutdown and refitting. 10. We are told that China has agreed to cap their carbon emissions and to encour- age other Asian countries to do likewise, invest in clean renewable energies, build clean coal- burning plants for the USA, and to recognize Tibet. 11. Howarth and Atwood are discussed in Chapters 10 and 11, respectively. 12. Hythloday is another one of More’s puns and his name translates roughly from Greek as ‘speaker of nonsense’. See below in ‘Vital Materialism’ for more on Hytholoday. 13. The elderly people are left behind following a community discussion, because there is insufficient space on the boats (and at least some of them do not want to leave).

6 Human attitudes to nature

1. Ecological Utopias: Envisoning the sustainable society, contains chapters on More, Thoreau, Kropotkin, Morris, Howard, Skinner, Huxley, Callenbach and Bookchin. 2. Key texts include the following: Smith, 2003; Dryzek, 1996, 3–29; Reprinted in Dryzek, 2007, 631–46; Dryzek, 2000; and Baber and Bartlett, 2005. 3. If we want to make democracy more open to the ‘interests’ of nature, or to give nature a ‘voice’ in democratic deliberations, it follows that we need to think about ways to communicate across the boundary between humans and non- human beings and things. 4. This often informs colloquial usage. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defines utopia as ‘an impossibly ideal scheme’ and Webster’s defines it as ‘an impractical scheme for social improvement’. Notes 253

5. The tension between the unobtainability and realization of the utopias was beautifully expressed by Oscar Wilde: ‘A map of the world that does not include Utopia is not worth even glancing at, for it leaves out the one country at which Humanity is always landing. And when Humanity lands there, it looks out, and seeing a better country, sets sail. Progress is the realisation of Utopias’ (Wilde, 1891). 6. A referendum debate in Switzerland over the last few years is an example of the kind of approach rejected here. In 2010 the Swiss citizenry rejected a proposal to provide state- funded animal legal advocates. 7. Like Dobson, Bennett draws on Bruno Latour’s Politics of Nature. 8. Some thinkers within the field of utopian studies would argue that these are essential elements of a utopia. See, for example, Davis, 1981. 9. Her sources are many and varied and her discussion proceeds through cases and examples. Some of these are drawn from everyday life, happenings, moments and events, which she draws into deeply creative thinking about humanity and the world around, inside and upon us. Other cases are drawn from the lesser- known essays of key figures (like Darwin), which serve as starting points for flights of theoretical exploration. More ‘conventional’ theoretical sources include thinkers such as Spinoza, Deleuze, Guattari, Dewey, Latour and Rancierre. 10. ‘But that’s just utopian!’ our worldly- wise first- year students sometimes say when confronted with ideas like Rousseau’s general will or socialist theory. 11. But it is not radically biocentric, as this term is normally used (see Naess, 1973). Biocentrism involves egalitarianism (in principle, if we follow Neass) and Bennett does not subscribe to this: ‘my conatus will not let me “horizontalize” the world completely’ (104). Even so, it does seek to transgress and transform the way that we think about the relationships between humans and non- humans. 12. See, for example, the following schedule of workshops: http://www.rainforestinfo. org.au/deep-eco/schedule.htm. 13. Intentional communities with a charismatic leadership sometimes adopt chan- nelling in this way. Sometimes is results in abusive relationships (see, for example, the history of Bert Potter at Centrepoint Community in New Zealand (http:// www.localhistoryonline.co.nz/)) and sometimes it does not (see for example, the history of Eileen Caddy at the Findhorn Foundation, in Scotland: http://www. findhorn.org/aboutus/vision/history/). 14. This is the Tui Community, in Golden Bay, on the South Island of New Zealand. See Chapter 7 and also http://www.tuitrust.org.nz/index.php?PageID=1 (accessed 03.08.2011). 15. Her methods are designed as follows: ‘They utilize all learning modalities (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) but are most suited to kinesthetic (learning by doing) learn- ers, who are commonly not catered for in formal learning situations. They are developed simultaneously for the “underdeveloped” and “overdeveloped” world, so should be applicable and adaptable to a diversity of cultures’ (http://earthcare- education.org/Manual.html accessed 04.09.10). 16. McCurdy has formal qualifications in education and biology. 17. See Weinman on Shakespeare’s fools (Weimann, 1978).

7 Green intentional communities

1. Although not all of these identify with environmentalism. 2. These are interesting examples but I am unable to offer reliable (i.e., tested) discussions of them. Sekem depicts itself as a sustainable community, primarily 254 Notes

a business built around food production, consisting of employers and employees (http://www.sekem.com/ accessed 12.12.2010). And the International Intentional Community of Friends (IICF) is described on the Federation of Intentional Communities website as ‘A spiritual Ecovillage Community and a Meditation Resort’ (see http://directory.ic.org/20985/IICF and http://www.communeindia. co.cc, accessed 12.12.2010). In both cases, it would be necessary to conduct further research, including fieldwork, in order to make valid assessments about the group and to be able to discuss properly whether or not this is an intentional community. The same applies to the Back- to- Nature EcoVillage, Trang, in Thailand (a farm purchased by two retired university lecturers in 2005, ‘We intend to become an international village community of at least 150’ http:// directory.ic.org/20756/Back_to_Nature_EcoVillage, updated 7/13/2006.) 3. The work in Britain stemmed from a project which sought to explore radicalism and utopianism in the green movement in Britain at the time. This research was funded by the ESRC, Grant Reference R000222695. The fieldwork in New Zealand formed part of a collaborative project with Lyman Tower Sargent in which we sought to conduct a country- wide survey of intentional communities across New Zealand. This project was funded by the University of Nottingham and the British Academy (Small Research Grant 2000–1 ‘Utopias and intentional living in New Zealand’). 4. Cohousing is discussed at greater length in Chapter 9. 5. This refers to land and buildings and not, usually, to personal possessions, although there are some exceptions. 6. See http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/tfl.ww.html for details of the volunteer programme. 7. For an introduction to this from one of the founders of the Findhorn Foundation, see Caddy, 1994. For secondary discussions, see Riddel, 1990; Sargisson, 2000. 8. The Moehau (or Te Moengahau- o-Tamatekapua) forms part of Maori genealogical history, as home to one of the ‘first peoples’ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/first- peoples- in- maori-tradition/5/2/1 and it forms part of Maori mythology see http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao63TeA/c4.html (both accessed 20.08.2011). 9. This is the Maori word for New Zealanders who do not have Maori genealogy. 10. See http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/land-birds/north- island-robin-toutouwai/, and http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native- animals/birds/land-birds/kiwi/kiwi/. 11. http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/invertebrates/weta/ 12. Leiopelma archeyi (Archey’s Frog) and Leiopelma hochstetteri (Hochstetter’s Frog): see http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/native-animals/ birds/ toutouwai- robins-return/ moehau- mountain.pdf 13. For further details about this ethical investment scheme see http://www.rootstock. org.uk/ 14. Including using a solar- powered web server. 15. The Crediton scheme includes energy, food and farming, waste and educational groups. 16. Home to Robina McCurdy, discussed in Chapter 6. 17. See http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/PlaceProfile.aspx?id=38455 18. Such as a practice called whaikorero: ‘In whaikorero there are two methods by which the speakers interact. “Tau utuutu” – speakers alternate, with the tangata whenua beginning and finally ending after the speakers have alternated. The Waikato tribe including Ngati Raukawa use this method. “Paeke”– All the tangata Notes 255

whenua speak and then all the manuhiri speak. The very last speaker is always the tangata whenua. This is normally the method used in the Ngapuhi, Tuhoe East Coast tribal areas. In both methods the tangata whenua will have the final say outlining the next movement and inviting the manuhiri to come forward and hongi. The hongi involves pressing noses together either once or twice.’ (http:// www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/GradConf/kawa.shtml accessed 20.08.2011). 19. See Robina McCurdy’s work with in New Zealand and South Africa (Earthcare Education Aotearoa and the Context Institute, discussed above. 20. Tui belongs to the Willing Workers on Organic Farms Scheme. See http://www. wwoof.org/home.asp and http://www.wwoof.co.nz/ 21. Round wooden structures, made from massive reclaimed whiskey barrels. 22. This is an ecological sewage disposal unit: sewage goes in at one end and water comes out at the other. For a fuller description, see http://www.ecovillagefindhorn. com/findhornecovillage/biological.php 23. ‘Ecological details featured in our buildings include: Use of passive solar features where possible through orientation and window layout. » Use of solar panels for domestic hot water heating. » A district heating system using a gas condensing boiler for highest fuel efficiency. » Super efficient insulation (U- values of 0.2 watts/m2 C in roof, walls and floors). » Low- energy light bulbs throughout. » Triple glazing (U1.65 watts/m2 C). » Cellulose insulation (made from recy- cled paper). » Non- toxic organic paints and wood preservatives throughout. » Boarding manufactured without the use of toxic glues or resins. » Locally grown and harvested timber from managed forests. » Local stone for skirting, patios and pathways. » Roofing with natural clay tiles. » Innovative ‘breathing wall’ construction allowing a controlled exchange of air & vapour, and eliminating the need for a conventional vapour barrier. » Suspended timber floors for underfloor air circulation to avoid any possible build- up of radon gas. » Isolating electrical circuits to reduce electromagnetic field stress. » Water conservation (showers, low-flush toilets and self- closing taps). » Collection and recycling of rainwater for garden use. » Shared facilities (laundry, kitchens, lounges) avoiding unneces- sary duplication. » Simple timber frame construction and detailing, suitable for Self Building’ http://www.ecovillagefindhorn.com/findhornecovillage/ecological. php, accessed 23.08.2011. 24. Some people refer to the entire site at the Park as an ecovillage. Others use the term only to refer only to the newer homes on the Field of Dreams. 25. They would not use this term because negative thinking is antithetical to their ethos. 26. Full title: Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba. See http://www.sathyasai.org/ 27. ABB power and automation technologists (http://www.abb.com), Flabeg glass technologists (http://www.flabeg.com/) Flagsol solar- thermal power plant technologists (http://www.flagsol- gmbh.com/flagsol/cms/) and Nur Energie http:// www.nurenergie.com/, construction firms M+W http://www.mwgroup.net/ 28. Price Waterhouse Coopers http:// www.pwc.co.uk/, Freshfield, Drukhaus, Deringer (http://www.freshfields.com/aboutus/) and MGM consultants http://www.mgm- consultants-sxm.com/ 29. Nordbank http://www. hsh- nordbank.com/en/homekundenbereiche/homepage. jsp, Munich RE http://www.munichre.com/en/homepage/default.aspx, Heidelberg Innovation venture capitalists http://www.hd- innovation.de/ 30. Youngmut http://www.jungmut.de/, Skies and Meadows http://www. skiesandmeadows.com, Nissen Consulting http://www.nissen- consulting.de/ 256 Notes

31. Further Co- Founders are: Nils Jörn and Pierre Aldag; Christian Breyer; Dr Klaus Burghard; Dr Daniel Dahm; Prof. Dr Michael Düren; Dr Ing. Hani El Nokraschy; Friedrich Führ; Gisela and Sebastian Gallehr; Dr Thiemo Gropp; Rupert Hierzer; Dipl.-Ing. Taco Holthuizen; Dr- Ing. Ulrich Hueck; Tim Hufermann; Dr Gerhard Knies; Dr Wolfgang Knothe; Mouldi Miled; Tobias Morell; Abdel Hamied Moussa; Francis Petitjean; Stephan Schoenen; Max Schön; Götz Schuchart; Christian Steinberg; Dr Oliver Steinmetz; Michael Straub; Stewart Taggart; Dr Gerhard Timm; Dr Gerry Wolff. http://www.desertec.org/organization/partners-supporters/ 32. About 60, at the last count.

8 Fantastic architecture and the case of Dubai

1. It was not possible to identity the owners of all buildings. In some cases the data is highly classified. 2. This includes official tourist and government sites such as Tourism Dubai (http://www.dubaitourism.ae, and http://www.dubai.ae/en.protal?topictourism) as well as unofficial sites, for example the web pages of photographer Aidan O’Rourke (http://www.aidan.co.uk) and the publication The Dubai Life (http:// www.thedubailife.com). 3. Knorr Group does not release client information for most of its individual projects but states the following on its website:

‘The following is a selected list of the clients NORR Group Consultants International Limited has been proud to serve over the years: H.H. Shaikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, E. Shk. Mubarak Bin Mohammad Al Nahyan, H.H. Shaikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Hamed, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil, Al Fattan Properties, Al Ghurair Group, Al Muhairy Group, Al Qudra Real Estate, Ali bin Khalifa Al Hitmi & Co., Centaur Pvt Ltd, Commercial Real Estate Co., Damac Invest LLC, Delta Properties LLC, Emaar Properties PJSC, External Affairs Government of Canada, Gulf Holding Company, Juma Al Majid Group, Mabanee Company S.A.K., Minhal (Pvt.) Ltd., Mohamed and Obaid Almulla LLC, Union Land Development Co., Union Properties PJSC’ Source: Norr Group website http://www. norr- international.com/clients.asp

4. The comment continues: which ‘has underpinned this political success, enabling the country to develop a modern administrative structure while at the same time ensuring that the best of the traditions of the past are maintained, adapted and preserved’ http://www.government.ae/gov/en/gov/federal/politics.jsp, accessed 07/01/08. 5. Leaders of Dubai:1912–2011 Sheikh Said II ibn Maktum (1st time): November 1912–15 April 1929, Sheikh Mani ibn Rashid: 15 April 1929–18 April 1929, Sheikh Said II ibn Maktum (2nd time): 18 April 1929–10 September 1958, Sheikh Rashid II ibn Said Al Maktum: 10 September 1958–7 October 1990, Sheikh Maktoum III ibn Rashid Al Maktum: 7 October 1990–4 January 2006, Sheikh Mohammed ibn Rashid Al Maktum: 4 January 2006–present. 6. Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum (1912–7 October 1990) had four sons: Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum (1943–2006), Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum (b. 1945), Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (b. 1949), Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (b. 1950). Notes 257

7. The idea of wise leadership occurs also in public statements from representatives of the US Department of State. For example, in January 2007 the then Under Secretary for Political Affairs used the term several times in an address to the Gulf Research Centre in Dubai. He was speaking, in this case of the governance of the UAE:

As I said earlier, this is a time of change and challenge in the Middle East. Sheikh Zayed, the founder of the UAE, once said that ‘Our security policy ... is based on the necessity for cooperation by the countries of the region themselves to resist any danger that threatens our security.’ The United States shares this wise leader’s strategic assessment that collective action is the most effective way to manage change and counter challenges to regional security. The forces of violent extremism seeking to undermine the stability of the Gulf region must be confronted by a united front of those countries who seek peace and security through modera- tion. The vision we share is one of hope: that by working together we can build a prosperous, stable Middle East. Look at the benefits that have flowed to the UAE from its wise leadership and openness to the best of the rest of the world. We’d like to see this extended to the larger region. (Address to the Gulf Research Center in Dubai by R. Nicholas Burns, Under Secretary for Political Affairs 30 January 2007 http://www.state.gov/p/us/rm/2007/79513.htm. Accessed 30.01.2007)

8. At the time, Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum was chair of Dubai World and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum was the main shareholder. 9. The Abdulsalam Al Rafi Group is a major shareholder in the BMG Middle East Development Group. Source: http://www.bmg- group.de/index. 10. It trades in the vehicle industry (automobiles, heavy vehicles, spare parts and services), travel, foreign exchange, real estate, land development, and the building industry as well as in electronic communications. The Al Rostrami Group is international and works with organizations such as Michelin, Castrol, Renault Trucks, General Electric, and Thomas Cook. Some members of the conglomerate hold sole dealerships for example the Al Rostrami Trading Company is the sole dealer for Suzuki in Dubai, another, Al Rostrami Pegel works in the construction industry with the German company Pegel. This organization’s business concerns are not limited to the UAE; for example, it owns holdings in a newspaper, banks and a tea- blending company in Britain. Its website states that it employs over 3000 people and has assets in excess of US$ 550 million. 11. Key sources for this discussion include the document itself (DSP 2015), the official transcript of Sheikh Mohammed’s speech at the launch (Mohammed, 03.02.07, accessed from the Sheikh’s website http://www.sheikhmohammed. ae/ on 25.10.07), and contemporaneous reports in local and international newspapers (Washington Post, Gulf News and Khalee Times). 12. By comparison, in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (which produces 85 per cent of the Emirates’ oil), oil accounts for 63per cent of the GDP. 13. See Appendix for summary of the DSP. 14. State education and healthcare is provided without charge (at the point of access) to all nationals. Social assistance (primarily in the form of housing) is provided by public and private sectors. 15. These are listed in ascending size order. The last two are identified as the largest and fastest growing and are prioritized accordingly. 16. I should note that although significant investors come from the former Soviet states, China, and India, my survey focused on English language publications. 258 Notes

There are several reasons for this, some more defensible than others. The first (and least defensible), lies in my own linguistic inadequacies. The second is that supplementary searches conducted by research assistants for publications in Russian, Indian and Chinese, revealed very little material. Publications are mostly in Arabic and English. Finally, I wanted to know how these industries presented Dubai to external investors and participants. I have thus focused on the English language rather than the Arabic publications. 17. Other examples include the following: Dubai Informer, Dubai Life, Emirates Magazine, Arabian Business, Construction Week Online and The Big Project. 18. Such as Chicago Luxury Condos and North Shore Chicago Real Estate. 19. Dubai is the only city featured from the UAE region. 20. But it is available only in English and German. 21. Pragmatically, not everyone on each floor will be able to face in their desired direction at once; wind turbines cause considerable noise pollution; the building may be capable of producing sufficient energy for its running costs but its production costs are energy- high. Ethically, to describe something this distant from its local ecology as ‘green’ is controversial.

9 Domestic architecture: New urbanism and cohousing

1. Local materials are often more expensive than imports and this has been a matter of controversy during the later stages. 2. ‘Higher quality of life; Better places to live, work, & play; Higher, more stable property values; Less traffic congestion & less driving; Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less stress; Close proximity to main street retail & services; Close proximity to bike trails, parks, and nature; Pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighbourhood and town, resulting in meaningful relationships with more people, and a friendlier town; More freedom and independence to children, elderly, and the poor in being able to get to jobs, recreation, and services without the need for a car or someone to drive them; Great savings to residents and school boards in reduced busing costs from children being able to walk or bicycle to neighbourhood schools; More diversity and smaller, unique shops and services with local owners who are involved in community; Big savings by driving less, and owning less cars; Less ugly, congested sprawl to deal with daily; Better sense of place and community identity with more unique architecture; More open space to enjoy that will remain open space; More efficient use of tax money with less spent on spread out utilities and roads.’ (http://www.newurbanism.org/, accessed 12.08.2011). 3. Cited in full at http://www.theseasideinstitute.org/core/item/page.aspx?s=8639. 0.0.7801 4. In 1989 this was published as a book authored by the Prince of Wales, A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture. 5. Other principles are enclosure (provision of spaces for the public to meet), ma - terials (local where possible), decoration (attention to detail), art (creating unique things of beauty) and signs and lights (street furniture to be beautiful and non- invasive) (Prince of Wales, 1989, 86–95). 6. In Denmark, it was inspired by two key essays, Bodil Graae’s ‘Children Should Have One Hundred Parents’ (1967) and Gudmand-Hoyer’s, ‘The Missing Link between Notes 259

Utopia and the Dated One-Family House’ (1968). The first cohousing communities, Saettedammen (1972) and Skraplanet (1973), were based on their ideas. 7. More than three times as many were listed as ‘forming’. 8. On all continents. 9. Approximately 1 per cent of the Danish population live in cohousing (roughly 50,000 people). 10. This consists of limited fieldwork (in just two communities) and extensive scru- tiny of the primary sources (documents, leaflets and websites) produced by over one hundred communities. 11. Internal references: * National Lifestyle Preferences, 2006; ** General Household Survey, 2005; and *** New Economics Foundation, 2008. 12. ‘Each board member may be reappointed up twice, which means that a person can sit on the board for a maximum of three years as a term of one year.’ Translated from http://www.stolplyckan.nu/foreningen.shtml 08.09.09 13. Saguaro Seminar ‘Social Capital National Benchmark Survey’, Harvard University 2000–6 (see Poley and Stephenson, 2007 and http://www.hks.harvard.edu/ saguaro/measurement/measurement.htm). 14. Proxy measures for this were: volunteered time, work on a community project, service as officer or committee member of a local organization, attendance at public meetings, donations to charity, blood donation, registration to vote, claim to be interested in national affairs, and attendance of a rally or protest. (Poley and Stephenson, 2007, 15). See also Williams, 2005.

10 Computer gaming

1. Violet’s internal narratives are italicized in the text. 2. The games in question were the four largest MMORPGS at that time: Everquest, Dark Age of Camelot, Ultima Online and Star Wars Galaxies. 3. This study is known as the Daedalus Project and archives of the complete survey findings can be found at http://www.nickyee.com/index- daedalus.html, accessed 14.03.2011. 4. (n 5509, SD 9.19) the median age was 25. 5. (n 5471, SD 14.98). 6. See Yee, 2006, 201 and Yee, N. ‘Problematic Usage’ at http://www.nickyee.com/ daedalus/archives/001336.php?page=1, posted 10.05.2005. 7. One thing to note is that these studies often use university students as their research population and this is not a representative group. They might, for example, be assumed to have above- average social and study skills, to be articulate and high achievers. Another thing to note is that many of these studies rely on self- reporting and self- completion questionnaires. This is completely understandable for reasons of access but self- reporting can be unreliable. 8. For studies of video games see Anderson and Dill, 2000, and Griffiths, 1990. 9. This aggression, occurs both immediately (in laboratory conditions) and in the longer term (after the study has finished), contribution to delinquent behaviour. 10. This study also included participant observation. 11. See also Kim et al., 2009. 12. Romantic loneliness was reduced by online chatting because it enabled partners to keep in touch. 13. See also Lemmens et al., 2011. 14. (r 0.33 p0.001). 260 Notes

15. (r 0.27 p0.001). 16. (r 0.15, p0.001). 17. (r 0.013, p0.001). 18. For discussion of this, see Turkle, 1995 and Cerulo, 1997. For more recent contri- butions, see Coole, 2010 and Lashley, 2010. 19. For discussions that challenge the idea that the internet is race- neutral, see Nakamura et al., 2000 and Nakamura, 2002. 20. See, for example, Hussain and Griffiths, 2008 and Yee, N. (2008). 21. Rosedale Guardian interview (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/ may/17/media.newmedia2, accessed 20.03.2011). In 2009 Wikipedia reported ‘the total size of the Second Life economy as US$567 million’ (http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_Second_Life). 22. See, for example, Kaplan and Haenlein, 2009 and 2009a, and Freedman, 2008. 23. For details of Mozilla’s ‘Creative Commons’ license and legal code, see http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. For example, ‘You are free to Share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work, to Remix – to adapt the work. Under the following conditions: Attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Share Alike – If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one’ (ibid., accessed 28.03.2011). 24. An example of the positive value of temporary retreats can be found in Slovic, 2008 (esp. ch. 1: ‘Savouring, Saving and the Practice Ecocritical Responsibility’). Slovic shows how retreats into personal reflection enrich his theoretical work, and reflects on the balance between academic work and activism. 25. Examples include Buddhist meditation and transcendental meditation (http:// www.tm.org/). 26. Escape: from Old French eschaper: ex and Latin cappa (cloak): New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Clarendon Press: Oxford), 849. 27. See for example CNN article ‘Audiences experience ‘Avatar’ blues’, 11 January 2010, by Jo Piazz,a available at http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-11/entertainment/ avatar.movie.blues_1_pandora- depressed-posts?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ (accessed 29.03.2011) and discussions on Avatar fan sites, such as ‘Naviblue’: http://www. naviblue.com/hometree and ‘Avatar Forums’, http://www.avatar- forums.com, especially the thread ‘Ways to cope with the depression of the dream of Pandora being intangible’ (www.avatar- forums.com/showthread.php?t=43&page=1).

11 Cloning, cyborgs and robots

1. This discussion is based on Ishiguro’s novel. 2. In interviews, Kazuo Ishiguro has said that he wanted to explore the natural lifespan of human beings – that is to say, how we contemplate the fact that our life will end – and that he constructed the truncated and concertinaed lives of the clones as a device through which to explore this (see, for example, interviews at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SmuYqKeTTs and http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=batJu1 ypW- Y). 3. These phrases are repeated throughout the film: in Lincoln’s dreams, in the psychological conditioning tapes played to the gestating clones, and over the intercoms. Notes 261

4. They are taught to read and write and given a limited social education but they know nothing of the world outside their compound. They are not told about sex and their libidos are repressed. 5. ‘[Miss Emily] began telling us how we had to be careful who we had sex with. Not just because of the diseases, but because, she said, “sex affects emotions in ways you’d never expect.” We had to be extremely careful about having sex in the outside world, especially with people who weren’t students, because out there sex meant all sorts of things. Out there people were even fighting and killing each other over who had sex with whom. And the reason it meant so much – so much more than, say dancing or table- tennis – was because people out there were different from us students: they could have babies from sex. That was why it was so important to them, this question of who did it with whom’ (Ishiguro, 2005, 83). 6. This is another large and fascinating area. For canonical examples, see Aristotle, Book I, Chapters iii through vii of the Politics and in Book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics, John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government (Ch. 4 and Ch. 16), and the comprehensive anthology by Kitson and Lee, 1999. For useful secondary discussions, see Shlaifer, 1936; Farr, 2008; Burns, 2006 and 2003; Brace, 2011; Bales, 1999; Finkelman and Miller, 1991. 7. See, for example, Singer, 1975 and 1979/1993. Singer’s concept of marginal humans has especial pertinence here. 8. According to Valdine Clemens, the gothic filled a cultural void when Enlightenment rationalism produced a decline in religious faith and practice. ‘When Science and Reason usurped God, Gothic rushed in to fill the resulting vacuum with the daemonic’ (Clemens, 1999, 3). 9. See Fred Botting’s (2001) The Gothic for contemporary analyses of Gothic impacts on the self. 10. The range is considerable. For example, otherness features in Hegel’s interpretations of the master/slave dialectic (Hegel, 1910/1977), psychoanalytic interpretations of the construction of the subject (Lacan 1958/1977), and see above, Baudrillard, 1990), discussions of the construction of gender (de Beauvior 1949/1997), constructions of colonized people, imperialism and colonialism (Said, 1979), and alterity (Levinas (1970/2000). 11. For convenience and clarity I will refer to him as Snowman when referring to his post- apocalyptic life and Jimmy when referring to his life before the plague. 12. It may indeed be what Crake always says but it is mentioned just this once. 13. Crakers do not read or write. 14. See Ghost in the Shell Official Website: http://www.ghostintheshell.tv/ (English language version). 15. See the anime Paprika (2006) for another example for the puncturing of reality. 16. Percy Bysshe Shelley’s ‘Ode to a Skylark’ is a long poem and I include just three stanzas here for illustrative purposes:

Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert – That from Heaven or near it Pourest thy full heart In profuse strains of unpremeditated art. 262 Notes

Higher still and higher From the earth thou springest, Like a cloud of fire; The blue deep thou wingest, And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.

Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must know; Such harmonious madness From my lips would flow, The world should listen then, as I am listening now.

17. Working in translation is difficult and the director, Mamoru Oshii comments in an interview on the DVD that he feels that the film is always translated wrongly: ‘Languages are not truly translatable. A film made in Japanese will be a different thing by the time it is dubbed into a different language. … Our customs are different and so are the nuances of the langue, so I think the idea of true translation is an illusion’ (Oshii, 2004 interview Innocence). Nonetheless, I think these comments about soul and consciousness are true to the text. 18. This occurs through the motif of a dog. Batou’s only moments of true repose are in the company of his dog and its images appears at odd moments during the film. It humanizes Batou and is an allegorical figure that represents the need for relationships. The director, Mamoru Oshii says that it also represents hope. The interaction between humans and animals, he says ‘is as important as life itself’: ‘Of course, we could probably survive without dogs, cats, birds, or any other animals in so much as we could obtain food. However, then humans wouldn’t be human any more. If humans were the only living creature left on Earth, could we call ourselves human? When I am with a dog or a cat, I really feel that I am human – sometimes with regret and sometimes with joy. In order for humans to be humans we need other animals, we cannot live alone.’ He continues: ‘People can only live in a relationship with others. People need other animals. Otherwise, people end up living in the depths of desperate loneliness. I don’t think people have realized it, as they are thinking about too many trivial things. … I feel really relaxed when I think that I am only human – merely a human. That is when I am with a dog or a cat. They make me realize that. Otherwise what am I? A film director, a middle- aged man, or some guy who wrote a novel. If you can only think of yourself like that, are you human enough for yourself?’ (Innocence, 2004) 19. These were originally devised by SF author Isaac Asimov (introduced in the short story ‘Runaround’ (1942). 20. Metropolis (2001) based on Fritz Lang’s 1927 film and a 1949 manga by Osamu Tezuka. Script by Katsuhiro Otomo. 21. For example, the 2001 anime remake of Fritz Lang’s Metropolis ends with the robot girl (Tima), asking ‘Who am I?’ ) effectively (continued Transparency Sound financial performances and effectiveness Public sector excellence tomer service Development of human resources Working within the federal framework world- class class world- Provisioning of infrastructure designed to suit the requirements of all users Preserving the environment in line with international standards Infrastructure, land and management Ensuring justice and equal- Ensuring justice and ity for all and Maintaining Security Stability Protecting human rights Excellence in cus- justice and safety development Security, Protection of the national Protection of the national culture and way of identity, life Development of national human resources Promoting social justice and equality Openness to the world while maintaining uniqueness Social : Aims and Guiding and Guiding : Aims Plan 2015 Strategic Dubai initiatives relationship execution Innovation in launching accuracy in Speed and project and partnership with and private sector Guiding principles:* Adoption of free market principles Unique Economic development Appendix: Appendix: Principles

263 264

Appendix Continued

Economic Social development Security, Infrastructure, Public sector development justice and safety land and excellence management

Aims:*

Sustain real economic Preserve national identity and Optimize land use and Preserve security Strengthen growth at 11% per improve community cohesion distribution to balance and order in society strategic and annum for the next economic, infrastructure and forward- looking ten years social development needs focus while preserving natural resources

Increase real GDP to Increase Nationals’ Provide efficient energy, Ensure that security Enhance Dhs 162,000 ($44,000) participation in the electricity and water entities are the best organizational in 2015 workforce and society supplies to meet Dubai’s globally and locally structures and growing needs in terms of integ- accountability rity, transparency and protection of human rights

Increase labour Improve the achievement Provide integrated roads Ensure full readi- Increase efficiency productivity by 4% of students and ensure all and transportation system ness for efficient per annum Nationals have access to to facilitate people and crisis and disaster quality education goods movement while management opportunities improving safety levels for all system users Move existing areas of Improve the quality of Maintain Dubai as a safe, Improve access to Enhance strength to new healthcare services and the clean, attractive and justice and remove responsiveness and frontiers, domestically health status of the sustainable environment all economic, legal, customer service and internationally population and procedural barriers Create new sectors Ensure social services are Guarantee equality, Empower and of strength with sus- provided to meet the neutrality, accu- motivate public tainable competitive community’s needs racy and clarity of service employees advantage judicial judgements and investigations

Promote innovation Ensure quality and Guarantee timely to develop new acceptable working expedition of case sectors and increase conditions for Dubai’s disposal or friendly productivity workforce to attract and settlement of retain required expertise disputes Enrich the cultural Ensure safety for all environment Nationals, residents and visitors Protect public health and improve quality of life of Nationals, residents and visitors

Source: * Summarized by L. Sargisson from DSP 2015, 12–13, ** ibid., 21–40. 265 List of Primary Sources (by topic)

Religious fundamentalism

Aljazeera: http://english.aljazeera.net Ayran Nations: http://aryan- nations.org/ Baxter, Batsell Barrett (1995) ‘Who are the churches of Christ and what do they believe in?’ transcript of a sermon, available at the Churches of Christ: http://church- of-christ. org/who.html, accessed 08.08.2011. Breslov Research Institute: http://www.breslov.org Catholic Fundamentalism: http://www.catholicfundamentalism.com/index.htm The Churches of Christ: http:// church- of-christ.org/ Curtis, Adam (2004) The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear, (BBC 2, a documentary film in three episodes). Federal Bureau of Investigation: http://www.fbi.gov/ The Fundamentals: http://www.xmission.com/~fidelis/ Lane, David (2007) ‘88 Precepts’. The precepts of Aryan Nations. Available at http:// aryan- nations.org/88precepts, accessed 07.08.2011. The Muslim Brotherhood http://www.ikhwanweb.com/ Neturei Karta: http://www.nkusa.org/ Sargent, Lyman Tower (1995) (ed.) Extremism in America: A reader (New York: New York University Press).

Feminist fictions

Forrest, Katherine (1984) Daughters of a Coral Dawn (Tallahassee, Florida: Naiad Press). Forrest, Katherine (2002) Daughters of an Amber Noon (New York, Los Angeles: Alyson Books). Forrest, Katherine (2005) Daughters of an Emerald Dusk (New York, Los Angeles: Alyson Books). Gearhart, Sally Miller (1978) Wanderground: Stories of the Hill Women (Watertown MA: Persephone Press). Gearhart, Sally Miller (2002) The Kanshou (Denver CO: Spinsters Ink). Gearhart, Sally Miller (2003) The Magister (Denver CO: Spinsters Ink). Okorafor- Mbachu Nnedi (2007) The Shadow Speaker (New York: Hyperion). Padmanabhan, Manjula (2008) Escape (New Delhi: Picador India). Piercy, Marge (1979) Woman on The Edge of Time (London: Women’s Press).

Sex and sexuality

Asaro, Catherine (2001) ‘Soul of Light’ (in Tan, 2001). Brown, Laura, S. (1998) ‘Lesbian Identities’ (in Kimmell and Plante, 2004). Beemyn, Brett and Elianon, Mickey (eds) (1996) Queer Studies: A lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender anthology (New York: New York University Press).

266 List of Primary Sources 267

Charles, Renée, M. (2001) ‘The Delectation Debates’ (in Tan, 2001). Chiang, Ted (2002) ‘Liking What You See: A documentary’ (in Fowler et al., 2007). Christian, M. (2001) ‘The Hope of Cinammon’ (in Tan, 2001). Cordova, Jeanne, ‘Butches, Lies and Feminism’ (in Nestle, 1992, 272–92). Del Carlo, Eric (2001) ‘To Love and Riot’ (in Tan, 2001). Feinberg, Leslie (1993) Stone Butch Blues (New York, Ithaca). Fowler, Karen Joy, Murphy, Pat, Notkin, Debbie and Smith, Jeffrey D. (eds) (2005) The James Tiptree Award Anthology Volume 1: Sex, the future and chocolate chip cookies (San Francisco: Tachyon Publications). Fowler, Karen Joy, Murphy, Pat, Notkin, Debbie and Smith, Jeffrey, D. (eds) (2006) The James Tiptree Award Anthology Volume 2. (San Francisco: Tachyon Publications). Fowler, Karen Joy, Murphy, Pat, Notkin, Debbie and Smith, Jeffrey, D. (eds) (2007) The James Tiptree Award Anthology Volume 3: Subversive stories about sex and gender (San Francisco: Tachyon Publications). G’Fellers, Jean (2005) No Sister of Mine (Tallahassee, FL: Bella Books). G’Fellers, Jean (2006) Sister Lost, Sister Found (Tallahassee, FL: Bella Books). G’Fellers, Jean (2007) Sisters’ Flight (Tallahassee, FL: Bella Books). Graffe, E.J. (2001) ‘The M/F Boxes’ (in Kimmell and Plante, 2004). Iagnemma, Karl (2007) ‘The Upgrade’ in Nerve.com. Johnson, Mykel ‘Butchy Femme’ (in Nestle, 1992, 395–97). Kimmell, Michael, S. and Plante, Rebecca, F. (eds) (2004) Sexualities: Identities, behaviors, and society (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Kirkman, Jen (2007) ‘The Single Girl’s Guide to Compromising Homeland Security’, in Nerve.com (2007). Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group (1979) Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism (Leeds: Onlywomen Press). Lynch, Lee ‘Stone Butch’ (in Nestle, 1992, 405–6). Morlan, A.R. (2001) ‘Stone, Still’ (in Tan, 2001). Morrow, James (2000) ‘Auspicious Eggs’ (in Morrow, 2004). Nerve.com (ed.) (2007) 2033 The Future of Misbehavior: Interplanetary Dating, Madame President, Socialized Plastic Surgery and Other Good News from the Future (San Francisco: Chronicle Books). Nestle, Joan (ed.) (1992) The Persistent Desire: A femme/butch reader (New York: Alyson Books). Nestvold, Ruth (2003) ‘Looking Through Lace’ (in Fowler et al., 2005). Rubin, Gayle (1992) ‘Of Catamites and Kings: Reflections on butch, gender and boundaries’ (in Nestle, 1992, 466–82). Ryman, Geoff (2003) ‘Birth Days’ (in Fowler et al., 2005). Self, Will (2007) ‘The Principle’ (in Nerve.com, 2007). Tan, Cecilia (2001) (ed.) Sextopia (Cambridge, MA: Circlet Press). Walker, Saskia (2001) ‘Delfidian’ (in Tan, 2001).

Environment

Abouleish, Ibrahim (2005) Sekem: A sustainable community in the Egyptian Desert (Edinburgh, Floris Books). Atwood, Margaret (2003) Oryx and Crake (London: Bloomsbury). Atwood, Margaret (2009) The Year of the Flood (London: Bloomsbury). Bennett, J. (2010) Vibrant Matter: A political ecology of things (Durham and London: Duke University Press). 268 List of Primary Sources

Bertagna, J. (2002) Exodus (London: Young Picador). Black, Veronica (1985) The Spirit of the Coromandel (Auckland: Reed Methuen). Caddy, E. (1994) The Spirit of Findhorn (Forres: Findhorn Press). Callenbach, E. (1975) Ecotopia (Berkely, CA: Banyan Books). Charnas, S.M. (1974) Walk to the End of the World (New York: Ballantine). Charnas, S.M. (1979) Motherlines (NewYord: Berkeley). Charnas, S.M. (1995) The Furies (New York: Tor Books). Charnas, S.M. (2000) The Conqueror’s Child (New York: Tor Books). Dobson, A. (1991) The Green Reader (London: Andre Deutsch). Federation of Intentional Communities (2010) Communities Directory (Rutledge, Missouri: Fellowship for Intentional Community). Howarth, L. (2001) Ultraviolet (London: Penguin). Jones, Gwyneth (2001) Bold as Love (London: Gollancz). Jones, Gwyneth (2002) Castles Made of Sand (London: Gollancz). Kinkade, Kat (1994) Is It Uopia Yet? An Insider’s View of Twin Oaks Community in Its Twenty- Sixth Year (Louisa, VA: Twin Oaks Publishers). Kozeny, Geoph (2002 and 2009) Visions of Utopia Video Parts One and Two (produced by the Community Catalyst Project and the Fellowship for Intentional Community). Latour, B. (2004) Politics of Nature: How to bring the sciences into democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 2004). Le Guin, U. (1974) The Dispossesed: An ambiguous utopia (London: Gollancz). Lloyd, Saci (2008) The Carbon Diaries 2015 (London: Hodder Books). Lloyd, Saci (2009) The Carbon Diaries 2017 (London: Hodder Books). McCarthy, Cormac (2006) The Road (New York: Random House). McCurdy, R. (1999) ‘Towards Sacred Society’ in Hildur Jackson (ed.) Creating Harmony: Conflict resolution in community (East Meon, Hants.: Permanent Publications). Also available at http://www.context.org/PEOPLE/robina/tuiart.htm Metcalf, B. [William James] (1996) Shared Visions, Shared Lives: Communal living around the globe (Forres, Morayshire: Findhorn Press). Metcalf, W. (2004) The Findhorn Book of Community Living (Forres, Morayshire: Findhorn Press, 2004). Mollison, B. and Holmgren, D. (1978) Permaculture One (Sydney, Corgi Books). Mollison, B. (1979) Permaculture Two (Stanley, Tasmania: Tagari Books). Mollison, B. (1988/1992 edn) Permaculture: A designer’s manual (Australia: Tagari). Naess, A. (1973) ‘The Shallow and the Deep: Long-range ecology movement’, Inquiry, 16. Naess, A. (1989) Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle: Outline of an ecosophy, trans. D. Rothenberg (Cambridge: CUP). Piercy, M. (1979) Woman on the Edge of Time (London: Women’s Press). Rapley, C. ‘Earth is too crowded for Utopia’ a viewpoint piece, Director of the British Antarctic Survey, on the British Broadcasting Company (BBC)’s ‘News 24’ website (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4584572.stm ) accessed 4.10.07). Riddell, C. (1990) The Findhorn Community (Forres, Moryashire: Findhorn Press). Robinson, Kim Stanley (1992) Red Mars (London: Harper Collins). Robinson, Kim Stanley (1993) Green Mars (London: Harper Collins). Robinson, Kim Stanley (1996) Blue Mars (London: Harper Collins). Robinson, Kim Stanley (1997) Antarctica: A novel (London: Harper Collins). Robinson, Kim Stanley (2000) The Martians (London: Voyager/Harper Collins). Robinson, Kim Stanley (2004) Forty Signs of Rain (London: Harper Collins). List of Primary Sources 269

Robinson, Kim Stanley (2006) Fifty Degrees Below (London: Harper Collins). Robinson, Kim Stanley (2007) Sixty Days and Counting (London: Harper Collins). Sedgwick, M. (2000) Floodland (London: Orion). Stern, N. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). Stern, N. (2010) A Blueprint for a Safer Planet: How we can save the world and create prosperity (London: Vintage). Swain, Trystan (1996) Liberating Meetings: A practical guide to facilitating meetings using consensus decision making (Canterbury, NZ: Vegan Books). Thoreau, H. (1854 [1995 edition]) Walden (Mineola, NY: Dover Thrift).

Architecture

Documents Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (2003) ‘Speech at the first meeting of the Dubai Council for Economic Affairs’ Transcript available at http://sheikmohammed. ae/ vgn- ext-templating/v/index accessed 02.04.2008. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (2007) Dubai Strategic Plan 2015 Highlights: Dubai where the future begins (DSP 2015) commissioned by the Executive Council and launched by HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President and Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai. Accessed as pdf file from http://www.dubai.ae on 02.04.08). UK Cohousing Network, 2008 Annual Report, 2009/10 Plans available from http:// www.cohousing.org.uk/ accessed 22.12.2008.

Books and articles Bressi, Todd, W. (1994) ‘Planning the American Dream’ (in Katz, 1994). Calthorpe, Peter (1994) ‘The Region’ (in Katz, 1994). Danchev, Alex (2011) (ed.) 100 Artists’ Manifestos: From the futurists to the Stuckists (London: Penguin). Day, Christopher (2003) Places of the Soul: Architecture and environmental design as a healing art (Oxford: Elsevier Architectural Press). Day, Christopher and Parnell, Rosie (2002) Consensus Design: Socially inclusive process (Oxford: Elsevier Architectural Press). Duany, Andrés (2003) The New Civic Art: Elements of town planning (New York: Rizzoli International Publications). Duany, Andres and Plater- Zyberk, Elizabeth (1994) ‘The Neighbourhood, The District and The Corridor’ (in Katz, 1994). Durrett, Charles (2009) Senior Cohousing: A community approach to independent living (2nd edition) (Gabriola Island Canada: New Society Publishers). Fainstein, S. and Campbell, S. (2002) (eds) Readings in Urban Theory (Oxford: Blackwell). Graae, B. (1967). ‘Børn skal have Hundrede Foraeldre’, Politiken [Copenhagen], April. Gudmand-Høyer, J. (1968) ‘Det manglende led mellem utopi og det foraeldede en familiehus’ Information, 26 June. Howard, Ebenezer, (1989) Garden Cities of Tomorrow (Gloucester: Dodo Press, 2009 edition). Katz, Peter (1994) (ed.) The New Urbanism: Toward an architecture of community (New York: McGraw-Hill). 270 List of Primary Sources

Khoubrou, Mitra, Bouman, Ole and Koolhaas, Rem (2007) Al Amnakh: Dubai guide, Gulf survey (Amsterdam: Published by Archis, AMO, C- Lab and Moutamarat). Le Corbusier [Charles-Édouard Jeanneret] (1923) ‘Toward an Architecture’ (in Danchev, 2011, 223–29). McCamant, K. and Durrett, C. (1988) Cohousing: A contemporary approach to hosuing ourselves (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press). McCamant, K. and Durrett, C. (1991) ‘Cohousing Communities Sustaining Ourselves, Sustaining Our Communities’, Co-op America Quarterly 13, Spring, at http://www. ecovisionquest.com/cohousing.htm Moule, Elizabeth, Polyzoides, Stafanos (1994) ‘The Street, The Block, and the Building’ (in Katz 1994). Prince of Wales (1989) A Vision of Britain: A personal view of architecture (London: Doubleday). Woods, Lebbeus (1996) War and Architecture (New York: Princeton Architectural Press). Woods, Lebbeus (2001) Radical Reconstruction (New York: Princeton Architectural Press). Woods, Lebbeus (2004) Experimental Architecture (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Art).

Newspaper articles Dore, Lucie (2007) ‘Dubai’s Future Vision Unveiled’ Khaleej Times 04.02.07: http:// www.khaleejtimes.com, accessed 02.04.08. Jacobs, Carrie (2007) ‘Paradise USA: Driving – Florida’s New Urbanist experiments’, Travel and Leisure, February. Available at http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/ paradise-usa/1accessed 03.03.2007 Rahman, Saifur (2007) ‘Streamlining Growth’ (Business News Editor), Gulf News 06.10.2007, http://www.gulfnews.com, accessed 02.04.08.

Interviews Leon Krier interview 05.11.2011. Interviewed by Nikos Salingaros ‘The Future of Cities’. Available at http://luciensteil.tripod.com/katarxis02-1/id23.html, accessed 13.08.2011. Craig Ragland, Executive Director of the Cohousing Association of America interviewed, by Rita Robson on 30.05.2008 available at http://blog.seattlepi.com/ boomerconsumer/archives/140103.asp, accessed 10.06.2008. Jan Gudmand-Høyer interviewed by Kim, G. http://www.cohousing.org/2009/prog/ frikeynote accessed 23.03.2010. Steven Miller (architect) interviewed by Dubai Life: ‘Building Dubai: An architect’s perspective’ 12.07.2006, http://www.thedubailife.com/home/magazine/issue-two/ building- dubai- an- architects-persepective, accessed 10.04.2008.

Websites Aidan O’Rourke (photographer): http://www.aidan.co.uk/ Arabian Business (Weekly Business Magazine): http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ Australian Cohousing Association: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~cohouse/ BBC Dorset Local History Poundbury: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/ articles/2007/12/11/poundbury_feature.shtml BBC Dorset Poundbury PhotoGallery: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/image_ galleries/poundbury_gallery.shtml BBC Dorset: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset List of Primary Sources 271

Big Project (Construction Industry Magazine): http://www.cpidubai.com/construction/ the- big-project-me/ British Cohousing Network: http://www.cohousing.co.uk Canadian CoHousing Network: http://www.cohousing.ca/ Congress for New Urbanism: http://www.cnu.org/taxonomy/term/977 Construction Week Online (Construction Industry Magazine): http://www.mideastplant. com/ Dallas-Fort Worth Cohousing: http://www.dfwnetmall.com/ecovillage/origins- cohousing- how- began.htm, accessed 19.03.2010. Danish Cohousing Association: http://www.xn--bofllesskab-c9a.dk/ Dubai Government Official Portal: http://www.dubai.ae Dubai Informer: http://dubaiinformer.com Dubai Tourism: http://www.dubaitourism.com Duchy of Cornwall (Poundbury): http://www.duchyofcornwall.org/designanddevelop ment_poundbury.htm Duchy of Cornwall Poundbury Masterplan: http://www.duchyofcornwall.org/ designanddevelopment_poundbury_masterplan.htm EarthSong Cohousing, Waitakere, New Zealand: http://www.earthsong.org.nz/ Earthsong Eco- Neighbourhood: http://www.earthsong.org.nz/ Emirates Magazine (Construction Industry Journal): http://emirates.tpg- media.com/ Eric Owen Moss Architects: http://www.ericowenmoss.com/ Future Systems Architects: http://www.future- systems.com Glass, Steel and Stone (Construction Industry Journal): http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/ Great Oak Cohousing, Ann Arbour Michigan ‘What is Cohousing?’: http://gocoho. org/cohousing/, accessed 19.04.2010 Gulf News Newspaper: http://archive.gulfnews.com Italian Cohousing Association: http://cohousing.it/ Jackson Place CoHousing, Seattle: http://www.seattlecohousing.org/Vision.html Khaleej Times Newspaper: http://www.khaleejtimes.com Landelijke Vereniging Centraal Wonen: http://www.lvcw.nl/ Lebbeus Woods (Conceptual Architect): http://lebbeuswoods.net/ McCamant and Durrett Architects: http://www.mccamant- durrett.com/ Melbourne Cohousing Network: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~cohouse/ Middle East Plant and Equipment (Construction Magazine): http://www. mideastplant.com/ Milagro Cohosuing, Spain: http://www.milagrocohousing.org/home.html New Urbanism.Org: http://www.newurbanism.org New Zealand Ecovillage and Cohousing Association: http://www.converge.org. nz/evcnz/ Norr Group: http://www.norr- international.com/ Office for Metropolitan Architecture http://www.oma.eu (Rem Koolhaas) Poundbury Village Forum: http://poundburyforum.proboards.com/index.cgi Poundbury Village Website: http://www.poundbury.info/ Puget Ridge Cohousing, Seattle Washington: http://www.pugetridge.net/ Rosewind CoHousing, PortTown Washington: http://www.cohousing.org/directory/ view/2046 Royal Institute of British Architecture (RIBA): http://www.architecture.com Shadow Lake Village, Virginia: http://www.shadowlakevillage.org/ Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Official Website: http:// sheikmohammed.ae 272 List of Primary Sources

Shigeru Ban Architects: http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com (see, ‘Post- Tsunami House’, buildings made of paper) Sonora Cohousing Community, Tuscan Arizona: http://sonoracoho.com/ Sustainable Community Action Wiki ‘Origins of Cohousing’: http://sca21.wikia.com/ wiki/Cohousing accessed 19.04.2010 Swedish Cohousing Network: http://www.kollektivhus.nu/ Ten Stones Cohousing, Vermont: http://tenstones.info/ The Dubai Life: http://www.thedubailife.com UK Cohousing Network: http://www.cohousing.org.uk/ United States Cohousing Association: http://www.cohousing.org Ushida Findlay Architects: http://www.ushida- findlay.com/ (Japanese architect. See Truss Wall House, Tokyo http://www.ushida- findlay.com/project/ truss- wall-house/ and Soft and Hairy House, Tokyo: http://www.ushida- findlay.com/project/ soft- and- hairy-house/). Zaha Hadid Architects: http://www.zaha- hadid.com/ (See designs for Dubai Financial Market and Opus Office Tower)

Internet gaming

Freedman, Robert (2008) How to make real money in Second Life: boost your business, market your services, and sell your products in the world’s hottest virtual community (New York: McGraw-Hill). Howarth, Lesley (2001) UltraViolet (London: Puffin).

Interviews and newspaper articles Branigan, T. (2009) ‘Case study: Electric shock therapy in China for internet “addiction”’ (Guardian, Tuesday 14 July 2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/ world/2009/jul/14/china- internet-electric- shock-treatment?INTCMP=SRCH, accessed 11.03.2011). McCurry, J. (2010) ‘Internet addiction driving South Koreans into realms of fantasy’ (Guardian, Tuesday 13 July 2010 17.43 BST http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/ jul/13/ internet- addiction- south- korea, accessed 14.03.2010). Rosedale, Philip interviewed 27.11.2006 by iinnovate (available at http://iinnovate. blogspot.com/2006/11/ philip- rosedale- founder- of-linden-labs_27.html accessed 27.2.2011). Rosedale, Philip, interviewed by Kate Bulkley in the Guardian, ‘Today Second Life, Tomorrow the World’, Thursday, 17 May 2007 (available at http://www.guardian. co.uk/technology/2007/may/17/media.newmedia2 accessed 27.2.2011). Smith, D. ‘Addiction to internet is an illness: New evidence shows that heavy users suffer isolation, fatigue and withdrawal symptoms’ (Observer, Sunday, 23 March 2008 http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/mar/23/news. internet?INTCMP=SRCH, accessed 11.03.2011). BBC News: 22 February 2011, ‘Chinese Online Gamer Dies After Three- day Session’ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world- asia-pacific-12541769, accessed 17.03.2011). BBC News: 2 April 2010, ‘South Korea couple tried over dead “web neglect” baby’ (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8600517.stm, accessed 17.03.2011). BBC News: 10 August 2005, ‘South Korean dies after games session’ (http://news.bbc. co.uk/1/hi/technology/4137782.stm, accessed 17.03.2011) List of Primary Sources 273

Hoff, Rob., ‘Second Life’s First Millionaire’ BusinessWeek 26.11.2011, http://www. businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2006/11/second_lifes_fi.html, accessed 20.03.2011).

Websites Alternative Media Project (Infoshop.org and Practical Anarchy magazine): http:// infoshop.org/page/AMP Anarchist News: http://www.anarchistnews.org/?q=node/1371 Center for Internet Addiction: http://www.netaddiction.com/, which serves commercial and public information functions; disseminating the work of psychologist Kimberley Young, advertising her services and research findings as well as offering self- diagnostic questionnaires and links to publications (for sale) such as When Gaming becomes an Obsession: Help for Parents and their Children to Treat Online Gaming Addiction (Bradfrod, PA: Center for Internet Addiction, 2010). Digital Anarchy: http://www.digitalanarchy.com/demos/free.html 22nd Chaos Communication Congress: http://events.ccc.de/congress/2005/fahrplan/ events/517.en.html MentalHealth.net: http://www.mentalhelp.net/, a public information service. Second Life: http://secondlife.com/

Cloning, cyborgs and robots

Atwood, Margaret (2003) Oryx and Crake (London: Bloomsbury). Atwood, Margaret (2009) The Year of the Flood (London: Bloomsbury). Bay, Michael (2005) (Director) The Island (Dreamworks/Warner Bros). Cameron, James (2009) Avatar (Lightstorm Entertainment /Dune Entertainment/ Ingenious Film Partners ). Cave, Patrick (2004) Sharp North (London: Simon and Schuster). Cave, Patrick (2005) Blown Away (London: Simon and Schuster). Ishiguro, Kazuo (2005) Never Let me Go (London: Faber and Faber). Kon, Satoshi (2006) Paprika ( ) (Directed by Satoshi Kon, animated by Madhouse, and produced and distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment). Nichol, Andrew (1997) Gattaca (Written and directed by Andrew Nichol) (Columbia Pictures). Oshii, Mamoru (2004) Ghost in the Shell 2 Innocence ( ) (Directed and written by Mamoru Oshii) (Manga Entertainment). Proyas, Alex (2004) (Director) I Robot. (Screenplay Jeff Vintar, Akiva Goldsman and Hillary Seitz) (Davis Entertainment/Overbrook Entertainment). Rintaro (Shigeyuki Hayashi) (2001) (Director) Metropolis (2001) (Based on Frizt Lang’s 1927 film and a 1949 manga by Osamu Tezuka. Script by Katsuhiro Otomo. Studio: Madhouse). Romanek, Mark (2010) (director) Never Let Me Go (screenplay Alex Garland) (DNA Films and Film4). Spielberg, Steven (2001) (Director) AI Artificial Intelligence (Warner Brothers). Bibliography

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agency/acting 109, 111–12, 115, catastrophe 99, 103, 210, 217, 225 117–28, 129 Cave, Patrick (Sharp North and Blown Allison, Robin xi, 180 Away) 217–18 Al-Qaeda 43, 44–5, 54 change 8, 26, 31, 32, 35, 40, 55, 72–4, Almond, Gabriel, Siran, Emmanuel and 77–8, 115, 118, 144, 155 Appleby, Scott 42 for resistance to change see ‘anti- anarchy 63–4, 203–5 utopianism’ and ‘perfectionism’ anime (Innocence) 34–6 Charedi Communities 44 anti-utopianism 6, 22–31, 49, 208–38 Charnas, Suzy Mckee (Conqueror’s see also ‘Burke, Edmund’, ‘Gray, John’, Child) 82–3, 250 ‘Popper, Karl’ childhood 209, 211, 215, 232–3 anti- anti-utopianism 6, 31–9 Churches of Christ 46–7 apocalypse 34, 98, 101, 114–15, 142, Church of Jesus Christ- Christian see 225, 241 ‘Aryan Nations’ see also ‘dystopia’, ‘catastrophe’ Cixous, Helene 221–2 architecture and planning 2, 3, 4, climate change 4, 12, 98–115, 116, 146–6, 167–88 191–5, 217, 225–31 see also ‘Dubai’, ‘cohousing’, cloning 69, 70, 209–31 ‘New Urbanism’ see also ‘sex’ and ‘sex and Aryan Nations 48 reproduction’ Asimov, Isaac 236–7 cohousing 4, 167, 175–88, 259 Atwood, Margaret (Oryx and Crake, Year Coleman, Nathaniel 146, 147 of the Flood) 225–31, 261 compassion 59, 111, 113–15, 217–18, 231, 237, 249 Bammer, Angelika 20, 89 computer gaming 189–207, 259–60 Baudrillard, Jean 222–4 see also ‘internet addiction’, ‘new Bay, Michael (The Island) 209–17 technologies’ Beech Hill Community, UK 136–7 consumerism see ‘disneyfication’ Bellamy, Edward 8, 45 Collins, Patricia Hill 75 Bennett, Jane 120–4, 127, 253 Connolly, William 48 Bertagna, Julie (Exodus) 108–14 consumption 32–4 Berwin, Margot, ‘Perfection’ 86 see also ‘disneyfication’, ‘capitalism’ biotechnology 226–31 Council for all Beings 125–6 see also ‘cloning’ Covenant (The), the Sword and the Arm Bird, Susan et al. 60 of the Lord 47–8, 50 Blackcurrent Community, UK 135–6 criticism and critical utopia 10–11, 16, Bloch, Ernst 8, 15 21, 40, 56, 74–76, 244 Bouta, Tsjeard and Bannon, Ian 60 see also ‘Moylan’, ‘utopianism Bruns, Axel 204 functions of’ Burke, Edmund 22, 49 cyborgs 222, 231–6, 260–3 Capek, Karel 232 capitalism 32–4, 85, 97, 143, 155, 159, Davis, J.C. 14, 15 165–6, 201 Davis, Robert 172–3, 188 see also ‘disneyfication’ deep ecology 124–7

296 Index 297

De Geus, Marius 117, 144 Firestone, Shulamith 80, 93 democracy, deliberative 65, 118–20, 252 Fisher, David (‘dynamic Deleuze and Guattari 21, 123 architecture’) 163–5, 171, 187 Desertec Foundation 141–3, 255–6 Fiskin, James 65 Dilorio, Judith 57 Fitting, Peter x, 31 disability 83–4 fool 5, 16, 108, 127–8, 145, 148, 238, disneyfication 33–4, 85–6, 241–2 242–3 Dobson, Andrew 120 fooling around 79, 84 Dryzek, John 65, 118–20 see also ‘excess’ and ‘play’ Duany, Andres and Plater- Zyberk, Forrest, Katherine 53, 55, 65–9, 70, 76, Elizabeth 170 80, 82, 241 Dubai 4, 147–66, 256–7 Daughters of a Coral Dawn 65 Durrett, Charles see McCamant and Daughters of an Amber Noon 65–9, Durrett 80, 82 dystopia 6, 8–10, 80, 81–2, 83–4, Daughters of an Emerald Dusk 65 98–115, 198, 208–39 Frankenstein 216 apocalypse and 98, 99, 114 Freud 222–3, 250 Jeremiad and 34, 40, 116, 238 see also ‘utopianism’ Galanter, Marc 52 Gearhart, Sally Miller 55, 56–5, 247, Earthsong Cohousing Community, New 248, 249, 250 Zealand xi, 176, 177, 179–80, 183 The Wanderground: Stories of the Hill Elsheshtawy, Yasser 155 Women 56 environment 12, 67, 69, 129–45, Earthkeep Series 56–65 132–7, 163–5 gender 55–78, 88–96, 93, 197–8, see also ‘climate change’, ‘nature’ 221–222 epistemology 14, 24, 25, 35, 37, 75, see also ‘femininity’, ‘feminism’, 126–7 ‘masculinity’, ‘sexuality’, ‘science’, see also ‘knowledge’ ‘technology’, ‘violence’ escapism 204–6 Geoghegan, Vincent 19, 123 see also ‘utopianism, types of’ G’Fellers, Jeanne (Sisters Trilogy) 80, essentialism 56, 59, 77 88–96, 251 estrangement 18–20, 21, 39–40, 83, Ghandi 63 121–2, 198–9 Giddens, Anthony 99, 101, 104 see also ‘Suvin, Darko’, ‘utopianism, Gilligan, Carol 58 functions of’ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins eutopia 8–10, 49, 50, 56–69, 76–7, 80, (Herland) 13 81, 87–96 Gray, John 6, 8, 22, 27–31 see also ‘utopianism’ see also ‘anti-utopianism’ excess 16, 121–2, 127–8 Gricklegrass Community, New Zealand 129 Faderman, Lillian 92 Gudmand- Hoyer, Jan 184 fear 9–10, 18, 24, 64, 67, 107–8, 142–3, Gush Emunim 43–4, 51 176, 189–1, 209–17, 222–3, 228–9, 236 Habermas, Jürgen 65 feminism 55–78, 88–96, 247–51 Halberstam, Judith 94–5 see also ‘gender’, ‘essentialism’ Hardy, Dennis 188 femininity 57, 58–9, 62, 89–90 Harraway, Donna 222 see also ‘gender’, ‘violence’ heterosexuality 80–3, 90–1 Findhorn Foundation, UK 133, 134, see also ‘ideology’, ‘Wittig’, 139–40, 253, 255 ‘gender’ 298 Index hierarchy 221–39 leadership 67–8, 70, 74, 103–6, 153, see also ‘utopianism, types of, 154–61, 198 hierarchical’ charismatic 68 Hinsch, C. and Bloch, P. 205 Machiavellian 67–8 Hogeland, Lisa 76 sociopathic 68, 70 homosexuality, male 68, 82–3 see also ‘power’ Howarth, Lesley (Ultraviolet) 189, 191–5 Le Corbusier 146, 147 Hultman, Martin 143 Le Guin, Ursula (The Dispossessed) human being 209–39 10, 16 see also ‘personhood’ lesbianism human nature 8, 27, 29, 114–15 butch/femme 88, 92–3 Huxley, A. (Brave New World) 83, butch 93–6 84, 113 identities 91–6 subjectivity 89–91 Iagnemma, Karl 86 Levinson, Ronald 25 ideology Levitas, Ruth 3, 6, 8, 13, 15, 20, 44, 54 and sexuality 81–3, 90–1 Locke, John 213 identity 219–20 love 232–3 see also ‘self/other relations’ Ludlow, Peter 204 India 69–72, 250 Innes, Cherrie and Lloyd, Michele 93–4 Machiavelli, Niccolo 63, 67, 250 Intentional Communities 4, 18, 21, 43, Macy, Joanna 125–6 51, 52, 65, 129–45, 178, 246 magic 57–9, 72–4 Internet addiction 189–97 Marty, Martin and Appleby, Scott 43, see also ‘computer gaming’ 44, 52 Ishiguro, Kazuo (Never Let Me Go) 209, masculinity 57–60, 88–90, 94–5 210–17, 260, 261 see also ‘gender’ and ‘violence’ McAllister, Pam 57, 58 Jameson, Fredric 6, 12, 13, 31, 37–9, McCamant, Katherine and Durrett, 77–8, 97, 242 Charles 130, 175, 178, 181, 182, 184 see also ‘anti- anti-utopianism’ McCarthy, Cormac (The Road) 241 Jana, Smarajit et al. 60 McCurdy, Robina 126–7, 253, 255 Jeffries, Sheila 92 Mels, Tom 143 Jihad 51, 54 Meltzer, Graham 175, 178 memory 106–7, 109 Kamster, Margaret and Vellacott, Jo 57 Mill, John Stuart 25 Kant, Immanuel 213 millenarianism 68, 143 Katz, Peter 169 misogyny 70, 91 Kaufmann, Moritz 25 see also ‘patriarchy’ Kearney, Richard 224–5 Moehau Community, knowledge 165, 185, 224 New Zealand 135 production 202–4, 228, 260 Mohammad bin Rashid Al- Maktoum, Krier, Leon 170–1, 174 Sheikh 152, 153, 157–60, 256–7 Kropotkin, Peter 63–4 see also ‘Dubai’ Kumar, Krishan 6, 8, 14, 18–19, 68, Moody, Eric 197 75, 161 More, Thomas (Utopia) 7, 14, 16, 29, 45, 63, 108, 157, 160–1 Lancaster Cohousing Community Morlan, A.L. (‘Stone Still’) 83 UK 185 Morton, A.L. 26 Latour, Bruno 124, 253 Morris, William (News from Nowhere) 17 Index 299

Moylan, Tom 3, 6, 9, 10, 16, 20, 21, Popper, Karl 22, 24–6, 30–1, 49 40, 74 see also ‘anti-utopianism’ Mozilla Firefox 203, 260 Poundbury Village, UK 167, 169, 170, Muslim Brotherhood 246 173–4, 187–8 myths 111–12 power 55, 62, 69, 75, 221 megalomania 229, 234 Naess, Arne 125, 253 see also ‘gender’, ‘epistemology’, nature 56–7, 67, 110–11, 142–3 ‘hierarchy’, ‘violence’ and the unnatural 208–11, 222, 231–9 Proyas, Alex (I, Robot) 236–7 human attitudes to 116–28 Puget Ridge Cohousing Community, Neturei Karta, 44 USA 176 new technologies see ‘biotechnology’, ‘cloning’, ‘computer gaming’, racism 88, 96, 219–20, 223, 230 ‘Internet gaming’ ‘cyborgs’ and see also ‘otherness’ ‘robots’ Reardon, B. 57 New Urbanism 4, 167, 168–75, 258 religious fundamentalism 41–55 non-violence 63–5 representation 75–76 reproduction see ‘sex’ Obama, Barack Hussein 22–4 responsibility 231–9 Okorafor- Mbachu, Nnedi (The Shadow Reynolds, Kimberley 198 Speaker) 72–4 Robinson, Kim Stanley 12–13, 14, 26, ontology 37, 127 74, 114–15 Oshii, Mamoru (Innocence) 234–6, 262 Mars Trilogy 12–13, 26 Orwell (Nineteen Eighty Four) 83 Science in the City Trilogy 102–6 Otamatea EcoVillage, robots 236–9 New Zealand 131–2 Rosedale, Philip 201–2 Other/Otherness 52–3, 71, 88, 111, Ryman, Geoff (‘Birth Days’) 81 117, 217–39 see also ‘estrangement’, ‘self/other Sargent, Lyman Tower 3, 6, 7, 8, 14–15, relations’ 47, 49, 75, 144, 246, 247, 254 Sargisson, Lucy 10, 14, 21, 77, 89, 91, Padmanabhan, Manjula (Escape) 53, 144, 247 69–72, 80, 85 science 67, 103–4, 105, 208–38, 226 patriarchy 56, 57, 66, 68, 69–71, 72, see also ‘biotechnology’, ‘cloning’, 82, 88–90 ‘technology’, ‘gender’ People’s Temple of Jonestown 52 Second Life 199–206 Percy, Martyn 42 Sedgwick, Marcus (Floodland) 106–8 perfection/perfectionism 26–7, 55, 74, Sekem Community, Egypt 254 85–7, 97, 144, 243, 247 self/other relations 111, 117, 208–9 and fundamentalism 49, 51–54 Self, Will (‘The Principle’) 83 see also ‘utopianism’ separatism 51–2, 56, 68, 69–72, 74, 80 personhood 212–14 see also ‘essentialism’, ‘religious see also ‘human being’ fundamentalism’, ‘feminism’, Piercy, Marge (Woman on the Edge of ‘utopianism’ Time) 10, 17, 26, 80 sexuality 55–78, 79–97 planning see architecture as ideology 81–2 play 16, 79, 97, 122, 127–8, 242 repression 83–4 Plumwood, Val 117 sex Poley, Lisa and Stephenson, Max and control 80–5 185, 259 and perfection 85–7 300 Index sex – continued Utopia see ‘More, Thomas’ and reproduction 79, 80–2 utopias 8–10 and the body 86, 220 defined 8–10 and the state 79, 82, 83–5 partial 74, 241 disneyfication of 85–6 total 74 sadomasochism 62 see also ‘utopianism’, ‘eutopia’ and sexual identity 79, 91–6, 234 ‘dystopia’) sexual relationships 57, 62, 230 utopianism see also ‘violence’ see also ‘anti-utopianism’, ‘anti- anti- Shadow Lake Cohousing Community, utopianism’, ‘eutopia’, ‘dystopia’ USA 182 and ‘dystopianism’ Shapiro, Leonard 25 utopianism, definition of 1, 7–22, shareware 203–4 as impossible 27, 35, 38, 39, 49, Shawl, Nisi (‘Deep End’) 218–20 78, 118 Silver Sage Cohousing Community, as ‘western’ phenomenon 75, 161 USA 167, 181–2, 185–6 excess 15, 16, 121–122, 127–8 Stern, Nicholas (Blueprint for a Safer form 15 Planet) 99, 100 generic conventions, 16–20 see also Songaia Cohousing Community, ‘visitor’, ‘play’, ‘estrangement’ and USA 186 ‘excess’ Sonora Cohousing Community, indigenous 161, 163, 165 USA 176 intention 143, 225–31, 240 Southern Baptist Convention 46 visitor 17–18 Spielberg, Stephen (AI Artificial utopianism, functions of 1, 20–2, 118, Intelligence) 232–4 239–44 Springhill Cohousing Community, apocalypse 34, 114, 241 UK 180–1 articulation of desire 77–8, 144 Squires, Judith 77 critical/diagnostic 10–11, 16, 21, 56, Stock, Gregory 208 65, 74–7, 97, 127, 144, 157, 205, 239 Suvin, Darko 3, 6, 19, 31, 33, 85–6, 97, disneyfication 33–4, 79 122, 242 engaging in contemporary see also ‘anti- anti-utopianism’, debate 11–13, 55–78, 96, 194–5, ‘estrangement’, ‘disneyfication’ 202–5, 239, 242 Swyngedouw, Erik 142–3 estrangement 18–20 heuristic 21, 98, 118, 144, 202, Talamh Community, UK 131, 132 239, 242 Talmon, Jacob 25 imagining alternatives 13–15, 38, Taylor, Charles 214 116–28, 144, 205, 239 Terry, Geraldine and Hoare, Joanne oppositional 10 60, 248 perfection and 26, 51–5, 74, 79, 86, The Age of Stupid 116 112–13, 144, 243 technology 67, 141–3 play 16, 79 see also ‘biotechnology’, ‘science’ realization 15, 129–45, 147–66, 174 teen fiction 72–4, 106–14, totalizing 14 191–5, 198 transgression 21, 74–7, 90–1, 96, Transition Town Movement 136–7 145, 205, 220–1, 231, 242 Trees for Life 133–5 utopianism, types of 239–43 see also ‘Findhorn Foundation’ apocalyptic 241 see ‘apocalypse’ Tui Community, New Zealand 137–8, blueprint 71, 74, 164–5, 171, 253 174, 187 Index 301 conservative 143, 165, 241–2 Wales, Charles, Prince of 172, 173–4, critical 65 188, 258 escapist 68, 112, 201, 205–6, 241 Waterfield, Robin 25 hierarchical 155–7, 164–5, 174, Wittig, Monique 82, 90–1 188, 240–1 Wood, Lebbeus 3 millenarian 143 perfectionist 53–4, 71, 112, violence 55, 56, 57–65, 67 240, 243 see also ‘gender’, practical 144, 171, 242 ‘pacifism’, ‘non-violence’, prefigurative 140, 144 ‘sadomasochism’ self-critical 65 separatist 68, 74, 241 Yee, Nick 195–6, 197–8, 199 see also ‘partial’ sociopathic 68, 229 Zamyatin (We) 83, 84 speculative 241 see also ‘heuristic’ Žižek, Slavoj 3, 6, 31–7, 97, 242 transgressive 74–7 see also ‘anti- anti-utopianism’