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 1 Here, throughput relates to the physical exchange with the environment rather than to the materials used inside the economy (the latter comprises primary and secondary materials).

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 2 This focus on the ultimate services of products rather than the products themselves is the objective of the so- called MIPS assessments of production and consumption processes (Schmidt-Bleek et al. 1998). 3 The indicator translates material and energy flows into area equivalents that are appropriated, given prevailing technologies and production and consumption patterns (Wackernagel and Rees 1996).

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 4 Note that resource economists, collaborating with geologists distinguish “reserves from resources” on the basis of probability and technical and economic capacity of exploiting estimated resource stocks. Identified (proven) reserves are thus distinguished from speculative resources according to the so-called McKelvey box.

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 5 For further explanations of these transactions and the treatment of the third – spatial – function of the environment as “transfers” in the asset accounts, see United Nations (2000).

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 8 Note, however, the controversial conclusions of the “Limits to Growth Model” (Meadows et al. 1992), predicting the breakdown of the economic system within the first half of our century.

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 9 Sustainable development was popularly defined by the Brundtland report (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987, p.43) as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The definition fails, however, to specify what are the human needs, omits to clarify the time frame for the analysis of future generations' needs and does not even mention the environment as the current key concern in sustainability.

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