SEPTEMBER 2014 > VOLUME 15 > NUMBER 6 > WWW.HYDRO-INTERNATIONAL.COM

Casualties of the Nautical Chart Combination of Acoustics and Photogrammetry What You See is Not Always What You Get A New Solution Multibeam Systems for Exreme Environments for Subsea Challenges of an Ice-proof Transducer Design Metrology

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No 3495

HYD0614_Cover 2 25-08-2014 15:06:00 Contents

Casualties of the Nautical Chart 18 What You See is Not Always What You Get Editorial 5 News 7 Interview 14 Dawn Wright

SEPTEMBER 2014 History 31 VOLUME18 > NUMBER6 Discovering the True Nature of Sonardyne COMPATT6 the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Beacons deployed to be A New Solution Multibeam Systems used in a metrology. Business 36 Aspects of subsea Valeport for Subsea for Extreme metrology are described in the paper of Eric Guilloux Metrology 22 Envir onments 26 from page 22. Image Visited For You 39 Combination of Acoustics and Challenges of an Ice-proof INSPIRE courtesy: Saipem. Photogrammetry Transducer Design Products 41 From the National List of Advertisers 49 Get your back-issues Societies 46 in the store Canadian Hydrographic Insider’s View 50 www.geomares.nl/store Society Dr Mohn Razali Mahmud Hydrographic Society Russia Agenda 49

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 3

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600m 2000m 7000m 25-08-2014 13:27:51 25-08-2014 15:30:17 11000m ) INTERNATIONAL NL Hydro is an independent international magazine published 8 times A. a year by Geomares Publishing. The magazine and related e-newsletter inform RUINSM

worldwide professional, industrial and governmental readers of the latest news B RIE

and developments in the hydrographic, surveying, marine cartographic and .A

geomatics world. Hydro INTERNATIONAL encompasses all aspects, activities and WWW equipment related to the acquisition, processing, presentation, control and (

management of hydrographic and surveying-related activities. RUINSMA B

RIE Core Business : A HOTOGRAPHY P

Publishing Company: Durk Haarsma Geomares Publishing [email protected] P.O. Box 112, 8530 AC Lemmer, The Netherlands Phone: +31 (0) 514 56 18 54, Fax: +31 (0) 514 56 38 98 [email protected] Th e buzz is all about those other purposes, apart from safe navigation, for which www.geomares.nl hydrography is used nowadays. Th e blue economy is upon us and we’ll have to prepare the fi eld of hydrography for the future, seizing opportunities in oil & gas, renewables, coastal and marine planning, fi sh farming, etc. Th is is not only good for the hydrography sector as a whole, but branching out might also be the key No material may be reproduced in whole or in part to companies’ survival in the years ahead. Funds are drying up and surveying without written permission from Geomares Publishing Copyright © 2014, Geomares Publishing, The Netherlands vessels are being phased out. As a result, everybody is talking about new ways All rights reserved. ISSN 1385-4569 of acquiring data, such as crowdsourcing or airborne and satellite bathymetry. Among all this, however, it can be easy to lose sight of the core business of Publishing Director: Durk Haarsma Financial Director: Meine van der Bijl hydrography: providing up-to-date charts for the maritime world to ensure safe Contributing Editors: RADM Giuseppe Angrisano (retd) of the Italian Navy, navigation at sea. A task not to be taken lightly, and a task that is also not easy Dr. ir. Leendert Dorst, Andrew Gerrard, MSc, Dr Ronald Koomans, Mark Pronk, BSc, Marck Smit, Capt. Albert ‘Skip’ Theberge, NOAA Corps (retd.) to fulfi l. Governments are not always willing, keen or able to allocate money to a Editorial Board: Cor Beemster, Ir. Sicco Kamminga, Ir. Rob van Ree service that is invisible to many, often deeply hidden in the navy or other defence Regional Correspondents: Andrew Armstrong (USA), Gary Chisholm departments, performed by hard-working people who have less well-developed (New Zealand), Safaruddin Kamaruddin (Malaysia), Cdr Ayodeji Olugbode (Nigeria), Andrew Leyzack (Canada) lobbying skills. If a (re)survey of a part of a region is not foreseeable in the short Editorial Manager: Drs. Joost Boers term, hydrographic offi ces should take up their responsibility and point out Copy Editor: Kirsten van Hasselt Account Manager: Herma Lenten the dangers of waters which are uncharted or were last surveyed a long time Marketing Assistant: Trea Fledderus ago. In this edition of Hydro International, Ian Russell’s very readable article, Circulation Manager: Adrian Holland ‘Casualties of the Nautical Chart’ on page 18, outlines the need for crews – for Design: Verheul Media Supporters BV, Alphen aan den Rijn, www.vrhl.nl instance, those on cruise ships who are sailing in unfamiliar waters – to better Advertisements appreciate the limitations of charts when regions have not been fully surveyed Information about advertising is available in the media planner on our website or by contacting our account manager ([email protected]). to modern standards. Th e article on pages 15-21 of the previous issue of Hydro International on ‘Th e Rocknes Casualty – A Chartmaker’s Retrospect’ by Buyers Guide Kvamme, Langvik and Breivik (see http://bit.ly/1uG6zFW), touches on the same Hydrography is booming – survey companies, data specialists, hydrographers, cartographers, oceanographers… they are all working hard to get the job done. subject. It underlines the responsibility that rests with Hydrographic Offi ces And they need to invest for an improved handling of their clients requests. Time is around the world to share their knowledge about possible fl aws and their scarce… that’s why Hydro INTERNATIONAL is preparing a Buyer’s Guide to facilitate communication between you and your clients. task to increase the appreciation of charts, instead of covering up the fact that The Buyer’s Guide features Company Profiles, Contact Details and an online charted data is often very old and little more than an indication. If Hydrographic directory with a categorised overview of suppliers. The Buyer’s Guide is distributed Offi ces and other professionals in the chart business were to shoulder this among subscribers of Hydro INTERNATIONAL, visitors to international trade shows throughout the year and is available from www.hydro-international.com/ responsibility, in addition to the most signifi cant outcome – fewer shipping buyersguide – thus it is a valuable information source to consult regularly accidents stemming from the incorrect use or interpretation of navigational throughout the year. For further information, please contact [email protected] charts – there could also be another worthwhile side eff ect: demonstrating to the users of the charts, the policymakers and the general public that (re)survey Paid Subscription for the sole purpose of safe navigation is still a very necessary goal that deserves Hydro INTERNATIONAL is available bi-monthly on a subscription basis. The annual subscription rate for Hydro INTERNATIONAL is €100 within the European Union, and funding, and even more importantly that it is downright dangerous to skimp €145 for non-European countries. Subscription can commence at any time, by on surveying expenditure. No lobbying skill is required to convey this message arrangement via our website or by contacting Abonnementenland, a Dutch subscription administration company. Subscriptions are automatically renewed that could bring funds back, because it is simply a matter of reemphasising the upon expiry, unless Abonnementenland receives written notification of business that still very much forms the core of Hydrographic Offi ces and is close cancellation at least 60 days before expiry date. Prices and conditions may be to the hearts of many professionals working within them. subject to change. For multi-year subscription rates or information on current paid subscriptions, contact Abonnementenland, Postbus 20, 1910 AA Uitgeest, Netherlands, +31 (0)251-257926 , (09.00-17.00 hrs, UTC +1) [email protected]

Editorial Contributions All material submitted to the publisher (Geomares Publishing) and relating to Hydro INTERNATIONAL will be treated as unconditionally assigned for publication under copyright subject to the Editor’s unrestricted right to edit and offer editorial comment. Geomares Publishing assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material or for the accuracy of information thus received. Geomares Publishing assumes, in addition, no obligation for return postage of material if not explicitly requested. Contributions must be sent to the editorial manager [email protected].

Reprints Printed copies of all articles (including those published in earlier issues) can be ordered. For more information, please contact [email protected]

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 5

HYD0614_Editorial_colofon 5 25-08-2014 15:56:31 HYD0614_Editorial_colofon 6

No 3521 Single andmultichannelstreamercompatible Clean, stable,repeatablepulsesignature Ultra highresolution<0.25mtr Deep penetration>200mtr Shallow waterseismicreflectionsurveys +44 (0)1493440355:[email protected] Systems S-Boom Geophysical sub-bottom penetrationwithoutlossofdataquality. a source levelhighenoughtosignificantlyincrease profiles, thefusionofthesethree transducersdelivers recognised forproducing highresolution seabed the boundariesofshallowseismicsurveying.Already Applied Acoustics’S-BoomSystemisre-defining AA252 BoomerPlatestoprovide asinglepulse,the thecombinedpowerofthreeBy harnessing oftheir 25-08-2014 15:56:32

No 3420 News Fugro Support Extended in MH370 Search Most Shared Th e Australian Transport Safety Bureau Most shared during the last month from www.hydro-international.com (ATSB) has awarded Fugro an additional contract for the deployment of two special- 1. Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration Awarded - http://bit.ly/1uG4aLm ist vessels as well as equipment and exper- 2. Th e Rocknes Casualty 2004 - A Chartmaker’s Retrospect - http://bit.ly/1uG6zFW tise in the deepwater search for the missing 3. Underwater Search Eff orts during 2014 Franklin Expedition - http://bit.ly/1uG6KRL Malaysia Airlines aircraft 370 (MH370). 4. GaugeMap Brings River Data to Life via Twitter - http://bit.ly/1uG6QZD Fugro will mobilise its vessels Fugro Equa- 5. Turbulence in Marine Environments Survey Successful - http://bit.ly/1vxx9VS tor and Fugro Discovery, both fi tted with specialist deep-tow survey systems, for the work. Th e Fugro Equator has already been involved in the bathymetric survey of the Planet Ocean Partners with ASV search area since June. http://bit.ly/1vxuXO9 Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASV) and Planet Ocean, UK, have signed a technology partnering agree- ment which sees Planet Ocean as the ASV technol- ogy partner for marine science applications to provide Shallow Survey 2015 turnkey solutions for the marine science sector. Ini- tially focusing on ASV’s C-Enduro, a long-endurance autonomous surface vehicle, Planet Ocean will be Common Dataset working alongside the ASV team to provide standard and customised payloads for marine science missions. Collection Has Begun The ASV C-Enduro. http://bit.ly/1vxvhfO Th e fi rst sonar manufacturer has arrived in Plymouth, UK, to start con- Commercial Tidal Power Project Secures Seabed ducting bathymetric and backscatter surveys in Plymouth Sound and Wem- Th e Crown Estate, manager of the UK seabed, has awarded an ‘Agreement for Lease’ for a bury Bay. Th e aim of the common data- commercial demonstration site for electricity production from tidal currents to the Swed- set activity (CDS) is to provide the ish marine energy company Minesto. Minesto will prepare consent application for the site international hydrographic community near Holyhead Island in Wales prior to the construction of a 10MW marine energy array in with a range of datasets, collected 2016, which will supply electricity to approximately 8,000 households. using the latest shallow-water survey http://bit.ly/1uG4ASd techniques, so that comparisons can be made and the merits of the diff erent approaches judged. CWTM Workshop Call for Papers http://bit.ly/1vxwGmA

Th e Call for Papers for the upcoming IEEE OES Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM) Workshop is now open. Th e IEEE OES 11th Current, Waves LINZ Formalises Antarctica and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM) Workshop is scheduled to be organised from 2 to 6 March 2015 in St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. Th e workshop theme is ‘Quality NZ Relationship from End to End’. Abstracts are due Friday 3 October 2014. Authors will be notifi ed of abstract acceptance on Friday 31 October 2014 and fi nal papers are due Friday 16 Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) January 2015. and Antarctica New Zealand have signed a http://bit.ly/1vxuEmB Record of Understanding, formalising their more than 60-year-long relationship and strengthening their commitment to collab- orative projects on the world’s coldest con- 2H Offshore Joins Deepwater Mining Consortium tinent. Key collaborative activities over the next fi ve years include topographic map- 2H Off shore, UK, has joined an international European consortium comprising 19 leading ping in the Ross Dependency; contributing industry and research organisations to develop deepwater mining solutions. Over the next to an international programme to estab- four years, the European Commission funded project Blue Mining will develop seabed lish gravity measurements in Antarctica; mining practices by creating new, cost-eff ective solutions for environmentally friendly and hydrographic charting in the Ross Sea mining and processing in challenging and extreme environments. region of Antarctica. http://bit.ly/1vxxpEu http://bit.ly/1vxxgRs

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 7

HYD0614_Business_News 7 26-08-2014 09:41:21 News Boskalis Consortium Awarded Singapore Port Expansion

Royal Boskalis Westminster (the Netherlands) has in consortium been awarded work associated with the expansion of the Singapore Tuas Mega Port development. Jurong Town Corporation awarded the reclamation project of Tuas Finger One to the consortium comprising Hyundai, Sam- sung, Penta Ocean, Boskalis and Van Oord. http://bit.ly/1vxxGHw

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8 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Business_News 8 26-08-2014 09:41:22 James Bellingham Named as Ice Thickness Measure- Director of WHOI Center for ment from Space

Marine Robotics ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salin- ity (SMOS) satellite delivers key infor- Th e Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has appointed James Bellingham as the mation for science, and its data is used fi rst director of its Center for Marine Robotics (CMR). Under Jim’s leadership, CMR is to for a growing number of practical advance a vision of the future of marine robotics through applications. Refl ecting this versatil- world-class research and development; create new tech- ity along with new synergistic oppor- nologies; prove them in real-world operations; and apply tunities, the mission will now remain them to societal problems and economic development operational until at least 2017. Th e through new partnerships between the public sector and most recent examples from this multi- commercial enterprises. talented mission include being able to http://bit.ly/1vxv4cI provide information to measure thin ice fl oating in the polar seas accurately James Bellingham. enough for forecasting and ship routing. http://bit.ly/1vxwXpP US Hydro 2015: Call for Papers

Th e technical committee of US Hydro 2015 has issued a call for papers. Deadline for sub- mission of the abstracts is 31 October 2014 and the awarded presentations will be notifi ed by 5 December 2014. Th ere are three formats: a 20-minute presentation, a 5-minute light- ning talk and a poster or laptop presentation during the poster session. Th e conference is to take place from 16 to 19 March 2015 in National Harbor, USA. Antarctic Ice Sheet. http://bit.ly/1vxxtUJ

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HYD0614_Business_News 9 26-08-2014 09:41:23 Naamloos-2 1 HYD0614_Business_News 10 No. 3501 12-05-2014 12:16:54 26-08-2014 09:41:23 News Arcelor Mittal’s Canal Dredging Work Australia and Starts Canada

LUSCHI will mobilise its vessel Giovanella to Espírito Santo, Brazil, to assist in the dredging and fi nal dis- Cooperate on posal of accumulated sediments in the seawater storage canal of Arcelor Mittal, one of the world’s IHO standard leading steel and mining companies. Th e canal is approximately 600 metres long and includes a sedi- mentation volume in the order of 46,000m3. Development http://bit.ly/1vxw6Wd Aerial view of the canal that is to be dredged. Th e Canadian and Australian governments have joined forces to develop the Maritime Limits and Boundaries IHO standard (S-121), Turbulence in Marine which is expected to improve and speed up the development of a fl ex- Environments Survey Successful ible and adapted digital standard suit- ing all Maritime Limits and Boundaries Partrac, UK, has successfully completed a turbulence survey for the Carbon Trust-man- described in the United Nations Con- aged Turbulence in Marine Environments (TiME) project. According to Partrac, this is the vention on the Law of the Sea. Th e fi rst time that a survey has been designed specifi cally to measure turbulence using dif- collaboration is aimed at producing ferent methods and technologies so that each can be evaluated, and turbulence can be well-integrated standards aligned with mapped across a tidal energy development site. Th e survey included four standard ADCP the modern needs of governments, units and one advanced fi ve-beam Nortek AD2CP unit, each positioned on the seabed. mariners and industry. Th ree of the locations were at positions where tidal turbines will be installed. http://bit.ly/1vxuQ5o http://bit.ly/1vxx9VS No 3117

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 11

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HYD0614_Business_News 12 26-08-2014 09:41:25 News C-Nav Brasil Teams with Waypoint Winners of C-Nav Brasil recently signed an agreement with the integrative services company, Way- point, headquartered in the city of Rio de Janeiro, to become a distributor/representative 2014 Inter- in the Brazil region. Waypoint provides OSV and shipway integrated services in the region and C-Nav intends to have a strong partnership with them. http://bit.ly/1vxwO5z national MATE ROV Contest FURUNO and ENL Join At the Marine Advanced Technol- ogy Education (MATE) Center’s Inter- national Student ROV Contest, the Forces prevailing teams represented coun- tries from all over the world. During Electronic Navigation Ltd (ENL), New Zealand, and FURUNO, the event, which concluded in the fi rst Japan, are joining forces. In a joint announcement the two week of July, student teams competed companies have made it known that FURUNO will take an using ROVs that they had designed and initial 10% share in ENL and its wholly owned subsidiary built. Jesuit High School of Carmichael WASSP Ltd. (CA, USA) and Clarenville High School http://bit.ly/1uG3WUM of Clarenville (Canada) came fi rst in the Explorer and Ranger Classes. Example of pile inspection data collection using a WASSP multibeam echo sounder. http://bit.ly/1uG59vc William Egan New Institute of Acoustics President

William Egan is the new president of the Institute of Acoustics. An image of the teamwork required during the MATE William, aged 51, is vice president of Global Sales at underwater contest. acoustic solutions provider Teledyne RESON. One of William’s fi rst tasks will be to lead the Institute’s 40th anniversary celebrations, which will culminate in a special, two-day conference at the NEC, Birmingham, UK, on 15-16 October 2014. During his two-year term More news he is determined to do all he can to raise the profi le of acoustics www.hydro-international.com/ – and that of the Institute – as much as possible. news/news.php http://bit.ly/1uG5zBK William Egan.

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HYD0614_Business_News 13 26-08-2014 09:41:25 An Ambassador for the Oceans Hydro INTERNATIONAL Interviews Dawn Wright

Chief scientist and Oceanographer Dawn Wright has taken a leading role within Esri over the past few years pushing the possibilities of GIS in the hydrographic and oceanographic world for the benefit of environment, safe navigation and the Blue Economy.

She talked to Hydro INTERNATIONAL at the Esri User Conference in San Diego, last July about the needs for mapping the oceans, not just for charting but for the betterment of humankind at large.

Can you share your thoughts about the community, rather than just as a students here, but we also need to Durk Haarsma liaising and ambassadorial role you software vendor. Th is is because collaborate with scientists out in the Publishing director, hold within Esri? science underpins most of what we community to help us move forward. Hydro INTERNATIONAL My role as chief scientist is really to do at Esri and therefore we have to be a liaison between Esri and the understand the science community What’s the place of oceanography and scientifi c community. To do this most as well as using science to produce hydrography within Esri? eff ectively means serving on boards eff ective software and services. One of the reasons I was hired was and panels internationally, including to actually help put forward a new the National Science Foundation in What else does your role entail? oceans initiative at Esri. Part of the the US, the US National Academy Th e other part of my role is to initiative actually involves educating of Sciences and some of the federal take information from the science people at Esri about the oceans, but agency science advisory boards such community to Jack Dangermond also making important connections as NOAA. Internationally, I’ve been himself, to other directors at Esri, between Esri and the academic working with UNESCO, particularly and to many of the teams in diff erent community, NGOs, the hydrographic the Intergovernmental Oceanographic departments of the company. I help industry, the marine transportation Commission, and similar bodies. My connect scientists within Esri with industry, off shore oil and gas, mining role is to ensure that Esri contributes teams at universities and research and alternative energy on the as a member of the scientifi c institutes. We have over 90 PhD importance of oceans. To this end,

14 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Interview 14 25-08-2014 15:48:16 ArcGIS for Maritime and the Ocean How can we increase that awareness? the US government and even Basemap are two of our big successes, We still know more about the surface globally. as they are seeing wide adoption and of the Moon, Venus and Mars than we use around the world. know about our oceans. It’s so hard Let’s talk about Blue Economy; the to get to know more about the oceans importance of the seas for our whole What do you currently see as the most because we don’t have synoptic economy and the importance of the exciting development in your field of satellite sensors that can see all the oceans for a healthy environment on work? way through the water in all places. the earth. There could be friction I think one of the biggest So we need more ship time (to use the between conservation of the oceans developments is the emergence of acoustics) and more vehicles in the and exploiting the same source for our gliders that are able to be in the ocean oceans in order to get there. We also own energy. How do you see this? I don’t like to see friction but I understand that it’s there. I think We need to communicate that everyone needs to be a part of the discussion, for example, with what hydrography really Marine Spatial Planning, where we’re trying to plan and allocate the use means: more than nautical of coastal and ocean areas. A way to reduce friction is to ensure that charting we can understand everyone else’s needs. Just as we need diplomats and ambassadors in daily life, we or near the coast autonomously, need the will of governments to fund need people to be diplomatic and collecting all kinds of wonderful data. these expeditions because they are ambassadorial in these discussions Th ey can surface and send that data very expensive. about the oceans. Everybody needs to shore. Th ey can ping off of devices to have a common goal of making that are on the ocean fl oor, thereby Do you see that happening now? everything as sustainable as possible picking up that data and sending I don’t see enough of it. For instance, so that we can all have our needs met. it to shore. Th ey are cheap, so it is here in the United States we are still relatively easy to build them, put having discussions about whether or Is there enough attention for marine them in the water and keep them in not climate change is real, or whether spatial data infrastructure? the water (although keeping them or not it’s human caused. Th e oceans I think there is. I think progress with in the water for extended periods are in crisis and if we don’t take marine spatial data infrastructure of time is a challenge because of action now to gather the needed data is coming along very well, as it is batteries, etc.) But overall, I think and information, we won’t reach established in so many countries. Even the development and emergence of the greater scientifi c understanding in the United States for the fi rst time autonomous technologies such these that we seek, and we also won’t be in history we fi nally have a national is really exciting and really important. adequately prepared for disasters. We ocean policy. Implementation is are learning this over and over again another thing. Don Walsh said in the interview with with disasters such as Hurricane Hydro INTERNATIONAL of May-June 2014: Sandy, the Deepwater Horizon oil You can have all the infrastructure ‘It’s absolutely critical to humankind spill, etc. And I’m sure the same in the world and it still may not that we map the whole surface of the goes for Europe, Africa, Asia and eff ectively do what it was meant to do. oceans.’ Do you agree with this? Australia. We are getting there but But it’s a fi rst step. Across the world I most certainly do agree. How do we we are still not as prepared as we’d we’ve made a good start because there even know what it is that we want to like to be, and nor can we recover as are people who are really devoted protect, if we don’t know the totality quickly as we’d like. of our own planet? Along similar lines, one of the things that amazes Does it scare you? As chief scientist of Esri, Dawn me is the Malaysian Airlines 370 I try not to get scared. On Twitter, Wright aids in formulating and advancing the intellectual disaster. It has highlighted the fact there is currently a hashtag going agenda for the environmental, that we really don’t know very much around, #oceanoptimism, to highlight conservation, climate, and about the oceans, and also how very the positive eff orts that people and ocean sciences aspect of Esri’s diffi cult it is to operate in some parts governments are making to learn work, while also representing Esri to the national/international scientific of the oceans year-round in order to more, to protect, and to use the community. She also maintains an affiliated faculty fi nd out more, due to poor weather. oceans more sustainably. So there appointment as Professor of Geography and I think it was Paul Rodriguez, the is a lot of positive activity. Even in Oceanography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and comedian, who once said that “war is our US government, the fact that Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University. Dawn’s research interests include seafloor mapping God’s way of teaching us geography.” Secretary of State Kerry held his and tectonics, ocean conservation, environmental My corollary to that is “disasters are Ocean Summit, shows that he is informatics, and ethics in information technology. God’s way of teaching us about the really paying attention to this and Follow her on Twitter @deepseadawn. ocean!” trying to raise awareness throughout

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 15

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HYD0614_Interview3525.indd 1 16 25-08-201412-08-2014 15:48:1810:03:19 to it. While a lot of work in marine that curation of the data here at Esri spatial data infrastructure is centred in developing our Ocean Basemap. around developing standards and We take that on as our responsibility, policies which can be very boring (like whilst also working with the many balancing your check book, or going contributors to the Ocean Basemap. to the doctor), it has to be done. If not It’s very important that there’s a everything will crumble. level of trust among the users that they are working with very good and ‘Hydrography is more than just nautical authoritative data from contributors. charting’ was the theme of the last World Hydrography Day. What does Are there other interesting projects you such a theme mean to you? are currently working on? I come from the science side of Yes, for example, we have been hydrography where we have always collaborating with Oregon State focused on surveying and mapping University in developing a suite the ocean fl oor for scientifi c of tools (see genegis.org) to help understanding. I think hydrography marine mammal researchers look is the whole totality of surveying and at their genetics data more spatially, mapping the ocean fl oor, and even the particularly data that come from own dedicated product engineer to water column and the surface, for any the photographic identifi cation of develop the necessary software code. use, including science. So to me it’s endangered humpback whales as certainly more than nautical charting combined with DNA analyses. Often How long are you planning to stay on for safety and transportation. geneticists analysing such data are with Esri? not used to seeing the data spatially, Well, I’m going to give an answer Do you see crowdsourcing as a which can open up immediate that will please Jack Dangermond, possibility for getting more data? and interesting insights in the because when he hires people at Esri Yes, I think as long as the data interpretation of the data. As part of he wants them to see it as their life’s are of good quality, bathymetric my job, it’s wonderful to be able to work, their passion, and to stay on crowdsourcing has many possibilities. pursue my own research projects like until they retire. So that’s my plan We do some of that quality control, this whilst at Esri, and to have my right now.”

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www.ceehydrosystems.com No 3510

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 17

12-08-2014 10:03:19 HYD0614_Interview 17 25-08-2014 15:48:18 Casualties of the Nautical Chart What You See is Not Always What You Get

When ships run aground unexpectedly the initial presumption is that the vessel has struck an ‘uncharted’ feature. In practice this is rarely so. This article reviews a number of chart-related casualties. These demonstrate that while no charts are infallible, a better appreciation of their limitations might have averted disaster. New cruise ship itineraries in tropical seas and Polar Regions require especial vigilance. Ever deeper draught bulk cargo and crude carriers are transiting sparsely surveyed ocean areas and accessing remote locations in the continuing search for and exploitation of new mineral deposits. Are these accidents waiting to happen?

TODAY’S NAVIGATORS OFTEN Case 1 (Caribbean Calamity) look at this enchanting isle and venture where available hydrographic In January 1971, the former French was consistent with his desire to data does not meet the requirements passenger liner Antilles (length over all implement the Owner’s policy of of contemporary shipping. Member (l.o.a.) 183m, beam 24.4m, draught 8m) making Antilles’ cruises entertaining States of the International Hydro- struck an uncharted reef off the NW and unique’. graphic Organization (IHO) acknowl- coast of Mustique in the Grenadine Ian Russell, UK edge this defi ciency and are pledged Islands. As the ship was proceeding Case 2 (Déja vu) to remedy it; but this will take time. at 16 knots the impact caused her to In April 2000, the ‘Adventure’ cruise Th e circumstances leading to past break in two and catch fi re. ship World Discoverer (l.o.a. 87m, mishaps are therefore potentially beam 15m, draught 4.57m) grounded present both now and in future. Th e passage being attempted was on an allegedly uncharted feature in Although the charts in use in some through apparently open water some Sandfl y Passage, Solomon Islands. of the cited casualties were compiled 640m wide, with charted depths of Th e ship was fatally holed and the from lead-line surveys; they provided 13 and 16 metres. It lay between two master beached her in Roderick Dhu ample evidence that less water than rock outcrops, in a coral and reef- Bay, where the hulk remains. charted might be expected. Accounts strewn area last surveyed in the 19th of accidents often reveal the vessel’s century. Th is followed a change to Neither the Australian Hydrographic speed to have been excessive in the the planned route; authorised by the Service nor the UK Hydrographic circumstances. master in order, as the subsequent Offi ce, the Primary Charting legal proceedings revealed, ‘to Authority, has any record of the Th e IHO defi nes inadequately surveyed provide his passengers with a better incident. Th e stranded wreck of areas as those where bathymetry is based on older lead-line surveys Figure 1: World or other surveys which are either Discoverer. Image open in nature or not hydrographic courtesy: Philjones828, via surveys. International Maritime Wikimedia Organisation (IMO) Guidelines on Commons. Voyage Planning for Passenger Ships Operating in Remote Areas, adopted in 2007, indicate that planning should take into account the source, date and quality of the hydrographic data of charts used. Navigators should remember that the nearest point of land is almost always the seabed, as the case studies demonstrate.

18 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Feature_Russell_new_2 18 26-08-2014 09:19:05 160°E

Likely location of initial grounding

9°S CASUALTIES OF THE CHART Figure 2 Fathoms to metric conversion Read from North to South on sketch Fathoms Metres (rounded to nearest whole number) 52 95 31 57 Stranded Wreck 31 57 39 71 32 58 29 53 284 519 18 33

24 5 17 31 30 55 23 42 36 66 Possible mine workings 29 33 2 Jetties

Pulau Mabuli

Jetties and possible mine workings

Figure 1a: Portion of Chart BA1713. Image courtesy: Crown Copyright and/or database rights. Reproduced Figure 2: Sketch map derived from Chart BA 2788, compiled from 20th century by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www. lead-line surveys, showing position of grounding in relation to Noble Hawk’s ukho.gov.uk). departure point, adjacent depths and shoal areas.

World Discoverer is clearly visible on the tanker Ennerdale (l.o.a. 227m, or satellite gravity (Sandwell & Google Earth, but is not shown on beam 30m, draught 12m) struck a rock Wessel, 2010). Th is observation is the latest (2012) edition of chart BA pinnacle about 8 miles NNE of Port consistent with the statement in 1713. Th e Pacifi c Island Pilot, current Victoria in the Seychelles and sank. IHO publication C-55 that renewed at the date of the incident, advises Th e pinnacle, which was charted at attention needs to be given to the that “Deep-draught vessels should 9 fms (16.5m), lay adjacent to a 10 fm disproving of vigias especially not attempt the passage owing to the (18.3m) sounding in general depths of adjacent to the maritime shipping reefs in the N entrance.” Th e latest 13 to16 fms (23.8 to 29.3m). Th e vessel, routes in the Pacifi c and adjacent (2007) edition of the Pilot directs travelling at 12kts, was crossing a line seas. Th e danger to submarine vessels west of Mid Reef; passing clear of pinnacles and islet outcrops which navigation is self evident. of the 9.1m patch. Th is remains the extend north-eastwards from the least depth shown in the passage north tip of the Island of Mahé within In 2005 USS San Francisco, a nuclear other than the reef itself. the 20 fathom line. powered submarine, collided with a seamount about 364 nautical miles Case 3 (Uncharted but not Th e chart in use was compiled from southeast of Guam. Th e submarine Unexpected) a 19th century lead-line survey, as was travelling at maximum speed at a Such dangers also exist for large stated in the title. Th e least depth of depth of 160m. Th e seamount that she cargo vessels navigating in poorly water over the pinnacle (subsequently struck did not appear on the chart in charted waters. In 2010, the bulk established at 10.8m (35ft)) was not use at the time of the accident. Other carrier Noble Hawk (l.o.a.190m, beam shown on this chart. However, there charts available showed an area of 33m, draught 12.5m), outbound from was suffi cient indication on the chart ‘discoloured water’, an indication of Teluk Buli in Eastern Indonesia to that shoaler water may well have the probable presence of a seamount. China, grounded on an uncharted 5m existed in the vicinity. Th e previously Subsequent investigation determined shoal. Surrounding depths were 53 unnamed feature is now charted as that information regarding the to 58m. Her course lay across a large Ennerdale Rocks. seamount should have been bay encumbered with islets, reefs and transferred to the charts in use, shoals. Th e chart in use was compiled Cases 5 & 6 (Dangers of the Deep) particularly given the relatively from 20th century lead-line surveys. In 1973, the cargo ship Muirfi eld, uncharted nature of the ocean area drawing 16m, was on passage from that was being transited. In 2012, the Indonesian Navy the Cape of Good Hope to Selat Hydrographic Service (DISHIDROS) Sunda. Th ere was a 2-3m swell Discussion carried out a survey of the grounding running when she struck the top of a Despite a steady increase in the site and found a least depth of 3m seamount, 75 miles south west of the length of cruise ships the draught and an adjacent depth of 15.3m in Cocos Islands. A subsequent survey of the current vessels in service has general depths of 50m. Mindful of found a shoal with a least depth of not increased proportionately and the signifi cant activity of large cruise 18m in charted depths of over 5,000m. averages 8.4m. However, these ships ships and bulk carriers in these are venturing into increasingly remote waters DISHIDROS recommended Submarine Surprised and poorly charted areas. Itineraries that the new shoal be marked. More than 90% of all seamounts that seek to provide optimum greater than 1km in height (estimated passenger experience are potentially Case 4 (Ennerdale Rocks) to be more than 100,000) are hazardous. Many of the smaller vessels In 1970, a Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel unobserved by either ship soundings (l.o.a. <100m) that off er adventure

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 19

HYD0614_Feature_Russell_new_2 19 26-08-2014 09:19:06 863

Adv.HYD0614_Feature_Russell_new_2 Hydro 1-1 pag. 210x297.indd 1 20 21-10-200926-08-2014 10:32:4809:19:07 cruises are fi tted with forward looking sonar and can deploy portable echo sounders in their tenders. Th e report of an investigation into the incident in the Canadian Artic highlights the necessity for such provision.

Th e signifi cant draughts in Table 1 Location of grounding are those of the large cargo vessels. New Panamax vessels transiting the Caribbean may not be able to do so with the same confi dence as their predecessors. Elsewhere ULCC and large bulk carriers are vulnerable to an encounter with an uncharted seamount rising close to the surface. In the deep areas of the ocean, most mariners consider that there is little chance of a vessel running aground on such a feature. Unfortunately, this is a misconception.

Examples of navigationally signifi cant seamounts include Vema Seamount (with a charted depth of 11 metres - about 1,000km west-north-west of Cape Town) and Walters Shoal Seamount (with a charted depth of 15 metres - about 400 nautical miles south elsewhere. Such action might well Further Reading Figure 3: Portion of of Madagascar). Th ese seamounts rise have saved World Discoverer. It should Decision 17 of the XVIIIth International Chart BA 1072, up from ocean depths of about 4,000 also have prevented the damage Hydrographic Conference 2012 accessed at current at the time www.iho.int of the grounding, and 2,000 metres respectively. to Noble Hawk, which incurred showing the 9 signifi cant salvage and repair costs www.artificialowl.net/2009/07/what- fathom shoal patch happened-to-world-discoverer.html on which the Conclusions as well as the associated loss of vessel struck and Many locations being accessed by revenue”. the adjacent 10 Transport Safety Board of Canada, Marine fathom patch. cruise ships and deeper draught investigation report M10h0006 accessed at Image courtesy: cargo vessels are unlikely to be www.bst-tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/ Crown Copyright surveyed to full modern standards marine/2010/m10h0006/m10h0006.pdf and/or database The Authors rights. Reproduced in the foreseeable future. Navigators Ian Russell is a Fellow of the Royal Institution Sandwell D.T. and Wessel P. (2010) Seamount by permission of of these vessels therefore need to of Chartered Surveyors and Member of the Discovery Tool Aids Navigation to Uncharted the Controller of Nautical Institute. He has 25 years’ experience Seafloor Features. Oceanography, Volume 23, Her Majesty’s ensure that they fully appreciate the Stationery Office of hydrographic surveys for nautical charting in Number 1 limitations of available hydrographic the SW Pacific, SE Asia, the Caribbean, UAE, and the UK data and act accordingly. More the North Atlantic and UK home waters. Former Hydrographic Senior lecturer in Hydrography at Southampton http://navysite.de/ssn/ssn711.htm accessed 11 Office (www.ukho. owners should perhaps consider Solent University. Recent past consultancy Feb 14 gov.uk). installing forward looking sonars for assignments have included hydrographic aspects vessels operating in Polar Regions of marine casualties, maritime boundaries and in www.farsounder.com/files/ the implementation of UNCLOS article 76. NavigationSonarForTheShipOperator and away from recognised routes

No. Vessel L.o.a. metres Beam metres Draught metres Remarks 1. Great Eastern (1858) 211 25.0 8.5 4,000 passengers and 418 crew Table 1. The progressive 2. Panamax (Panama Canal transit Limits) 294 32.3 12.0 Permitted vessel dimensions increase in the size 3. Queen Mary (1936) 311 36.0 11.9 Trans Atlantic Liner of vessels. The 4. USS Iowa (1942) 270 33.0 11.3 Transited Panama canal (1945) dimensions of 5. QE 2 (1969) 294 32.0 9.85 Liner specification also cruised those now at sea and on order, 6. Cape Size (1997) 305 53.0 17.0 Can now use Suez canal reflect the shipping 7. Carnival Spirit (2001) 294 32.3 7.8 Now cruising in SW Pacific industry’s response 8. Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC) 380 68.0 24.5 TI Class (4) Entered service 2003 to changing 9. Queen Mary 2 (2004) 345 41.0 10.1 Liner specification but also cruises operational and trading patterns. 10. Royal Caribbean Oasis of the Seas (2009) 362 60.5 9.3 Beam @ W/L 47m 11. Valemax (2011 - ) 362 65.0 23.0 Ore Carriers Brazil - Asia 12. Maersk Triple E class (2013 - ) 400 59.0 14.5 Container Ship (18,000 TEU) 13. Royal Caribbean Quantum Class 348 41.0 8.5 Delivery 2014 14. New Panamax 427 55.0 18.3 Planned new lock dimensions

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 21

21-10-2009 10:32:48 HYD0614_Feature_Russell_new_2 21 26-08-2014 09:19:07 A New Solution for Subsea Metrology Combination of Acoustics and Photogrammetry

Subsea metrology is amongst the most challenging tasks for surveyors engaged in marine construction. Metrology involves determining the distance and relative attitudes of objects on or close to the seafloor. Accuracies of a few centimetres are achieved with objects 15m to 80m apart. Several methods are used, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

INVARIABLY, METROLOGY IS added by the necessity to perform also require installation aids and an required at the critical stages of fi eld the measurement on an off set point onshore dimensional control survey. development and the main goal in order to allow installation of the Attitude and Z values are obtained for improvement is to reduce the measurement tool. Avoiding the use of by measurement using additional time taken for acquiring data. Th e metrology interface greatly improves tools such as pressure sensors and technique discussed off ers signifi cant the achieved accuracy. gyrocompass. Eric Guilloux, improvements in terms of time and SAIPEM Project Calibration and the merging of onshore Surveyor, France. required equipment. Spool or jumper life duration is potentially aff ected by metrology measurements during the dimensional Offshore Construction accuracy as too is the time spent on control survey are a source of error, not During off shore construction several installation – this is clearly the case always easily detected by QC. Th ey also structures have to be interconnected where a unit cannot be installed and require a metrology interface, itself by means of spools or jumpers. In is recovered for modifi cation. a source of error and best avoided to order to determine the dimensions improve the fi nal accuracy. and relative attitudes of the Metrology Methods connections, surveyors deploy ROV- Four main methods are in use: Taut wire method is limited in term mounted instrumentation. • Acoustic LBL (Long Base Line) of depth and distance and QC is very • Inertial instruments used alone or limited. Th is solution is also time IMCA S019 Guidance on Subsea in association with acoustics consuming due to the necessity to Metrology off ers the following • Photogrammetry operate with divers in saturation. combined accuracy guideline: • Divers using taut wire Photogrammetric methods do • 50mm to 150mm in X,Y and Z axis Acoustic and inertial methods allow not require any physical contact • 0.5° to 1° for relative pitch, roll and for long range measurement, but with the points of interest and are heading.

Figure 1: Typical As in most surveying activities, it metrology is good practice to get two or more requirement. diff erent measurements to allow QC.

Th e fi nal combined accuracy of acoustic metrology can be estimated by considering the contributing error sources, as shown in table 1.

It is seen here that 30% of the error is due to the metrology interface (bucket and centralising collar). Over 20% is

22 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Feature_Guilloux 22 26-08-2014 09:46:41 Figure 2: Photogrammetric survey coverage and LBL array.

SAP, M4

JUMPER TAG J22

PLET WELL

capable of high accuracy but the Photogrammetry off ered tri- Applying rotation and translation range is very limited. As can be seen, dimensional views of the areas of matrices transformed the coordinates Figure 3: Beacons only photogrammetry does not interest with an expected accuracy of all points of interest into a common deployed. require contact with the reference of a few millimetres. Th en the two 3D reference system.

Th e relative attitude (pitch, roll, Avoiding metrology interface heading) of the two hubs was obtained from beacons with use greatly improves achieved inclinometer end caps.

accuracy Th e LBL array was deployed with six beacons (in this case SONARDYNE measurement point. Th is is a photogrammetric scenes were COMPATT 6) signifi cant advantage for manifolds combined using acoustic methods • 2 beacons with SVP sensor and installed subsea assets in with two LBL beacons from the • 2 beacons with inclinometers production where metrology interface seafl oor array located within each • 2 beacons with pressure sensor installation and onshore dimensional photogrammetric scene. Th e control surveys are not possible. acoustic array provided a common Beacons with SV (sound velocity) reference frame to link the two sensors were used to correct Proposed New Method scenes. measured distances, and On one gas fi eld development project inclinometer and pressure sensors in Egypt, we had to perform one On each side, there are then two provided information to determine metrology between a production points (the beacons), which after a common vertical reference on manifold and a new PLET (Pipeline processing are known in terms each side. End Termination), while avoiding of local 3D photogrammetric a production shutdown during the coordinates and the absolute LBL Photogrammetric processing requires measurement procedures. coordinate system (see Figure 2). some known distance measurements

Our basic proposal was to take two MF acoustic baseline measurement ±20.0mm existing methods to develop a third Table 1: Fabrication error in PLET metrology bucket (transponder mount) ±5.0mm improved option by merging the Contributing error Fabrication error in PLEM metrology bucket (transponder mount) ±5.0mm sources in slant strong points of each. A combination range Fabrication error in PLET centralising collars ±1.5mm was devised using LBL acoustics measurement. Fabrication error in PLEM-Y centralising collars ±1.5mm for their long range capability and photogrammetry for short-range high Error in PLET inclinometer beacon (0.1 degree over 1.200m) ±3.5mm accuracy over each end of the new Error in PLEM-Y inclinometer beacon (0.1 degree over 1.200m) ±3.5mm connector. Total Error in Slant Range Measurement ±40.0mm

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 23

HYD0614_Feature_Guilloux 23 26-08-2014 09:46:41 HYD0614_Feature_Guilloux 24

No 3513 No 3426 • High-accuracy, survey-grade INSnavigationwith • Fully modulardesign, fieldswappablesensorsfor • Greatest depthratinginitsclass - rated to 1000m GAVIASURVEYOR OFFSHORE AUV Market leadinglow logistics AUV for commercial survey Proven Performance Rel and iability USBL andLBL aiding maximum flexibility Teledyne Gavia AUVs • Operationsfrom vessels of opportunity orsmallcraft • Wide rangeof sensoroptionsincludingSSS, SBP, and Swathbathymetry www.teledynegavia.com Offshore Surveyor AUV 26-08-2014 09:46:44 in order to scale the results: targets were added directly onto the beacon or brackets and distance between targets accurately measured.

In the fi eld the process required, fi rstly, a routine ROV and LBL array deployment and calibration. Secondly, the photogrammetric shooting of each survey area was undertaken – the basic rules were for pictures every 30° around the area of interest and an overlap of 50% between two consecutive pictures.

Expected Accuracy Photogrammetric processing off ers an expected internal accuracy generally around 0.2mm/m and in Comparison of existing methods inertial acoustic photo diver this case >5mm. Dimensional control survey required onshore Y Y N Y Relative hubs attitude Y N Y Y Th e LBL beacons utilised during Contactless metrology N N Y N the project were specifi ed by the Absolute positioning Y Y N N manufacturer as accurate <20mm, Metrology interface to be installed on structures Y Y N Y after sound velocity corrections. On this project, after network Additional tooling required for attitude and orientation N Y N Y adjustments, the total overall error Estimated duration for one metrology on a 25m spool 10h00 18h00 15h00 variable due desaturation on the baseline was estimated Quality check and/or redundancy Y Y Y limited <7mm. Good visibility required N N Y Y

Processing and QC Photogrammetric processing is photogrammetric processing was Conclusions Figure 4: around 5mm; the check performed Processing performed onshore using specifi c Th is method could result in software. software and generates a CAD fi le on the distance between two beacons signifi cant improvements in terms of for each hub in the local coordinate versus distance measured on the accuracy, simplifi ed operation and a framework. photogrammetric CAD fi le was 0.5mm cost reduction for subsea metrology. Additionally, the QC performed Table 2: Comparison of allows for precise quantifi cation of existing methods. errors and increases confi dence when QC is performed using engineering the fi nal piece.

distances already measured Work is underway on a new approach to perform the processing on board vessel to reduce time lost during processing QC is performed using distances already in X and Y axis and 5.0mm on Z axis. off shore and image transfer. Th is measured such as between the beacons Th e spool length comparison with method could also be applied to other included in the photogrametric survey the acoustic metrology was less than short range / high accuracy methods and/or known distances taken from 70mm. Th is diff erence was accounted like laser or acoustic 3D scanning. as-built drawings of the structure. for by some non-managed off sets on the bracket used during acoustic metrology. Acknowledgements Final measurements are obtained Th anks to David Hulbert for his using the CAD drawing. Th e duration of the combined review of this paper. metrology was approximately 6 Results hours (post processing not included). Th is method was successfully Th is method does not require a The Author implemented during a jumper metrology specialist on board as LBL Eric Guilloux is a project surveyor who has been employed by SAIPEM France for the past installation on the project in the deployment and photo shooting are 4 years. He has worked in the hydrographic Mediterranean Sea in 750m water standard tasks for a survey team. survey and positioning industry over the past 25 years and he is a Category B hydrographic depth. Th e results were compared surveyor (FIG/OHI). Eric has gained experience to results obtained using standard Th e most surprising aspect of this in projects both on and offshore including acoustic metrology. trial was how straightforward we machines guidance, subsea asset installations and reference GPS network deployment. Th e accuracy expected by the found the computations.

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 25

HYD0614_Feature_Guilloux 25 26-08-2014 09:46:45 Multibeam Systems for Extreme Environments Challenges of an Ice-proof Transducer Design

The search for resources and energy reserves for the future is continuously increasing in the polar region. More and more states are trying to stake their claims and to register their rights. For the same reasons, the clarification of the exact borders of the continental loop is becoming important and is thus a subject of exact examination. The exploration of the existence of methane, in particular in polar waters, is a challenging task for the future and requires robust and reliable equipment.

SURVEY OF POLAR WATERS WITH on it, in addition to the strength of the Extreme Environments Require the assistance of modern multibeam ice. However, the various national Special Know-how systems on icebreakers is a challenge construction regulations became In 2006, the Japan Maritime Self- to the acoustic and mechanical increasingly similar as identical ice Defence Force (JMSDF) placed design. Current designs, proven on strengths produce similar technical an order for the construction of a traditional research vessels, fail under requirements, which in turn lead to SeaBeam multibeam system for the Axel Banasch the extreme conditions in the eter- comparable solutions. Today, these type of vessel defi ned above with L-3 Elac-Nautik, Germany nal ice. Th erefore, the ability to safely are summarised in the IACS Unifi ed no compromises whatsoever in endure the considerable mechanical Requirements. regard to ice resistance and acoustic load from the ice is the main consider- performance. To secure the latter, ation in the design of a multibeam sys- Since comparison of the national the installation area was set as far tem for an icebreaker. Ultimately, not ice classes can be very confusing, as possible in the bow; the accepted only the integrity of the multibeam one should rather concentrate on limit was only the directly necessary system but also the security of the the common design features of most geometric space requirement as whole vessel is at risk. Hence, just as of the actual and planned research defi ned by L-3 ELAC Nautik. Auxiliary in the nearly 150 years of development icebreakers: constructions such as ice defl ectors history for the icebreakers themselves, • Conventional propulsion or special keel forms were prohibited these requirements will lead to indi- (no nuclear propulsion) in order not to interfere with the Ulrike Schulte- vidual and characteristic features in • Net weight approximately 12,000t ideal form of the icebreaker design. Rahde design, defi ned by the medium of ice. • Gross weight approximately Furthermore, the latest transducer and L-3 Elac-Nautik, Germany 17,000t system technologies for multibeam Th e development process of • Length approximately 130m systems were to be installed. icebreakers was continuously • Draft approximately 9m attended by the responsible national • Width approximately 25m Th e installation in the bow created classifi cation companies, who helped • Research and survey operations in design-related ice loads of 30MPa to defi ne the special requirements for Arctic regions during summer on the complete surface of the such vessels and to summarise their • Continuous icebreaking of ice with location of the multibeam system. experience in construction regulations. 1.1 to 1.5m strength Determination of these design Over time, diverse construction • Ramming of ice with approx. 3m loads is generally achieved by tests regulations were issued by the nations strength and empiric formulas. During the such as Finland, Russia and Canada quasi-static continuous icebreaking who build and operate icebreakers. Most of these icebreakers are also used procedure, the direction of the Unfortunately, this resulted in to supply the Antarctic/Arctic research ice fl ows is in most cases still manifold defi nitions of ice classes, institutions. Th erefore they correspond predictable since the form of the bow since some companies also considered to the Russian ice class Arc. 7 and to is constructed to press the broken the age of the ice, and the snow lying the IACS polar class PC5-PC6. ice under the unbroken ice, thus

26 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Feature_Schulte 26 25-08-2014 15:44:22 Figure 1: Icebreaker Shirase.

Figure 2: Frames in Mills Cross configuration.

producing an ice-free fairway. In case must additionally be protected possible, ‘open’, non-supporting of ramming, however, this prediction against abrasion by ice fl oes slipping constructions to redirect the fl ow becomes signifi cantly less predictable along the hull – these can cause of forces increase the expenditure and ‘rebound’ eff ects may occur, considerable notches, even in the for the vessel’s construction to a including in the bow area. Th is also steel of icebreakers. Th e windows disproportionately high extent and applies to the contact in the ice edge area with fl oating ice in heavy sea. Installation in the bow created It was also mandatory to ensure that broken ice, which within this design-related ice loads of area could come into contact with the outer hull of the vessel and 30MPa on the surface of the therefore also with the outer surface of the multibeam system, would multibeam system not cause any damages or scratches which could subsequently negatively infl uence the acoustic system must also be able to withstand the are therefore extremely unfavourable, performance by fl ow noise. extremely high pressures during these both technically and fi nancially. processes and convey the resulting Special Development of an forces safely into the supporting Th is also means that within the Ice-proof Multibeam System ship structure. Th e extreme forces arrays itself a universal support of the Various characteristic features of can be concluded from the bottom acoustic windows is required for the multibeam systems for installation construction of the steel of an ship’s structure. When even a 30mm on icebreakers resulted from icebreaker in these areas: steel sheets outer steel hull must be supported the demanding environmental of 30mm and more for the outer hull at least every 600mm, an acoustic requirements for such special are the rule rather than the exception. window cannot suffi ce with less if it is research vessels, while avoiding Frame spacing of 600mm or less is to guarantee a similar stability. Th ese compromises and high risks. An also common in these areas, thus supports must also be integrated into acoustic window for protection demonstrating the extreme loads. the frames and the vessel in order to of the Rx/Tx transducers at the transfer the forces safely. A simple acoustically best installation area Th ese loads can only be withstood calculation shows that unsupported in the bow is inevitable. It protects when the frames for fi xing the windows will not be able to carry these the transducers against shocks by transducers of the multibeam system loads. It has to be considered that the rebounding ice fl oes which have been are an integral structural part of window size is usually bigger than pressed under the vessel during the the total vessel construction in the the normal ‘footprint’ of a multibeam ice breaking process. Th e transducers installation area. Even if they are system since the transducers

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 27

HYD0614_Feature_Schulte 27 25-08-2014 15:44:23 HYD0614_Feature_Schulte 28

No #### No 3532 // // Defense Oceanography Offshore Oil&Gas // // VERSATILE FIELDS OF APPLICATION APPLICATION OF FIELDS VERSATILE Light andcompact design // // OPTIMIZED INTEGRATION applications andenvironments. Up to 24.6kbpsdata rate a robust andversatile innovative multi-modulation system to fitawiderange of Up to 15kmrange While ensuringlong-range andreliable communi-cation, MATS 3Galsofeatures OUTSTANDING TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE OUTSTANDING TRANSMISSION underwater communication needs. MATS 3Gisanunderwater acoustic modemthat offers asinglesolution for all NEW TELEMETRY SYSTEM MULTI-MODULATION ACOUSTIC MATS 3G ANYWHERE. ANYTIME. EVERYTIME. [email protected] [email protected] www.sercel.com Nantes, France Houston, USA 25-08-2014 15:44:23 unavoidably have to be shifted inwards, What Protrudes Will Break Off experience with installations on whereas the beam angle including the In order to make optimal use of icebreakers have furthermore shown Figure 3: that it is of great benefi t to construct Production of an motion compensation should comply the available space while also ice-proof frame. as far as possible with the coverage guaranteeing a high resolution, a the installation area of the transducer angle of a traditional system. multibeam system based on 20kHz with the acoustic window as a closed is ideally suitable for two reasons: system. Th e disadvantage of the However, in contrast to the standard it covers the sea depths in the slightly higher expenditure for such multibeam systems, steel braces polar region securely and off ers a system is quickly compensated by are installed between the projector suffi cient reserves for most of the its advantages. It is very expensive to modules for reinforcement purposes. sea areas worldwide. By choosing protect open systems with acoustic Figure 4: Installing Th e braces increase the spacing this frequency, the unavoidable windows internally against biological an ice-proof window. of the transducer elements in the acoustic windows and their growth, rust and sediments. It is along-ship direction, resulting in necessary supports are restricted to a mandatory to frequently dismantle modifi ed transmission beam-forming manageable size. Ice-proof solutions the windows for cleaning purposes. algorithms and slightly increased for 30 or 50kHz multibeam systems However, the installation in a closed side lobes on the transmission side. are also possible for installation on system is maintenance-free. Th e latest Th is eff ect must be minimised to an vessels that only need to detect in statistics provide evidence of the uncritical level for the overall system medium water depths. robustness: up until this day, all ice- performance. For the hydrophone proof SeaBeam systems are working arrays of these multibeam systems, Ice defl ectors and special keel properly and no damage has occurred. specifi c non-standard hydrophone forms for integration of multibeam In addition to Japan, the ice-resistant SeaBeam multibeam systems are at present in successful operation on It is of great benefit to construct icebreakers in the Russian Federation the installation area of the and the Chilean Navy. transducer with the acoustic The Authors Axel Banasch graduated in mechanical window as a closed system engineering from Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany, and has more than 20 years of experience in CAx. He joined the R&D department of L-3 ELAC Nautik in 2002. He modules are utilised which support systems on icebreakers are not is in charge of design, structural analysis and mechanical reinforcement measures necessary. Usually they are merely mechanical integration of underwater acoustic while keeping the spacing of the a very expensive way of concealing systems for sonar and multibeam applications. This includes research as well as military hydrophone elements the same as for the defi cient design of such systems equipment on surface vessels and submarines the standard multibeam systems. and do not eliminate their problems. focusing on customisation and structural adaption to different platforms. In particular for icebreakers, the Due to the acoustic windows for ice following rule applies: ‘What Ulrike Schulte-Rahde graduated from protection, the depth performance protrudes will be broken off ’. The Christians-Albrecht University in Kiel, Germany, decreases slightly (by approx.15%), protection of extensions and annexes and has been director of marketing & public relations at L-3 ELAC Nautik since 2008. and maximum coverage of the ice- as well as anything that does not Besides managing all marketing activities, proof multibeam systems is <130° correspond to the ‘ideal’ form of an she is dedicated to presenting the company’s compared to the 140° of standard icebreaker can become very expensive. technical developments and products to a broad professional audience. multibeam systems. L-3 ELAC Nautik’s many years of

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 29

HYD0614_Feature_Schulte 29 25-08-2014 15:44:24 From the surface to the seafloor, the Teledyne Marine companies deliver the products, technology, and talent you demand to get the job done. A Sea of Solutions

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3526.inddHYD0614_Feature_Schulte 1 30 12-08-201425-08-2014 10:13:2315:44:25 History

Figure 1: Echo sounding profile across the North- Atlantic Basin. Height exaggerated 100 times.

Discovering the True Nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Part I

Prior to the mid-19th century, the floor of the world ocean was virtually a clean slate. Nothing was known of the bottom of Albert E. Theberge Jr., Contributing the deep sea with the exception of a few sporadic soundings. In the early 1850s, this began to change as Matthew editor, Hydro INTERNATIONAL Fontaine Maury obtained use of one small ship, the USS Dolphin, and sent it out on two expeditions, one in 1852 under Lieutenant Samuel Philips Lee and the second in 1853 under Lieutenant Otway. Apparently one sounding of 1,720 fathoms was by Lee southwest of the Azores Islands, but under Berryman a number of relatively shoal soundings were made north of the Azores. Maury contoured these soundings as a continuous shallow zone and by 1858 had called the area north of the Azores ‘Middle Ground’, the first name for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR).

Nearly twenty years later HMS of the expedition, Wyville Th omson, depression associated with the axis of Challenger embarked on its famous published a modifi ed map version the ridge. voyage. Although adding little to of the MAR in Th e Voyage of the knowledge of the MAR in the North Challenger: Th e Atlantic. In the spring of 1938, two legendary Atlantic, on its return voyage it ran Little additional information was oceanographic ships, the Woods a line up the spine of the MAR in obtained about the MAR until the Hole Oceanographic ship Atlantis the South Atlantic. Th ese soundings advent of acoustic sounding systems. and the German vessel Meteor met led to the fi rst maps showing the Between 1925 and 1927, the German off the coast of Florida and discussed continuity of the ridge, fi rst published research vessel Meteor traversed the their research eff orts. Th e scientist in 1876 as a preliminary report Atlantic Ocean from Antarctic regions in charge of echo sounding on the by Commander T. H. Tizard and to the tropics of the North Atlantic. Meteor was Dr. Gunter Dietrich, Captain Frank Th omson. Th ey called In a grand reconnaissance, it made destined to become one of the the northern portion of the MAR thirteen cross-ocean transects and greatest of German oceanographers the Dolphin Ridge, the equatorial collected 67,000 acoustic soundings. and a future head of the Institut part the Connecting Ridge, and the Th irteen profi les were produced fur Meereskunde. Information was southern part the Challenger Ridge. from this work, which, although not exchanged and Dietrich reported that Two years later, the chief scientist noted, hinted at the existence of a he was informed of the seismological

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 31

HYD0614_History 31 26-08-2014 09:35:57 HYD0614_History 32 Naamloos-11 1 No. MH006 www.enav-international.com Your independentandqualitysource one-Navigation at sea Supporting Safety at Sea

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today! And more Events &Buyer’s Guide Training &Education Job Opportunities News & Expert Opinion Visit thewebsite for: 26-08-2014 09:35:58 06-03-2014 11:03:45 exploration work of Maurice Ewing 1938’. In an English translation of from the Atlantis. Unfortunately, his sub-report, it was titled ‘Some Ewing was not aboard. If Dietrich and Morphological Results of the Cruise Ewing had met at this time, perhaps of the Meteor January to May 1938’ the history of the exploration of the and published in the Hydrographic Mid-Atlantic Ridge would have been Review in 1939. Accompanying this substantially altered. article were two illustrations. Th e fi rst was a spectacular cross-section Th e meeting with the Atlantis of the crest of the ridge showing a occurred on the last expedition of remarkable depression in its center; four that Dietrich made on the Meteor the second was of his interpretation between 1935 and 1938. Th e Meteor of parallel ridges and troughs traversed the Atlantic four times determined along his dogleg profi les. during the 1938 expedition including a diagonal line from the English In his essay, Dietrich reported the Channel to Puerto Rico and three following: “… in Profi le XX, the sea profi les designated Meteor profi les XX, bottom in the middle of the Mid- XXI, and XXII. On the initial diagonal, Atlantic Ridge drops from a peak Dietrich directed the Meteor to run a height of 1,930m to 4,790m… within dogleg pattern in the vicinity of the a distance of 21 kilometres... A MAR axis such that it was traversed certain similarity in the succession three times between latitudes 27 18 N of deep depressions is shown and 23 25 N. On profi le XX, the center with Profi le XX and the previous of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was crossed northernmost Meteor profi le of 1927. at approximately 16 46 N, profi le XXI Such striking depressions in the at 23 50 N, and profi le XXII near 30 N. Ridge occur also in the other fi ve Following the completion of the Meteor profi les, the most impressive cruise, Dietrich wrote a four-page of which is in Profi le XXI…” The six article as part of a larger report on profi les noted, which spanned over the 1938 German North Atlantic 10 degrees of latitude, referred to the Dietrich went on to say: “On the basis Expedition. Th is larger report three diagonal cuts and three ESE- of the sounding profi les on the Ridge, Figure 2: Echo was published in the Annalen WSW profi les obtained on the 1938 we are enabled to take a stand with sounding cuts across the Mid- der Hydrographie und Maritimem trip. Although using the terminology regard to the problem of morphology Atlantic Ridge by Meteorologie in January 1939 ‘striking depressions’, Dietrich was of the ocean. Th at is – is it possible to Meteor in 1938. Height is under the title ‘Bericht uber die the fi rst to declare he had traced fi nd a certain correlation of form in exaggerated 100 zweite Teilfahrt der Deutschen the continuity of what has become the continuous up-and-down of the times. Nordatlantischen Expedition des known as the MAR rift valley. (It is ocean bottom in the region of the Ridge Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiff es noted that, like later investigators, between the profi les? In other words, Meteor: Januar bis Juli 1938.’ he interpreted two deeps that were are we dealing here with a confused and Dietrich’s sub-report was titled associated with the Kane Fracture unrelated rise or with a Ridge which ‘Einige Morphologische Ergebnisse Zone as being two of his ‘striking can be resolved into a series of more or der Meteor -FAHRT, Januar bis Mai depressions’.) less parallel trains of undulations?” He refers to the earlier work of Th eodor Stocks and George Wust in studying Meteor profi les from the 1925-1927 Figure 3: The first expedition who thought it appeared bathymetric map of the North possible, but not practicable. Because Atlantic by Maury, Dietrich had surveyed the portion of 1853. the ridge on diagonal lines as noted above, he stated “Th e soundings taken… [by the Meteor in 1938] over this Mid-Atlantic Ridge appear to present this question in a new light… there appears to be a meridional correlation between the forms. Nine continuous undulating trains may be correlated in these three traverses, although the nature of the relationship is very diff erent in individual cases…” Dietrich had interpreted the top two of his dogleg segments correctly, but the third crossed the Kane Fracture

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 33

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HYD0614_History 34 26-08-2014 09:36:00 Figure 4: Maury’s map in 1858 showing the first name for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Zone causing a misinterpretation of is the only late thirties reference to his data. Meteor work found by this author in the works of Ewing, Heezen, or World War II intervened during Marie Th arp, and that only twice. which Dietrich served as an Th e following year Ewing was sole oceanographer in the German navy author of the National Geographic calling it a rift - the fault scarp and rift and did not return to academia article ‘Exploring the Mid-Atlantic valley turned out to be the east-west Figure 5: Wyville until 1950. His short paper that Thomson’s 1876 Ridge’. In this article Ewing echoed trending Atlantis Fracture Zone, later version (published had large ideas was ignored by the Dietrich: “Would the ridge be just incorrectly interpreted as a rift valley 1878) of the ocean science community for nearly a chaos of peaks or would it follow by Heezen and Th arp. continuous Mid- Atlantic Ridge. 10 years. In 1947, Maurice Ewing some understandable pattern? At made his fi rst expedition to the fi rst the topography seemed the In 1949, Tolstoy and Ewing published Mid-Atlantic Ridge. He had recently wildest confusion, but as we studied North Atlantic Hydrography and the recruited Bruce Heezen to join his more and more profi les a defi nite Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Bulletin of group. Heezen thought he was going pattern began to emerge.” However, the Geological Society of America. to join the cruise, but Ewing instead Ewing’s question had already been Dietrich’s paper is included in the detailed him to search out documents answered by Gunter Dietrich in bibliography although no reference and references relating to the Mid- 1939: “However, the echo sounding is made to his ‘striking depressions’. Atlantic Ridge. Ewing instead brought profi les show defi nitely that there Tolstoy and Ewing produced a along Ivan Tolstoy to conduct echo are no closed massive Ridges, such map of the area surveyed in 1947 sounding operations. as they necessarily appear on the supplemented by two additional small scale bathymetric charts. Th e cruises. Th e location of the Great Heezen’s recollection of this job is confused and tangled mass of crests Meteor Seamount is shown with a included in H.R. Frankel’s work, Th e and valleys in the Mid-Atlantic question mark indicating that Tolstoy Continental Drift Controversy : “I Ridge can be resolved into a series and Ewing had reviewed Dietrich’s looked up, in their rather good cross of approximately parallel trains of paper, as prior to 1949 it had only index catalogue, subjects such as undulations rising from the ocean been mentioned in Dietrich’s paper the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Atlantic bottom…” where it occurred directly above Ocean Floor … And the principal the Profi le XX graphic. Tolstoy’s thing I ran into was a full volume of Th e 1947 Atlantis cruise also map correctly showed the parallel the Geologische Rundschau … and they discovered a deep valley that Ewing structure of the various ridges and devoted about a three or four hundred described: “Th e combination of steep troughs in the vicinity of what is page issue to the Atlantic Ocean. Th is slope and deep ditch suggests that the today called the Atlantis Massif. He was probably the most signifi cant feature may be a fault scarp and rift also published a detailed map of the [collection of] papers I found. Also, I valley – a zone of slippage between east-west ‘trough’ discovered in 1947. found very skimpy references to some earth masses – and that earthquakes Although minimal indication of the work done by the Meteor in the late may have occurred there in historic median valley of the Mid-Atlantic thirties in the North Atlantic….” times.” Th is was the fi rst time that Ridge is shown, it was not identifi ed Ewing referred to a rift. He would as such. Th us ended the 1940s. Th e Th ese ‘skimpy references’ apparently not do so again in print for nearly next issue will investigate continued related to Dietrich’s paper as that ten years. He was correct in all but mapping of the ridge in the 1950s.

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 35

HYD0614_History 35 26-08-2014 09:36:01 Business

Figure 1: Charles Figure 2: Matt Quartley. Quartley.

UK Manufacturing is Alive and Well Valeport

Valeport is based in the historic town to this day. Having seen consistent including a CNC machine shop, anti- growth for a number of years, the static assembly areas and twin of Totnes, Devon, in the South-West of company moved to bigger premises calibration laboratories, as well as all the UK, where it designs, in Totnes in 2003 and in 2005 and service staff, R&D engineers and Charles’s son Matt took over as sales, marketing and back-office manufactures and supports its range managing director. Since then, the functions. All staff buy into the overall Matt Quartley, of oceanographic, hydrographic & business has trebled in size. philosophy of putting the interests of managing director, the customer first, believing that this Valeport, UK. hydrometric monitoring Current Profile is the foundation of our strength and instrumentation. Last year they The company currently employs the key to future success. around 80 staff, with a projected opened a new 1,600m² production turnover this year of just over GBP8m. International Scope facility next to their existing offices on One of the key policies is to keep as Valeport exports around 70% directly much of the business as possible and at least half of the remainder is the banks of the picturesque River in-house, so the single site in Totnes sold to UK offices of multinational Dart.

VALEPORT WAS ESTABLISHED These sectors are less in Dartmouth in 1969 by Jim Stevens, an engineer with a keen interest in dependent on the global fl ow measurement. Th e company was then sold in 1981 to Oceonics Ltd, economic situation than who was looking to expand its port- folio before fl oating on the stock mar- other market areas ket. Four years later, Charles Quartley, Oceonics’ technical director, acquired Valeport in a management buy-out contains all necessary facilities for companies, or as OEM to other and the company remains in the development, manufacture and after British exporting companies, so Quartley family’s private ownership sales service of the product range, approaching 90% of production ends

36 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Business 36 26-08-2014 09:32:41 Figure 3: Production facility and offices of Valeport on the River Dart.

Figure 4: Product in calibration lab.

up overseas. Matt Quartley, managing partnerships with key customers. The situation than other market areas, director, says that in common with Middle East is steady, which is a satis- which explains the continued growth many manufacturers in the industry, factory situation given the of Valeport and other similar Valeport’s biggest single commercial geo-political issues in the region, businesses over the past few years. market is the oil and gas sector, but whilst the Far East and India continue Success does not just happen though the company is fortunate to be well to grow and will likely overtake and the company continues to invest recognised across the surveying and Europe in the near future. Certainly significantly in R&D with the twin aims of protecting existing market share and developing exciting new product ranges. Staff buy into the overall However, customer expectations philosophy of putting continue to change in terms of what is expected from the technology they interests of the customer first buy. Now, stakeholders expect to be able to see data all the time, from anywhere in the world, simply as a result of the proliferation of the scientific communities, regardless of the hardest market to crack so far has internet and mobile communication whether the work is being done for been the Americas and whilst the devices. Niche manufacturers must energy, dredging, defence, distributors continue to work hard, work hard to keep up with these construction or environmental client most success has come from expectations and become increas- groups. supplying equipment through rental ingly reliant on third party solutions companies into the Gulf of Mexico such as improvements in communi- Resisting the temptation to open and offshore Brazil. cations technology. The successful overseas offices, Valeport instead companies will be those who stay relies on a network of international View on the Future ahead of these shifting expectations, distributors across nearly 50 There is no doubt that measurement or even better, drive them. That is countries. The best of these are of the oceans and what lies beneath where Valeport wants to be – a strong, extremely proactive in promoting them will continue to grow in impor- trusted brand supported by Valeport products and work closely tance as the world both tries to leading-edge technology and the with the company to ensure that they exploit potential resources (energy, ethos of a family business that insists are trained in the technical details of minerals and others) and to learn on putting the customer first. all the latest products – an exercise more about the marine environment that is significantly easier with the as a whole. Valeport also has a recent expansion in facilities. number of products aimed at the onshore water distribution and Geographically, Valeport has seen processing markets and this is an most export success into Europe in equally secure sector. To a large recent years, fuelled partly by the extent, these sectors are less www.valeport.com establishment of long-term supply dependent on the global economic

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 37

HYD0614_Business 37 26-08-2014 09:32:43 GEOSPATIAL TOOLBOX

Our geospatial toolbox is a power- Acquisition – use QPS QINSy to collect Sharing – the power of geospatial ful enabler for acquiring, processing once and use many times information systems and sharing maritime geospatial data. Modern maritime mapping projects often GIS is being applied to a wide range of simultaneously collect data from multiple maritime activities, including We are working with those engaged survey sensors, and then the data from maritime information systems, nauti- globally in maritime projects to have one survey sensor is used a number of cal and electronic chart systems, vessel seamless systems that meet needs for times. monitoring and tracking, port manage- integrated tools to improve effective- ment, port security, facility management, ness in data management and produc- Validation – use QPS Fledermaus for environmental monitoring and manage- tion. The modern maritime geomatic true space and time 4d environment ment, and coastal zone management. business process starts with data The industry leading interactive true 4D collection and input, through validation geospatial processing and analysis tool Seamless workflow - Acquisition - and visualisation, to producing and that is used by commercial, academic and Validation - Sharing sharing data deliverables. Fundamental government organizations to interact with QINSy acquisition data files become to this workflow is the use of common massive geospatial datasets of numerous Fledermaus processing data files, and data files and the avoidance of interme- data types for ocean mapping and land- Fledermaus exchanges survey results diate exchange data files. based projects. directly with the GIS system.

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3500.inddHYD0614_Business 1 38 09-05-201426-08-2014 12:15:4909:32:47 Visited for You Hydrographic Elements of INSPIRE

Just before the INSPIRE Conference 2014 in Aalborg, Denmark, about 30 people sat together on board the Barkentina LOA, a beautiful tall ship. They discussed how to make better use of marine data within a Spatial Data Infrastructure. Professor Esben Munk Sørensen of Aalborg University and Ellen Vos of the Netherlands Hydrographic Service, Royal Netherlands Navy, organised this marine SDI workshop on Monday 16 June 2014. A short summary of the outcome is given below.

AS WE KNOW SO LITTLE Data distribution should be simply mean that the existing about the European waters and in accordance with INSPIRE business case of the security capturing marine data is costly, principles and ways to re-use sector/EMSA in the INSPIRE we need a European focus on industry data should be setting be repeated. Perhaps marine SDI along the value investigated. Spatial Data Services can help chain of the data. From plan- to meet these specifi c needs. ning the measurements or data One important theme is collection campaigns, to its bathymetry/hydrographic Lessons can be learned from fi nal use for all types of decision surveying under Annex II the military that developed Figure 1: From left to right: Ellen Vos and making, research, monitoring Elevation. As depth information concepts like the Recognized Prof. Esben Munk Sørensen. or other uses. for safety of navigation always Environmental Picture. Th ese exaggerates dangerous shoal concepts have been made and government. Traditional Data capturing (both by industry waters, metadata is important operational in procedures and players, like Hydrographic and civil authorities) needs to be for proper re-use of depth data production programmes, fi t Offi ces, should be mobilised coordinated in close cooperation information for uses other than for the task at hand. ‘Additional as key players with knowledge with all stakeholders. Ships can navigation. Military Layers’ are an example of about the marine environment, act as sensors and the smart re-using the global hydrographic and liaise with European policy re-use of existing technologies Requirement capturing should standards and data for purposes makers to overcome barriers to and standards can open up be organised in new ways as other than navigation. sharing data based on traditional useful opportunities to new new players appear on the stove-piped business models. sources of crowdsourced data, horizon contributing to Blue New partnerships should be e.g. depth information measured Growth. Th is should result in stimulated within the golden Ellen Vos, Hydrographic Offi ce, by the ship included in AIS data. clear business cases and can triangle of academia, industry Royal Netherlands Navy.

Figure 2: The venue of the marine SDI workshop, Barkentina LOA.

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 39

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Naamloos-26HYD0614_Visited 1 40 22-08-201426-08-2014 11:32:0709:30:22 Products Buoy Solves Sistac Buys Atom Work-class ROV Brazil-based Sistac has taken delivery of an SMD Atom 100hp 2,000m-rated Swell Challenge work-class remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Th e work-class ROV system will Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML, UK) be mobilised during the fourth quarter has developed a Near Surface Ocean of this year and will be used initially for Profi ling Buoy that scientists can use to survey and inspection duties. Th e ROV gain accurate measurements from the top will provide Sistac with the capability to few metres of the ocean. By suspending expand services in the future as a fully instruments below a fl oating buoy, which integrated tooling platform. rises and falls with the swell, measurements http://bit.ly/1uGaDWL can be taken at a constant depth. PML’s The SMD Work-class ROV over a test tank. Near Surface Ocean Profi ler acts as an instrumentation platform that can be lowered into the sea and left to drift away from the infl uence of the ‘mother ship’. http://bit.ly/1uGa8ft Fast-turnaround Habitat Mapping for Environmental Impact Assessments

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HYD0614_Productnews 41 26-08-2014 10:24:35 Products Deepwater Pan & Tilt Device

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42 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Productnews 42 26-08-2014 10:24:36 Pelydryn Buys CHIROPTERA II for Mooring Winches Shallow-water Survey for MBARI Pelydryn, UK, has bought the CHIROPTERA II topo-bathy Lidar system from Airborne Hydrography and Leica Geosystems. Introduced in early March 2014, CHIROPTERA II is a Lidar system which simultaneously Research Vessels captures the full waveform in both the 35kHz bathymetric channel and the 500kHz MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium topographic channel. Research Institute, USA) has recently http://bit.ly/1uGcjiU selected a MacArtney MERMAC SC mooring winch solution to empower the The bathymetry image is a colour-coded image of the seafloor deployment and recovery of scientifi c topography. The deepest area is around 10m. The image shows one flight line from a survey using the Chiroptera II. moorings on board MBARI vessels R/V (Image courtesy: Leica Geosystems). Western Flyer and the R/V Rachel Carson (image). Installed on board MBARI scientifi c vessels, the winch will be used to eff ectively deploy and recover scientifi c moorings - off ering a signifi cant upgrade in terms of speed and performance when compared to the current system. One Family. http://bit.ly/1uGbSoT Many Solutions.

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Th e US Department of State has issued Commodity Jurisdiction (CJ) rulings for Critical radio links Dual antenna GNSS iXBlue OCTANS and PHINS fi bre optic Rugged GNSS RTK + for control, display, receiver for precise gyro (FOG)-based navigation products, Heading System monitoring, precise heading and positioning. confi rming that control for export of Ashtech.com/marine positioning and more. Trimble.com/ /gnss-inertial PacificCrest.com/marine both units from the United States will be administered through the Department of Commerce under the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) process. Th e EAR Export Commodity Control © Copyright 2014, Trimble. All rights reserved. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TPC-098 (08/14) Number (ECCN) for both OCTANS and PHINS is 7A003 NS1, AT1. No 3520 http://bit.ly/1uGd9w6

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 43

HYD0614_Productnews 43 26-08-2014 10:24:36 Swim 20 kilometres

and see every centimetre

Keep water flowing whilst sonar profiling, inspecting and Seaeye Sabertooth mapping For long & deep tunnel work

seaeye.com/hydro No. 3493

3493.inddHYD0614_Productnews 1 44 29-04-201426-08-2014 10:25:0310:24:36 Products Wireless Capability for Fugro ROVs

WFS Technologies (UK) and Fugro Subsea Technologies (UK) have entered into an agreement to off er subsea wireless capability on all FCV work-class ROVs from 2015 onwards. Th is agreement means that Fugro ROVs can communicate with all Seatooth-enabled subsea devices, such as WiPS (wireless pressure sensors), Pipelogger (wireless pipeline integrity monitoring platforms) and Video (wireless video cameras), Turbidity observed from space. wherever in the world they are deployed. The Fugro FCV 3000C ROV gets the wireless treatment. http://bit.ly/1uGbua1 Closer Eye on Tritech Gemini Profiling Sonar for STR Australian Waters German and Australian scientists have Tritech has sold multiple Gemini 620pd multibeam profi ling sonars to Subsea launched water-quality monitoring tools Technology and Rentals (STR), UK. Th e sales of Gemini 620pd for subsea profi ling that will enable anyone in the world to operations follow on from the introduction of the Gemini Narrow Beam Imager (NBI) zoom in on what is stirring up under the to the company’s multibeam range. Tritech’s Gemini 620pd profi ling sonar operates at surface of Australian waters. Germany- 620kHz and is able to provide 10mm range results with an angular resolution of 0.5°. based aquatic remote sensing company http://bit.ly/1uGeSBI EOMAP teamed up with Western Australian statutory authority Landgate to deliver these products, which measure visibility, turbidity and chlorophyll Bluetooth Android App for concentrations in the water column. Th e results are digital maps that are continuously updated as these parameters SonarMite Echo sounder vary across the oceans and coastal waters. http://bit.ly/1uGdmzD Th e SonarMite app is an Android app designed to work with the SonarMite Bluetooth echo sounder used in hydrographic surveying applications. Th e app is dedicated to connect to the SonarMite and facilitate most simple commands via pre- More product news programmed buttons. Dedicated buttons give a more intuitive www.hydro-international.com/ interface than using the dropdown keyboard or voice interface. Reading the echo sounder values news/productnews.php http://bit.ly/1uGcH0R from a smartphone is now possible. No 3488

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 45

29-04-2014 10:25:03 HYD0614_Productnews 45 26-08-2014 10:24:37 Societies

Lighthouse magazine, the jour- from CHA for CHA members. nal of the CHA, is no more. With CHA members are also encour- the publication of Edition 82, aged to submit short articles this brings to a close the more to Hydro for publication. CHA recently sporadic publication of members now receive a sub- a journal that was once regularly scription as part of their annual Canadian Hydrographic Society published in spring and fall of membership fee and will receive each year. Th e lack of a full-time the balance of the journal issues editor, diffi culty getting volun- for 2014 and an entire year of Figure 1: The dedicated WHD cake. Image teer hours needed for journal Hydro International starting courtesy: Andrew Romano, Student CHS. Th e Canadian Hydrographic production and the dearth of in 2015. Please contact your Association (CHA) wrapped contributors have all led to its branch VP to ensure your cor- members. News from the up another successful confer- demise. A project is underway to rect distribution contact infor- branches will regularly occur in ence (CHC2014) in St. John’s make all 82 past issues of Light- mation is provided to Hydro these pages. Reports from our Newfoundland and Labrador house available on the CHA International for future Central and Ottawa branches this past April. Partial proceed- website, at the URL given above. distribution. follow. ings are now available through the CHA website, www.hydrog- Th e 2014 CHA Award of For the benefi t of other hydro- Central Branch raphy.ca. Proceedings of the CAD2000 has been granted to graphic societies, the CHA has On 23 June, belated World past several CHCs are also Stephen Finnis, from the Univer- fi ve branches: Atlantic, Quebec, Hydrography celebrations were available through this site. sity of Victoria. Th e award has Ottawa, Central and Pacifi c, and held at the Regional Hydrographic been given annually to deserv- a national executive consisting Offi ce in Burlington, Ontario. Th e Plans are underway for ing students since 1992. Subse- of a national president, treas- event was co-sponsored by CHA CHC2016 in Halifax Nova Sco- quent to this award, it will be urer and secretary, plus the vice Central Branch. Local members tia at the Westin Hotel from 16 given every other year - in even- presidents of the fi ve branches. and retired hydrographers, Earl to 19 May 2016 and CHC2018 numbered, conference years. Central Branch looks after Brown, Robert Marshall and Al in Victoria, British Columbia at our international members. Koudys joined with Hydrographic the Empress Hotel from 5 to 8 Hydro International will All branches have both regu- staff at the Bayfi eld Institute to March 2018. become the new home of news lar and sustaining (corporate) help pipe in the event. A National

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46 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Societies 46 25-08-2014 16:43:52 Figure 2: WHD celebrations in Ottawa. given by Mr. C. Douglas O’Brien from Idon Technologies. Th is Film Board of Canada documen- presentation stressed the fact tary ’Charting the Frozen Sea’ that hydrography is much more on Beaufort Sea hydrography in than just nautical charts and the 1980s was shown and CHA that in fact it relies on larger Central Branch member Glenn structure that consolidates data Figure 1: Chief Hydrography specialist A. Dachin of Fertiong (Saint-Petersburg). Macdonald gave an encore pres- and information in a standard- entation of his CHC2014 paper ised format providing sense and entitled ‘Exploring the use of quality to the information sup- Sound for Representing Com- porting hydrographic work. plex Spatial Relations in Marine Nav igation’. Afterwards there was Also, the Canadian Hydrographic a bbq and World Hydrography Association and CHS Ottawa cake was served. celebrated World Hydrography Day with an outdoor event. Th is Ottawa Branch event was a great opportunity On 22 May 2014, the Cana- to unite our members and pro- dian Hydrographic Associa- mote discussions. Th is event was tion, Ottawa Branch, hosted a attended by Department of Fish- conference on Standards for eries and Oceans assistant dep- Figure 2: Presidium of the Conference (from left to right) Vice-president of HSR Dr. N. Geospatial Interoperability uty Minister Dave Gillis. Nesterov, head of the Department of Navigation and Oceanography of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence captain S. Travin, president of HSR Dr. N. Neronov.

Hydrography, representatives of educational institutions that train hydrographers, members of the Hydrographic Society and veterans took part in the confer- ence. Professor N. Neronov, the Hydrographic Society Russia president of the Hydrographic Society, and captain S. Travin, the head of the Department of Th e 2nd Research-to-Practice Navigation and Oceanography Conference was held on the welcomed the audience. eve of the World Hydrography Day on 20 June 2014. It was run Many interesting reports were by the Hydrographic Society of presented during the confer- Russia (HSR) in cooperation ence. Th ese reports focused on with the Department of Nav- the theory and practice of nav- igation and Oceanography of igation, hydrographic support the Russian Federation Minis- for diff erent aspects of marine try of Defence (DNO of the RF areas and professional training MD). Th e theme of the confer- problems. Conference attend- ence was ’Hydrography - much ees discussed the reports and more than just nautical charts. adopted the resolutions that Research works, innovations, were sent to the leaders of the technologies, challenges and relevant ministries. prospects’. Leaders and representatives Th ere was a buff et reception at

No 3490 of the Hydrographic Service of the end of the conference giving the Russian Federation Navy, all the participants a chance to leaders and employees of Rus- continue the exchange of ideas sian companies focusing on in a casual atmosphere.

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 47

HYD0614_Societies 47 25-08-2014 16:43:55 Don’t miss out on the Buyers Guide 2015 Sign up now!

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27570-23_adv_HYDBG_2015e.inddHYD0614_Societies 48 1 21-11-201325-08-2014 11:46:2816:43:57 Agenda

SEPTEMBER Edgetech Sonar Training Offshore Energy Inmartech APRIL Seminar Amsterdam, The Netherlands Corvallis, Oregon, USA Oceanology International New Bedford, USA 28-29 October 18-21 November Ocean Business China 2014 23-25 September For more information: For more information: Southampton, UK Shanghai, China For more information: E: [email protected] W: www.inmartech2014.com 14-16 April 03-05 September E: [email protected] W: www.offshore-energy.biz For more information: For more information: DECEMBER W: www.oceanbusiness.com W: www.oichina.com.cn/en/ euRathlon 2014 Hydro14 La Spezia, Italy Aberdeen, UK Ocean Tech South China Sea MAY SMM 2014 29 September-03 October 28-30 October (SCS) Expo & Forum 2014 Hamburg, Germany For more information: For more information: Guangzhou, China RIEGL Lidar 2015 09-12 September E: [email protected] W: www.hydrographicsociety.org 10-12 December Guangzhou and Hong Kong, For more information: W: www.eurathlon.eu For more information: China W: smm-hamburg.com NOVEMBER E: [email protected] 05-08 May OCTOBER W: www.maritimeshows.com/ For more information: Deep-Water Circulation Trimble Dimensions oceantech E: [email protected] Congress Ocean Energy Europe 2014 Las Vegas, USA W: www.riegllidar.com Ghent, Belgium Paris, France 3-5 November JANUARY 2015 10-12 September 01-02 October For more information: JUNE For more information: For more information: E: trimble_dimensions@ HYPACK 2015 E: [email protected] W: www.oceanenergy-europe. trimble.com San Antonio, TX, USA TransNav 2015 W: www.2dwc.ugent.be eu/index.php/en/ W: www.trimbledimensions.com 05-08 January Gdynia, Poland For more information: 17-19 June OCEANS’14 MTS/IEEE AUV 2014 Seawork Asia E: [email protected] For more information: St. John’s, Newfoundland Oxford, USA Shanghai, China W: www.hypack.com W: http://transnav2015.am. and Labrador, Canada 06-09 October 04-06 November gdynia.pl 14-19 September For more information: For more information: FEBRUARY For more information: W: www.auv2014.org W: www.seaworkasia.com SEPTEMBER E: info@oceans14mtsieeest- Euromaritime 2015 johns.org Extraordinary International Teledyne RESON Training Paris, France Shallow Survey 2015 W: www.oceans14mtsieeest- Hydrographic Conference Santa Barbara, USA 03-05 February Plymouth, UK johns.org (EIHC) 08-14 November For more information: 14-18 September Monaco For more information: E: [email protected] For more information: SEPTEMBER 06-10 October W: http://bit.ly/1ic9QnS W: www.euromaritime-expos.com W: www.shallowsurvey2015.org For more information: Deep-Water Circulation W: www.iho.int E-Navigation Revolution Subsea Expo OKTOBER Congress London, UK Aberdeen, UK Ghent, Belgium Sea Tech Week 2014 11-12 November 11-13 February Kongsberg Maritime HiPAP 10-12 September Brest, France For more information: For more information: Survey Engineer Training For more information: 13-17 October E: [email protected] W: www.subseaexpo.com Course E: [email protected] For more information: W: bit.ly/1qqUWSI Aberdeen, UK W: www.2dwc.ugent.be E: seatechweek@brest- MARCH 09-10 October metropole-oceane.fr 2nd International Ocean For more information: Teledyne Marine UTS 2014 W: www.seatechweek-brest.org Research Conference (IORC) US Hydro 2015 E: km.training.aberdeen@ Hamburg, Germany Barcelona, Spain Gaylord Hotel, National kongsberg.com 16-18 September ACI’s 15th Maritime HR & 17-21 November Harbor, USA W: www.km.kongsberg.com/ For more information: Crew Development For more information: 16-19 March training E: [email protected] London, UK E: [email protected] For more information: W: www.u-t-s.info 22-23 October W: www.iocunesco-oneplane- W: www.thsoa.org IADC Dredging Seminar For more information: toneocean.fnob.org/ Singapore SAUC-E: Student AUV E: [email protected] 27-31 October Challenge - Europe W: www.wplgroup.com/aci/ 5th PLOCAN Glider School For more information: La Spezia, Italy conferences/eu-mhr15.asp Gran Canaria, Spain W: www.iadc-dredging.com 20-26 September 17-22 November For more information: SEG Annual Meeting For more information: E: [email protected] Houston, TX, USA W: www.gliderschool.eu Calendar Notices W: www.sauc-europe.org 26-31 October Please send notices at least 3 months before the event date For more information: to: Trea Fledderus, marketing assistant W: www.seg.org/web/annual- E: [email protected] meeting-2014/overview For extended information on the shows mentioned on this page, see our website: www.hydro-international.com

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Applied Acoustic Engineering 6 KCS Trace Me 51 Sercel 28 Atlas Services Group 52 Kongsberg 4 Specialty Devices 46 Bluefin 28 L-3 Elac Nautik 13 Teledyne Gavia 24 CEE Hydrosystems 17 LinkQuest 20 Teledyne Marine 30 C-Max 45 Nautikaris 11 Teledyne RDI 42 EIVA 34 NIOZ 46 Teledyne Reson 2 Evologics 40 Novatel 8 Teledyne TSS 10 H F Jensen 47 QPS 38 Trimble Integrated Technologies 43 Hydroid 41 Saab Seaeye 44 Unique Maritime Group 6 Hydro14 24 SBG Systems 34 Valeport 16 Hypack 9 Seatronics 32

Hydro INTERNATIONAL | SEPTEMBER 2014 | 49

HYD0614_Agenda+adv index 49 25-08-2014 16:00:36 Insider’s View On the Issues of Overlapping Maritime Claims in the Far East

The marine environment in the Far East has witnessed different types of overlapping claims among neighbouring coastal states’ parties. The overlapping claims often occur in cases where states’ parties have interests in maritime boundaries and / or associated features, such as islands, reefs, etc. Such claims are subject to many factors, including: available facts, historical documents, landmarks, occupation, physical presence and inhabitation of the claimed areas by their respective ancestors. Furthermore, overlapping claims usually involve EAB The Editorial Advisory Board (EAB) of Hydro INTERNATIONAL consists of litigation and the states’ parties need to come to terms in the form of an professionals, from various fields, who independently make recommendations on potential authors agreement for a collective understanding towards the exploitation and and specific topics. The EAB members also contribute to this column. The exploration of the resources within the area of geographic overlap. EAB is served on a non-committal basis.

Rear admiral Chris Andreasen (retd) Th is has recently been supported by left out of the 1969 agreement the objections by China and the NGA Maritime Safety Office (USA) a call by the Association of Southeast since both countries failed to agree Philippines on this joint submission. Michael Bergmann Director Maritime Industry Asian Nations (ASEAN) to settle on their sovereignty. Th e matter More so as each coastal state has Affairs and Services, Jeppesen maritime dispute issues among the was eventually brought before the the right to claim the continental Rear Admiral Gerd Glang states’ parties for the Spratly Islands International Court of Justice (ICJ) in shelf limit as stipulated in Article 76 Director, Office of Coast Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric using the international instrument – Th e Hague, the Netherlands. In 2002, UNCLOS 1982 with scientifi c support Administration, USA the 1982 United Nations Convention the ICJ decided that the sovereignty and technical data to CLCS, set up Rear admiral Dr Neil Guy (retd) on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). of both islands belongs to Malaysia. under Annex II of UNCLOS 1982. Maritime affairs and hydrographic consultant (South Africa) However, this call is yet to be fully Until now, the maritime boundary in Dr John K. Hall (retd) supported by all the concerned states. the Sulu Sea is still under negotiation Although the ICJ awards claims Geological Survey of Israel (Israel) Th e following states: China, Brunei, between Malaysia and Indonesia. based on features, the boundaries Capt Abri Kampfer Philippines, Malaysia Vietnam and between the states’ parties are left to Hydrographer SA Navy (South Africa) Taiwan, have overlapping claims on On the other hand, the ICJ announced be determined through discussions, Nick Lambert Director, Nick Lambert Associates Ltd the Spratly Islands. sovereignty over Batu Puteh (Pedra negotiations, and agreements (UK) Branca) to Singapore on 23 May 2008, between the states concerned, Prof. Dr Mohd Razali Mahmud Other overlapping claims include: whilst Malaysia had sovereignty using UNCLOS 1982 as the basis Director of the Centre for Hydrographic Studies, Faculty of China and Japan on the island of over Middle Rocks. Th e maritime for their technical negotiations and Geoinformation Science and Engineering of the Universiti Teknologi Diaoyu (China) / Senkaku (Japan) in boundary around the South Ledge is agreements. Malaysia (Malaysia) the East China Sea; South Korea and under negotiation between Malaysia Edward J. Saade Japan on Dokdo / Takeshima in the and Singapore to determine its President/managing director, Fugro Earth Data, Inc. (USA) East Sea (Sea of Japan); and the Kuril sovereignty. Luis Salgado Islands / Northern Territories claim President, Desmar Ltd (Chile) between Russia and Japan across the In addition, the governments of Mark Sinclair Pacifi c Ocean. Malaysia and Vietnam jointly Managing director Fugro LADS Corporation (Australia), and President submitted a notifi cation to the Fugro LADS Incorporated (USA) Furthermore, Malaysia and Indonesia Commission on the Limits of the Dr Michael Sutherland, MRICS University of the West Indies, Trididad have also disputed over the islands Continental Shelf (CLCS), for the & Tobago; Chair of FIG Commission 4 of Sipadan and Ligitan . Th is extension of their continental (Hydrography) dispute started in 1969 during the shelf claims. Although this is Robert Ward President, Directing Committee of the negotiations eff orts between Malaysia being challenged by China and the International Hydrographic Bureau (Monaco) and Indonesia to extend their Philippines, the United Nations will common maritime boundaries for the review the joint documents in 2019, Dr. Mohd Razali Mahmud David Whitcombe Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Chief surveyor for Europe, Shell (UK) continental shelf. Th is was purposely and will take into consideration

50 | SEPTEMBER 2014 | Hydro INTERNATIONAL

HYD0614_Insiders_view 50 26-08-2014 08:56:33 HYD0614_Cover 51 No 3486 25-08-2014 15:06:01 YOUR OFFICE

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HYD0614_Cover 52 25-08-2014 15:06:02