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Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling

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Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT POLITIEKE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN VAN DEEP THROAT TOT 9 SONGS Een filmanalytische exploratie naar de veranderingen in het pornografische filmlandschap aan de hand van vier pornocultfilms per decennium vanaf de jaren 1970 tot nu. Wetenschappelijke verhandeling aantal woorden: 24.916 SUSAN VERTOONT MASTERPROEF COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN afstudeerrichting FILM- EN TELEVISIESTUDIES PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. SOFIE VAN BAUWEL COMMISSARIS: FREDERIK DHAENENS COMMISSARIS: ELKE VAN DAMME ACADEMIEJAAR 2009 - 2010 Susan Vertoont 2 augustus 2010 2 DANKWOORD ‘De masterproef’ is hét gespreksonderwerp bij laatstejaarsstudenten. Zowel in formele als in informele gesprekken. Dat viel me enorm op de afgelopen maanden. Overal werd ik aangesproken over mijn masterproef. Logischerwijs door mijn eigen vrienden, maar ook op feesten van mijn ouders, op de basket van mijn vriend of door mensen die tijdens mijn werk in de horeca een gesprek wilden aanknopen. Telkens wanneer ze me vroegen naar mijn onderwerp, moest ik met wat schaamrood op de wangen vertellen dat ik een masterproef schreef over pornografie. Keer op keer kreeg ik verwarde blikken toegeworpen, gaven mensen me een geforceerd lachje of toonden ze zich opvallend bereid om mee te helpen. Om hen te overtuigen van het interessante en wetenschappelijke karakter van dit onderwerp, was ik dan ook steeds verplicht om heel wat meer uitleg te geven vooraleer ik op begrip kon rekenen. Maar ondanks de vele genante gesprekken die deze masterproef me de afgelopen maanden heeft bezorgd, ben ik heel tevreden met het onderwerp dat ik koos. Het bleek uiteindelijk nog boeiender te zijn dan verwacht. Alvorens ik aan dit eindwerk begon, had ik er geen idee van dat pornografie al zoveel discussie, opschudding en verscheidenheid aan opinies had teweeggebracht. Door veel over het onderwerp te lezen en het grondig te bestuderen, veranderde ook mijn mening over pornografie en misschien zelfs over seksualiteit. Het debat over pornografie en seksualiteit zou zeker nog wat meer openbaar mogen worden gevoerd. Seksualiteit is duidelijk geen taboe meer in onze samenleving, maar veel onderwerpen die ermee gepaard gaan wel. Want we zien dan wel seks op de televisie, op het internet en op de billboards in de straat, gesprekken over veilig vrijen, seksueel overdraagbare aandoeningen en in het bijzonder gesprekken over de tevredenheid van de seksualiteitsbeleving komen nog steeds weinig voor. Dat merk ik althans in mijn omgeving. Daarom hoop ik aan de hand van deze masterproef een ander licht te kunnen werpen op pornografie, dat los staat van de gangbare stereotiepen waarmee het vandaag kampt . Verder wil ik hier graag een woord van dank richten tot mijn promotor, Professor Van Bauwel, die eveneens heel begaan is met dit onderwerp. Ook Frederik Dhaenens van de vakgroep Communicatiewetenschappen was een grote hulp voor mij. Voornamelijk op het moment dat ik moeilijkheden had met mijn onderzoek, was hij er met goede raad. Een bijzondere bedanking verdienen eveneens mijn ouders en mijn vriend Hendrik Tratsaert. Ze hebben heel wat geduld moeten oefenen met mij, maar zijn me toch altijd blijven steunen. Ten slotte wil ik Daan Depaepe en Tim De Vriendt bedanken om mijn onderzoeksmateriaal aan te leveren, en al mijn andere naaste vrienden die me de nodige schouderklopjes gaven toen ik even het vertrouwen in mezelf verloor. Dankzij al deze mensen ben ik kunnen blijven doorzetten totdat ik een werk kon indienen waarover ik zelf tevreden ben. 3 ABSTRACT Sedert de afschaffing van de Amerikaanse Production Code, worden er wereldwijd pornofilms gemaakt aan de lopende band. Alleen al in de Verenigde Staten, de marktleider van de pornofilms, komen er jaarlijks een ruime 11.300 pornografische filmtitels bij (Sarikakis & Shade, 2008, p. 107). Maar er is veel veranderd in het pornofilmlandschap sinds Deep Throat (Damiano, 1972) er in de jaren 1970 als eerste echte pornofilm in slaagde om zowel mannen als vrouwen massaal naar de bioscoop te lokken (Johnson & Schaefer, 1993, p. 41). Mede onder invloed van maatschappelijke en technologische ontwikkelingen, wijzigden pornofilms enorm qua vorm en inhoud doorheen de tijd. Zo waren deze films initieel een louter mannelijk product, maar tegenwoordig winnen ook de feministische pornofilms geleidelijk aan terrein. Deze niche binnen de pornofilms probeert vooral vrouwen en koppels aan te trekken door de seksuele partners op een gelijkwaardige en menswaardige manier voor te stellen in de films (Williams, 2005, p. 259). Dit terwijl heel wat stereotiepe, heteroseksuele pornofilms vrouwen objectificeren om de lusten van de mannelijke kijkers te bevredigen (Van Zoonen, 2003, p. 18). Uitgaand van een feministisch paradigma analyseren we vier pornocultfilms, een per decennium vanaf de jaren 1970 tot nu, om na te gaan welke belangrijke trends er leven binnen deze feministische porno of couples porn. Hierbij besteden we bijzondere aandacht aan de manier waarop de vrouw wordt gerepresenteerd in deze films. Door middel van een analyse van bepaalde segmenten uit deze vier films, hopen we te ontdekken dat het ook voor vrouwen mogelijk is om plezier te beleven aan seks en pornografie. 4 INHOUDSTAFEL Dankwoord .........................................................................................................................................3 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................................4 Inhoudstafel ........................................................................................................................................5 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................8 Bronnenkritiek ....................................................................................................................................9 1 Pornografie ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Definiëring ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.2 De porno-industrie ............................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Het publiek ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.3.1 Mannen en pornografie .............................................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Vrouwen en pornografie............................................................................................. 14 1.3.3 Jongeren en pornografie ............................................................................................. 15 1.4 Pornofilms ......................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Hardcore versus softcore ............................................................................................ 17 1.4.2 Pornografie versus erotiek .......................................................................................... 17 1.4.3 Is pornografie een filmgenre? ..................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Regulering ................................................................................................................. 18 2 Geschiedenis van de pornofilm .................................................................................................. 20 2.1 Stag films .......................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Kenmerken ................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Het einde van een tijdperk .......................................................................................... 22 2.2 Pornografische langspeelfilms ........................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Een vergelijking met de stag film ............................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Feministische bezwaren ............................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Sex wars .................................................................................................................... 26 2.3 De komst van de VCR ....................................................................................................... 28 5 2.3.1 Impact op de pornofilm .............................................................................................. 29 2.4 De introductie van het internet ........................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Impact op de pornofilm .............................................................................................. 31 3 Vrouwen en pornofilms ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1 Vrouwen in de porno-industrie........................................................................................... 32 3.2 De representatie van de vrouw ........................................................................................... 34 3.2.1 The male gaze ...........................................................................................................
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