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Behind the Periscope: Leadership in China's Navy

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Behind the Periscope: Leadership in China's Navy Behind the Periscope: Leadership in China’s Navy Jeffrey Becker, David Liebenberg, Peter Mackenzie Cleared for Public Release CRM-2013-U-006467-Final December 2013 Behind the Periscope: Leadership in China’s Navy Jeffrey Becker, David Liebenberg, Peter Mackenzie Table of contents Executive summary ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2: The current PLA Navy leadership ............................................... 13 Chapter 3: PLA Navy leadership at the center ............................................. 43 Chapter 4: Navy leadership in China’s military regions and the fleets .......... 75 Chapter 5. Factors influencing PLA Navy officers’ careers ......................... 107 Chapter 6. Trends in PLA leadership and the implications of our findings for the U. S. Navy ........................................................................ 123 Appendix A: Biographical profiles of PLA Navy leaders ............................ 129 Appendix B: PLA grades and ranks ............................................................ 229 Appendix C: PLA Navy leaders’ recent foreign interactions, 2005 - 2012 ......................................................................................................... 233 Appendix D: Profile of key second-level departments at PLA Navy Headquarters ............................................................................................ 237 Works cited............................................................................................... 249 Glossary .................................................................................................... 279 i List of figures Figure 1. PLA Navy leadership positions throughout the PLA ...................... 15 Figure 2. Offices within the General Staff Department positioned to significantly influence the PLA Navy ........................................................... 46 Figure 3. Offices within the General Political Department positioned to significantly influence the PLA Navy ........................................................... 50 Figure 4. Offices within the General Logistics Department positioned to significantly influence the PLA Navy ........................................................... 52 Figure 5. Offices within the General Equipment Department positioned to significantly influence the PLA Navy ........................................................... 54 List of maps Map 1. Primary bases of the North Sea Fleet ............................................... 80 Map 2. Primary bases of the East Sea Fleet .................................................. 84 Map 3. Primary bases of the South Sea Fleet ............................................... 87 List of tables Table 1. Age comparison of U.S. and Chinese navy leadership ................... 17 Table 2. PLA Navy leaders who began their careers in other services .......... 20 Table 3. Navy second-department directors who have been promoted to higher positions .......................................................................................... 24 Table 4. Common career experience for PLA Navy command officers ........ 25 Table 5. Common career experience for PLA Navy political officers ........... 26 Table 6. Common career experience for PLA Navy logistics officers ............ 27 Table 7. Common career experience for PLA Navy equipment officers ....... 27 ii Table 8. Chinese navy leadership exceeding retirement extension ages ....... 30 Table 9. Events that shaped current PLA Navy leaders ................................. 33 Table 10. PLA Navy leadership within the four PLA General Departments .. 45 Table 11. PLA Navy Standing Committee members ..................................... 57 Table 12. Types of officers on the Navy Standing Committee ...................... 59 Table 13. PLA Navy deputy commanders and deputy political commissars . 61 Table 14. The PLA Navy’s four first-level departments ................................. 64 Table 15. PLA Navy deputy chiefs of staff ................................................... 65 Table 16. Roles of key departments within PLA Navy Headquarters ............ 67 Table 17. PLA Navy Political Department deputy directors ......................... 68 Table 18. Roles of key departments within the Navy Political Department .. 69 Table 19. PLA Navy Logistics Department deputy directors ......................... 70 Table 20. Roles of key departments within the PLA Navy Logistics Department ................................................................................................. 71 Table 21. PLA Navy Equipment Department deputy directors ..................... 72 Table 22. Roles of key departments within the PLA Navy Equipment Department ................................................................................................. 73 Table 23. Basic information on fleet commanders and political commissars 90 Table 24. Basic information on fleet deputy commanders ........................... 95 Table 25. Basic information on fleet chiefs of staff ..................................... 100 Table 26. Basic information on fleet political department directors ........... 102 Table 27. Basic information on fleet logistics and equipment department directors .................................................................................................... 103 Table 28. Basic information on fleet deputy chiefs of staff ......................... 104 Table 29. Leading PLA Navy officer delegates to the 18th Party Congress . 109 Table 30. Leading PLA Navy officers in the 18th Party Congress Central Committee ................................................................................................ 111 iii Table 31. PLA ranks and grades ................................................................ 230 Table 32. PLA rank and grade relationships ............................................... 231 Table 33. PLA grades and corresponding retirement ages .......................... 232 Table 34. PLA Navy leaders’ recent participation in foreign military delegations ............................................................................................... 233 Table 35. PLA Navy leaders’ recent participation in foreign port visits....... 235 iv Executive summary Purpose and approach This study examines current leaders in China’s naval service, the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLA Navy). It identifies and analyzes the most critical navy leadership positions throughout the Chinese military, examines emerging trends, and provides recommendations for the U.S. Navy. This study seeks to address the following sets of questions: Who makes up the current cohort of Chinese navy leaders, and what positions do they hold in the Chinese military? What can be learned about the backgrounds of these individuals? What do we know about the common career experiences of this cohort? What have been the basic metrics for success, and how have they changed over time? What are the implications for the U.S. Navy? When selecting individuals to include in this study, we sought to identify uniformed Chinese navy officers who currently hold: Positions we judged to have the capacity to significantly influence current Chinese navy activities or operations, or Positions we judged to have the capacity to significantly influence the future direction of China’s navy. Key findings: China’s current navy leaders PLA Navy leaders hold positions throughout the Chinese military. We identified uniformed naval officers serving in leadership positions within: The four general departments of China’s Central Military Commission PLA Navy Headquarters China’s North, East, and South Sea Fleets Military Region Headquarters in the Jinan, Nanjing, and Guangzhou military regions. 1 As a group, these leaders have a broad range of functional specializations. They belong to one of four career tracks. Each possesses a different set of skills and responsibilities: Command officers: responsible for operations, training, and staff work. This is the largest group within the current leadership cohort. Political officers: responsible for overseeing the work of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) within the navy. They are critical to the promotions process and personnel management. Logistics officers: responsible for finances, health systems, transportation assets, and resource reserves. They are increasingly important as blue-water missions require navy assets to travel farther from shore. Equipment officers: responsible for support services, technical support, maintenance, and repair. They face new challenges as the navy upgrades its weapons and equipment. PLA Navy leaders have demographic and professional characteristics that differ from those of their USN counterparts. As a cohort, these leaders: Are all male. Are older than USN counterparts. Have less formal education. Have less operational experience. Have no combat experience. Are less likely to have spent their entire careers in the navy. (We identified five current navy leaders who began their careers in other services. The most recent transfer occurred in 2012.) Have been evaluated and promoted based on political as well as professional competence throughout their careers. 2 PLA Navy leaders should not be viewed as a monolith; wide variation is the norm. Within the lifespan of most of the officers in this cohort, both China and the Chinese
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