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Project Hula ' Secret Soviet-American Cooperation I ~ in the War Againstjapan .Project Hula ' Secret Soviet-American Cooperation I ~ in the War AgainstJapan By Richard A. Russell . ,.,. .. "The visit9rs in~lude<J many officers whom,:the Unite~ State~, N~vy w~uld be ple~ed to . have,~d . ... the ·visiting enlisted.men were well disciplinecJ, energetic and extraordinarily hard-working, and often the equal of American personnel. ... The visitors demonstrably possess the essentials of a · major naval p ,ow~r." . Project Hula Secret Soviet-Anterican Cooperation in the War Against japan by Richard A. Russell No.4 The U.S. Navy in the Modern World Series Series Editor GaryE. Weir Head, Contemporary History Branch Naval Historical Center Departm.ent of the Navy Washington 1997 Secretary of the Navy's Advisory Subcommittee on Naval History Dr. David Alan Rosenberg, Chair CDR Wesley A. Brown, CEC, USN (Ret.) Dr. Frank G. Burke Mr. J. Revell Carr VADM Robert F. Dunn, USN (Ret.) VADM George W Emery, USN (Ret.) Dr. Jose-Marie Griffiths Dr. Beverly Schreiber Jacoby Mr. David E. Kendall Mr. Harry C. McPherson, Jr. The Honorable G.V Montgomery Dr. James R. Reckner Dr. William N. Still, Jr. ADM William 0. Studeman, USN (Ret.) Ms. Virginia S. Wood Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Russell, Richard A., 1957- Project HULA : secret Soviet-American naval cooperation in the war against Japan I by Richard A. Russell. p. em. - (The U.S. Navy in the modern world series ; no. 4) ISBN 0-945274-35-1 (alk. paper) 1. World War, 1939-1945-Naval operations, American. 2. Military assistance, American-Soviet Union. 3. United States­ Military relations-Soviet Union. 4. Soviet Union-Military rela­ tions-United States. I. Tide. II. Series. D773.R87 1997 940.54'5973-dc21 97-7022 @) The paper used in this publication meets the requirements for permanence established by the American National Standard for Information Sciences "Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials" (ANSI Z39.48-1984). For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-049376-5 (966I-~f6I) !U!JvlVJV f ounvtg 'rnVJ-U!-vtJqJvj {w Jo tCvtomJw U! puv 'J!vlVJV vl0d E{.t.JJ ;6;1~, I' ... .. t ...... ~.~ ' - Navy Art Collection, Naval Historical Center On the cover, "Ice Floes, Kodiak" (undated), an oil painting by Lieutenant Commander Edward T. Grigware, USNR. The stark, frozen landscape of an Alaskan winter is beautifully illustrated in this painting. Grigware completed this piece during the war, probably after 1943. Fore-word his study is the fourth in the Naval Historical naval archives and to introduce their materials into the Center's series, "The U.S. Navy in the Modern writing of recent American history will revise how his­ T World," that aims to acquaint naval officers, torians approach working on the naval aspects of the sailors, and other readers with the U.S. Navy's unique Soviet-American alliance in World War II and the contribution to national security, economic prosperity, Cold War at sea. and global presence in the contemporary period. In addition to Mr. Russell's efforts, I am pleased to Starting in the Second World War, the United acknowledge those individuals who contributed to this States assumed the leadership of major multinational publication, including Dr. Edward J. Marolda, our politico-military coalitions, first to destroy fascism and Senior Historian and founder of the series; Dr. Gary later to thwart the spread of communism. Military E. Weir, head of the Contemporary History Branch assistance programs, in which the American armed ser­ and editor of the series; many of the professional staff vices helped their foreign counterparts to help defend of the Naval Historical Center, especially the members themselves, served a vital if unheralded role in the of the Naval Aviation News Branch; and the other common defense. Such programs, so familiar today, scholars and professionals at institutions in the United originated with the timely creation of the lend-lease States and the Russian Federation. Finally, I am grate­ program ofWorld War II. ful to the U.S. Navy's World War II Commemorative This booklet, based on original materials culled Committee for their help in producing this publica­ from archives in the United States and in the Russian tion. Federation, treats a little known aspect of lend-lease The views expressed are those of Richard A. Russell and of Soviet-American relations at the end of the alone and not necessarily those of the Department of Second World War. The author, Richard A. Russell, the Navy or any other agency of the U.S. government. has cultivated singularly productive relations with prominent historians, archivists, and naval officers in WilliamS. Dudley Russia. His tireless efforts to obtain access to Russian Director of Naval History Introduction n the 1930s, the potential for which prompted Great Britain and This situation prevailed until cooperation between the France to declare war on Germany, 1945, with a regular ebb and flow I United States and the Soviet igniting World War II. of hope and frustration on the Union to restrain Japan-one of The Soviet Union and United U.S. side, which sought basing the unspoken objects behind States stayed out of the growing rights for heavy bombers in Siberia Washington's decision to recognize conflict until June and December and suffered concern for the secu­ the Moscow regime in 1933-did 1941, respectively, when Germany rity of the lend-lease route. At the not evolve into any concrete strate­ attacked the Soviet Union and Yalta Conference in February gy beyond wistful ideas and a few Japan attacked the United States. 1945, however, the United States hollow gestures. By the end of the When Germany and Italy then secured Soviet entry into the war decade, both countries adopted declared war on the United States, against Japan by pledging to pro­ independent policies toward the alliance between the U.S. and vide military support and several Japanese aggression in Asia. the USSR, which appeared important territorial considera­ In 1939, Soviet forces won a improbable only months before, tions, including turning over the bloody border war against Japan. was forged. In Asia, however, Japan Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union. Japanese attention then turned and the Soviet Union managed to In the spring and summer of toward the Asian possessions of the preserve, in the words of historian 1945, a special detachment of the colonial powers. At the same time, George Alexander Lensen, their United States Navy trained some in Europe, the Soviet Union and "strange neutrality." By December 12,000 Russian officers and men in the Western democracies failed to 1941, the staggering success of the the handling of naval vessels sched­ reach an agreement on how to deal German attack in European Russia uled for transfer to the Soviet with Germany's threat to the left Stalin with little means and no Pacific Ocean Fleet under the lend­ peace. To the dismay of the West, desire to open the two-front war lease program. Project HULA Soviet leader Josef Stalin and against Japan sought by President required American and Russian German dictator Adolf Hider Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan's sub­ sailors to work side by side in the completed the infamous Nazi­ sequent acquiescence to the move­ largest and most ambitious transfer Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which ment of vital lend-lease supplies to program ofWorld War II. Its included a scheme to divide the Soviet Far East via the North unique purpose was to equip and Poland between them. Within a Pacific ensured Soviet neutrality in train Soviet amphibious forces for week, Germany attacked Poland, Asia while the European war raged. the climactic fight against Japan. The map to the right shows the location of the Kuril Islands and the Aleutian Islands in relation to the Pacific. The close-up of the Aleutian Islands below shows the location of Cold Bay, in the upper right. The U.S. agreed to Soviet control of the Kuril Islands as a condition to that country's entry into the war against Japan. ~ § u 0 ei:' ..0 :..J sf"' Unimak Island BE. 8 I NG Akutan Ia! and\ '"" "' • ......~ "' 0 ..;;;" .. "'~ Sanak '•uAIIU /......" """'.... '"'""• ·-· ..... :··, • ,:;,u- - Tlgalda Island • --~~ ..... ...... , "·.. cY ~ '"~·""' • ''/ / '""" """' ""'"""'""' --~ (}_,. nka Island -iAto K I Itkin lslandiTanaga Island Umnak Island --Jf ' ' "'' ,.,.,,. -n ""'"'.. ....... .,., """' '"'""""""' '•''~Q . o I Ad a land \ '--o "b 0 i- ~ jls l:~~opochnol.• A<ko ••,. o• Chu In ~ """"'""' ~· 6 ........ •• .~, • .. ' , ' ...-·.... ."""'"'"" "l "~ ~""" ······ C>.... ••.. .r........... .. .. """' S(-'1 • op A Amlla Island Nos NOREANOF ISL~'-ttOS p A C F c 0 C E A N Russia, Japan, and the United States:, A Strategic Triangle ince 1905, when Japan Russian-American politico-military the 1930s, contributed to the Navy emerged victorious in the cooperation. At the same time the Department's wariness in dealing SRusso-Japanese War, observers Soviet Union had improved its with the Soviet Union. in both the United States and international standing by not only Moscow also pressed Russia had envisioned cooperation signing non-aggression pacts with Washington for a warship visit to against Japan. Leon Trotsky, a Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Poland the Soviet Far East. In late July principal leader of the Bolshevik and France in 1932 bur in its 1937, Admiral Harry E. Yarnell, Revolution in 1917 and founder of industrialization program and commander-in-chief of the Asiatic the Red Army, saw Russia and apparent imperviousness to the Fleet, took his flagship, the heavy America as "two arms of a nut­ Depression. Thus, in spite of the cruiser Augusta (CA 31), and four cracker," able to crush Japan if Kremlin's disturbing ideology, its destroyers to Vladivostok, the main their ideological antipathy could enhanced prestige and the rise of Soviet naval base in the Pacific, for be overcome.
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