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The 2004 French Polynesian Statute: Legal Consequences on Maritime Issues

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The 2004 French Polynesian Statute: Legal Consequences on Maritime Issues THE 2004 FRENCH POLYNESIAN STATUTE: LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ON MARITIME ISSUES HERVÉ RAIMANA LALLEMANT THE 2004 FRENCH POLYNESIAN STATUTE: LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ON MARITIME ISSUES by Hervé Raimana Lallemant A Supervised Research Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws Copyright © 2009 Hervé Raimana Lallemant School of Law Faculty of Arts and Law The University of South Pacific and Université de la Polynésie française June 2009 DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own and where I have used the thoughts and works of others I have clearly indicated this. Signature Hervé Lallemant S11019878 1 June 2009 Statement by Supervisor The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Hervé Raimana Lallemant. …………….. Yves Louis Sage Maître de Conférences en Droit Privé, Habilité à Diriger des recherches, Université de la Polynésie Francaise; Teaching Fellow, Massey University (New Zealand) ; Consultant 1 June 2009 Ruahatu – God of the Ocean Bobby Holcomb Ruahatu, god of the sea in Polynesian mythology, had a man’s body with the tail of a swordfish. This god of the ocean, disturbed by a fisherman in his coral home, decided to cause the flooding of all the islands until Temehani was flooded. The only survivors were the fisherman, his friend, his wife and child and some animals that went to the Toa-Marama islet, the preferred place of the god of the sea. The sea rumbled, rising over the land and sweeping away everything—trees, houses, birds, animals and fish, as well as all humans who had not believed the fisherman’s message. Myth of the flood of Raiatea Special Thanks to: Yves Louis Sage Karen Diard i ABSTRACT The French Polynesia is an enormous territory in the Pacific Ocean. With a territory composed of less than 4,000 square kilometres of emerged land for some 5,500,000 square kilometres of maritime territory, the importance of the sea is unquestionable. Many Statutory modifications have occurred in this “Collectivité d’Outre – Mer” since 1866 and the introduction of French Legislation in the Kingdom of Tahiti. The regulation of the sea was quite lacking in almost all the French Polynesian statutes except the one enacted in 1996. The enactment of a new Statute in 2004 was presented to the Polynesian people as a real institutional revolution in all domains. The French Polynesia is now no more a simple French territory but an autonomous country. Due to the importance of the maritime domain in French Polynesia, one of the confirmations of a real statutory evolution can be proved by the importance of the maritime competences held by the country. But did this text really change anything about the numerous maritime issues in French Polynesia? The answer is quite unclear. With some improvement for the maritime delimitation and the transfer of some French competences to the French Polynesia, the first statement can be quite positive. But in the end, many problems are still present and it can be stated that the French Polynesia is once more faraway to be completely independent for the maritime sovereignty. ii Abbreviation Table AJDA (Actualité juridique Droit administratif) = current legal affairs, administrative law Art. = article CE (Conseil d’Etat) = State Council CIJ (Cour Internationale de Justice) = International Justice Court DGCL (Direction générale des collectivités locales) = General management of local authorities DOM (Département d’outre-mer) = Overseas Département DRCL (Direction de la réglementation et contrôle de la légalité) = Management of the regulations and control of legality éd. (Editions) = publishing house EDCE (Etude et documents du Conseil d’Etat) = Study and documents of the State Council EDF (Electricité de France) = French electricity company EFO (Etablissement français d’outre-mer) = French overseas establishments EEZ = Exclusive Economic Zone GCTR = General Code of Territorial Regions JO (Journal Officiel) = Official Journal JOPF (Journal Officiel de la Polynésie française) = Official Journal of French Polynesia JORF (Journal Officiel (de la République française) = Official Journal of the French Republic km = kilometres L.C (Loi constitutionnelle) = Constitutional Law L.O (Loi organique) = Organic Law n° = number NS (Numéro spécial) = Special issue PUF (Presse Universitaire de France) = University Press of France PTOM (Pays et territoires d’outre-mer) = Overseas countries and territories (OCT) iii RDP (Revue de Droit Public) = Public Law Journal RJP (Revue Juridique Polynésienne) = Polynesian Law Journal RJC (Recueil Juridique Constitutionnel) = Constitutional Legal Compendium TAAF (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises) = French Antarctic and Austral Lands TA (Tribunal Administratif) = Administrative Court TOM (Territoire d’outre-mer) = Overseas Territory UE (Union Européenne) = European Union iv Table of contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1: General Introduction to French Polynesia........................................................ 1 2: Evolution of statutory powers in French Polynesia.......................................... 2 3: The sea as a key element for the French Polynesian political status within the French Republic.................................................................................................... 6 PART 1: FRENCH POLYNESIA, THE MARITIME POWERS OF A SIMPLE DECENTRALIZED TERRITORIAL REGION .......................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: A MARITIME DECENTRALIZATION, NOT A MARITIME FEDERALISATION.................................................................................................. 8 SECTION 1: Decentralization for a particular Region............................................ 9 1: Decentralization Definitions............................................................................. 9 A) Decentralization as a source of Autonomy................................................... 9 B) Decentralization, a dependence on a central power ................................... 10 2: A particular application in French Polynesia ................................................. 12 A) The Particular Organization of French Polynesia ...................................... 12 B) The Legislative Speciality principle........................................................... 13 SECTION 2: The place of French Polynesia within the French Republic............. 16 1: French Polynesia, Territorial Region ............................................................. 16 A) A Decentralized Entity ............................................................................... 16 B) A Free Administrated Entity ...................................................................... 19 2: French Polynesia, an Overseas Region .......................................................... 21 A) A Particular Community............................................................................. 21 B) A Community within a Unified State......................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2: A LIMITED MARITIME DECENTRALIZATION............................ 25 SECTION 1: Maritime Advantages in favour of French Polynesia ....................... 25 1: A Polynesian Maritime Public Domain.......................................................... 26 A) A Natural Public Domain ........................................................................... 26 B) A Transferred Public Domain..................................................................... 28 2: French Polynesian maritime powers .............................................................. 30 A) The Exclusive Economic Zone of French Polynesia.................................. 30 B) The exploitation of the EEZ transferred to French Polynesia .................... 32 SECTION 2: The French State - main master of the Maritime Powers................. 34 1: The Maritime powers of the State and the “communes”................................ 34 A) The “Royal Prerogative” Powers................................................................ 34 B) Local Powers .............................................................................................. 37 2 : The public maritime domain of the State ...................................................... 39 A) An important domain for exercise of powers ............................................. 39 B) A Domain causing many problems ............................................................ 41 PART 2: FRENCH POLYNESIA, THE MARITIME POWERS OF AN EMERGING OVERSEAS COUNTRY ........................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 1: A PARTICULAR NORMATIVE POWER AFFECTING THE MARITIME DOMAIN............................................................................................. 44 SECTION 1: « Country laws » in French Polynesia.............................................. 45 1: The impulse towards legislative rules ............................................................ 45 v A) An old system beset by legal insecurity ..................................................... 45 B) A new system, a solution to the legal insecurity ........................................ 47 2: A system of regulatory rules after all ............................................................. 49 A) « Country laws » are administrative acts.................................................... 49 B) « Country
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