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Openness, Secrecy, Authorship Long 00 (I-Xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page Ii Long 00 (I-Xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page Iii
Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page i Openness, Secrecy, Authorship Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page ii Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page iii Openness, Secrecy, Authorship technical arts and the culture of knowledge from antiquity to the renaissance Pamela O. Long The Johns Hopkins University Press baltimore and london Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page iv © 2001 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2001 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Long, Pamela O. Openness, secrecy, authorship : technical arts and the culture of knowledge from antiquity to the Renaissance / Pamela O. Long. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8018-6606-5 (alk. paper) 1. Technology and civilization—History—To 1500. 2. Commu- nication of technical information—Europe—History—To 1500. 3. Technical writing—Europe—History—To 1500. 4. Intellectual property—Europe—History—To 1500. 5. Learning and scholar- ship—Europe—History—To 1500. 6. Renaissance. I. Title. CB478 .L65 2001 001.1'094—dc21 00-010152 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page v For Bob Korn and Allison Rachel Korn Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page vi Long 00 (i-xvi/1-15) REV 5/14/01 7:43 PM Page vii Contents List of Illustrations -
Ancient & Historic
Ancient & Historic METALS CONSERVATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ancient & Historic METALS CONSERVATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Proceedings of a Symposium Organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Conservation Institute November 1991 Edited by DAVID A. SCOTT, JERRY PODANY, BRIAN B. CONSIDINE THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE Symposium editors: David A. Scott, the Getty Conservation Institute; Jerry Podany and Brian B. Considine, the-J. Paul Getty Museum Publications coordination: Irina Averkieff, Dinah Berland Editing: Dinah Berland Art director: Jacki Gallagher Design: Hespenheide Design, Marilyn Babcock / Julian Hills Design Cover design: Marilyn Babcock / Julian Hills Design Production coordination: Anita Keys © 1994 The J. Paul Getty Trust © 2007 Electronic Edition, The J. Paul Getty Trust All rights reserved Printed in Singapore Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient & historic metals : conservation and scientific research : proceedings of a symposium organized by the J.-Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Conservation Institute, November 1991 / David A. Scott, Jerry Podany, Brian B. Considine, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-89236-231-6 (pbk.) 1. Art metal-work—Conservation and restoration—Congresses. I. Scott, David A. II. Podany, Jerry. III. Considine, Brian B. IV. J. Paul Getty Museum. V. Getty Conservation Institute. VI. Title: Ancient and historic metals. NK6404.5.A53 1995 730’.028—dc20 92-28095 CIP Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the photographs and illustrations in this book to obtain permission to publish. Any omissions will be corrected in future editions if the publisher is contacted in writing. Cover photograph: Bronze sheathing tacks from the HMS Sirius. -
Recepty Starých Mistrů
RE C E P T Y STA RÝC H M I ST RŮ R ECEPTY STARÝCH MISTRŮ Barbora A. Hřebíčková Computer Press ECEPTY STARÝCH MISTRŮ R Barbora A. Hřebíčková Computer Press, a.s. 2006. Vydání první. Všechna práva vyhrazena. Odpovědný redaktor: Oldřich Růžička Obálka: Vnitřní úprava: Veronika Klímová Sazba: Barbara Slezáková Vydavatelství a nakladatelství Computer Press, nám. 28. dubna 48, 635 00 Brno, http://knihy.cpress.cz ISBN XXXXXXXXXX Prodejní kód: XXXXXX Vydalo nakladatelství Computer Press jako svou XXX. publikaci. Poděkování: Děkuji restaurátoru Antonínu Novákovi, ak. mal. a rest., a studentům Veronice Dubové, Veronice Hladké, Hanuši Jožovi, Andrei Truhlíkové a Blance Valchářové za pomoc při získávání cizojazyčných vydání překlá- daných rukopisů a za pečlivou přípravu prvních překladových verzí ně- kterých receptů. Příprava tohoto rukopisu byla podporována grantem Ministerstva škol- ství VS 97083 a grantem Fondu rozvoje vysokých škol 95/232. O autorce: Ing. Barbora A. Hřebíčková (nar. 1965 v Praze) studovala chemii (VŠCHT) a filosofii (FF UK). Pracovala jako konzervátorka v Morav- ské galerii v Brně, v Národní knihovně a Středočeském muzeu v Roz- tokách. V letech 1991–2001 přednášela chemii a historii výtvarných materiálů na Akademii výtvarných umění v Praze. V současnosti pra- cuje v komerční firmě. 5 řů jejich úspěchu. Utilitární přístup k práci, který ŘEDMLUVA přinesl pokrok v hmotném zabezpečení civilizace, nebyl však jednoznačně příznivý pro volnou tvor- bu, pro tvorbu neekonomizovatelných hodnot. P Umělecké řemeslo a umění se tehdy definitivně istorické pozadí výtvarné tvorby obsahuje vydělilo z běžné řemeslné výroby a jeho distance celou oblast teoretických a praktických zna- k prvoplánově užitkové produkci začala být chá- lostHí týkajících se hmotné stránky díla. -
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Nuncius 35 (2020) 1–19 brill.com/nun Ὀδοντίζω New Clues on Ancient Book Production from Alchemical Papyri Miriam Blanco Cesteros Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy [email protected] Abstract The multidisciplinary approach to different dyeing techniques of the papyri of Leiden (P.Leid. X) and Stockholm (P.Holm.) is entangled with Greco-Egyptian alchemy; yet, it is not an impediment for the recipes – or the processes described in them – to origi- nate from an artisanal environment. In this regard, the lexical study of these recipes is the key to understanding the technical backgrounds of Greco-Egyptian alchemy. With this aim, this paper analyses the verb ὀδοντίζω (odontizō), which appears in a number of ink recipes of the Leiden and Stockholm papyri with a very technical meaning. The comparison to some Latin sources will help us to better understand its meaning and will lead us to explore the technical field from whence the recipes in which this verb appears came: ancient book production. Keywords alchemical papyri – inks – book production Among the earliest sources for the study of the origins of alchemy, there are two recipe books, written by the same scribe,1 known as Papyrus X of Leiden (hence- 1 The scribe of the two alchemical handbooks has been also identified as the main scribe (hand A) of a magical handbook (PGM XIII). In fact, the three papyri – P.Leid., P.Holm., and PGM XIII – belonged to the same archive, the so-called Theban Magical Library. Although, as bought in the Egyptian black market, the exact details of where this archive was found remain unknown, its Theban origin is indicated by some of the purchase receipts for these docu- ments. -
PHILOSOPHERS of FIRE I
PHILOSOPHERS OF FIRE An Illustrated Survey of 600 Years of Chemical History for Students of Chemistry William B. Jensen University of Cincinnati i Oesper Collections Cincinnati 2003 PHILOSOPHERS OF FIRE An Illustrated Survey of 600 Years of Chemical History for Students of Chemistry William B. Jensen University of Cincinnati i Oesper Collections Cincinnati 2003 Copyright ! 2004 William B. Jensen Oesper Collections in the History of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172 Table of Contents Introduction ! 1 Chemistry in the Renaissance I. ! The 15th Century: Our Protochemical Heritage ! 12 II. ! The 16th Century: The Impact of Medicine & Metallurgy ! 31! III.! The 17th Century: Chymistry Institutionalized & Corpuscularized! 41 Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century IV.! The Chemist Individualized ! 57 V. ! The Pneumatic Revolution ! 67 VI. ! States of Matter & Chemical Composition ! 79 VII. !Chemical Affinity ! 109 Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century VIII. The! Rise of the Professional Chemist ! 119 IX. ! The Standardization of Laboratory Practice ! 135 X. ! Molecular Composition & Structure ! 158 XI. ! Equilibrium, Thermodynamics & Kinetics ! 184 Chemistry in the Twentieth Century XII.! Specialization Rampant ! 213 XIII.!The Instrumentation Revolution ! 220 XIV.! The Electrical Theory of Matter ! 246 XV. !The Electronic Theory of Reactivity ! 284! Dedicated to RALPH E. OESPER AARON J. IHDE DEREK A. DAVENPORT Each of whom made this possible after their own fashion There is no question that we can train a chemical technologist without teaching him any history of chemistry and he may be a very good technologist indeed. I would argue with equal vehemence that we cannot educate a chemist without history of chemistry. I am interested in, and I believe most of us are, in the education rather than the training of chemists. -
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Traces of Ink Nuncius Series Studies and Sources in the Material and Visual History of Science Series Editors Marco Beretta (University of Bologna) Sven Dupré (Utrecht University / University of Amsterdam) VOLUME 7 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nuns Traces of Ink Experiences of Philology and Replication Edited by Lucia Raggetti LEIDEN | BOSTON This volume is published within the framework of the ERC Project AlchemEast — Alchemy in the Making: From ancient Babylonia via Graeco-Roman Egypt into the Byzantine, Syriac and Arabic traditions (1500 BCE–1000 AD), which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (G.A. 724914). The views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: Composition of writing implements. © Photo by Lucia Raggetti 2020, from objects in the Ter Lugt Collection, Leiden. In the foreground: a Byzantine bronze stylus, a modern reed pen (qalam), bookbinder’s scissors showing the text Yā Fattāḥ (Ottoman Egypt), ceramic figurine of a Muslim scholar (Samarkand, late 20th-century), wooden penholder from Northern India. -
Alchemy As Donum Dei
Alchemy as donum dei Vladimír Karpenko Abstract : The view of alchemy as a gift of God is traced from her origin in the Hellenistic world through the Arabic world to Latin Europe. In the course of this history the attitude towards divine intervention changed; Hermes, the leg- endary (semidivine) founder of this science was not yet expected to intervene into the work of an alchemist. Already in the Hellenistic world alchemy be- came donum dei ; the role of God graduated in the later cultures, and persisted surprisingly long in Latin Europe. Here, God was the decisive force presenting only selected people with his gift, the knowledge of alchemy. Crafts based on chemistry and metallurgy developed simultaneously in the same social and re- ligious environment, but they took quite a different position – free access for people to learn all knowledge. Therefore, alchemy and crafts are to be com- pared also from the point of view of donum dei . Keywords : alchemy, religion, transmutation, donum dei, crafts . Introduction Alchemy always took up an extraordinary position among sciences because she claimed to be able to intervene deeply into human affairs. This was pro- posed principally in two ways. The first was a change of the economic situa- tion by artificial production of precious metals, the second was yet more an immediate influence on individuals by curing illnesses, not to mention the possibility to extend life. For the sake of simplicity these claims are presented here in the way commonly accepted by the broad public in the past, without attempts to go on the fine nuances of these proposals. -
The Interplay Among Alchemy, Theology and Philosophy in the Late Middle Ages: the Cases of Roger Bacon and John of Rupescissa
Vegueta. Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia 17, 2017, 161-173 ISSN: 1133-598X The Interplay among Alchemy, Theology and Philosophy in the Late Middle Ages: The Cases of Roger Bacon and John of Rupescissa Athanasios Rinotas KU Leuven FWO Fellow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5988-9487 [email protected] Recibido: 28-03-2017; Revisado: 05-07-2017; Aceptado: 05-07-2017 Abstract During the Late Middle Ages, alchemy attracted the interest of many eminent scholars, yet alchemy’s constant failure to produce the philosopher’s stone veiled the art with a cloak of scorn. In this article, I examine the cases of Roger Bacon and of John of Rupescissa, both of whom entwined alchemy with philosophy and theology, portraying the hermetic art as a salutary practice for humanity and the Church. Therefore, my scrutiny of their works aims to demonstrate alchemy’s desire, albeit somewhat implicit, for recognition and legitimization. Keywords: Alchemy, Aristotelianism, Theology, Roger Bacon, John of Rupescissa. 1. INTRODUCTION In modern times, alchemy is a vague or even an obscure term which has many magical and mystical connotations. Such an attitude is not surprising, since in the mid 50’s of the nineteenth century two works that were to have a profound impact on alchemy appeared. In particular, Mary Ann Atwood published, in England, A Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery and likewise Ethan Allen Hitchcock in the USA published his Remarks upon Alchemy and Alchemists, both of which had a mystical character and were largely responsible for connecting alchemy with religious mysticism (PRINCIPE and NEWMAN, 2001: 389-395). -
Storia Dell'alchimia
Salvatore Califano Storia dell’alchimia Misticismo ed esoterismo all’origine della chimica moderna II edizione rivista e ampliata FIRENZE PRESUNIVERSITYS Libere carte – 4 – Libere carte – 4 – Storia dell’alchimia : misticismo ed esoterismo all’origine della chimica moderna : II edizione rivista e ampliata / Salvatore Califano. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2016. (Libere carte ; 4) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866559993 ISBN 978-88-6655-998-6 (print) Salvatore Califano ISBN 978-88-6655-999-3 (online) Progetto grafico di Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Pagina Maestra snc Storia dell’alchimia Misticismo ed esoterismo all’origine della chimica moderna ii edizione rivista e ampliata Certificazione scientifica delle Opere Tutti i volumi pubblicati sono soggetti ad un processo di referaggio esterno di cui sono responsabili il Consiglio editoriale della FUP e i Consigli scientifici delle singole collane. Le opere pubblicate nel catalogo della FUP sono valutate e approvate dal Consiglio editoriale della casa editrice. Per una descrizione più analitica del processo di referaggio si rimanda ai documenti ufficiali pubblicati sul catalogo on-line della casa editrice (www.fupress.com). Consiglio editoriale Firenze University Press G. Nigro (Coordinatore), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, R. Casalbuoni, C. Ciappei, R. Del Punta, A. Dolfi, V. Fargion, S. Ferrone, M. Garzaniti, P. Guarnieri, A. Mariani, M. Marini, A. Novelli, M.C. Torricelli, M. Verga, A. Zorzi. © 2016 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS Firenze University Press via Cittadella, 7, 50144 Firenze, Italy 2016 www.fupress.com Printed in Italy Storia dell’alchimia : misticismo ed esoterismo all’origine della chimica moderna : II edizione rivista e ampliata / Salvatore Califano.