Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd

P-30-DYPATIL-SUGAR-102018 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) REPORT FOR PROPOSED EXPANSION OF SUGAR FACTORY FROM 4500 TCD TO 5500 TCD (INCREASE BY 1000 TCD), CO-GENERATION PLANT FROM 19 MW TO 23 MW (INCREASE BY 4 MW) AND ESTABLISHMENT OF 60 KLPD MOLASSES BASED DISTILLERY

BY PADMASHREE DR. D. Y. PATIL SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD. (PDDYPSSKL)

DNYANSHANTINAGAR, VESARAF - PALSAMBE, TAL: GAGANBAVADA, DIST.: KOLHAPUR, MAHARASHTRA STATE

PREPARED BY

EQUINOX ENVIRONMENTS (I) PVT. LTD., ENVIRONMENTAL; CIVIL & CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, CONSULTANTS & ANALYSTS, KOLHAPUR (MS) E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] An ISO 9001:2015 & QCI NABET ACCREDITED ORGANIZATION 2018-2019 PADMASHR1 1)R. D. Y. PAUL SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD; DNYANSHANTINAGAR, TAL. GAGANBAVADA, DIST. KOLHAPUR. tST. cTRf . MIc^tcT 'Hl 'iS'* cUKGIMI foT. , ^TFT^rRft^T’T?, cTT. TTTFTCFTCT^T , f^T. ‘iplcrei N - Factory Ph. : (02326) 223101, 223102. Fa» ; (02326} 223100. ^ Email ; < y_p3“i!&3Klloi® redilfma; .com , dypaJilsskKd gma .cum ~ ^ ^ ar - Dnyanshanteaklw Regd Mo : KP FL-GV^A. PRGL-:AI /S-5C Ca1e 6/41S94 PAN Mo. - AAAAS 6S31 N GSTIN - 27AAAAS6831N1Z2 3fFT^N McN ^ it. MI cTlci Ref. No.: Date : , Rcf+ No : DNS/ADM/ 379 /2019-20 Date: 2- 1 .06.2019

To The Member Secretary Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry - 2) Ministry’ of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC); Parya \ aranBhavan, Aliganj, .Jorhag Road, New Delhi - 110 003.

Sub.: Grant of Environmental Clearance (EC) in respect of proposed expansion of Sugar Factory from 4,500 TCD to 5,500 TC'D (increase by 1 ,000 1 CL) ). Co-generation Plant from 19 MW to 23 MW (increase by 4 MW) and Establishment of 60 KLPD Molasses based Distillery ...

Ref.: 1 . ToR letter bearing No. IA-J-11011 /333/2018-1A 11 (I) dated 18.11.201«. Please refer copy enclosed at Enclosure-I.

2. Notification of the “Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary” bearing No, WI.P 1085/CR-588/V/E-5 dated 16,09.1985. Please refer a copy of same and relevant maps enclosed at Enclosure-Ii.

Dear Sir,

This has reference to the online Form - 1 application submitted to MoHiCC on 17.10,2018 and subsequent ToRs issued vide letter dated 18,11,2018.. The same was w.r.i. proposed expansion of Sugar Factory (4.500 TCD to 5.500 LCD) and Co-generation Plant (19 MW to 23 MW) as well as for establishment of a Molasses based Distillery (60 KI.PD) by Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil S. S. K. Ltd. (PDDYPSSKI.) located at Dnyanshantmagar, Vesaraf - Palsambe, Tal: Gaganbavda. Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra Stale. Accordingly, a Public Hearing was conducted on 16.05.2019 and final L1A report has been prepared.

Recently, the Ministry' has published a Notification dated 13.06.2019 w.r.t . the distilleries. As per the said notification, all Molasses based distilleries with capacity equal to or less than 100 KLPD arc to be considered at State Level. In light of this, our project comprising of 60 KLPD molasses distillery- would go to Maharashtra State. However, for our said project the “Genera! Condition” from ElA Notification dated 14.09,2006 (as amended from time to time) becomes applicable. Accordingly, it is hereby informed that the “Radhanagari " Wildlife Sanctuary” is located at 10.20 Km from our Project Site, The F.co-sensitive Zone 7 ( ESZj‘ for the said sanctuan' has not vet been finalized bv MoEFCC. A copy of Notification dated 16.09.1985 w.r.t. the “Radhanagari Sanctuary ” and concerned maps are presented at Enclosure -II . In absence of a duly notified ESZ: a distance of 10 KM from the sanctuary boundary is considered as FSZ as per lion. Supreme Court order WP No.46/2004 dated

(14.12.2006.

Sir, as shown in the toposheet map at Enclosure - II; the ESZ of " Radhanapari Sanctuary " comes within 5 KM distance from our Project Site. Thus, in light of applicability of the “General Conditions" (i.e. an FSZ located within 5 Km of Project site ), our above mentioned project would be appraised at Centre Level by Expert Appraisal Committee of MoFFCC.

Our 2500 TCD Sugar Factory was established in the year 2004 on land acquired in year 1994 from the villages namely Vesaraf, Palsambe and Aslaj of Gaganbavada taluka in Kolhapur district of MS. Subsequently, in the year 2010: a 19 MW Cogen Plant was established in the sugar factory premises for which the SF.AC & SEIAA of Maharashtra awarded Environmental Clearance. Eater on in year 2018. our Sugar Factory expansion from 2500 TCD to 450(1 TCD was carried out for which the MPC13 awarded ‘Consent to ' Operate dated 16.112.2018 , Now our management has planned to establish a 60 KEPD molasses distillery in the integrated project complex while taking up second expansion of sugar factory as well as that of the cogen plant. Also, we have applied under “National Dio Fuel Policy -2018" and our proposed distillery has been listed, by the GOA. of India, ro receive benefits under same, A copy of the list is presented at Enclosure-Ill .

The Vesaraf, Palsambe and Aslaj were listed as Eco-sensitive Area (ESA) Villages in the first 'Draft Notification ’ of 'Western Ghats’ published on 10.03.2014. Subsequently, second draft (04.09.2015). third draft (27.02.2017) and finally fourth draft (03.10.2018) have been published from time to time. Here, it is brought to your kind attention that the project land acquired for our industry in the year 1995 has a present status as Industrial Land Use. No any forest (reserved or protected) or similar other land was acquired while setting up our project in tire year 2002. Neither any such land is presently being taken up under expansion. In other words, the distillery establishment as well as sugar and cogen expansion projects shall be taken up entirely oir the land area already in our possession and no any additional piece of land is required to be purchased. All the concerned data, more information and criteria towards our “project siting & its environmental settings" have been presented in a detailed manner in the F.IA Report being submitted.

Sir, in light, of facts presented above, you are requested to consider our proposal at the earliest and accord an Environmental Clearance to same.

you, ThankimiH r‘ .‘

Youft failhfullv.

Jaydeep Patil {.Managing Director) Enel.: As Above ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely thankful to the management of Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Limited. (PDDYPSSKL), located in Village- Vesaraf - Palasambe, Taluka - Gaganbavada, Dist.- Kolhapur, Maharashtra State for entrusting assignments of the draft EIA studies and Environmental Clearance procurement in respect of proposed expansion project of the Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant and establishment of 60 KLPD Molasses based Distillery. It was indeed a great experience to have interactions, involvement and discussions with the management and technical experts of PDDYPSSKL. Their knowledge and co-operation as well as support given during the EIA Report preparation impressed me a lot. Sharing of thoughts and planning with Mr. Satej Patil Chairman of PDDYPSSKL was always an interesting thing during the course of assignment. Thank you very much sir!

Prompt response as well as help from Mr. Jaydeep Patil; Managing Director and Mr. Amar Bhambure, Environmental Officer during providing certain information, documentation and data related to the production, processes and details of manufacturing is duly appreciated. Also, the co-operation of staff of PDDYPSSKL is duly acknowledged here. I must thank our Technical Directors and In-house Functional Area Experts Prof. (Dr.) Jay Samant, Dr. Anuradha J. Samant, as well as our other Empanelled Functional Area Experts Dr. J. B. Pishte, Mr. Vinod Sahasrabuddhe, B. S. Lole and Mr. Vinaykumar Kurakula for their able and timely contributions in the EIA studies and report preparation. Despite their busy schedules in the universities, colleges and own professions, they were always available, on time, for the necessary inputs; field visits and discussions. My staff of the EIA Study Cell here must receive a commendation and credit for all the in- house management and inputs during the monitoring, report preparation and presentations. Our other In-house experts of various functional areas have also contributed their best. Last but not the least, the contributions from my non-technical staff and laboratory team is also duly appreciated here.

DR. SANGRAM GHUGARE Chartered Engineer Chairman & MD Equinox Environments (India) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL); Kolhapur

III CAUTION

The information, data, figures, flow charts and drawings in respect of manufacturing processes, mass balance, chemical reactions, production layouts and instrumentation details included in this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report are the sole property of Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. (PDDYPSSKL) located in Village- Vesaraf- Palasambe, Taluka- Gaganbavada, Dist.-Kolhapur, Maharashtra State. Some of the products, reactions and process methodologies may be patented. The style and format of this EIA Report as well as the data, processing and presentations of various environmental features, environmental management planning; designs; drawings; plates; calculations, demonstrations on attributes towards pollution control and abatement aspects etc. are the intellectual property of M/s. Equinox Environments (India) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL); Kolhapur.] All maps (District, State, Country etc.) enclosed in this reports for referring information are purely indicative, graphical & not to scale. Under no circumstances, any part of this report may be used; reproduced; translated; recorded or copied in any form and manner except by the Govt. authorities requiring this report for taking decisions, based on details and information provided in same, during the Environmental Clearance procedure carried out as per EIA Notification No. S.O. 1533 (E) dated 14.09.2006 as amended from time to time.

Equinox Environments (India) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL); Kolhapur Environmental and Civil Engineers, Consultants & Analysts ISO 9001: 2015 & QCI-NABET accredited Organization

IV CERTIFICATE

Declaration by Expert contributing to the EIA in respect of proposed expansion of the Sugar Factory (from 4500 TCD to 5500 TCD), Co-generation Plant (from 19 MW to 23 MW) and establishment of 60 KLPD molasses based Distillery plant by Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd (PDDYPSSKL), located at Dnyanshantinagar, Vesaraf - Palsambe, Tal: Gaganbavda, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra State.

We, hereby, certify that we were a part of the EIA team in the following capacities that developed the above EIA.

EIA Outward No. P-3-PYPATIL-SUGAR-102018 EIA Coordinators Name : Dr. Sangram Ghugare

Period of Involvement : September 2018 – June 2019 Contact Information : [email protected]

Functional Area Expert:

Sr. Functional Name of the Involvement Signature No. Area expert/s (Period & Task) 1 WP Dr. Sangram September 2018 – January 2019 Ghugare • Study of process and operations • Site visit and finalization of water sampling locations • Preparation of water balance and identification of wastewater generation. • Evaluation of water pollution & control management • Identification of impacts, suggestion and finalization of mitigation measures • Study on Treatment of effluents through existing ETP and to be upgraded under proposed expansion was contemplated and designs were done accordingly. 2 EB Prof. (Dr.) Jay September 2018 – January 2019 Samant • Selection of Site for conducting ecological & biodiversity status of the study region. • Interaction with Govt. offices and agencies for certain secondary data and information pertaining to region specific issues. • Study of terrestrial fauna by sighting, noting pug-marks, calls, sounds, droppings, nests and burrows etc. • Interaction with local residents for

V Sr. Functional Name of the Involvement Signature No. Area expert/s (Period & Task) obtaining information about various species of animals and birds usually observed their existence and importance in the study region. • Review of rules, legislation and criteria towards knowing and understanding inclusion in the study region of any eco-sensitive zones, wild life sanctuary. • Collection, compilation and presentation of the data as well as incorporation of same in to the EIA report 3 SE Dr. Anuradha November 2018 - December 2018 Samant • Collection of data on socio-economic aspects in study area through surveys. • Public opinions and recording of events for future industrialization in the Mr. Neeraj study area. • Powar Study of sociological aspects like human settlement, demographic and infrastructural facilities available in study area. • Compilation of primary and secondary data and its inclusion in EIA report. 4 AP Dr. Sangram September 2018 – January 2019 Ghugare • Involved in detailed study of mass balance w.r.t. raw materials & products especially from view point of process emissions. • Site visit and finalization sampling locations • Planning & identifying the most Mr. Yuvraj appropriate air pollution control Damugade equipment from view points of efficiencies, capital as well as O & M cost & suitability • Identification of impact and suggesting the mitigation measures. 5 AQ Mr. Yuvraj September 2018 – January 2019 Damugade • Designing of Ambient AQM network for use in prediction modeling and micro metrological data development • Development and application of air quality models in prediction of pollutant dispersion, • Plotting of isopleths of GLCs, Worst case scenarios prediction w.r.t. source and receptors.

VI Sr. Functional Name of the Involvement Signature No. Area expert/s (Period & Task) 6 HG Dr. J.B. Pishte September 2018 – January 2019 • Hydro geological studies, data processing; analysis and evaluation, Ground water table measurement and monitoring network methodology Mr. Vaibhav preparation. 7 GEO • Planning and scheduling of Survase groundwater sampling stations in the region. • Study of geology & general geological configuration of the region as well as sub-surface geology. • Determination of impact and suggesting mitigation measures 8 SHW Mr. Vinay September 2018 – January 2019 Kumar • Detailed study of manufacturing Kurakula process and mass balance. • Solid wastes generation in different steps of manufacturing was identified and their quantification done was checked. • Identification of various hazardous wastes generated through manufacturing process. • Practices of storage and disposal of HW its impact and mitigation measures. 9 RH Mr. Vinod September 2018 – January 2019 Sahasrabuddhe • All the necessary literature for processes storage of hazardous chemicals was studied before visit. • Site visit and Verification of adequacy of on-site emergency preparedness plan for proposed unit was done. • Identification of probable emergencies and procedures for preparedness for handling the same was verified. • Worst case analysis by using ALOHA, Ware house safety measures, suggestion of mitigation measures. 10 NV Mr. Vinay September 2018 – January 2019 Kumar • Verification of noise levels Monitoring Kurakula (both work zone and ambient) in the industrial premises and study region • Finalization and verification of sampling locations, ambient noise monitoring stations and the data 11 LU collected. • Land use land cover mapping using NRSC Satellite image, • Satellite image processing, Image VII Sr. Functional Name of the Involvement Signature No. Area expert/s (Period & Task) classification, Technical analysis and study for setting up of facility, planning of storage facility. 12 SC Mr. B. S.Lole September 2018 – January 2019 • Involvement physical analysis & characterization of the soils. • Identification of Impact and its mitigation measures • Interpretation of soil analysis, results and data including comparison of same with standard soil classification. • Collection, study and evaluation of soil information from data obtained from secondary sources & its interpretation.

Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization/authorized person:

I, M/s. Equinox Environments (I) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL); Kolhapur, Environmental & Civil Engineers, Consultants and Analysts., hereby confirm that the above mentioned experts were involved in preparation of EIA report in respect of proposed expansion of Sugar factory from 4500 TCD 5500 TCD, Co-gen plant from 19 MW to 23 MW & establishment of 60 KLPD Molasses based distillery by Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. (PDDYPSSKL) located at Dnyanshantinagar, Village- Vesaraf- Palasambe, Taluka- Gaganbavada, Dist- Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any mis-leading information mentioned in this statement.

Signature:

Name: Dr. Sangram Ghugare

Designation: Chairman & MD

Name of the EIA Consultant Organization: M/s. Equinox Environments (I) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL); Kolhapur.

NABET Certificate No. & Issue Date: NABET/EIA/1518 SA 063 dated 01.06.2018

VIII ABBREVIATIONS

AAQM Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ACF Activated Carbon Filter ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists AP Air Pollution APC Air Pollution Control APHA American Public Health Association AQ Air Quality BDL Below Detectable Limit BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CE Critically Endangered CGWB Central Ground Water Board CHWTSDF Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility CMD Cubic Meter per Day CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPU Condensate Polishing Unit CREP Corporate Responsibility For Environmental Protection CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CTE Consent to Establish CTO Consent to Operate CWC Central Water Commission dB (A) A- weighted Decibel DG Diesel Generator DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development DMP Disaster Management Plan DO Dissolved Oxygen DoE Department of Environment DVP Deccan Volcanic Province E East EAC Expert Appraisal Committee EB Ecology and Biodiversity EC Environmental Clearance EEIPL Equinox Environments (India) Pvt. Ltd. EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMC Environment Management Cell EMP Environmental Management Plan EN Endangered ENA Extra Neutral Alcohol EPA Environmental Protection Act ESP Electrostatic Precipitator

IX ETP Effluent Treatment Plant FAE Functional Area Expert GEO Geology GLC Ground Level Concentration GMPs Good Manufacturing Practices GPS Global Positioning System GSDA Ground Water Survey and Development Agency GW Ground Water Ha Hectare HDPE High-density polyethylene HG Hydrology, Ground Water and Water Conservation HSD High Spee Dieseld IMD Indian Metrological Department IRS Indian Remote Sensing IS Indian Standards ISO International Organization for Standardization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KL Kilo Liter KM Kilo Meter KLPD Kilo Liter per Day KVA Kilo Volt Ampere LC Land Cover LC Least Concern LLHE Liquid Liquid Heat Exchanger LU Land Use LUP Land Use Planning MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change MOU Memorandum OF Understanding MPCB Maharashtra Pollution Control Board MSEB Maharashtra State Electricity Board MSIHC Manufacture Storage And Import of Hazardous Chemical MSL Mean Sea Level MT Metric Tone MW Mega Watt N North NAAQM National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NABET National Accreditation Board for Education and Training NBSS National Bureau of Soil Survey NE North-East NFPA National Fire Protection Association NL Not listed

NOx Oxides of Nitrogen NOC No Objection Certificate

X NT Near Threatened NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units NV Noise and Vibration O&M Operation and Maintenance OHC Occupational Health Center OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series. PDDYPSSKL Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. PAH Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension PH Public Hearing PHC Primary Health Center PLC Programmable Logic Controller PM Particulate Matter PP Project Proponent PSF Pressure Sand Filter QCI Quality Council of India RA Risk Assessment RO Reverse Osmosis RS Rectified spirit S South SCBA Self Contained Breathing Apparatus SC Soil conservation SDB Sludge Drying Bed SE Socio - Economic SEIAA State Environment Impact Assessment Authority SHE Safety and Health Environment SHW Solid and Hazardous Waste

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SRSL Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd. SS Suspended Solids STP Sewage Treatment Plant SW South -west SWD Side Water Depth TCD Tones Crushing Per Day TDS Total Dissolved Solids TLV Threshold Limit Value ToR Terms of References TPH Tones Per Hour TWA Time Weighted Average USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VU Vulnerable W West WP Water Pollution

XI CONFIGURATION OF REPORT

Chapter 1 - Introduction

This chapter is an introductory chapter, presenting the background information of the project, its location, objective of project, scope of study and documentation and compliance of ToRs. Chapter 2 - Project Description

This chapter deals with technology and process to be used for the proposed expansion of the project. It also deals with the sources of pollution and mitigation measures under existing and expansion activities. Chapter 3 - Description of the Environment

In this chapter, study of various attributes of environment such as Air, Water, Noise, Soil, Land Use Pattern, Geology, Hydro-geology and Ecology is carried out so as to describe the existing environmental status. Also, present social status is discussed to know if there are any sensitive issues in the area. Chapter 4 - Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

This chapter presents the conclusion drawn by studying the impact considering both the pre - project and post project scenario. It describes the sum impact of the proposed project and mitigation measures for abatement of the pollution. Chapter 5 - Analysis of Alternatives

Various alternatives in terms of site selection and technology to be used are discussed in this chapter and the environment friendly and best suited technology is selected for the proposed distillery project. Chapter 6 - Environmental Monitoring Program

This chapter deals with the planning of Environmental Monitoring Program both during construction phase and operational phase to assess the performance of pollution control equipments to be installed. Chapter 7 - Additional Studies

This chapter illustrates the possible risk area under the proposed distillery project and the safety and disaster management plan prepared to mitigate the same. Chapter 8 - Project Benefits

This chapter describes the predictable benefits due to proposed expansion of distillery in existing premises of distillery and co-gen plant. Chapter 9 - Environmental Management Plan

This chapter deals with the protection and mitigation measures for abatement of pollution after execution of the project. It also deals with the roles and responsibilities of the environmental management cell for proper implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion

This chapter summarizes the conclusion of the Draft EIA report. Chapter 11 - Disclosure of Consultant Organization

In this chapter the name and brief resume of the consultant organization engaged in preparation of the Draft EIA report is presented.

XII CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1-15 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Project & Project Proponent 1 1.3 The place 3 1.4 Importance to Country & Region 5 1.5 Scope of the study 6 CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT DESCRIPTION 16-43 2.1 Type of Project 16 2.2 Need for the Project 16 2.2.1 Employment Generation Potential 16 2.2.2 Potential of the Products 16 2.3 Project Location 16 2.3.1 Site History 17 2.4 Details of Land Requirement 19 2.5 Project Operations, Approvals & Implementation 21 2.5.1 Plan for Approval and Implementation Schedule 21 2.6 Technology and Process Description 21 2.6.1 Product 21 2.6.2 Raw Material for Integrated Project 22 2.6.3 Raw Material and Product Transportation Details 23 2.6.4 Manufacturing Process 25 2.6.4.1 Manufacturing Process for Integrated Complex 25 2.6.4.2 Manufacturing Process for Sugar 25 2.6.4.3 Manufacturing Process for Co-generation Plant 26 2.6.4.4 Process Mass Balance for Sugar factory- 5500 TCD 27 2.6.4.5 Distillery Manufacturing Process 29 2.6.5 Product and By- Product Storage Details 30 2.7 Sources of Pollution and their Control 30 2.7.1 Water Pollution 30 2.7.1.1 Fresh Water Adequacy 31 2.7.1.2 Effluent Generation 32 2.7.1.3 Domestic Effluent 33 2.7.1.4 Industrial Effluent 33 2.7.2 Air Pollution 35 2.7.2.1 Fugitive Emissions 37 2.7.2.2 Process Emissions 37 2.7.3 Solid waste 37 2.7.4 Hazardous Wastes 38 2.7.5 Noise Pollution 38 2.7.5.1 Sources of Noise Pollution 38 2.7.6 Odour Pollution 39 2.7.7 Land Pollution 39 2.7.8 Budgetary Allocation by Industry towards Environment Protection 39 2.8 Green Belt Development Plan 40

XIII 2.8.1 Area Calculation for Green Belt Plan 40 2.8.2 Existing Tree Plantation 40 2.8.3 Proposed Tree Plantation 41 2.8.4 Criteria for Green Belt Development 41 2.9 Rain Water Harvesting 41 CHAPTER 3 – DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 44-109 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 PROJECT SETTINGS 44 3.2.1 Environmental Setting w.r.t Western Ghat – Eco Sensitive Area 44 (WG - ESA) 3.2.2 Environmental Settings w.r.t Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary – 45 Eco Sensitive Zone (RWLS- ESZ) 3.3 Land Use and Land Cover(LU & LC) 46 3.3.1 Scope of work 46 3.3.2 Study Area & Location 46 3.3.3 Purpose of Land Use Mapping 47 3.3.4 Land use Map Analysis 47 3.3.5 Methodology for LU & LC Study 47 3.4 Land Use Studies 51 3.4.1 Land Use of Study Area 52 3.4.2 Topographical Features 52 3.4.3 Land use Map 54 3.4.4 Settlement Map 55 3.4.5 Eco- Sensitive Map 56 3.5 Soil Characteristics 57 3.5.1 Introduction 57 3.5.2 Soil Quality: Present status 57 3.5.3 Methodology 57 3.5.3.1 Methodology of Data Generation 57 3.5.3.2 Sources of Information 58 3.5.4 Comments on soil characteristics are as follows 59 3.5.5 Physical Characters 61 3.5.6 Chemical characters 61 3.6 Drainage and Geomorphology 67 3.6.1 Methodology 67 3.6.1.1 Literature review 67 3.6.2 Data Generation 67 3.6.2.1 Hydrogeology 67 3.6.2.2 Geology 67 3.6.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation 68 3.6.3.1 Hydrogeology 68 3.6.3.2 Geology 68 3.6.4 Drainage 68 3.6.5 Geomorphology 68 3.7 Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology 71 3.7.1 Stratigraphic succession of Deccan Basalt Group of the Western 71

XIV Ghats 3.7.2 Hydrogeology 71 3.8 Meteorology 75 3.8.1 Introduction 75 3.8.2 Methodology 75 3.8.2.1 Methodology of Data Generation 76 3.8.2.2 Sources of Information 76 3.9 Air Quality 76 3.9.1 Introduction 76 3.9.2 Methodology 76 3.9.2.1 Selection of Sampling Locations 76 3.9.2.2 Parameters, Frequency and Analysis Methods for 77 AAQ Monitoring 3.9.3 Presentation of Results 77 3.9.4 Observations 78 3.10 Water quality 79 3.10.1 Introduction 79 3.10.2 Methodology 79 3.10.2.1 Methodology of Data Generation 79 3.10.3 Sampling Procedure for Primary Data Generation 80 3.10.4 Presentation of Results 80 3.10.4.1 Surface Water 80 3.10.4.2 Ground Water 82 3.11 Noise Level Survey 84 3.11.1 Introduction 84 3.11.2 Identification of Sampling Locations 84 3.11.3 Ambient Noise Monitoring Stations 84 3.11.3.1 Method of Monitoring 86 3.11.3.2 Standards for Noise Levels 86 3.11.4 Presentation of Results 87 3.11.4.1 Observations 87 3.12 Socio-Economic Profile 87 3.12.1 Introduction 87 3.12.2 Methodology 88 3.12.3 Results and Discussion 88 3.12.4 Observation 90 3.12.5 Expectation of Respondents from PDDYPSSKL 90 3.12.6 Conclusion 92 3.12.7 Suggestions 92 3.13 Ecology 92 3.13.1 Study Area 92 3.13.2 Methodology 93 3.13.3 Ecology 94 3.13.3.1 Field Observations 94 3.13.3.2 Questionnaire Survey 95 3.13.4 Biodiversity 95 3.13.4.1 Field Observation 95

XV 3.13.4.2 Questionnaire survey 96 3.13.4.3 Environmental Impact of Proposed Project on 97 Ecology and Biodiversity in the region 3.13.4.4 Green Belt 97 3.13.4.4.1 Observation and Recommendations 97 3.13.4.5 CER Activity 98 3.13.4.5.1 Observation and Recommendations 98 CHAPTER 4 – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES 110-156 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Construction Phase 110 4.3 Operation Phase 114 4.3.1 Impact on Air Quality 116 4.3.1.1 GLC Evaluation through Air Dispersion Modelling 116 4.3.1.2 Mitigation Measures 124 4.3.2 Impact on Climate 126 4.3.3 Impact on Water Resources 126 4.3.3.1 Surface Water (Quality & Quantity) 126 4.3.3.2 Calculation for Quantification of Impact on Kumbhi 128 River (Surface Water) 4.3.3.3 Ground Water 130 4.3.3.4 Mitigation Measures 130 4.3.4 Impact on HydroGeology 131 4.3.4.1 Mitigation Measures 131 4.3.5 Impact of Solid and Hazardous Wastes 131 4.3.5.1 Mitigation Measures 132 4.3.6 Impact on Soil and Agriculture 135 4.3.6.1 Mitigation Measures 135 4.3.7 Impact on Noise Levels 135 4.3.7.1 Mitigation Measures 137 4.3.8 Impact on Vibration 137 4.3.9 Impact on Land Use 137 4.3.9.1 Mitigation Measures 138 4.3.10 Impact on Ecology and Bio-diversity 138 4.3.10.1 Mitigation Measures 138 4.3.11 Occupational Health and Safety 138 4.3.11.1 Mitigation Measures 138 4.3.12 Impact on Historical Places 139 4.4 Evaluation Of Impact 139 4.4.1 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) 139 4.4.2 Environmental Impact Evaluation for PDDYPSSKL 140 4.5 Impact due to decommissioning activity 149 4.5.1 Decommissioning Phase 149 CHAPTER 5 – ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE 157-159 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Analysis of alternative sites 157 5.3 Alternative Technologies 157

XVI 5.3.1 Sugar Factory 157 5.3.1.1 Improvement in Sugar Quality 157 5.3.2 Co-gen Plant 157 5.3.3 Distillery 157 5.3.3.1 Fermentation Technology 157 5.3.3.2 Distillation Process 158 5.3.3.3 Analysis of Alternative Technology for Abating the 158 Pollution 5.3.4 Peletilazation of Fly ash 159 CHAPTER 6 – ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 160-171 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 Monitoring Program during Construction Phase 160 6.3 Environmental Monitoring Program during the Post Construction/ 160 Operational Phase 6.3.1 Air Pollution Management 161 6.3.2 Water Management 161 6.3.3 Noise Level Management 162 6.3.4 Land Management 162 6.3.5 Odour Management 163 6.3.6 Operation Control And Equipment Maintenance 163 6.3.7 Occupational Health & Safety Measures 163 6.3.8 Measures For Socio-Economic Development 164 6.3.8.1 Better Employment Opportunities 164 6.3.8.2 Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Plan 165 6.3.8.3 Proposed Corporate Environmental Responsibility 165 (CER) Plan by PDDYPSSKL 6.3.8.4 Measures for Improvement of Ecology 166 6.4 Environmental monitoring Program Schedule 167 6.8 Compliance To Recommendations Mentioned In The CREP Guidelines 171 CHAPTER 7- ADDITIONAL STUDIES 172 -187 7.1 Public Consultation 172 7.1.1 Details of Public Hearing 172 7.1.2 Minutes of Public Hearing 172 7.2 R & R Action Plan 173 7.3 Potential and major hazards in sugar Factory 174 7.4 Objectives And Scope of The RH Report 174 7.4.1 Objective of the Risk and Hazard analysis 174 7.4.2 Methodology 174 7.4.2.1 Identify hazards based on 174 7.4.2.2 Hazard Assessment 174 7.4.2.3 Recommendations 174 7.5 Hazard Identification In Sugar Industry 174 7.5.1 Mitigation Measures to avoid accidents 175 7.6 Boiler Section 176 7.6.1 Establishing A Fire Fighting Group 176 7.7 Hazard Identification: Sugar Manufacturing Section 176

XVII 7.7.1 Bagasse Production and Storage 177 7.7.1.1 Present Scenario 177 7.7.1.2 Additional Mitigation Measures for safe storage 178 7.7.2 Hazard Identification : Sulphur Storage 178 7.7.2.1 Dust Explosion 178 7.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures 179 7.7.2.3 Fire in Sulphur storage 179 7.7.2.4 Mitigation Measures 179 7.7.2.5 Safety and fire fighting tips 180 7.7.3 Hazard Identification : Molasses Storage 180 7.7.3.1 Present Senario 180 7.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures 180 7.7.4 Hazard Identification : Sulphur di oxide (SO ) production and 2 181 handling 7.7.4.1 Mitigation Measures suggested and measures which 182 are in place 7.7.4.2 Hazard quantification 182 7.8 Co-generation plant 182 7.9 Distillation plant 183 7.9.1 Choice of technology 183 7.9.2 Hazard Identification: Molasses Storage 183 7.9.3 Hazard Identification: Production of Alcohol 183 7.9.3.1 Hazard Identification: Alcohol Storage 184 7.9.3.2 Qualitative Risk analysis 184 7.9.3.3 Mitigation Measures 184 7.9.3.4 Quantitative Risk Analysis 185 7.10 On-site emergency plan 185 7.11 Occupational health aspects and medical provision in the factory 185 7.11.1 Effects of Alcohol on health 185 7.11.2 Medical check-up 186 7.11.3 Occupational Health Center: OHC 186 7.12 EHS POLICY 187 CHAPTER 8 – PROJECT BENEFIT 188-189 8.1 Introduction 188 8.1.1 Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure 188 8.1.2 Improvement in the Social Infrastructure 188 8.2 Activities Done By PDDYPSSKL Under CER 188 8.3 Employment potential 189 8.4 Other Tangible Benefits 189 Chapter 9 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 190-195 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Environmental Management Cell(EMC) 190 9.3 Working of Environmental Management Plan 192 9.4 Recommendation & Implementation Schedule 192 9.4.1 Summary of Recommendations 192

XVIII 9.5 Environmental Post Monitoring Programmes 194 9.6 Post Environmental Clearance Compliance 194 9.6.1 Monitoring Equipment 195 CHAPTER 10 – SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 196-200 10.1 Introduction 196 10.2 Project at a Glance 196 10.3 Process Description 197 10.3.1 Product & Raw Material 197 10.4 Sources of Pollution & Mitigation Measures 198 10.4.1 Water Pollution 198 10.4.2 Air Pollution 199 10.4.3 Noise Pollution 199 10.4.4 Solid Waste 199 10.4.5 Hazardous Waste 199 10.4.6 Odour Pollution 199 10.5 Green Belt Development 200 10.6 Environmental Monitoring Program 200 10.7 Environment Management Plan 200 10.8 Conclusion 200 CHAPTER 11 – DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT ORGANIZATION 201 11.1 The Organization 201-216

XIX SR. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

• Enclosures 217-242 Enclosure -I Stander Terms Of References 217-230 Enclosure -II Notification of Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary & relevant 231-236 Maps Enclosure -III List of Distilleries which Receive Govt. Benefit Under 237-242 National Bio Fuel Policy 2018

• Appendices 243-459

Appendix – A Plot Layout 243 Appendix – B Statutory Permissions 244-284 Appendix – C List of Equipment under existing & expansion of Sugar 285-315 factory, Co-gen plant & Proposed distillery Appendix – D Water Lifting Permission Letter 316-326 Appendix – E Agreement with farmers for utilization of treated effluent 327-336 Appendix – F Photograph of online monitoring System 337 Appendix – G Co-gen ETP & STP 338-348 Appendix – H Stack height Calculation 349-350 Appendix - I Photographs of Existing Green Belt & Proposed Green 351-358 Belt Plan Appendix - J Details of Public Hearing (PH) 359-375 Appendix - K Health Checkup Report 376-397 Appendix - L Photographs of Fire Fighting 398 Appendix - M Fire Hydrant layout 399-400 Appendix - N Certificate for Storage & handling Sulphur 401-404 Appendix - O ALOHA 405-413 Appendix - P Boiler Co-gen Inter Lock 414-419 Appendix - Q Onsite Emergency Plan 420-431 Appendix - R EHS Policy 432 Appendix - S Existing CER activity Done by PDDYPSSKL 433-434 Appendix - T RO MoEFCC, Nagpur Report 435-459 • Monitoring Reports 460-509 Annexure I Soil Monitoring Report 460-463 Annexure II Meteorological Data 464-487 Annexure III Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Report 488-495 Annexure IV Surface water Monitoring Report 496-501 Annexure V Ground water Monitoring Report 502-507 Annexure VI Noise Monitoring Report 508-509 • Certificates and other Document 510-548

XX LIST OF TABLES Table Name of Table Page No. No. 1.1 Project Investment Details 2 1.2 Promoters of PDDYPSSKL 3 1.3 Summary of Terms of Reference 6 2.1 Details of Manpower 16 2.2 Project Sitting & Environmental Settings 17 2.3 Area Statement of PDDYPSSKL (Sq.M.) 19 2.4 Working Pattern 21 2.5 Project Implementation schedule 21 2.6 Product & By-product for Integrated Complex 22 2.7 List of Raw Materials for Integrated Complex 22 2.8 Season Cane Availability for Sugar Factory 23 2.9 Season Bagasse Availability for Co-gen Plant 23 2.10 Availability of Molasses for Proposed Distillery 23 2.11 Sugarcane Transportation Details 24 2.12 Product & By-product Transportation Details 24 2.13 Electricity Requirement Details 28 2.14 Distribution of Electricity Generated from Co-gen Plant 28 2.15 Steam Balance 28 2.16 Product and By-product Storage Details 30 2.17 Details of Water Consumption in Sugar Factory 31 2.18 Details of Water Consumption in Co-gen Plant 31 2.19 Details of Water Consumption in Distillery 31 2.20 Effluent Generation in Sugar Factory 32 2.21 Effluent Generation in Co-gen Plant 32 2.22 Details of Effluent Generation in Distillery 32 2.23 Dimensions of Sugar ETP units 33 2.24 Details of MEE 35 2.25 Details of Boiler and Stack in PDDYPSSKL 35 2.26 Characteristics of Fuels 35 2.27 Spentwash Characteristics 36 2.28 Fuel Storage Details 37 2.29 Details of ESP for Boilers 37 2.30 Solid Waste Generation & Disposal 38 2.31 Details of Hazardous Waste 38 2.32 Capital As Well As O & M Cost (Existing & Proposed) 40 2.33 Area Details 40 3.1 Satellite Data Details 47 3.2 Area Statistics for Land Use Land Cover Classes 52 3.3 Analytical Techniques for Soil Analysis 58 3.4 Soil Sampling Locations 58 3.5 Standard Soil Classification 58 3.6 Existing Soil Characteristics 60 3.7 Well inventory data for the area around PDDYPSSKL 73 3.8 Meteorological Parameters 76

XXI Table Name of Table Page No. No. 3.9 AAQM Location Details 77 3.10 AAQ Parameters, Monitoring Frequency and Analysis Methods 77 3.11 Summary of the AAQ Monitoring Results for Season [October 2018 – 78 November 2018 – December 2018] 3.12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Specified By CPCB 78 3.13 Monitoring Locations for Surface Water 79 3.14 Monitoring Locations for Ground Water 80 3.15 Surface Water 81 3.16 Ground water 82 3.17 Noise Sampling Locations 85 3.18 Ambient Noise Level Standards 86 3.19 Standards for Occupational Exposure 87 3.20 OSHA Standards for Occupational Exposure 87 3.21 Ambient Noise Levels 87 3.22 Village in Study Area & Sample Size of Respondents 88 3.23 Age Distribution within Sample size 89 3.24 Names of the villages studied for EB and questionnaire survey, their 93 ESA status and their distance from the project site 3.25 List of fauna observed during field survey Avifauna 99 3.26 Manmmales 101 3.27 Herpetofauna 101 3.28 Butterflies 101 3.29 List of Flora observed during field survey 102 3.30 List of fauna reported by the respondents during the survey 102 3.31 List of flora commonly reported by the locals during survey 103 4.1 Impact Identification and Mitigation Measures due to Construction Phase 111 4.2 Disposal of Waste Generation during Construction Phase 113 4.3 Identification of Impacts on Environment due to Operation Phase 115 4.4 Predominant Wind Directions 116 4.5 Baseline Concentrations at site 117 4.6 GLC with Incremental Increase in SO2Values 119 4.7 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM10Values ( g /m3) 120 4.8 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM2.5 Values ( g /m3) 121 4.9 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM10Values 122 4.10 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM2.5Values 123 4.11 Quantification of Pollutants Load (Distillery Spentwash) 127 4.12 Quantification of Pollutants Load (Effluent from Distillery) 127 4.13 Accidental Discharge of Raw spentwash into Nallah 128 4.14 Discharge of Contaminated Nallah in to Kumbhi river 128 4.15 Accidental Discharge of Untreated Effluent into Nallah 128 4.16 Discharge of Contaminated Nallah into Kumbhi river 129 4.17 Inland surface Water (CPCB Standards 129 4.18 Waste Minimization Techniques 133 4.19 Permissible Exposure In Case of Continuous Noise 136 4.20 Standards in Respect of Ambient Noise Levels 137

XXII Table Name of Table Page No. No. 4.21 Existing Environmental Status in Study Area 142 4.22 Application of BEES for Impact Evaluation 145 4.23 Identification of RED Flags to the Potential Problem Areas in Battelle 148 EES 4.24 The Mitigation Measures 148 4.25 Identification of Impacts due to Decommissioning of PDDYPSSKL 149 5.1 Difference between the Technology Used for Abating Pollution 158 6.1 Trees with Good Canopy for Noise Attenuation 162 6.2 Health Care Facility Equipment 164 6.3 Proposed CSR activities for PDDYPSSKL 165 6.4 CSR Implementation Schedule 166 6.5 Plan for Monitoring of Environmental Attributes in and around Industry 168 6.6 Environmental Monitoring Schedule within Industrial Premises 169 6.7 Environmental Monitoring Schedule Surrounding Industrial Premises 170 7.1 Points Raised in the PH & Response of PP 172 7.2 Possible Hazardous Locations onsite 175 7.3 Toxicity Number 182 7.4 TLV Level 182 7.5 Storage for Rectified Spirit 183 7.6 Alcohol Storage Area 184 7.7 Risk analysis 184 7.8 Effect of Ethyl Alcohol 185 8.1 Activity done By PDDYPSSKL under CER 188 9.1 Environmental Management Cell 190 9.2 Summary of Recommendations 192 9.3 Implementation schedule 194 9.4 Statutory Compliance to be observed 195 10.1 Project Investment Details 196 10.2 Salient Features of the PDDYPSSKL Project Site 196 10.3 List of Products for Integrated complex 197 10.4 List of Raw Materials for Integrated complex 197 10.5 Solid Waste Details 199 10.6 Hazardous Waste Details 199

XXIII LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Name of Figure Page No. 1.1 Location of the Project Site 4 1.2 Photograph of Existing Unit 5 2.1 Images Showing Site History 18 2.2 Integrated Manufacturing Process Operations 25 2.3 Process Chart in Co-gen Operation 28 2.4 Mass Balance and Process Flow Chart for 60 KLPD Distillery 30 2.5 Flow Chart of Sugar Factory ETP 34 2.6 Flow Chart of CPU in Distillery 34 2.7 Cross Section of Spentwash Tank 36 2.8 Rain Water harvesting, Control & Planning 43 3.1 Project Setting (WG - ESA) 44 3.2 Project Setting (WG - ESA) 45 3.3 Project Setting w.r.t RWLS - ESZ 46 3.4 Process Flow Chart 48 3.5 Google Image 49 3.6 Satellite Image 50 3.7 Visual Interpretation Keys used for the Study 51 3.8 Land Use and Land Cover Statistics 52 3.9 Topographical Map 53 3.10 Land Use and Land Cover Map 54 3.11 Settlement Map 55 3.12 Eco- Sensitive Map 56 3.13 Soil Map 62 3.14 Drainage Map 69 3.15 Geomorphological Map 70 3.16 Geological Map 72 3.17 Water table contour map with well and sample locations 73 3.18 Geo-hydrological Map 74 3.19 Noise Monitoring Locations 85 4.1 Impact Identification Process Flow Chart 114 4.2 Windrose for the Month October 2018 – December 2018 118 3 4.3 Isopleths of SO2 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm ) 119 3 4.4 Isopleths of PM10 (24 Hrs Max. Conc. in μg/Nm ) 120 4.5 Isopleths of PM2.5 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm3) 121 4.6 Isopleths of PM10 122 4.7 Isopleths of PM2.5 123 9.1 Environmental Management Cell and Responsibilities 191 9.2 Environmental Management Plan 192 10.1 Manufacturing Process Details of PDDYPSSKL Integrated Project 198

XXIV NAME OF PLATE Plate No. Name of Plate Page No 1 Socio Economic Survey of PDDYPSSKL 91 2 PDDYPSSKL Western Ghat ESZ Map 105 3 Habitats in Study Area of PDDYPSSKL 106 4 Biodiversity in the study Area of PDDYPSSKL 107 5 Google image of PDDYPSSKL factory Layout 108 with Surrounding 6 Photographs of Green belt in Premises of 109 PDDYPSSKL

XXV Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION

'Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)' is the process of evaluating likely environmental impacts, both positive and negative, of a new or expansion project by taking into account natural, social and economic aspects. It also comprises of suggesting possible mitigation measures, for the negative impacts, before implementation of the project. The main objectives of an EIA report are -

• To describe a pre-project baseline condition with respect to Environmental Indicators. • To identify possible sources of pollution and their environmental impacts including identifying risks associated with setting up of a new / expansion project and suggesting appropriate mitigation measures for alleviating adverse impacts to the extent possible. • To suggest environmental / risk management plans for implementing the mitigation measures.

India is the largest producer of sugarcane and sugar, still sugar factories in India are facing problems. Sugar factories cannot survive in healthy condition on a single product i.e. sugar. Thus, it is essential to develop sugar factory into an affiliated complex so as to utilize the valuable by-products more profitably. Bio-mass is the most promising alternative fuel. Agro- waste and agro industrial products have today been recognized as ‘modern’ bio-mass material which can be converted directly into useful forms of energy. Bio-mass has the crucial advantage of being environment friendly. Bagasse is a captive bio-mass. In India, there are large numbers of sugar mills of varying crushing capacity ranging from a critical period because of over-production, low sugar price, low international market, etc., can enhance revenue by co-generation. So co-generation would benefit both the nation and the industry. It is estimated that Indian sugar industry can export 3600 MW power by adopting bagasse based co-generation units. In the co-generation sugar mills, power generation and consumption per ton cane is about 108 and 36 units. So power revenue of co-generation sugar mills is around Rs. 210 per ton of cane. Molasses is a very important by-product of the sugar industry. The profits earned by conversion of molasses into alcohol are much higher than that of sale of molasses alone. Moreover, there is a good demand for alcohol in the country as production and consumption of alcohol in India are quite balanced. Also, there is a good export potential, out of the country, for the alcohol.

With a due consideration to all the above facts, the management of Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. (PDDYPSSKL), Dnyanshantinagar, Village: Vesaraf – Palasambe, Tal.: Gaganbavada, Dist.: Kolhapur has decided to go for expansion of its existing sugar factory and co-generation plant with establishment of a distillery project.

1.2 THE PROJECT &PROJECT PROPONENTS

The project site of PDDYPSSKL is located on survey no. 148 6A, 6B, 7A, 8A, 8B, 05, 15, 50,305, 306, 307, Tal.: Gaganbavada, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra. The expansion of sugar factory would be undertaken from 4,500 TCD to 5,500 TCD (increase by 1,000 TCD), Co- gen plant from 19 MW to 23 MW (increase by 4 MW) and establishment of 60 KLPD distillery.

This report is made in the overall context of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification No. S. O. 1533 (E) dated 14.09.2006 and amendments thereto issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC); New Delhi. PDDYPSSKL Industry comes under Project types namely 5 (j), 1(d) &5(g) i.e. Sugar Factory, Thermal Power (Co-gen) Plant and Distillery respectively. As per the schedule, Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant is categorized as 'B' and the Distillery as 'A'. But, the Ministry has published a Notification dated 13.06.2019 w.r.t. the distilleries. As per the said notification, all Molasses based distilleries with capacity equal to or less than 100 KLPD are to be considered at State Level. In light of this, our project comprising of 60 KLPD molasses distillery would go to Maharashtra State. However, for our said project the “General Condition” from EIA Notification dated 14.09.2006 (as amended from time to time) become applicable. Accordingly, it is hereby informed that the “Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary” is located at 10.20 Km from our Project Site. The “Eco-sensitive Zone (ESZ)” for the sanctuary has not yet been finalized by MoEFCC. A Notification copy w.r.t. the Sanctuary and concerned maps are presented at Enclosure -II. In absence of a duly notified ESZ; a distance of 10 KM from the sanctuary boundary is considered as ESZ as per Hon. Supreme Court order WP No.46/2004 dated 4.12.2006.

Sir, as shown in the toposheet map at Enclosure – II; the ESZ of Radganagari Sanctuary is located within 5 KM distance from our Project Site. Thus, in light of applicability of the “General Conditions” (i.e. an ESZ located within 5 Km of Project site), our above mentioned project would be appraised at Centre Level by Expert Appraisal Committee of MoEFCC.

Our 2500 TCD Sugar Factory was established in the year 2003 with land acquired in villages namely Vesaraf, Palsambe and Aslaj of Gaganbavada taluka in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra State. Subsequently, in the year 2010; a 19 MW Cogen Plant was established in the sugar factory premises for which the SEAC & SEIAA of Maharashtra awarded Environmental Clearance. Later on in year 2018, our Sugar factory expansion from 2500 TCD to 4500 TCD was carried out for which the MPCB awarded Consent to Operate dated 16.02.2018. Now our management has planned to establish a 60 KLPD molasses distillery in the integrated project complex while taking up second expansion of sugar factory as well as that of the cogen plant. Present EIA report has been prepared by incorporating required information and details required as per the Terms of Reference (ToRs) issued by MoEFCC vide letter No.IA-J-11011/333/2018-IA II (I) dated 18.11.2018 to PDDYPSSKL

The sugar factory is registered with Govt. of Maharashtra vide certificate No. KPR/GWA/PRG/ (A)/S-50 dated 06.04.1994. The first crushing season of sugar factory was undertaken in the year March 2003.

Table 1.1 Project Investment Details

No. Industrial Unit Capital Investment (in Rs. Crores) Existing Expansion Proposed Total 1 Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant 171.64 171.64 ---- 343.28 2 Distillery ------71.82 71.82 Total 171.64 171.64 71.82 415.1

Table 1.2 Promoters of PDDYPSSKL

No. Name Designation 1 Mr. Satej D. Patil Chairman 2 Mr. Lahu J. Patil Vice Chairman 3 Mr. Jaydeep S. Patil Managing Director 4 Mr. Sanjay D. Patil Director

1.3 THE PLACE

Proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and establishment of distillery shall be carried out at existing premises of PDDYPSSKL. The total land acquired by the industry is 3, 47,099 Sq. M. (34.70 Ha.).The total built up area of existing sugar factory, co-gen unit and residential colony as well as proposed distillery is 51,900.24 Sq.M. (5.17 Ha). A no objection certificate, for the proposed expansion and distillery projects has been obtained from the Asalaj Grampanchayat.

Following aspects have been taken into consideration while planning expansion project activities in the PDDYPSSKL complex -

1. Adequate land for proposed distillery and expansion of sugar and co-gen plant 2. Proximity to the raw material availability. 3. Availability as well as ease towards supply of raw materials and utilities like water, steam and electricity from existing setup for conducting various operations and processes. 4. Convenient location at 40 Km of Kolhapur City. The nearest town is Gaganbavada 1.5 Km from the project site, which is very well connected by roads. 5. No rehabilitation and resettlement required to be done.

Figure 1.1 Location of the Project Site

e Maps are purely graphical and not to scale, Latitude: 16°35'08.45"N, Longitude: 73°52'46.36"E

Figure 1.2 Photograph of Existing Unit

1.4 IMPORTANCE TO COUNTRY & REGION

The sugar Industry in India is well maintained and is growing at a steady pace, boasting of a consumer base of over billions of people. The bulk of rural population in India depends on this industry. One of the agro-based enterprises in India, sugar manufacturing is the second largest agricultural industry, after the textile sector.

Sugar manufacturing in Maharashtra is one of the most notable sectors in the country. The pace of growth of this industry has been massive over the past few years. Most of the sugar units have by-product utilization plants, based on bagasse and molasses. Ethanol, power and paper projects have tremendous scope for development in India. In near future, about 10-15% ethanol may be allowed to be blended with petrol. Thus, alcohol production from molasses has the most promising prospects. Bagasse based power generation projects, installed in the premises of sugar factory, not only fulfil captive need of the industry but also make available surplus power which could be exported in the grid thereby providing value addition.

Bagasse based co-generation of steam and electricity is not new to India and has been practised for long in sugar mills. The primary objective in the past had been to produce steam required for processing and incidentally generating electricity. Since process steam was required at pressures that were not high, low pressure boilers were used to produce steam. Steam turbines driving the mills and generators were therefore, designed to operate with low pressure steam. As the low-pressure steam has a large quantum of heat, which is lost in the process of condensing, the efficiency of conventional power plants is only around 35%. In a cogeneration plant, very high efficiency levels, in the range of 75% – 90%, can be reached. This is so, because the low-pressure exhaust steam coming out of the turbine is not condensed, but used for heating purposes in factories or houses. In certain mills, electricity generated was not enough to meet captive requirements and the short fall was met by drawing electricity from the utility grid. In the mid-eighties it was realized that by making maximum use of potential for co-generating steam and electricity from baggase, generation of electricity could be increased not only to fully meet the captive requirements but also to have exportable surplus that could bring in additional profit. Since co-generation can meet both power and heat needs, it has other advantages as well in the form of significant cost savings for the plant and reduction in emissions of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption. Where there is a need to augment the steam and power generation within the plant on account of capacity up-

gradation, where there is a potential to improve the energy efficiency of the sugar plant by retiring inefficient boilers and turbo generators, it is prudent for the sugar factory to go in for new high pressure and high efficiency boilers and matching turbo generators. Such system, in addition to generating surplus power for export which improves the bottom line of the sugar mill operations, improves the energy efficiency of the sugar mill process itself. Alcohol has assumed very important place in the Country’s economy. It is a vital raw material for a number of chemicals. It has been a source of a large amount of revenue by way of excise duty levied by the Govt. on alcoholic liquors. It has a potential as fuel in the form of power alcohol for blending with petrol. Also, the fermentation alcohol has great demand in countries like Japan, U.S.A., Canada, Sri Lanka etc., as the synthetic alcohol produced by these countries, from naphtha of petroleum crude, is not useful for beverages. India is the fourth largest producer of alcohol in the world and there has been a consistent increase in its production over the last 22 years or so. (Reference: Opportunities For Green Chemistry Initiatives: Molasses Based Distilleries, 2014). 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This EIA report has been complied with the Terms of References (TORs) formulated and presented by the Industry as well as those additionally issued by the MoEFCC. Compliance towards ToRs granted have been summarized here under. Table 1.3 Summary of TORs No Description of TORs Compliance A Standard TORs for Sugar Factory, Co-gen Plant and Distillery [Project Type as per EIA Notification S.O. 1533 E dated 14.09.2006 5(j),1(d) & 5(g)] 1 Executive Summary Refer Chapter 10 2 Introduction Refer Chapter 1 i Details of the EIA Consultant including Refer Chapter 11 NABET accreditation ii Information about the project proponent Refer Chapter 1, Table 1.2, Page 2. iii Importance and benefits of the project Refer Chapter 1, Page 5. 3 Project Description I Cost of project and time of completion Cost of project- Refer Chapter 1, Table 1.1 Page 2 & time of completion- Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.5 Page 21 ii Products with capacities for the proposed Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.6 Page 22 project iii If expansion project, details of existing Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.6 Page 22 products with capacities and whether for details of existing products. adequate land is available for expansion, Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.3 Page 19 reference of earlier EC if any. & 20 for details of area statement. As the expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and proposed distillery will be done within the existing premises of PDDYPSSKL. Industry has sufficient land for expansion of the same Refer Appendix B for earlier EC. iv List of raw materials required and their Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.2, source along with mode of transportation. Table 2.7 Page 22

6 No Description of TORs Compliance v Other chemicals and materials required Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.11 & with quantities and storage capacities 2.12 Page 24 vi Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.7.2 Page- waste generation and their management. 35 to 37 vii Requirement of water, power, with source Refer Appendix – D for water lifting of supply, status of approval, water balance permission Refer Chapter 2, Table diagram, man-power requirement (regular 2.13 Page 28 for Power requirement and contract) of industry. Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.1 Page 16 for man power requirement. viii Process description along with major Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.6.4.2, equipments and machineries, process flow Figure 2.2 Page 25 & Refer Appendix sheet (quantities) from raw material to C for list of equipments. products to be provided ix Hazard identification and details of Refer Chapter – 7, Page 171-86 proposed safety systems x Expansion/modernization proposals a. Copy of all the Environmental Refer Appendix - B for copy of Clearance(s) including Amendments existing Environmental Clearance thereto obtained for the project from order w.r.t. for existing unit. MOEF/SEIAA shall be attached as an Further, a certified copy of latest Annexure. A certified copy of the Monitoring Report of the Regional latest Monitoring Report of the Office of the Ministry of Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests is Environment and Forests as per enclosed at Appendix - T circular dated 30thMay, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing/ existing operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA- EMP report. b. In case the existing project has not Existing unit of PDDYPSSKL - Sugar obtained environmental clearance, factory & co-gen plant has been reasons for not taking EC under the granted EC. Refer Appendix - B for provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 copy of EC & of Valid Consent and/ or EIA Notification 2006 shall copies. be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/ No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005 - 2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be

7 No Description of TORs Compliance submitted. 4 Site Details i Location of the project site covering Refer Chapter – 1 , Figure 1.1, Page village, Taluka/ Tehsil, District and State, 3 Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered. ii A toposheet of the study area of radius of Refer Chapter – 3 , Figure 3.9, Page 10 km and site location on 53 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) iii Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection As the expansion of sugar factory, co- of site. gen plant and proposed distillery will be done within the existing premises of PDDYPSSKL. Industry has sufficient land for expansion same and hence no any alternative sites were considered. iv Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners Refer Chapter – 2 , Section 2.2, Page of the site. 17 v Google map-Earth downloaded of the Refer Chapter – 3 , Figure 3.5, Page project site. 49 vi Layout maps indicating existing unit as Refer Appendix – A. well as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate. vii Photographs of the proposed and existing Refer Appendix – A for Plot layout & (if applicable) plant site. If existing, show for photographs of existing green belt photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in & green belt plan refer Appendix - I particular. viii Landuse break-up of total land of the Refer Chapter – 3, Table 3.2, and project site (identified and acquired), Figure 3.8, Page- 52 for land use government/private - agricultural, forest, breakup of total land. wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (Not required for industrial area). ix A list of major industries with name and There are no industries within study type within study area (10 km radius) shall area . be incorporated. Land use details of the study area. x Geological features and Geo-hydrological Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.6, Page status of the study area shall be included. 67 xi Details of Drainage of the project up to 5 km radius of study area. If the site is within Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.6.4, Page 1 km radius of any major river, peak and 68-69 lean season river discharge as well as flood

8 No Description of TORs Compliance occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xii Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition Entire land is acquired by is not complete, stage of the acquisition PDDYPSSKL process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xiii R & R details in respect of land in line with Refer Chapter – 7, Section 7.2 , Page state Government policy 173 5 Forest &Wildlife related issues (if applicable) i Permission and approval for the use of NA forest land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable) ii Land use map based on High resolution NA satellite imagery (GPS) of the proposed site delineating the forestland (in case of projects involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii Status of Application submitted for NA obtaining the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv The projects to be located within 10 km of NA the National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden-thereon v Wildlife Conservation Plan duly NA authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area vi Copy of application submitted for NA clearance under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife 6 Environmental Status i Determination of atmospheric inversion By using meteorological data the level at the project site and site-specific windrose have been plot. the same micrometeorological data using are reflected in chapter 4 temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall.

9 No Description of TORs Compliance ii AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.9, Table for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO and 3.11, Page 78 other parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. iii Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.9, Table weeks of all stations as per frequency 3.11, Page 78. Also Refer Annexure given in the NAAQM Notification of Nov. III- for AAQM Monitoring report. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv Surface water quality of nearby River Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.10.4.1, (100m upstream and downstream of Table 3.15, Page 80 - 81 Refer discharge point) and other surface drains at Annexure IV for Surface water eight locations as per PCB/ MoEF&CC results. guidelines. v Whether the site falls near to polluted NA stretch of river identified by the CPCB/ MoEFCC, if yes give details. vi Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.10.4.2, Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 Table 3.16, Page 82-83 Refer locations shall be included. Annexure V for Ground water results vii Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.11, Table within the study area. 3.21, Page 87 Refer Annexure VI for Noise results viii Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.5, Table 3.6, Page 60 Refer Annexure I for Soil results ix Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.6.3, Page frequency of vehicles for transportation of 24 materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x Detailed description of flora and fauna Refer Chapter 3, Table – 3.25, 3.26, (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the 3.27 & 3.30. Page- 99-104 study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule-I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. xi Socio-economic status of the study area. Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.12, Page 87-92 7 Impacts and Environment ManagementPlan i Assessment of ground level concentration Refer Chapter – 4, Figure 4.3, Figure

10 No Description of TORs Compliance of pollutants from the stack emission 4.4, Figure 4.5, Page 119-121 based on site specific meteorological features. In case the project is located on a hilly terrain, the AQIP Modelling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics for determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ. Cumulative impact of all sources of emissions (including transportation) on the AAQ of the area shall be assessed. Details of the model used and the input data used for modelling shall also be provided. The air quality contours shall be plotted on a location map showing the location of project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any. ii Water Quality modelling - in case of No effluent shall discharge in to water discharge in water body body. For Water Quality modelling- Refer Chapter 4, Section 4.3.3.1, Page 126-129 iii Impact of the transport of the raw materials Entire transportation of products and and end products on the surrounding raw material shall be done by road. environment shall be assessed and provided. In this regard, options for transport of raw materials and finished products and wastes (large quantities) by rail or rail-cum road transport or conveyor cum- rail transport shall be examined. iv A note on treatment of wastewater from Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1.2, different plant operations, extent recycled Page 32. and reused for different purposes shall be included. Complete scheme of effluent treatment. Characteristics of untreated and treated effluent to meet the prescribed standards of discharge under E (P) Rules. v Details of stack emission and action plan Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.2, for control of emissions to meet standards. Table 2.29, Page 35 vi Measures for fugitive emission control Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.2.1, Page 31 vii Details of hazardous waste generation & Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.4, their storage, utilization & management. Table 31 Page 37 for details of Copies of MOU regarding utilization of hazardous waste generation, their solid and hazardous waste in cement plant disposal and storage. shall also be included. EMP shall include the concept of waste - minimization, recycle/ reuse/ recover techniques, Energy conservation, & natural resource conservation. viii Proper utilization of fly ash shall be Refer Chapter – 2, Table 2.30 &

11 No Description of TORs Compliance ensured as per Fly Ash Notification, 2009. Table 2.31, Page 36- 37 A detailed plan of action shall be provided. ix Action plan for the green belt development Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.8, Page plan in 33 % area i.e. land with not less 40 and for photographs of existing than 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of green belt & green belt plan refer species, width of plantation, planning Appendix – I schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. x Action plan for rainwater harvesting Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.9, Page measures at plant site shall be submitted to 41 - 43 for rainwater harvesting harvest rainwater from the roof tops and details. storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources. xi Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.7, for environmental pollution control Table 2.32, Page 40 measures shall be included. xii Action plan for post-project environmental Refer Chapter – 6, Table 6.5, Page monitoring shall be submitted. 168 xiii Onsite and Offsite Disaster (natural and Refer Chapter – 7, Section 7.3 to 7.10 Man-made) Preparedness and Emergency Page 174-187 Management Plan including Risk Assessment and damage control. Disaster management plan should be linked with District Disaster Management Plan. 8 Occupational Health i Plan and fund allocation to ensure the Refer Chapter – 6, Section 6.3.8.3. occupational health & safety of all contract Page 165-166 and casual workers ii Details of exposure specific health status Refer Chapter – 7, Section 7.11, Page evaluation of worker. If the workers' health 185 and Refer - Appendix - O is being evaluated by pre designed format, chest x rays, Audiometry, Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre-placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analysed data of above mentioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise. iii Details of existing Occupational & Safety Refer Chapter 7, Section 7.11, Page – Hazards. What are the exposure levels of 185 hazards and whether they are within

12 No Description of TORs Compliance Permissible Exposure level (PEL). If these are not within PEL, what measures the company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved, iv Annual report of health status of workers Refer Chapter 7, Section 7.11, Page with special reference to Occupational – 185, Appendix O Health and Safety. 9 Corporate Environment Policy i Does the company have a well laid down -- Environment Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report. ii Does the Environment Policy prescribe for -- standard operating process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA. iii What is the hierarchical system or Refer Chapter 9, Figure 9.1, Page - Administrative order of the company to 191 deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given. iv Does the company have system of NA reporting of non-compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report 10 Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as Refer Chapter 4, Section 4.2, Page – sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. to be provided to the 109-113 labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase. 11 Enterprise Social Commitment (ESC) i Adequate funds (at least 2.5 % of the project Refer Chapter – 6, Section 6.3.8.3. cost) shall be earmarked towards the Page 165-166 Enterprise Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12 Any litigation pending against the project and/or Case is filed by Mr. Sharad Patil any direction/order passed by any Court of Law resident of Warananagar on industry against the project, if so, details thereof shall also for not taking Prior EC for Sugar be included. Has the unit received any notice factory. MPCB has verified the

13 No Description of TORs Compliance under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) complaint and have given report on Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water 17.03.2018 that PDDYPSSKL have Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR valid CTO for 2500 TCD capacity & to the notice(s) and present status of the case. have applied CTE for operate additional 2000 TCD to MPCB. Hence as the capacity is less than 5000 TCD EC is not been required as per 2006 EIA Notification. 13 A tabular chart with index for point wise Refer Chapter – 1, Section 1.3 , Page compliance of above TOR. 6-15 B. Specific TORs for Distillery;5(g) 1 List of existing distillery units in the study area No distillery unit in the study area along with their capacity & sourcing of raw material 2 Number of working days of the distillery unit Distillery 330 days 3 Details of raw materials such as molasses/ grain, Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.2, Table their sources with availability 2.7, Page 22 4 Details of the use of steam from the boiler Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.4.4, Table 2.15, Page 28 5 Surface & Ground water quality around proposed Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.10, Table spentwash storage lagoon & compost yard 3.15 & 3.16 Page 80-83 6 Plan to reduce spent wash generation within 6-8 From proposed distillery raw KL/KL of alcohol produced spentwash to the tune of 480 M3/D & conc. Spentwash to the tune of 96 M3/D (i.e. 1.6 KL/KL of alcohol). Refer chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.2, Page 31 7 Proposed Effluent Treatment system for molasses/ Refer chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.2, Page grain based distillery (spentwash, spentlees, 32 condensate & utilities) as well as domestic sewage & scheme for achieving zero effluent discharge (ZLD) 8 Proposed action to restrict fresh water Refer Chapter 2 Section 2.7.1 , Table consumption within 10 KL/KL of alcohol 2.19 Page 31 9 Details about capacity of spentwash holding tank, Refer Chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.4, Page material used, design consideration. No. of 33-34 piezometers to be proposed around spentwash holding tank 10 Action plant to control ground water pollution Refer Chapter 4 Section 4.3.3.4 , Page 130 11 Details of solid waste management including Refer chapter 2 Section 2.7.3 , Table management of boiler ash, yeast etc. Details of 2.30 Page 38 incinerated spent wash ash generation and its disposal. 12 Details of Bio- composting yard (if applicable) Not applicable 13 Action plant to control odour pollution Refer chapter 4 section 4.3.1.2 (D) , Page 126

14 No Description of TORs Compliance 14 Arrangement for installation of continuous online Online monitoring system has been monitoring system (24 x 7) monitoring device installed .Refer Appendix F for photographs of online monitoring system B. Specific TORs for Sugar Factory; 5 (j) 1. Complete process flow diagram describing each Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.4, Page unit, its processes and operations in production of 25-27 sugar, along with material and energy inputs and outputs (material and energy balance). 2. Details on water balance including quantity of Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.7.1.1, Page effluent generated, recycled & reused. Efforts to 31-32 minimize effluent is charge and to maintain quality of receiving water body. 3. Details of effluent treatment plant, inlet and treated Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.7.1.2, Page water quality with specific efficiency of each 32 treatment unit in reduction in respect to fall concerned / regulated environmental parameters 4. Number of working days of the sugar production Sugar factory 120 days and Cogen unit plant – 150 Days. Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.5, Table 2.4 Page 20 5. Details of the use of steam from the boiler Steam required for proposed expansion of sugar factory will be used from existing boiler. Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.4.4, Table 2.15 Page 27 6. Details of proposed source-specific pollution ESP is installed for existing boiler 95 control schemes and equipments to meet the TPH. Refer Chapter 2, Section national standards 2.7.2, Table- 2.29 Page 37 7. Collection, storage, handling and transportation of Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.5, Page molasses 30 8. Collection, storage and handling of bagasse and Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.5, Page pressmud 30 9. Flyash management plan for coal based and Ash generated form distillery boiler bagasse and action plan shall be pelatalised 10. Details on water quality parameter such as Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.10, Table Temperature, Colour, pH, BOD, COD, Total 3.15 & 3.16 Page 80-83 Kjeldhal, Nitrogen, Phosphates, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solids, Total Coli form bacteria etc 11. Details on existing ambient air quality and Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.9, Page 78 expected, stack and fugitive emissions for PM10, PM2.5, SO2*, NOx*, etc., and evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control devices to meet standards for point sources and to meet AAQ standards. (*-As applicable)

15 Chapter 2

Project Description 2.1 TYPE OF PROJECT The project of PDDYPSSKL is an expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and establishment of distillery. Accordingly, crushing of sugar factory would be increased from 4,500 TCD to 5,500TCD and that of co-gen plant from 19 MW to 23 MW with establishment of 60 KLPD molasses-based distillery. 2.2 NEED OF PROJECT As discussed in Chapter-1, India is the largest producer of sugarcane and sugar. Sugar factories cannot survive in healthy condition on a single product i.e. sugar. Thus, it is essential to develop sugar factory into an affiliated complex so as to utilize the valuable by- products more profitably. Bagasse based cogeneration of steam and electricity has been practiced since long time in sugar mills. Thereby, enhancing the rate of revenue by co-gen. Molasses is also another important by-product of the sugar industry. The profits earned by conversion of molasses into alcohol are much higher than that of sale of molasses alone. Further, there is a good demand for alcohol in the country as well as abroad as production and consumption of alcohol in India are quite balanced. Apart from this following are also the need of the project. 2.2.1 Employment Generation Potential Activities under expansion project of PDDYPSSKL would improve socio-economic status of people in the study area in terms of local employment and contract basis jobs. Proposed activity could provide employment opportunities to the skilled and semi-skilled local populace, especially in small-scale business and other related services. Following table 2.1 gives details about the number of workers employed in the existing set up as well as those to be employed under existing and proposed activities. Table 2.1Details of Manpower No. Unit Existing Expansion Establishment Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled 1 Sugar & Co-gen 490 95 0 0 0 0 2 Distillery 0 0 0 0 41 57 Total 490 95 0 0 41 57 585 0 98 Total Workers 683 2.2.2 Potential of the Products There is a good demand for products from proposed manufacturing in India as well as abroad. Alcohol produced has a demand for blending in petrol after making anhydrous alcohol from the conventional Rectified Spirit (RS). Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA) is utilized for production of value added product, for the production of spirit such as whisky, rum, brandy, gin and vodka but also as a base for a wide range of flavored alcoholic beverages providing huge market opportunity. Ethanol will be supplied to oil companies for blending with fossil fuel as per Ethanol Blending Programmer. Moreover, the electricity produced from existing co-gen plant shall be taken to switch yard from where it would be used for industrial needs in industrial complex. 2.3 PROJECT LOCATION

The proposed activities under expansion & establishment shall be carried out in the existing premises of PDYPSSKL. Present set up of the industry is located at Dnyanshantinagar,

16 Vesaraf- Palasambe, Tal: Gaganbavada, Dist: Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Geographical location of the site is 73°52'46.36"E longitude and 16°35'8.45"N latitude. While making selection of site for existing activities of PDDYPSSKL, certain aspects were taken in to consideration prominently. The same were namely – (1) availability of all basic facilities like water, electricity, man power, raw material such as sugar cane etc., (2) rail and road links to prominent market places so that procurement of raw material as well as marketing of finished product was easier and economical, (3) availability of good communication facilities, and (4) no rehabilitation and resettlement requirement. Table 2.2 Project Sitting& Environmental Settings

No. Particulars Details 1 Name and Address of the Industry Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. Dnyanshantinagar, Vesaraf - Palasambe, Tal: Gaganbavada, Dist.: Kolhapur. 2 Total Land Acquired 3,47,099 Sq.M. (34.7 Ha) (Sugar, Co-gen& Distillery) 3 Elevation 572 M above MSL 4 Nearest Habitation Vesaraf (0.88 Km). Quarters provided for industry officers are in the premises of project complex. 5 Nearest City Kolhapur (41 Km) 6 Nearest Highway NH-204 (36Km) & MSH-115 (0.5 Km ) 7 Nearest Railway Station Vaibhavwadi railway station (20 Km) 8 Nearest Airport Ujalaiwadi Airport (44 Km). 9 Nearest tourist places Gagangiri Math, 7 Km, 10 Defense installations Nil within Study Area of 10 Km radius 11 Archaeological important Gagangad Fort 7 Km, 12 Ecological sensitive zones The Vesaraf, Palsambe and Aslaj were listed as Eco- sensitive Area Villages in the first Draft Notification of Western Ghats published on 10.03.2014. Subsequently, second draft (04.09.2015), third draft (27.02.2017) and finally fourth draft (03.10.2018) have been published from time to time 13 Reserved /Protected forest / 29.32% of total study area is under Reserve Forest Scattered National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuary around the project site. Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary is (from Project Site) located at 10.20 Km from our Project Site. The “Eco- sensitive Zone (ESZ)” for the sanctuary has not yet been finalized by MoEFCC. 14 Nearest streams / Rivers / water Kumbhi river 0.77 Km & Dhamani River 7.65 Km bodies (from Project Site) 15 Nearest Industrial Area Nil within Study Area of 10 Km radius 16 Interstate Boundary Nil within Study Area of 10 Km radius 17 Site Co-ordinates (all corners) Latitude: 16°34'53.45"N, Longitude: 73°52'51.21"E Latitude:16°35'7.37"N,Longitude:73°53'2.54"E Latitude:16°35'18.90"N,Longitude:73°52'58.88"E Latitude:16°35'9.56"N, Longitude: 73°52'35.60"E 2.3.1 Site History Project site is located in Dnyanshantinagar, Vesaraf-Palasambe, Tal: Gaganbavada of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. sugar and co-gen industry was registered on 16th April, 1994. Before establishment of sugar factory and co-gen plant, the entire land was barren and not used for agricultural purpose. The land was acquired from villagers. Thereafter, in 2003- 2004, PDDYPSSKL commissioned its sugar factory and co-gen plant and its first cane crushing was done in the year 2003-2004. Following images gives the idea of land use status before establishment and after establishment of the factory.

17 Figure 2.1 Images Showing Site History

Land use Status of PDDYPSSKL – Year 2003 Land use Status of PDDYPSSKL – Year 2018

18 2.4 DETAILS OF LAND REQUIREMENT Total land area acquired by the PDDYPSSKL is 34.07 Ha. Out of this; total built up area under sugar factory, co-gen plant &proposed distillery is 4.75Ha. Detailed area statement is presented below. Table 2.3 Area Statement of PDDYPSSKL (Sq.M.)

Sr. Description Existing Built Up Area Open Total Area No. Built Up under Space Area Proposed Activities A Residential Colony 1946.24 -- -- 1946.24 B Sugar Factory 1 Mill House 1872.00 -- -- 1872 2 Work Shop 216.00 -- -- 216 3 Fan House 1012.00 -- -- 1012 4 Boiler House 1080 -- -- 1080 5 Boiler Panel Room 66 -- -- 66 6 Power House 432 -- -- 432 7 Evaporation House 864 -- -- 864 8 Clarification House 576 -- -- 576 9 Lime Sulphur House 288 -- -- 288 10 Boiling House 1440 -- -- 1440 11 Centrifugal Panel Room 96 -- -- 96 12 Sugar House 720 -- -- 720 13 Gunny Bag House 72 -- -- 72 14 Injection Pump House 216 -- -- 216 15 Store Building 851.72 -- -- 851.72 16 Lime Sulphur Godown 300 -- -- 300 17 Sugar Godown No. 1 2047.45 -- -- 2047.45 18 Sugar Godown No. 2 2047.45 -- -- 2047.45 19 Sugar Godown No. 3 2047.45 -- -- 2047.45 20 Spray Pond & Pump House 4071 -- -- 4071 21 Patra Godown No. 4 702 -- -- 702 22 Time & Security Office` 100.31 -- -- 100.31 23 Main Gate Cabin 11.97 -- -- 11.97 24 Molasses Tank No. 1 475 -- -- 475 25 Molasses Tank No. 2 475 -- -- 475 26 E.T. P Plant & Office 1324 -- -- 1324 27 Ground Water Reservoir 1054.83 -- -- 1054.83 28 Weigh Bridge Cabin No. 1 18 -- -- 18 29 Weigh Bridge Cabin No. 2 10 -- -- 10 30 Administrative Office 204.46 -- -- 204.46 31 Account Office 132 -- -- 132 32 Meeting Hall 114.17 -- -- 114.17 Total 24936.81 --- 106318 131254.81 C Co-gen 1 Bagasse Yard ------179.21 2 Switch Yard 179.21 ------3 Boiler House 1800 -- -- 1800 4 Cooling Tower 539.49 -- -- 539.49

19 Sr. Description Existing Built Up Area Open Total Area No. Built Up under Space Area Proposed 5 T. G. Main Building 1146.2 -- -- 1146.2 6 Water Reservoir 1465 -- -- 1465 7 D. M. Plant 543.02 -- -- 543.02 8 ESP MCC 159.33 -- -- 159.33 9 Boiler 543.1 -- -- 543.1 11 Toilet Block 18.68 -- -- 18.68 12 Meter Room 42.83 -- -- 42.83 13 Weigh Bridge 10.87 -- -- 10.87 14 Security Office 10.87 -- -- 10.87 Total 6458.6 -- 37974 44432.6 D Residential Colony -- 2453 -- 2453 E Distillery 1 Gate & Security Cabin -- 25 -- 25 2 Weigh Bridge& Cabin -- 20 -- 20 3 Admin. Cum Excise Office -- 160 -- 160 4 Workers Rest Area 125 125 5 Distillation Section -- 1800 -- 1800 Stand-alone Evaporation -- 400 -- 400 6 Section 7 Fermentation Section -- 1520 -- 1520 8 Condensate Polishing Unit -- 350 -- 350 Day & Bulk Alcohol storage -- 3600 -- 3600 9 section Water Treatment Plant & -- 270 -- 270 10 Storage Cooling Tower for -- 72 -- 72 11 Fermentation Section Cooling Tower for Distillation 72 72 12 Section 13 Cooling Tower for FA Section -- 36 -- 36 Cooling Tower for Evaporation -- 36 -- 36 14 Section Molasses Bulk Storage Tanks -- 600 -- 600 15 (10000 M.T X 1) 16 Boiler Plant -- 2500 -- 2500 17 Power House -- 1500 -- 1500 18 Coal Shed -- 1960 -- 1960 19 Co-Gen Cooling Tower -- 160 -- 160 20 Lagoon Tank --- 900 900 Total ---- 16106 12478 28584 F Area under Roads ------24000 G Green Belt Existing Green Belt Area ---- 90132.00 (26% of Total Plot) Proposed Green Belt ----- 24297.00 (7% of Total Plot) Total(33% of Plot Area) 114429.00 Total(A+B+C+D+E+F+G) Sq.M. 347099.65

20 From the above table, it could be seen that sufficient land is available with PDDYPSSKL for various activities under existing and proposed projects. Refer Appendix–A for plot layout plan of project site. 2.5 PROJECT OPERATIONS, APPROVALS AND IMPLEMENTATION

Presently, in an integrated project complex of 4500 TCD Sugar Factory & 19 MW Co- Gen Plant is in operation. Existing units of sugar factory and co-gen plant have been granted Consent to Operate (CTO) by MPCB. Initially in the year 2004, EC for 2500 TCD sugar factory (in the name of Saptaganga S.S.K.L.) was procured in line with norms prevailing then prior to the EIA notification of 2006. Subsequently, in the year 2004; while increasing the sugar factory capacity up to 4500 TCD (enhancement by 2000 TCD); no EC was required to be obtaining in light of EIA notification of 2006. In year 2011; a 19 MW Co-generation Plant was established on BOOT basis by M/s. Orient Green Power Company Ltd. in the premises of PDDYPSSKL. The EC for 19 MW Co-gen plant was granted by Department of Environment; Government of Maharashtra. Refer Appendix – B for statutory permission documents. In year 2018; the Cogeneration Plant was taken over by PDDYPSSKL. Accordingly change in name was effected in the CTO. The sugar factory and co-gen plant expansion as well as establishment of distillery will be implemented only after obtaining requisite approvals, permissions, and consents from concerned authorities namely MPCB and MoEFCC. The projects would be formulated in such a fashion and manner so that the utmost care of safety norms and environment protection measures shall be taken. Project details in respect of days of operation w.r.t. PDDYPSSKL project is given in Table 2.4. A question was asked during public hearing regarding working days of project. Consultant replied that sugar factory will be operated for 120 days &establishment of distillery will be operated for 330 days after implementation. Table 2.4 Working Pattern No. Type of Activity Days of Operation Season Off- Season Total 1 Sugar Factory 120 Days --- 120 Days 2 Co-gen Plant 120 Days 30 Days 150 Days 3 Distillery 120 Days 180 Days 330 Days

2.5.1 Plan for Approval and Implementation Schedule Table 2.5 Project Implementation Schedule

No. Activity Approval / Implementation Schedule 1 Grant of EC by MoEFCC September 2019 2 Construction and Erection of Machinery October 2019 3 Application for Consent to Operate from MPCB October 2019 4 Trials & Commissioning of Plant August 2020

2.6 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION 2.6.1 Product The details of products that are being manufactured under existing sugar factory and co-gen plant as well as those to be manufactured under sugar and co-gen expansion and proposed distillery are represented in following table

21 Table 2.6 Product& By-product for Integrated Complex

Industrial unit Product& By-product Quantity Existing Expansion/Proposed Total Sugar Factory Capacity (4500 TCD) (1000TCD) (5500 TCD) (Expansion) Sugar (12%)*(MT/Y) 64,800 14,400 79200 (Days: 120) Molasses/‘B’ Heavy 21,600 4,800 Molasses (4%)*(MT/Y) 26400 Bagasse (30%)*(MT/Y) 1,62,000 36,000 198000 Press Mud(4%)*(MT/Y) 21,600 4,800 26400 Co-Gen Electricity (MW) 19 4 23 (Expansion) (Days: 150) Distillery Rectified Spirit (RS) - 60 KLPD 60 KLPD (Establishment) Extra Neural Alcohol - 60 KLPD 60 KLPD (Days: 330) Ethanol - 60 KLPD 60 KLPD CO2 Gas - 14,949 MT/Y 14949 MT/Y * - Percent of Cane Crushed By-products generated during production of sugar in the form of molasses and bagasse would be used as raw materials for production of alcohol and power respectively. Pressmud shall be stored in dedicated separate yard in own premises and sold to farmers. 2.6.2 Raw Materials for Integrated Project

Basic raw materials required for sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery along with their quantities and sources are listed in the following table- Table 2.7 List of Raw Materials for Integrated Complex

Industrial unit Name of Raw Quantity Material Expansion/ Source Existing Total Proposed Sugarcane 540000 120000 660000 Near By Farms Sugar Factory Lime 756 168 924 (Expansion) Sulphur 216 48 264 Nearby Market (Days: 120) (MT/Y) Oil & grease 120 24 144 Co-gen Own Sugar (Expansion) Bagasse 123840 41880 165720 (Days: 150) (MT/Y) Factory Molasses / ‘B’ Own Sugar Heavy Molasses -- 72600 72600 Factory/ Outside Distillery (MT/Y) Purchase (Establishment) Yeast (MT/Y) --- 3300 3300 Local (Days: 330) Urea (MT/Y) --- 26.4 26.4 Vendors De-foaming Oil --- 77 77 (MT/Y)

Refer Appendix-C for list of equipment required under existing and expansion projects of sugar factory &co-gen plant as well as for establishment of distillery.

22 Table 2.8 Seasonal Cane Availability for Sugar Factory No. Description Remarks 1 Total cane available from share holders’ land 1,51,600 MT 2 Cane available from Non-share holders land 3,73,400 MT 3 Total cane available (MT) 5,25,000 MT 4 Avg. distance from sugar factory 40 Km

Table 2.9 Seasonal Bagasse Availability for Co-gen Plant

No. Description Quantity 1 Sugar Cane Crushing 5500 TCD 2 Working Days of Sugar Factory 120 Days 3 Total Crushing 6,60,000 MT/Season 4 Bagasse Quantity generated @ 30% of Cane Crushed 1650 MT / Day 5 Bagasse Quantity generated during season 1,98,000 MT /Season 6 Daily Bagasse required for Co-gen boiler after expansion 1382.4 MT/Day 7 Bagasse for Co-gen during season (120 Days) 1,65,888 MT/Season 8 Bagasse for Co-gen boiler during off-season (30 Days) 41,472 MT/Season 9 Total Bagasse required for season &off season 2,07,360MT 10 Bagasse to be procured from out side 9,360 MT Bagasse yard shall be provided with shelterbelt plantation for dust attenuation. The bagasse is taken to boiler through belt-conveyor, which is covered properly to avoid fugitive emissions.

Table 2.10Availability of Molasses for Proposed Distillery

No. Description Quantity 1 Sugar cane crushing capacity 5500 TCD 2 Sugar factory operating days 120 Days 3 Total Cane Crushing 6,60,000 MT/Season 4 Molasses generated @ 4% of cane crushed 220 MT/Day 5 Molasses generated during season (180 days) 26,400 MT/Season 6 Distillery 60 KLPD 7 Daily molasses required for distillery 220 MT/Day 8 No. of days of Distillery operations 330 Days 9 Total molasses required for distillery 72,600 MT/Season 10 Molasses to be purchased from outside parties 46,200 MT /Season 11 Distillery working pattern on : • Own molasses - 120 Days • Procured molasses - 210 Days Total 330 Days During Public hearing a question was asked regarding raw material for proposed project & its availability. Also raw material used for distillery other than molasses. It was informed by environmental consultant that molasses from sugar factory will be used as raw material for proposed distillery and when there is shortage of molasses, same shall be purchased from outside factories through online tender process. 2.6.3 Raw Material and Product Transportation Details Sugarcane as raw material for sugar factory shall be made available from nearby farms in 40 Km area from the factory. During cultivation of sugarcane in farms, farmers inform the field men of PDDYPSSKL (who are appointed region wise) regarding the start of cultivation.

23 Later on, the field men submit the information to sugar factory office. Accordingly, days of maturation of sugarcane cultivation are calculated and labours as well as vehicles are forwarded by the industry to the individual farms for its harvesting. Subsequently, harvested cane is brought to sugar factory site and consumed for processing within 24 hrs. Vehicles filled with cane wait in parking lot for their turn and directly dump their contents on the carrier chain leading to mills. Hence, no any bulk storage of sugarcane is done on site. Sugarcane shall be transported to site through various means of transportation viz. bullock carts, mini tractor and tractor trolleys, and trucks. Ample parking space is provided, at industry site, for the bullock carts and other vehicles. Table 2.11 Sugarcane Transportation Details

Avg. wt (MT) Daily No. of Quantity of % No. Type of Vehicle / Vehicle Vehicles Cane (MT) 1 Bullock Carts ------2 Tractor Trolley 15 210 2900 51 3 Mini Tractor 13 140 1820 32 4 Trucks 20 50 1000 17 Total 400 5720 100 Table2.12 Product & By-product Transportation Details No. Product Type of Frequency Distance Quantity of Final Product Vehicles of Vehicle Travelled Transported (TPM) 1 Sugar Trucks 20-30 / day 50- 2000 KM 59,000 MT / Season (Existing); (15 MT) 81,000 MT / Season (Total after expansion) 2 Pressmud Trolleys 60 / day 2 KM-10 KM 180 MT/day [Season] (3 MT) 3 Alcohol Tankers 4 / day 50 - 200 Km 19800 KL/Season (20 KL)

2.6.4 Manufacturing Process

2.6.4.1 Manufacturing Process for Integrated Complex

Figure 2.2 Integrated Manufacturing Process Operations

2.6.4.2 Manufacturing Process for Sugar

Matured, clean and fresh cut sugar cane from the field of cultivators is brought by bullock carts, trucks & tractor trolleys to sugar factory site. It is weighted on the electronic platform type weigh bridge. The carts, trucks & trolleys are unloaded into cane carrier by mechanical unloader. The cane is cut into small fine pieces by means of chopper, leveler, cutter & fibrizor called the cane preparatory devices. The prepared cane is then crushed by five or six mill tandem. The imbibitions hot water is added before last mill for better extraction of juice. The all juice extracted is screened through DSM or rotary screen, weighted by mass flow matter and sent to boiling house for further processing. The last mill bagasse, which is a by- product, is used for co-gen boiler as a fuel. Saved bagasse shall also be used for co-generation in the off-season. The weighed and mixed juice is heated up to 70°C to 75°C in juice heater and sent to reaction tank where same is treated with milk of lime and SO2 gas and the pH is kept as 7 to 7.1. This sulphured juice is again heated up to 100°C to 105°C in juice heater and sent to clarifier for sedimentation. Here, clear juice and precipitated non-sugars, organic & inorganic chemicals are separated which are called mud of the clarifier. The mud is filtered by means of vacuum filter unit where sugary filtrate and press cake (pressmud) are separated. The filtrate is reprocessed and pressmud, which is a by-product, is sold to farmers as manure. The clear juice from clarifier having 95°C temperature is heated to 112°C to 115°C in the juice heater and taken to evaporator set where 16° Brix juice is concentrated up to 60° Brix syrup. Thereafter, it is again treated with SO2 gas and finally sulphured syrup is sent to pan floor supply tanks. At pan section, 3 massecuite boiling system or 3.5 massecuite boiling is adopted accordingly to purities of basic products.

1. A Massecuite – Syrup + Melt + A light + Dry seed or B seed 2. B Massecuite – A Heavy + B Grain 3. C Massecuite – B Heavy + C Light + C Grain Slurry is used for B & C grain preparation. After boiling massecuite in the vaccum pans, it is discharged in the crystallizers for maturation and cooling purpose. The cooled A, B, C massecuite are then taken for separation of sugar and mother liquor through continuous high speed and batch type automatic three speed machines. Thus, all mother liquors, B sugar and C sugar are taken for reprocess and the white sugar is taken from drying and cooling through hoppers and elevators to grader where L30, M 30 & S30 sugar is separated. The dust is taken for reprocess. C mass mother liquor is called final molasses which is a byproduct that is sold for distilleries. It could be consumed in own distillery also for production of alcohol, ENA & ethanol. The above graded white sugar is taken to silo and then it is filled in bags after weighing (50 Kg net wt.) and some are sent to go downs for storage. 2.6.4.3 Manufacturing Process for Co-generation Plant

Co-generation is broadly defined as the coincident generation of useful thermal energy and electrical power from the same input fuel. Thus, cogeneration can allow the energy consumers to lower their energy costs, through use of the energy normally wasted in conventional systems as losses. Useful thermal energy could be in the form of hot gases, hot liquids or steam; generally used for meeting the process and or heating requirements. When the thermal energy is required in the form of steam, industries employ steam boilers for raising the required steam at the required pressure and temperatures, suitable for the process. Existing co-generation plant has boiler of capacity 95 TPH & working pressure 87 Kg/cm2. To meet the requirement of steam for existing and expansion. A portion of power generated in the turbo generators will meet the power requirements of the co-generation plant auxiliary loads and sugar plant loads. After meeting the in-house requirements, the plant can export a net power during cane crushing season and during off-season, under normal operating conditions. Following table 2.15 shows the distribution for existing and expansion project. Also Table 2.16 indicated distribution of electricity for in-house & Grid.

26 2.6.4.4 Process Mass Balance for Sugar Factory-5500 TCD Imbibitions water from Pan Condensate 1292.5 MT

Sugar Cane 5500 MT Milling Section 1650 MT Bagasse for Boiler Fuel

Sulphur2.2MT Lime 7.7 MT Juice 5142.5 MT Condensate 423.6 MT Heat Exchanger after cooling use as raw water

Clarification Sediment; 110 MT Steam; 5042.4 MT 2310.0 MT Multiple Effect Evaporation Vacuum filter 1st Effect Vapours to Steam condensate; HeatExchange423.6 MT 2310.0 MT to boiler Pressmud220 MT 1264 MT 1292.5 MT 2, 3 &4 Effect Condensate vapours 1293MTevaporation Heat to Pan Vacuum Pan loss during cooling

Crystallizer Pan Condensate 1292.5 MT

1034 MT after cooling use Molasses 220 MT Centrifuge as raw water

Sugar 660 MT

Condensate for Recycling 1457.5Cu.M

Washing Brushing 150 Turbine cooling 10 CMD CMD 800 CMD

Vacuum Pump Mill Bearing Cooling at Sugar Sealing 150 CMD 50 CMD Factory 222 CMD

27 Figure 2.3 Processing chart in Co-gen operation

Steam

111.2 TPH 111.2 TPH 513 C 510 ⁰C 87 Ata 84 Ata 818 ⁰Kcal/Kg 817 Kcal/Kg

Existing boiler Power for in- house uses Bagasse 95 TPH & 24 Expansion Steam MW Boiler Turbine 32 TPH To MSEDCL Power Grid

Condenser Condensate Make up water by Demineralized Condensate Pump Deaerator 147 C

⁰ Table 2.13 Electricity Requirement Details

No. Industrial Unit Existing (MW) Expansion (MW) After Expansion (MW) 1 Sugar Factory & Colony 4.0 1.30 5.3 2 Distillery -- 2.50 2.5 3 Co-gen 1.5 0.20 1.7 Total 5.5 4 9.5 Table 2.14 Distribution of Electricity Generated from Co-gen Plant

No. Description Existing (MW) After Expansion (MW) Season Off-season Season Off-season 1 In-house 5.5 0.3 9.5 0.3 2 Grid 10.5 1.7 10.5 1.7 Total 16.0 2.0 20 2.0

Table 2.15 Steam Balance

No. Particulars Unit Existing Capacity After Expansion Capacity 1 Cane Crushing TCD 4500 5500 2 Crushing Rate TCH 187.5 229 3 Boiler Capacity TPH 95 95 4 Steam Generation TPH 95 95 5 Steam to Deareator TPH 4 4 6 Steam to Condenser TPH 8 8 7 Steam to HP Heater TPH 5 5 8 Steam to Process TPH 78 78 9 Steam % Cane % 51 41 Steam usage under existing unit (4500 TCD) is 51 % on cane. After expansion (5500 TCD), the required steam usage will be 41 %. The Steam Usage is reduced by 10 % After Expansion.

28 2.6.4.5 Distillery Manufacturing Process Molasses is stored in mild steel storage tank. Proper care is taken to cool down molasses before it goes to molasses tanks. Then the molasses is pumped from the MS storage tanks to weighing scales. Here it is weighed on automatic weighing scales and then fed for further processing. In the production of ethyl alcohol from molasses, two major steps are involved. 1) Fermentation of Molasses with the help of yeast strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce 6% to 8% alcohol in the fermented wash; and 2) Distillation of the fermented wash for recovery and concentration of alcohol. Fermentation Molasses containing 40% to 50% of total sugar would be weighed and diluted with clean as well as fresh water to the desired concentration. This would be achieved in a continuous diluter. The molasses-water mixture would have a specific gravity to the tune of 1.060 for pre-fermentation and specific gravity of to the tune of 1.096 to 1.100 for the main fermentation process. Molasses with sp. gr. of 1.060 would be taken in to pre-fermenters and to it, ready compressed yeast would be added for further activation. As soon as the yeast becomes active in solution, the molasses-yeast slurry would be transferred to main fermenters for the process of conversion of sugars into alcohol. It takes about 24 to 30 hours to complete the fermentation reaction. Sugar in the molasses gets converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide through metabolic activities of the yeast. Fermentation efficiency observed, in above process, is generally to the tune of 85% and ethyl alcohol concentration to the tune of 6% to 8% of volume in the fermented wash is obtained. This depends on the quality of molasses & its total sugar content. Distillation Fermented wash, then, would be taken to Distillation House. The distillation unit mainly consists of wash boiling column and rectification column. Before feeding to the boiling column the fermented wash would be passed through beer heater and heat exchangers where the final temperature rises to about 850 C to 900 C. Fermented wash would be fed to the wash boiling column from its top and open steam would be introduced from its bottom. While the wash trickles from the top, alcohol vapours get recovered along with rising steam. Alcohol vapours, analyzed from this wash boiling column, containing 40% to 45% of alcohol would then be fed to rectification column at its bottom. Here, in this column, alcohol rectification from 45% to 95% would take place. The product i.e. 95% alcohol would be drawn from the top of rectification column where temperature would be @ 780C, which is boiling point of rectified spirit. Thereafter, the alcohol would be cooled and stored in daily receiving tanks. Condensers and refluxes would be provided to each column for proper concentration and condensation. About one beer heater and one condenser are provided for the boiling column, whereas two condensers and one beer heater are provided to the rectification column. Daily product manufactured would be transferred to spirit storage warehouse.

29 Figure 2.4 Mass Balance and Process Flow Chart for 60 KLPD Distillery

2.6.5 Product and By- Product Storage Details Table 2.16 Product and By-product Storage Details

Products & No Mode of Storage Details of Storage By-products 1 Sugar Sugar bags are stored in Godowns There are 3 RCC covered go-downs; each of size 80.45 X 25.45 M and 1Patra Gowdown 48.5 X 14.5. 2 Bagasse Bagasse is bailed and stored in Bagasse Yard Area – 179.21 Sq. M dedicated separate yard in own premises. 3 Pressmud Immediate disposal through Pressmud is sold to farmers as a manure trolley. 4 Molasses Molasses Storage Tanks Quantity: 2 Nos. (In Sugar Factory) Capacity: 6202.56 MT Each Proposed Molasses Storage Tanks Quantity: 1 No. (In Distillery) Capacity: 10,000 MT 2.7 SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND THEIR CONTROL The sources of pollution from existing and proposed operations in the PDDYPSSKL complex shall be mainly manufacturing operations and processes in the industry, boiler and stand by D.G., cooling towers etc. Detailed identification and quantification of impacts, due to above sources, are separated under various heads. They are – (1) Water Pollution, (2) Air Pollution, (3) Noise Pollution, (4) Hazardous Wastes, (5) Solid Waste, and (6) Land Pollution.

2.7.1 Water Pollution The assignment w.r.t. water pollution aspect was done by Dr. Sangram Ghugare who is an in- house Functional Area Expert (FAE) for WP. Requirement for fresh water on site will be met

from Kumbhi River. Water lifting permission has been taken from Irrigation Department; Govt. of Maharashtra. Same is attached at Appendix- D for reference. Details of water consumption have been presented in Table Nos. 2.17, 2.18 and 2.19.

Table 2.17 Details of Water Consumption in Sugar Factory

Description Existing 4500 TCD Total after expansion after (M3/D) expansion 5500 TCD (M3/D) Domestic #50 #54 Industrial a. Process *1050 *1225 b. Cooling makeup *202 *222 c. Lab & Washing 10 (#1+ *9) 11(#1+ *10) Industrial Use 1262 (#1+*1261) 1458(#1+*1457) Gardening $ 35 $ 45 Grand Total 1347 (#51+*1261+$35) 1557 (#55+*1457+ $45) Recycle 99% 99% Fresh Water Consumption 0.22Lit. / MT 0.22 Lit./MT (Norm100 Lit / MT of Cane Crushed)

Note: # -Fresh water taken from Kumbhi river, * -Sugarcane Condensate water, $ - Treated water from ETP

Table 2.18 Details of Water Consumption in Co-gen Plant

Description Existing 19 MW (M3/D) Total 23 MW (M3/D) Domestic #7 #9 Industrial a. Cooling makeup 707 (#563+♣144) 716 (#563+♣153) b. Boiler Makeup #264 #264 c. Lab & Washing #1 #1 d. DM Backwash #25 #35 Industrial Use 997 (#853+♣144) 1016(#863+♣153) Grand Total 1004 (#860+♣ 144) 1025 (#872+♣ 153) Recycle 14% 15%

Note: # - Fresh water taken from Kumbhi river, ♣ - Treated water from co-gen ETP

Table 2.19 Details of Water Consumption in Distillery

Description Proposed60 (KLPD(M3/D) # Domestic 5 Industrial a. Process ♠476 b. Cooling #150 c. Boiler Makeup #24 # d. Lab& Wash 5

Industrial Use 655 (#179+♠476) $ Gardening 4 Grand Total 664 (#184+♠476+$4) Recycle 72% Fresh Water Consumption (Norm : 10 KL/KL of Alcohol) 2.9 KL/KL

Note: #- Fresh water taken from Kumbhi River, ♠ - Treated effluent from Distillery CPU, $- Treated water from Sugar ETP.

2.7.1.1 Fresh Water Adequacy

• For the Sugar Factory total fresh water requirement in a season of 120 Days shall be - 55 CMD X 120 Days = 6,600 M3/Season • For the Cogeneration Plant; total fresh water requirement in a season of 150 Days shall be - 872 CMD X 150 Days = 1,30,800 M3/Season

• For Distillery, total fresh water requirement in a season of 330 Days shall be 184 CMD X 330 Days = 60,720 M3/Season Hence, total water requirement shall be – 6,600 M3/Season (Sugar Factory) + 1,30,800 M3/Season (Cogen Plant) + 60,720 M3/Season (Distillery) = 1,98,120 M3/Season

From above calculations; it is seen that total fresh water requirement in PDDYPSSKL campus is 1,98,120 M3/Season. The permission granted to PDDYPSSKL by Irrigation Department; Govt. of Maharashtra for lifting fresh water from the Kumbhi River is 2,54,000 M3/Season, which is more than the actual water utilization after expansion activities in the complex. 2.7.1.2 Effluent Generation Total effluent would be generated from the various operations & processes from existing and expansion activities in sugar factory & co-gen plant as well as establishment of distillery. Details of the same are presented in following table. Table 2.20 Effluent Generation in Sugar Factory Description Existing (4500 TCD)(M3/D) Total(5500 TCD)(M3/D) Disposal Domestic 40 43.2 Proposed STP Industrial a. Process 339 100 b. Cooling b/d 20 5 Treated in c. Washing 9 1 Sugar ETP Industrial Use 368 106 Effluent Norm: 200 Lit. 81.78 19 / MT Cane crushed Table 2.21 Effluent Generation in Co-gen Plant

Description Existing 19 MW(M3/D) Total 23 MW(M3/D) Disposal Domestic 5 6 STP Industrial a. Cooling 106.9 108.9 Treated in b. Boiler Makeup 11.4 11.4 Co-gen ETP c. Lab& Wash 0.7 0.7 – 100% d. DM Backwash 25 32 Recycle Industrial Use 144 153 Table 2.22 Details of Effluent Generation in Distillery Description Proposed60 KLPD (M3/D) Disposal Domestic 2 To be treated in proposed STP Raw Spent wash – 480 Raw spent wash shall be concentrated in Process Conc. Spentwash – 96 Multi Effect Evaporator (MEE). Conc. Fermentation (1.6 KL/KL) Spent wash shall be incinerated in dilution MEE Condensate - 384 incineration boiler. Spent lees – 85 Other Effluents viz. spent lees, cooling blow Cooling B/d 15 down, boiler blow down, lab & washing, MEE condensate shall be forwarded to Lab; Washing 5 Distillery CPU. Treated effluent shall be Spent wash – 96 Total fully recycled in process to achieve ZLD Other effluent - 489

32 2.7.1.3 Domestic Effluent The domestic effluent from existing activities of sugar factory is to the tune of 40 CMD and that of co-gen plant is 5 CMD. Existing sugar factory effluent is treated in septic tank followed by soak pits and that of co-gen plant is treated separately in STP. After implementation of expansion project, total domestic effluent from campus shall be 51.2 CMD (sugar factory: 43.2 CMD, co-gen plant – 6 CMD and distillery 2 CMD). Domestic effluent from sugar factory and distillery unit will be treated in proposed STP and co-gen effluent will be treated in existing Co-gen STP. 2.7.1.4 Industrial Effluent Total effluent from existing sugar factory operations, trade effluent to the tune of 368 CMD is generated which are 81.78 lit per MT of cane crushed against the CREP norm of 200 Lit/MT. After expansion of Sugar factory it will be more than 50% reduce up to 106 CMD (19 Lit/MT cane crused). Will be given to farm land for irrigation purpose (7.5 Acre industrial land & 72.5 Acres Shareholders land) and gardening purpose. From existing Cogeneration plant 144 CMD effluent is generated after expansion 153 CMD will be generated & it will be recycled fully as cooling make up (ZLD). Effluent from establishment of 60 KLPD distillery to be tune in to 489 CMD which is treated in CPU and used in process (ZLD). Will not be discharged outside. Refer Appendix E for the copy of agreement with farmers for utilization of treated effluent.

During public hearing, a question was asked regarding treatment of waste water and its reuse It was informed to public by consultant that the waste water from the sugar factory will be treated in the ETP .The treated waste water of the sugar factory is used on agricultural lands for irrigation purpose on the demand of surrounding farmers. Further, the factory has reduced generation of waste water by adopting various measures like adoption of centralized lubrication system, timely maintenance of the Machinery to avoid leakages etc. For more details Chapter 5 may be referred. Moreover, as mentioned above the waste water from the cogen and distillery unit shall be totally recycled in process. The sugar factory ETP comprises of units as shown in Table 2.23.Further, as per CREP norms, 15 days storage capacity tank for treated water has been provided on site. Also OCMS has been installed for effluent monitoring. The flow chart of existing Sugar ETP is presented in Figure 2.5.Figure 2.6presents CPU for distillery. Refer Appendix – F for photographs of online monitoring system. For more details of Co-gen ETP and STP refer Appendix- G.

Table 2.23 Dimensions of Sugar ETP units No. Unit Size Capacity 1 Screen Chamber 2.5 x 2 x 1.2 m 6.00 m3 2 Oil & Grease Tank 3 2 x 1.2 m 7.20 m3 3 Equalization Tank 22.5 x 15.0 x 3.5m 1181.25 m3 4 Pre-aeration Tank 12.0x 25.0x2.0m 600.00 m3 5 Mixing (Reaction)Tank,2 Nos 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.5m 20.00 m3 6 Primary Clarifier 5 x 2.7.0 m depth 53.00 m3 7 Anaerobic Filters,2 Nos 9.6 x 7.9.0 x 3.0 m 227.00 m3 8 Aeration Tank 16 x10.0 x3.5 m 560.00 m3 9 Secondary Clarifier 7.0 x 3.0 depth 115.00m3 10 Sludge Drying Beds; 2 Nos 6.0x 4.0x 1.5m 72.00 m3 11 Pressure Sand Filter ---- 20 m3/hr 12 Activated Carbon Filter ---- 20 m3/hr

33 Figure 2.5 Flow Chart of Sugar Factory ETP

Figure 2.6 Flow Chart of CPU in Distillery

34 The effluent generated from 60 KLPD distillery would be in the form of raw spentwash to the tune of 480 M3/Day (i.e. 8 KL/KL of alcohol). Here, raw spentwash shall be forwarded for concentration in MEE (5 Effects). Concentrated spentwash to the tune of 96 M3/ shall be incinerated in incineration boiler.

Table 2.24 Details of MEE No. Description Details 1 Make TOMSA Destil SL make 2 Type Vacuum MEE forced circulation; falling film evaporation system 3 Capacity 500 M3/Day 4 Raw Spwash 440 KL/Day 5 Efficiency 99.5 % Provision of Five days (61x 22x1.5M) storage tank would be done in distillery for storing concentrated spentwash. A PLC based operative system shall be installed in distillery wherein raw spentwash from distillation section shall be automatically transferred to MEE in closed circuit. Spentwash tank shall be designed as per CPCB norms wherein HDPE layer of 500 micron thickness &RCC lining shall be provided to avoid seepages &ground water contamination. Figure 2.7 shows cross section of spentwash tank. Piezometers shall be installed around spentwash storage tank and distillery premises. 2.7.2 Air Pollution Air Pollution can be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere, of one or more air contaminants (i.e. dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke or vapour) in sufficient quantities, of such characteristics and of such duration so as to threaten or to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property, or which reasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property. The assignments w.r.t. air pollution (AP) and air quality (AQ) including modeling were undertaken by in-house Functional Area Experts of EEIPL namely Dr. Sangram Ghugare & Mr. Yuvraj Damugade respectively. Details of existing and proposed sources of air pollution & control equipment are presented in Table 2.25& Table 2.26. Fuel Storage and ESP details are in Table 2.28 and Table 2.29 respectively. Table 2.25 Details of Boiler and Stack in PDDYPSSKL

Boilers DG set Sr. Description Existing Proposed No. Existing (Co-gen) (Distillery) 1 Capacity 95 TPH 20 TPH 320KVA 2 Fuel type Bagasse Coal & Spentwash Diesel 3 Fuel Qty. 43MT/Hr. Coal - 1.7 MT/Hr 45 lit/Hr Sp.wash – 4 MT/Hr 4 Stack Ht. AGL 75 M 50 M 4 MARL 5 MOC R.C.C R.C.C MS 6 Shape Round Round Round 7 Diameter 3.4 M 1.1 M 200 mm 8 APC Equipment ESP ESP - Refer Appendix – H for stack height calculations. Table 2.26 Characteristics of Fuels No. Description Bagasse Coal Spwash Diesel 1 Fuel consumption 1382.4 MT/ D 40.8 MT/ D 96 M3/D 45 Lit /Hr 2 CV (Kcal/Kg) 2,200 4000- 5500 2500 -3500 10,200 3 Ash Content 2 % 13 % 18 % 0.1 % 4 Sulphur content % 0.05% 0.5 % 0.65% 1 %

Figure 2.7 Cross Section of Spentwash Tank

Table 2.27Spentwash Characteristics

Sr.No. Parameter Raw Spentwash Concentrated Spentwash 1 pH 3.9 – 4.5 4.0 – 5.0 2 Total Solids (mg/l) 1,00,000- 1,20,000 5,10,000 –5,65,000 3 SS (mg/l) 20,000 - 25,000 85,000–1,00,000 4 TDS (mg/l) 80,000 – 95,000 4,25,000-4,65,000 5 BOD (mg/l) 60,000 - 80,000 3,35,000 - 3,80,000 6 COD (mg/l) 1,20,000-1,40,000 6,25,000- 6,50,000

Table 2.28 Fuel Storage Details

No. Fuel Storage Storage Capacity Handling 1 Coal Shed & Yard 1 Month Conveyor Belt 2 Conc. Spentwash HDPE Lined Tank 5 Days Pumps and Pipeline 3 Bagasse Bagasse Yard 15 Belt Conveyors Table 2.29 Details of ESP for Boilers

No. Description Boilers 95 TPH(Existing) 20 TPH(Proposed) 1 ESP Make Hammon Shriram BHEL Cottrell Pvt. Ltd 2 Boiler Capacity 95 TPH 20 TPH 3 Fuel Bagasse Coal + Spentwash 4 Gas Flow Inlet 47.1 m3/s 52 m3/s 5 Operating Temp. 1500C 1250C 6 Inlet Dust Load 6 gm/ nm3 22 gm/nm3 7 Outlet Emission 150mg/nm3 50 mg/nm3 8 Removal Efficiency 99.01% 98.66%

2.7.2.1 Fugitive Emissions Fugitive emission under existing and expansion activities of sugar factory shall be mainly the dust emissions. The sources of same are mill house, sugar bagging, bagasse yard, pressmud yard, internal kuccha roads, bagasse conveyor; feeding section and ash storage yard in co-gen plant, improper function of APC equipment etc. The trouble with dust in work zone and ambient atmospheres shall be controlled by certain dedicated measures. An action plan has been prepared in the industry that includes – proper exhaust and ventilation arrangements, monitoring of proper of working of pollution control equipment, proper handling; storage and disposal of dust collected, use of PPEs for staff and workers, augmentation of existing green belt with adequate density and type to control and attenuate dust transfer in the premises, provision of properly surfaced internal roads and work premises (tarred and concrete). 2.7.2.2 Process Emissions

The generation shall take place in fomenters of the distillery.CO2 to the tune of 45.3 MT/Day shall be released from 60 KLPD distillery plant. In a fermented, sugar in the wash gets converted to ethyl alcohol through metabolic activities of yeast. Consequently, CO2 is evolved as emission of the bio-chemical reaction. CO2 has been labeled as one of the major gases responsible for the green-house effect, its release in the atmosphere has to be properly controlled. To curb this process emission CO2shall be bottled and supplied to manufacturers of beverages / secondary uses.

2.7.3 Solid Waste Solid wastes from the industries are categorized as hazardous and non-hazardous. Waste that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plant, or animal life are classified as hazardous wastes. Non-hazardous waste is defined as the waste that contributes no damage to human or animal life. However, it only adds to the quantity of waste. The assignment w.r.t. solid and hazardous waste was done by empanelled Functional Area Expert Mr. Vinaykumar Kurakula for SHW.

37 Table 2.30 Solid Waste Generation & Disposal

No. Unit Type Quantity (MT/Y) Disposal Existing After Expansion 1 Sugar Factory & ETP Sludge 3000 3600 Used as Manure /Brick Co-gen Plant Boiler Ash 3750 3750 Manufacture 2 Distillery Boiler Ash --- 7590 Palatalization (Proposed) Yeast Sludge --- 3300 Burnt in incineration CPU Sludge ---- 7920 boiler

The ash generated shall be collected separately and taken to ash silo system and forwarded for palatalization. During public hearing, a question was asked regarding Solid waste management. It was informed by the consultant that ash generated from distillery will be used for peletilization & used as manure. 2.7.4 Hazardous Wastes Information about hazardous wastes being generated as well as that to be generated from proposed activities and their disposal methods is presented in following table. Table 2.31 Details of Hazardous Waste No. Category Quantity (Kg/M) Disposal Existing After Expansion 1 5.1- Used Oil 21 25.5 Burnt in boiler.

2.7.5 Noise Pollution Noise is normally defined as objection able or unwanted sound, which is without agreeable quality and essentially non-euphonious. The concern on noise depends upon the noise level near the source, on the work environment and near the residential zone. Earlier, noise was summarized to be exclusively an occupational problem. But, since the effects are found also on people who are not directly involved, it has acquired wider dimension. Hence it is necessary to know the noise levels near the sources as well as near the residential colonies. 2.7.5.1 Sources of Noise Pollution In the Sugar factory, co-gen and distillery; noise generating sources generally are the boiler house, turbine rooms, cane crushing section and mill house, distillation section etc. The expected noise levels in these sections would be in the range of 60 to 65 dB (A). All preventive measures such as regular operation & maintenance of pumps, motors, and compressors would be carried out and enclosures would be provided to abate noise levels at source. Adequate noise abatement measures like silencer would be implemented in this section. Moreover, enclosures to the machinery would be provided wherever possible. It is predicted from an experience elsewhere that the magnitude of noise levels, from various sources, to the human habitation at a distance of 0.5 Km would be around 12 dB (A). Therefore, there would be no any significant change in the background noise levels in the premises of the industrial unit. Already a green belt has been provided in and around the Industry. The same would be further augmented adequately and properly so that it would further attenuate the noise levels. The noise would also be created by movement of trucks/ tractor trolleys and other vehicles

for material transportation. However, this would not be of a continuous nature and would not have much impact on the work environment of the project site. Insulation helps considerably in limiting noise levels. The workers entering the plant shall be protected by earmuffs, which would give the reduction of about 30 dB (A).

2.7.6 Odour Pollution

There are number of odour sources in existing sugar factory, which include molasses handling and storage, fermentation and distillation, bio-meth nation, secondary effluent treatment, storage of effluents, stale cane, bad mill sanitation, bacterial growth in interconnecting pipes & unattended drains. The measures adopted under existing unit for controlling the same are proper housekeeping, sludge management in biological ETP units, steaming of major pipe lines, regular use of bleaching powder in the drains, efficient handling, prompt & proper disposal of pressmud will be used as manure.

Under expansion of distillery project, spentwash shall be carried through closed pipeline for concentration in MEE. Hence, odour nuisance due to spentwash storage will be entirely eliminated. To abate the odour nuisance, the PDDYPSSKL has a concrete planning which includes following steps and actions-

1. It is proposed to provide covered fermentation and tapping of CO2 gas, 2. Collection of waste yeast sludge from fermentation section in a closed system and its immediate and proper disposal. 3. Reduced volume of effluents (spentwash, spent lees) by adopting strategic approaches such as use of the effluents back in process under Reduce-Reuse-Recycle planning. 4. Closed and online system for carrying spentwash to the treatment units, viz. Biomethanation Plant, MEE etc. 5. Suitable plantation of fragrant species in and around the treatment units, which can minimize undesirable smells. 6. Adoption of GMPs (Good Management Practices). 7. Arranging awareness and training camps for workers. 8. Use of PPEs like masks at odour prone areas. 9. India has very few trained and skilled manpower as per the requirement of international practices for the odour monitoring and control. Therefore, the human resource shall be developed and continuous efforts will be made for upgrading the knowledge base and skill in this area. The human resource development shall include representatives from academic and national research institutions, state and central regulatory agencies.

2.7.7 Land Pollution

Land pollution may take place due to use of untreated effluent for gardening / irrigation purpose. Fly ash, if gets deposited and /or disposed on land in haphazard manner would lead to land pollution. Under expansion certain steps shall be taken and many advanced technologies adopted include – total revamping of existing sugar factory ETP with treatment up-gradation (two stage aeration), spentwash concentration in MEE. Addition of a new State-of-art high pressure & capacity boiler with ESP as APC equipment, adoption of automatic & continuous pollution monitoring equipment etc. Appropriate & adequate management practices including good housekeeping and periodic monitoring of various attributes contributing to dust shall considerably curb these types of emissions.

2.7.8 Budgetary Allocation by Industry towards Environment Protection

The capital as well as O & M cost towards environmental aspects under the proposed expansion activities would be as follows –

Table 2.32 Capital As Well As O & M Cost (Existing & Proposed)

Description Cost Component (Rs. in Lakhs) No. Capital Annual O & M A Existing 1 ESP for 1 Boiler in Co-gen with Stack of 75 M & OCMS 500 30 2 Existing Sugar Factory& Cogen ETPs & OCMS 150 15 3 Noise Pollution Control 25 5 4 Environmental Monitoring & Management (OCMS) 30 5 5 Occupational Health & Safety 40 5 6 Green Belt Development & Rain Water Harvesting 25 3 Total 770 63 B After Expansion 1 ESPs for Distillery; 1 Stack of 50 M for Incineration 2675 200 Boiler & OCMS 2 Spentwash storage tank, MEE, CPU, Piezometers, 850 30 3 Noise Pollution Control 50 7 4 Green Belt Development & Rain Water Harvesting 25 10 5 CER provision in 5 Years after grant of EC 315 -- Total 3915 247 Grand Total A + B 4685 310

2.8 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The major impacts due to proposed expansion and establishment activities by PDDYPSSKL have been described above. Impact due to noise generation and particulate emission can be abated by plantation of green belt. Accordingly a comprehensive green belt has already been developed in PDDYPSSKL campus. Further, under proposed expansion augmentation of existing green belt shall be done in phase wise manner. Native and fast growing species shall be selected for green belt development.

2.8.1. Area Calculation for Green Belt Plan

Table 2.33 Area Details

No. Description Area (Sq. M.) A Total Plot area 3,47,099.65 B Total Built up area (Sugar, Cogen, Distillery, Other) 75,900.65 C Total Open Area 97763.084 D Existing Green Belt Area (26% of Total plot area) 90,132 E Proposed Green Belt Area under expansion (24% of Total plot area.) 83,303.916 F Total Green belt – 33% of total Plot area 173435.92

During public hearing, a question was raised regarding has the management planned for tree plantation? What kind of species are you going to plant. It was informed by the consultant that it is mandatory to plant trees on 33% area of total plot area but industry going to carry out tree plantation on 50 % area of total land. Local species of trees i.e. Nana, Khair, Kinjal etc. will be planted.

2.8.2. Existing Tree Plantation

Total open space available in the premises of PDDYPSSKL (including existing sugar factory, co-gen plant & distillery) is 15.68 Ha. As per MoEFCC norms, green belt should be developed on 33% of the total plot area of industry. Under existing setup of PDDYPSSKL an area of 90,132 Sq.M is under green belt which is only 26% of total plot area. The same is less

than required norms of 33%. Under the present expansion green belt as many as about 83,303.9 Sq.M. areas would bedevelop. Hence, ultimately total green belt after expansion will be 1,73,435.92 Sq. M. i.e. 50% of total plot. Refer Appendix I for photographs of existing green belt & proposed green belt plan.

2.8.3. Proposed Tree Plantation

A comprehensive ‘Green Belt Development' programme would be implemented in a phase wise manner under proposed activities, salient features of which are as follows –

1. Tree plantation at different tiers to suit existing topography. 2. Avenue plantation along the roads and shelterbelt plantation along the peripheral fence of the plots. 3. Mass Plantation in certain pockets in the PDDYPSSKL campus. 4. Plantation of peculiar tree species serving typical purposes such as noise attenuation and dust suppression at selected premises. 5. Lawns and landscaped gardens in the campus. 6. To arrest dust and to attenuate noise, plantation of certain species like Mangiferaindica (Mango), Sesbaniagrandiflora (Shewarie) Derris indica (Karanj), Terminaliacatappa (Indian Almond Tree), Polyalthialongifolia (Ashok) etc. shall be done.

2.8.4. Criteria for Green Belt Development

[[ Emission of SPM, SO2 is the main criteria for consideration of green belt development. Plantation under green belt is provided to abate effects of the above emissions. Moreover, there would also be control on noise from the industry to surrounding localities as considerable attenuation would occur due to the barrier of trees provided in the green belt.

Preparation for Plantation:

• Take pits of 2 X2 X2 ft. for good soil strata while 3 X 3 X 3 ft. for poor soils or murum strata. • Expose them to direct sun for 15 days • Fill the pits as per availability of site soil-  In case of shortage of good quality site soil : site soil (35%) + good fertile soil (35%) + good composted cow dung (30%) + Neem cake (200 gm)  In case of good quality site soil: site soil (80%) + good composted cow dung (20%) + Neem cake (200gm) + leaf litter and grass or agri residue. • Plant appropriate sapling after rain starts • Start watering after rains • Make shade for saplings when temperatures rise, generally after February or March depending upon local climate and condition of plants. This can be managed with bamboo sticks and locally available grass.

2.9 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rain water harvesting could be of two types namely harvesting from ground and harvesting from rooftops. The quantity of harvested rainwater that becomes available during and after precipitation depends upon a number of factors such as area of land, nature of soil, impervious or paved areas, plantation on the land, average annual rainfall in the region, ambient temperatures of the region, wind direction and speed etc.

In existing Premises of factory -Spray pond (6,000 M3), Co-generation Roof Top harvesting tank (5,000 M3) & Ground & Surface water harvesting Tank (2,800 M3) are used for Rain

water harvesting .After Expansion and establishment of Distillery unit additional rain water harvesting measures shall be implemented which is presented as under

A. The Rooftop Harvesting

Here collection of the rainwater getting accumulated from direct precipitation on the total roof area is taken in to account. The rainwater thus becoming available from terraces as well as roofs of various structures and units in the industrial premises would be collected through arrangements of channels and pipes to be provided as per appropriate slopes at the roof level. The collected rain water would then be taken to ground and either stored in open excavated tanks / ditches in the ground or charged directly to bore wells to be provided in the premises. For the calculation of rain water quantity that is going to become available subsequent to rooftop harvesting, a computation method from the ‘Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering’ has been adopted. There under, A. N. Khosala’s formula has been followed. The calculations are as under-

Average annual rainfall in the area = 6197 mm.

Now, as per “A. N. Khosla’s Formula”, the average annual accumulation can be calculated by using the following equation: R = (P- t / 2.12) Where,

R=Average annual accumulation in cm, for the catchment area. P=The corresponding average annual rainfall or precipitation, in cm, over the entire catchment. (In current case it is 6197 mm i.e. 619.7 cm) t = Mean annual temperature in deg. Centigrade. (In current case it is 27.40C.)

∴The accumulation on the entire catchment area will be, R = (619.7 – 27.4/2.12) *0.8 = 485.4 say 485.Cm. ∴ Volume acquired by this accumulation water will be, = 485 Cm × Roof Top Area = 4.85 M ×5,854.4 M2 = 28,393.84 M3

Thus, about 28,393.84 M3 of rainwater could become available during every season from the ‘Roof Top Harvesting’ operations.

B. Surface Harvesting

Under this type of harvesting, the rainwater getting accumulated through surface runoff, from land area in the industrial premises, would be collected and stored in open excavated tanks / pits to be provided in the industrial plot. This harvested rainwater would recharge the ground water through actions namely seepage and infiltration to the aquifers. On the open land in the premises counter building, terracing and dressing would be done so as to divert the rainwater as per natural slopes to various tranches excavated on the plot in a decentralized manner. The entire industrial premises would be divided in zones and the harvested water from such zone would be directed to the nearest available ditch / tank constructed as mentioned above. Further, the recharge points would be located as per geometry of zones.

(Total Plot Area) – (Built- up Area) = Open Land Area 3,47,099.65 Sq.M. – 51,900.65 Sq.M. = 2, 95,199 Sq.M.

Now, a. Average annual rainfall in the Kolhapur area – 6197 mm b. Open land area in the industrial premises – 2, 95,199Sq.M. c. Type and nature of the area with about 30% area being impervious (paved). Here, areas under curing roads, bagasse storage and ash storage come in the category of paved surfaces. d. Value of Runoff Co-efficient based on type and nature of area as well as the land is 0.60 e. Runoff getting accumulated from the land area under Point No. b above- 2, 95,199 Sq.M. X 6.20 M x 0.6 = 1,09,8140 M3

Hence, the total water becoming available after rooftop and land harvesting would be 28,393.84 + 1,09,8140 = 11,26,534 M3

Out of this total accumulation (11,26,534 M3), About 70 % (7,88,571 M3) of the quantity flows towards East & North East direction as per topography of the area to join Kumbhi river and Remaining 30 % (3,37,959 M3) quantity flows towards West & North West direction to join Roopani stream. With consideration of above two Rain Water Harvesting tank of 50 x 50 x 4M (3+1FB) and 20 x 20 x 4M (3+1FB) will be provided. Following figure may be referred for the RWH plan.

Figure 2.8 Rain Water harvesting, Control & Planning

Chapter 3 Description of the Environment

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter incorporates description of existing environmental status in the 'Study Area' which is a region within a circle of 10 Km radius with the industry plant at its centre. The existing environmental condition of the study area is representative of impacts due to all the industries, units and projects in it and is described with respect to the topography, climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil characteristics, flora, fauna, socio-economic profile, land use and places of archaeological importance. The study area in respect of expansion project by PDDYPSSKL comes in Gaganbavada, Panhala, and Radhanagari talukas of Kolhapur district, in Vaibhavwadi taluka of Sindhudurg district as well as in Rajapur taluka of Ratnagiri district. The industrial site is located at Latitude 16°35'08.45”N &Longitude 73°52'46.36”E.

3.2 PROJECT SETTINGS

3.2.1 Environmental Setting w.r.t Western Ghat – Eco Sensitive Area (WG - ESA)

As per the High Level working Group (HLWG) report and MoEFCC’s latest IVth draft notification on the Western Ghats (Dt. 3rd October 2018) study area fall under Western Ghats Eco Sensitive Area. Under study area of project site there are total 52 villages, out of which 43 villages are listed in the notification. Figure 3.1 may be referred for the same. Further, land acquired for industry has a present status as industrial land use under the notified villages of Vesaraf, Palasambe and Asalaj. 85 % of the project site comes under Vesaraf village, 10 % of the project site comes under Palasambe village and 5 % comes under Village Asalaj. Refer Figure 3.2 Showing the above villages & factory site. Project site does not come under any protected & reserved forest areas declared by the Central Government or State Government.

Figure: 3.1 Project Setting (WG - ESA)

44 Figure: 3.2 Project Setting (WG - ESA)

3.2.2 Environmental Settings w.r.t Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary – Eco Sensitive Zone (RWLS- ESZ)

Following are the Environmental settings of factory site as far as Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary is concerned 1. The Factory is located at 10.20 Km from “Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary” (RWLS). Hence, there is no need to procure clearance from National Board for Wild Life (NBWL).Same is shown in green colour circle in following image. 2. Not a single village of RWLS falls under the 10 KM of the Study area. Shown in Yellow colour circle of below image. 3. In absence of a duly notified ESZ; a distance of 10 KM from the sanctuary boundary is considered as ESZ as per Hon. Supreme Court order .The ESZ of Radganagari Sanctuary is located within 5 KM distance from our Project Site. Thus, in light of applicability of the “General Conditions” (i.e. an ESZ located within 5 Km of Project site), our above mentioned project would be appraised at Centre Level by Expert Appraisal Committee of MoEFCC. Circle marked in Red Colour in image below.

45 Figure: 3.3 Project Setting w.r.t RWLS - ESZ

3.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER (LU&LC)

The assignment w.r.t. land use and land cover mapping of study area using LISS IV Satellite Image has been done by Mr. Vinaykumar Kurakula who is an empanelled FAE of EEIPL for LU & LC. The scope of work methodology involved and allied details are presented in following paragraphs.

3.3.1. Scope of Work

Major objective of the assignment was to prepare Land Use Land Cover map of the study area while demarcating topographic features especially emphasizing drainage map of the region.

3.3.2. Study Area& Location

The study area is located around Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. Kolhapur Dist., Maharashtra State. For the present study, an area of 10 Km radius from PDDYPSSKL Plant (which comes about 314 Sq. Km) has been marked and selected as per guidelines. The location of PDDYPSSKL industry is shown on satellite image in Figure 3.6

46 and visual interpretation keys used for the study are given in Figure 3.7.The population of Kolhapur district as per 2011 census is 38,76,001and the population in the study area is 24,303. Total Literacy rate of Kolhapur is 81.5%. Male Literacy of Kolhapur is 88.57% while female literacy stands at 74.22%.

3.3.3. Purpose of Land Use Mapping

Land use study requires data regarding topography, zoning, settlement, industry, forest, roads and traffic etc. The collection of this data was done from various secondary sources viz. census books, revenue records, state and central government offices, Survey of India toposheets etc. and through primary field surveys as well as high resolution multi spectral satellite image from IRSRESOURCESAT 2 Satellite with LISS IV sensor. The date of pass of the image is 04thJanuary 2018. The image has a spatial resolution of 5M X 5M. Apart from LULC Map, topographic features of the region were extracted covering village locations, streams, roads, river in the satellite image. In addition to this, natural drainage network is also captured to prepare drainage map as required. The purposes of land use studies are–

• To determine the present land use pattern; • To analyze the impact on land use due to industrial growth in the study area; • To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern vis-à-vis growth of industries in the study area and its associated impacts

3.3.4. Land use Map Analysis

Land use Mapping was done based on the image colour, texture, tone etc. Following steps are used to analyse the land use pattern of project site:

• Collection of IRS Resourcesat-2 images and made fused and blended the images for colour combinations using Image interpreter-Utilities and Layer stack option available in ERDAS. • Identification AOI and made a buffer of 10km radius. • Enhance the Fused and blended IRS Resourcesat-2image using the Spatial, Radiometric and Temporal options in ERDAS. • Rectified the IRS Resourcesat-2image using Geo-referencing technique, Toposheet to get UTM coordinate system. • Subset the IRS Resourcesat-2 images and Toposheet using 10Kms buffer AOI. • Automatic classifications done for IRS Resourcesat-2images using maximum iterations and number of options in unsupervised classification options. • Created the signature file by selecting the more samples of different features with AOI on Unsupervised classification image. • Export to Vector layer from supervised classification image. • Conducting QC / QA and finalized the data.

Table 3.1 Satellite Data Details

No. Satellite Data Date Format 1 IRS–Resourcesat2 04.01.2018 TIFF

Source: NRSC, Hyderabad

3.3.5. Methodology for LU & LC Study

The overall methodology adopted and followed to achieve the objectives of the present study involves the following steps:

47 • Satellite data of IRS Resourcesat-2 sensor is geometrically corrected and enhanced using principal component method and Nearest Neighbourhood resembling technique. • Preparation of basic themes like layout map, transport & settlement map and from the satellite image by visual interpretation. • Essential maps (related to natural resources) like Land use / Land cover map are prepared by visual interpretation of the satellite imagery. Visual interpretation is carried out based on the image characteristics like tone, size, shape, pattern, texture, location, association, background etc. in conjunction with existing maps/ literature. • Preliminary quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. • All the maps prepared are converted into soft copy by digitization of contours and drainages. In that process editing, labelling, mosaicing, quality checking, data integration etc are done, finally Land use areas are measured in Square Kilometres.

Figure 3.4 Process Flow Chart

48 Figure 3.5 Google Image Showing Villages within Study Area

Figure 3.6 Satellite Image

50 Figure 3.7 Visual Interpretation Keys used for the Study

Satellite Image 10 km Radius

Project Site Settlement & Roads Water Bodies River

Crop Land Fallow land Forest & Scrub Land

3.4 LAND USE STUDIES

It includes study of topographic features and land use under which area statistics for Land Use Land Cover classes and Land Use Land Cover statistics are included.

51 3.4.1. Land Use of Study Area

Land use map developed was based on the image colour, texture, tone and also ground truth verification data. Ground truth verification was carried out to validate the results of classified image and reconciliation was carried out with actual location of land mark features such as water bodies, forest land, agriculture land, etc. The supervised classification of satellite image yielded following classes:

Table 3.2 Area Statistics for Land Use Land Cover Classes

No. Classes Area Ha. % age Remarks 1 Built Up Area 467 1.49 Study region is a hilly area; there are very few villages on the top of the western ghat hills. 2 Crop Land 6135 19.53 Crop land contributes to somewhat less in the study area because of lack of water supply for irrigation. 3 Fallow Land 6905 21.98 A major land use which is because of changing of crop types, leaving the land uncultivated to get fertile and farming is done only during monsoon. 4 River 56 0.18 Kumbhi river is in the study area 5 Water Bodies 610 1.94 Only on dam at the upstream of Kumbi River. 6 Reserved Forest 9210 29.32 Forest land covers much type of plant species. 7 Scrub Land 8032 25.57 Some part of study area is covered with dense and open scrub. Total 31415 100.00

Graphical Presentation of Land use classification within 10 Km radius of proposed project.

Figure 3.8 Land Use Land Cover Statistics

Land Use Classification 1.49% Built Up Area

25.57% 19.53% Crop Land Fallow Land

River

21.98% Water Bodies

29.32% Reserved Forest 0.18% Scrub Land 1.94%

3.4.2. Topographical Features

The topographical map of proposed site is of scale 1:74,000 which was obtained from Survey of India. The map is prepared with two topographical maps to cover the study area. Kolhapur district is situated on the southwest fringe of Maharashtra State. The district is having 12 Talukas and is surrounded by Sindhudurga in the west, Ratnagiri in the northwest and Sangli in northeast side, Karnataka state towards east side.

52 Figure 3.9 Topographical Map

53 3.4.3. Land Use Map Land use map developed was based on the image colour, texture, tone and also ground truth verification data. Ground truth verification was carried out to validate the results of classified image and reconciliation was carried out with actual location of land mark features such as water bodies, forest land, agriculture land, etc. Figure 3.10 Land Use and Land Cover Map

54 3.4.4. Settlement Map

The area has good literacy rate. Most of the villages in study area are well connected with roads and are having water and electricity supply. The settlement map shows location of villages along with roads and locations of industries as shown in figure below-

Figure 3.11 Settlement Map

55 3.4.5. Eco-Sensitive Map

Eco-sensitive map is a matter of more concern because the proposed project should not hamper natural eco-system and surrounding natural resources. The project site has been shown on eco- sensitive map of Maharashtra state, which also shows all other eco-sensitive areas in the state. As per the map, the existing industry and proposed expansion project come within proposed eco-sensitive zone of western ghat.

Figure 3.12 Eco-Sensitive Map

56 3.5. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

3.5.1 Introduction

Agriculture is the main occupation pattern in the area. Hence, it is essential to determine agriculture potential of soil from the area and identify the impacts of urbanization and industrialization in the area. Study has been conducted to determine the agricultural and a forestation potential of the soil. The assignment w.r.t. soil studies was done by Mr. B. S. Lole; the Functional Area Expert for SC.

3.5.2 Soil Quality (Present Status)

Soil quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality and support human health and habitation. Soil quality reflects how well a soil performs the functions of maintaining biodiversity and productivity, partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering, nutrient cycling and providing support for plants and other structures. Thus, soil quality plays vital role in any particular geographical phenomenon of ecology as well as physico-chemical environment. Soil quality can indicate the current as well as future issues related with the water, ecology and life in the particular region. Thus, it is clearly visible that soil Contamination may result in eventuality in form of contamination of water, ecological destruction, and loss of productivity, food crisis and so threat to life. The major source of contamination is wastes from industries as well as overuse of fertilizers & pesticide. Thus, to determine the exact impacts of any proposed project, it is very essential to determine the existing status of soil quality and existing stress through a study of soil quality assessment. Considering this, for studying soils of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various, physiographic conditions, geology, land form and land use conditions. The physical, chemical characteristics were determined. The samples were collected by soil auger and other required equipments, up to a depth of 30 cm. from surface as per standard soil sampling procedure , given in Soil survey manual , All India soil and land use survey, New Delhi-1970 of Ministry of agriculture, Govt. of India.

The present study of the soil profile establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future identification of the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the project. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives:

• To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area; • To determine the impact of industrialization on soil characteristics; and • To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of view.

3.5.3 Methodology

Eight locations in and around the proposed plant boundary were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from surface 0-30 cm depth by taking samples at different spots in the same area and then by mixing it homogeneously & considering it as one sample. Soil samples were collected in 10th October 2018i.e. post-monsoon season.

3.5.3.1 Methodology of Data Generation

Physical and chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of the soil were analyzed. Soil samples were collected once during October 2018 – November 2018 - December 2018.

57 3.5.3.2 Sources of Information

In addition to field surveys, the other sources of information were offices of National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS and LUP) as well as District Census Data from Census of India, 2011.

Table 3.3 Analytical Techniques for Soil Analysis

Parameter Method (ASTM Number) Grain size distribution Sieve analysis (D 422 – 63) Textural classification Chart developed by Public Roads Administration Bulk density Sand replacement, core cutter Sodium absorption ratio Flame photometric (D 1428-82) pH pH meter (D 1293-84) Electrical conductivity Conductivity meter (D 1125-82) Nitrogen Kjeldahl distillation (D 3590-84) Phosphorus Molybdenum blue, colorimetric (D 515-82) Potassium Flame photometric (D 1428-82) Iron AAS (D 1068-84) Zinc AAS (D 1691-84) Boron Surcumin, colorimetric (D 3082-79) Chlorides Argentometric (D 512-81 Rev 85)

Overall, Eight Soil Sampling points were selected. The locations are listed in Table 3.4. Soil characteristics presented in Table 3.6 are compared with standard classification given in Table 3.5. Refer Annexure-I for Soil monitoring reports.

Table 3.4 Soil Sampling Locations

Sample Name of Latitude (N) & Longitude(E) Distance from Direction No Location Site, Km S1 Project Site 16°35'08.45"N, 73°52'46.36"E S2 Sangchi 16°33’19.0’’N 073°51’57.2’’E 3.66 SE S3 Gaganbawda 16°32'29.73"N 73°49'53.10"E 3.3 W S4 Bhuibawda 16°33’56.3’’N 073°47’31.8’’E 6.14 SW S5 Lakhmapur 16°30'42.37"N 73°52'28.56"E 7.30 S S6 Dhundewadi 16°35’11.3’’N 073°57’38.0’’E 8.8 E S7 Ambewadi 16°38’17.5’’N 073°53’24.6’’E 4.25 N S8 Gavliwada 16°36’47.6’’N 073°54’19.2’’E 4.45 N

Table 3.5 Standard Soil Classification

No Soil Tests Classification 1 pH <4.50 extremely acidic 6.5-7.3 neutral * 4.50-5.50 very strongly acidic 7.3-7.8 slightly alkaline * 5.00-5.50 strongly acidic 7.6-8.5 moderately alkaline* 5.50-6.00 moderately acidic 8.5-9.0 strongly alkaline 6.00-6.50 slightly acidic 9.0 very strongly alkaline (* tolerable to crops) 2 Salinity Electrical Upto 1.00 average -- conductivity (mhos/ cm) 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination (1 mhos/ cm = 640 PPM) 2.01-3.00 harmful to crops sensitive to salts 3 Organic Carbon Upto 0.2 very less 0.61-0.8 on an average sufficient 0.21-0.4 less 0.81-1.0 sufficient 0.41-0.5 medium >1.0 more than sufficient 4 Nitrogen (kg/ha) Upto 50 very less 151-300 better 51-100 less above 300 sufficient 101-150 good

58 No Soil Tests Classification 5 Phosphorus (kg/ha) Upto 15 very less 51-65 on an average sufficient 16-30 less 65-80 sufficient 31-50 medium above 80 more than sufficient 6 Potash (kg/ha) 0 very less 240-300 average 120-180 less 301-360 better 181-240 medium above 360 more than sufficient

3.5.4 Comments on Soil Characteristics

From interpretation of field data, physical and chemical data it can be concluded as under. As per the physical data soils are fine texture, having low bulk density, imperatively good water holding capacity, and slow permeability. As per physical characters soils are rated as moderate to good for agriculture. As per chemical characters soil reaction (pH) soils are neutral, slightly too moderately alkaline and electrical conductivity (EC) is non saline (normal). Organic matter is better to sufficient. Macro nutrient like nitrogen is better to sufficient and phosphorus is low, potassium is low, calcium, magnesium are medium to good and base saturation is moderate to good Sodium is below the limit to make soil saline or sodic or alkali. Micro-nutrients, Mn (very low may cause deficiency), Zn, Fe, Al (nil to low, will cause deficiency), B is low (may cause deficiency) SO4 low to medium and Cl are medium to high. Cation Exchange capacity is high indicating to good fertility. Exchangeable Ca is o good with good base saturation, Ex K is low, and Ex Na is also low not indicating any alkalinity. Sodium adsorption ratio indicates the soils are normal. As observed during field visit of 10 km buffer area from boundary of proposed plant. The area is located in east Western Ghats, North –West Karnataka in Krishna river basin. From Geomorphologic point of view

The area is a part by the Deccan table land with an average height by 550 m. amsl with the Sahyadrian Scrap forming the most prominent feature along its western boundary broadly, the area has three major characteristic land forms (1) the hill, Ghats and plateau (2) the foot hill zones (3) the plains. The soils in the district are formed from the Deccan trap which is predominating rock formation. The hill tops are covered with lateritic soil while in the valleys, the soil are of mixed character varying in colour and texture from brownish to reddish, and mostly fine texture (clay). In general, area is characterized by slightly to moderately undulating and flat terrain. As per soil map of Maharashtra at 1:500000 scale by NBSS & LUP, the soil family association observed in the area are: 1. Extremely shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils. On moderately sloping land with residual hills, with severe erosion and strong stoniness. Associated with extremely shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on gently sloping land with severe erosion and strong stoniness. 2. Very shallow, well drained, loamy soils on moderately sloping sahyadri eastern slopes, with very severe erosion and strong stoniness, associated with rock out crops. 3. Very shallow well drained to somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on gently sloping undulating land with moderate erosion. Associated with very shallow well drained to somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils, with moderate erosion and moderate stoniness. 4. Shallow somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on moderately steeply sloping and narrow valleys with severe erosion and strong stoniness. Associated with very shallow, well drained loamy sols with severe erosion and strong stoniness. 5. Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on moderately steeply sloping spurs with severe erosion and strong stoniness. Associated with slightly deep loamy soils with severe erosion and strong stoniness.

59 Thus as per analysis of soils data and field observation the land represented by eight samples can be classified as class III e land i.e. moderate soils on plain to gentle slopes subject to water erosion, as per land capability classification (USDA)

Table 3.6 Existing Soil Characteristics

No Parameters U.O.M S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Project Sangc Gagan Bhuiba Lakh Dhund Ambe Gavli Site hi bawda wda mapur ewadi wadi wada 1 Colour Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown 2 Grain Size Sand % 30.00 29.00 15.00 11.00 20.00 12.00 15.00 20.00 Distribution Silt% 20.00 16.00 28.00 26.00 28.00 26.00 20.00 18.00 Clay % 50.00 55.00 57.00 63.00 52.00 62.00 65.00 62.00 3 Texture Class Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay 4 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.31 1.15 1.22 1.24 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.12 5 Permeability cm/hr 0.42 0.26 0.35 0.39 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.20 6 Water Holding % 38.20 48.63 45.78 42.15 49.22 48.15 46.80 49.03 Capacity 7 Porosity % 36.58 47.22 43.17 41.29 48.67 49.50 47.12 51.14 8 pH (1: Aq -- 7.5 7.1 7.8 7.9 7.0 7.8 7.7 7.11 Extraction) 9 Electrical µS/cm 123.4 162.58 145.87 128.1 159.4 184.2 162.8 176.4 Conductivity (1: Aq Extraction) 10 Cation Exchange meq/ 27.69 45.58 40.40 48.32 52.99 43.72 51.81 45.24 Capacity 100gm 11 Exchangeable meq/ 21.22 34.67 30.41 39.89 36.59 26.82 33.71 28.02 Calcium 100gm 12 Exchangeable meq/ 6.16 10.62 9.64 8.12 15.96 16.58 17.81 16.94 Magnesium 100gm 13 Exchangeable meq/ 0.19 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.28 0.21 0.20 0.16 Potassium 100gm 14 Exchangeable meq/ 0.12 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.12 Sodium 100gm 15 SAR ------0.032 0.011 0.031 0.022 0.031 0.034 0.018 0.015 16 Nitrogen (N) mg/kg 138.6 275.2 244.6 381.6 191.2 171.2 169.8 174.3 17 Available mg/kg 11.39 19.5 23.21 14.24 18.24 16.28 13.24 10.28 Phosphorous (P) 18 Available mg/kg 75.08 92.49 82.4 76.4 110.40 80.10 78.90 62.40 Potassium 19 Organic Carbon % 0.22 1.84 1.36 1.24 1.91 1.08 1.45 1.14 20 Organic Matter % 0.38 3.16 2.34 2.13 3.29 1.86 2.49 1.96 21 Water Soluble mg/kg 10.99 61.36 41.00 50.10 280.2 110.1 172.4 137.4 Chloride (Cl) 22 Water Soluble mg/kg 14.07 32.14 23.1 21.4 141.4 134.6 95.4 106.1 Sulphate (SO4) 23 Aluminium (Al) mg/kg 0.14 0.36 0.68 0.45 0.16 0.28 0.05 0.77 24 Total Iron (Fe) mg/kg 10.2 35.9 26.8 22.1 38.6 45.4 84.1 25.4 25 Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 0.95 1.29 1.44 1.21 1.32 1.89 1.53 0.33 26 Boron (B) mg/kg 0.03 28.4 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.03 0.24 0.02 27 Zinc ( Zn) mg/kg 2.10 1.14 2.14 3.05 2.02 4.14 5.28 1.18 28 Total Cr mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 29 Lead (Pb) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 30 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 3.58 4.15 3.28 3.24 4.24 6.04 5.28 2.35 31 Arsenic (As) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 32 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 33 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg BDL 0.05 0.028 0.042 0.021 BDL 0.042 0.041 34 Barium (Ba) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 35 Selenium (Se) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 36 Copper (Cu) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

60 3.5.5 Physical Characters a. Grain size distribution: Texture indicates relative proportion of various sizes of primary soil particles such as sand, silt and clay present in the soil. Based on their quantities present in the soil sample and using the textural classification diagram. The textural classes of eight soil samples are clayey (fine) Bulk density values confirm the textural class. b. Bulk Density: In case of bulk density total soil space (space occupied by solid and pore spaces combined) are taken in to consideration. Thus Bulk Density is defined as the mass (weight) of a unit volume of a dry soil. This volume would, of course include both solids and pores. Soil texture, soil structure and organic matter content are the factors influencing the bulk density of a soil. Bulk Density, besides being an interesting and significant physical characteristic, is very important as a basis for certain computations. The Bulk density of the eight soil sample under consideration ranges between 1.10 to1.31 gm/cc, and confirms the fine texture of the soils of the area under study. c. Porosity: The pore space of a soil is the space occupied by air and water and is expressed as percent pore space. The amount of this pore space is determined by structural conditions, that is by inter- related influence of texture, compactness and aggregation. Porosity is also related to aeration and retention and movement of water in the soil. The porosity of eight soil sample ranges between 36.58 to51.14% and is moderate to good in accordance to the texture of soil, and considered moderate to good for air and water movement in the soil for crops. d. Permeability: permeability is the entry of fluid from one medium to another. In soil – water relationship, it means entry of water from air in to soil. : permeability rate is defined as maximum rate at which a soil in a given condition can absorb rain or irrigation water as it comes at soil surface, permeability rate is the rate of water entry in to the soil when flow is non-divergent. It is a surface and sub surface character, and is expressed as mm/sec or cm/hr .Permeability of eight samples under study is between 0.19 to 0.42cm /hour, and classified as very slow to slow for agriculture and conservation, indicating good availability of moisture to cops after rain or irrigation. e. Water Holding Capacity (WHC): Water holding capacity of soil is the maximum amount of moisture, a dry soil is capable of holding, under given standard condition. If the moisture content is increased further percolation result WHC is of great value to practical agriculture, since it provides a simple means to determine moisture content. WHC required for good crop growth is 35 to 70%. The WHC of the eight soil samples is between 38.2 to49.12% and is good indicating availability of water for crop growth indicating somewhat less frequent water application for growing crops

3.5.6 Chemical characters

The parameters considered for chemical analysis are: Soil reaction (pH), Electrical conductivity (EC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)) Cations, like Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium, water soluble sulphates ,and chlorides, sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).,, Macro nutrients like Available Nitrogen, total Organic carbon, organic matter Available phosphorus, available potassium Micro nutrients like Iron Zinc, manganese and boron. Heavy metals like, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd).

Figure 3.13 Soil Map

62 a. Soil reaction (pH):The nutritional importance of pH is illustrated, thus hydrogen ion concentration has influence not only on, solubility of nutrients, but also upon facility with which these nutrients are absorbed by plants, even already in soil solution for e.g. Fe, Mn and Zn become less available as pH rises from 4.5 to 7. At pH 6.5 to7.0 utilization of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen becomes more available. In case of phosphorus it becomes less available to plant as pH increases above 8.5, due to its fixation in exchange complex of soil. For the eight soil sample under consideration the pH ranges between 7.0 to 7.9 indicating soils are neutral, slightly alkaline to mod.Alkaline, in different samples, and suitable for growing all crops except some crops. b. Electrical conductivity (EC): The salt content of the soils are estimated by EC measurements, and is useful to designate soils as normal or sodic (saline). Electrical conductivity is expressed as µmhos/cm at 25◦C, µsmhos/ cm or mmhos /cm or sm/cm. The EC of eight soil samples is between 123.4 to 184.2 µs/cm and are below the limits to be called as saline and hence the soils are normal for crop growth. c. Organic Carbon / Organic matter( %)Although accounting for only a small part of the total soil mass in mineral soils, organic matter influences physical, chemical, and biological activities in the soil. Organic matter in the soil is plant and animal residue which serves as a reserve for many essential nutrients, especially nitrogen. Determination of organic matter helps to estimate the nitrogen which will be released by bacterial activity for the next season depending on the conditions, soil aeration, pH, type of organic material, and other factors. The eight soil samples under consideration contain 0.38 to 3.29 % organic matter; OM is calculated from organic carbon estimation. As per crop requirements the soils are having low to sufficient organic matter content in different samples, required for growing crop in next season. d. Available Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis. Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. The available nitrogen in the eight samples in question, as per analysis ranges between 181.6 to 473.8 kg/ha showing better to sufficient nitrogen content for crop growth. e. Available Phosphorus (P): Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. Effects rapid growth, .Encourages blooming and root growth. The phosphorus content of soil of eight samples ranges between 11.5 to 28.31kg/ha and falls under very low to low category. In different samples for crop growth. f. Available Potassium (K): Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. The Potassium content of eight soil samples ranges between 69.9 to 121.4 kg/ha and is very less for crop growth. g. Cation Exchange capacity (CEC): The total amount of exchangeable Cations that a soil can retain is designated as Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and usually expressed as me/100gm of soil. Determination of amount of Cations present in soil is useful, because CEC influences the availability of adsorbed Cations to both higher plants and soil

63 microorganisms. Thus CEC is directly related to fertility of soils. The CEC of the eight samples ranges between 27.69 to52.994 me / 100gm soil. A soil with low CEC indicates low fertility and soils with high CEC indicates high fertility. Eight soil samples are fine textured having high percentage of clay with dominating clay mineral, showing high CEC; in turn fertility is also high. h. Exchangeable Calcium (Ca++) Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant and soil acidity. The exchangeable calcium content of eight soil samples ranges between 21.22 to 45.58 me /100gm soil, and having good base saturation percentage (ranging from 76.6 to 86 %). For normal crop growth a calcium base saturation percent of soils between 50 to 75% 50% is required. i. Exchangeable Magnesium (Mg++): Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed for growth. The magnesium content of the eight soil samples ranges 6.16 to 17.81 m e /100 gm soil (BS % ranges between (22 to 33.6%), which is further adding to base saturation. Magnesium base saturation percent of 5 to 15 % is normal. j. Exchangeable Sodium (Na+): Though sodium is not an essential plant nutrient, but it has some role in potassium nutrition. Sodium also has a role in affecting the pH of soils; Sodium present above a certain limit makes soil alkaline which affect soil physical condition, and fixing of available phosphorus. Out of the eight samples sodium ranges between 0.05 to 0.16me/100gm soil, which is below the content (i.e. ESP is below 15%) at which soil show, saline alkali or alkaline properties, hence no adverse effect on soils. k. Exchangeable Potassium (K+): Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, potassium Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. The Potassium content of one soil sample is 0.16 to 0.28. me /100 gm and is low for crop growth. l. Sodium Adsorption ratio (SAR): Sodium adsorption ratio is ratio of Na+ to under root of Ca + +Mg++ by 2. SAR values of soil solution along with EC and pH helps in diagnosing soils as normal, saline, saline-alkali or alkali. The eight soil samples show SAR values between 0.011 to 0.034 and indicate that samples are normal (SAR below 13) m. Iron (Fe): Iron is essential for crop and other plant for chlorophyll formation Iron deficiency likely occurs in soils with high pH, poor aeration, excessive phosphorus, or low organic matter. It may be produced also by an imbalance of Mo, Cu, and Mn. In plants, the deficiency shows up as a pale green leaf colour (chlorosis) with sharp distinction between green veins and yellow inter-venial tissues. The iron content of eight samples ranges 10.2 to 84.1 % and is low to medium. May cause problem of iron deficiency in some areas. n. Aluminium (Al) Exchangeable Aluminium (Al) is not present in a plant available form in soils with a pH above 5.5 and therefore tests for extractable aluminium need only be done on distinctly acid soils. In soils with a pH range of 4.5 - 5.5 are those most likely to be affected by aluminium toxicity. In the eight samples the total Aluminium is between 0.05 to 0.77. o. Manganese( Mn): Is an important plant micro nutrient and is required by plants in second greater quantity compared to iron, like any other element, it can have limiting

64 factor on plant growth, if it is deficient or toxic in plant tissue. Manganese is used in plants as major contribution to various biological systems, including photo synthesis, respiration and nitrogen assimilation. Mn content in the eight samples ranges between 0.33 to 1.89 mg/kg and is low and may cause deficiency in plants. p. Zinc (Zn) Zn deficiency most often is present in sandy soils with neutral or alkaline pH, or with low organic matter. Total zinc may be high but the availability depends on other factors. In the present eight samples Zinc content ranges between1.14 to 5.28 mg/kg or ppm and are low, considered deficient for crop growth. q. Boron (B).There is a very narrow range between deficiency and toxicity in boron. Deficiencies are more often when organic matter is low and dry weather slows the decomposition. Uptake of boron is reduced at pH level higher than 7.0 Plant toxicity symptoms manifest as leaf tip and marginal chlorosis. Boron toxicity occurs in dry areas and is generally associated with irrigation water. In the eight samples of the project the boron content is between 0.02 to28.4 mg/kg is low and will cause deficiency to crops. r. Water-Soluble Sulphates as SO4: This test measures readily available sulphur in the form of dissolved plus absorbed sulphate. Sulphur testing is important where low sulphur or sulphur-free fertilizers are used, such as high analysis NPK fertilizers. Retention of sulphate sulphur by the soil is related to its phosphate retention, with high leaching losses of sulphate being associated with low phosphate retention soils. This should also be taken into account when considering sulphur fertilizer options. In the eight samples the water soluble sulphate as SO4 ranges between 14.07 to1414.6 mg/kg and very low to medium. s. Water Soluble Chlorides as Cl The Cl−anion does not form complexes readily, and shows little affinity (or specificity) in its adsorption to soil components. Thus, Cl− movement within the soil is largely determined by water flows. Chlorine is an essential micronutrient for higher plants. It is present mainly as Cl−. Chloride is a major osmotically active solute in the vacuole and is involved in both turgor- and osmo regulation. In the cytoplasm it may regulate the activities of key enzymes. In addition, Cl−also acts as a counter anion and Cl− fluxes are implicated in the stabilization of membrane potential, regulation of intracellular pH gradients and electrical excitability. In the eight samples the water soluble chloride ranges between 10.99 to280.2 mg/kg and is low to medium tohigh. t. Heavy Metals: Soils may become contaminated by the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids through emissions from the rapidly expanding industrial areas, mine tailings, disposal of high metal wastes, leaded gasoline and paints, land application of fertilizers, animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal combustion residues, spillage of petrochemicals, and atmospheric deposition. Heavy metals constitute an ill-defined group of inorganic chemical hazards, and those most commonly found at contaminated sites are lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd),), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni) Soils are the major sink for heavy metals released into the environment by aforementioned anthropogenic activities and unlike organic contaminants which are oxidized to carbon (IV) oxide by microbial action, most metals do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and their total concentration in soils persists for a long time after their introduction Changes in their chemical forms (speciation) and bioavailability are, however, possible. The presence of toxic metals in soil can severely inhibit the biodegradation of organic contaminants [Heavy metal contamination of soil may pose risks and hazards to humans and the ecosystem through: direct ingestion or contact with contaminated soil, the food chain (soil-plant-human or soil-plant-animal-

65 human), drinking of contaminated ground water, reduction in food quality (safety and marketability) via phyto-toxicity, reduction in land usability for agricultural production causing food insecurity, and land tenure problems u. Chromium (Cr): Chromium mobility depends on sorption characteristics of the soil, including clay content, iron oxide content, and the amount of organic matter present. Chromium can be transported by surface runoff to surface waters in its soluble or precipitated form. Soluble and un-adsorbed chromium complexes can leach from soil into groundwater. The leach ability of Cr (VI) increases as soil pH increases. Most of Cr released into natural waters is particle associated, however, and is ultimately deposited into the sediment. In the eight samples the chromium is below detectible limit and almost nil hence no chromium contamination. v. Lead (Pb): Typical mean Pb concentration for surface soils worldwide averages 32 mg kg−1 and ranges from 10 to 67 mg kg−1 the most serious source of exposure to soil lead is through direct ingestion of contaminated soil or dust. In general, plants do not absorb or accumulate lead. However, in soils testing high in lead, it is possible for some lead to be taken up. Studies have shown that lead does not readily accumulate in the fruiting parts of vegetable and fruit crops (e.g., corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, strawberries, and apples). Higher concentrations are more likely to be found in leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce) and on the surface of root crops (e.g., carrots). Since plants do not take up large quantities of soil lead, the lead levels in soil considered safe for plants will be much higher than soil lead levels where eating of soil is a concern (pica). Generally, it has been considered safe to use garden produce grown in soils with total lead levels less than 300 ppm. The risk of lead poisoning through the food chain increases as the soil lead level rises above this concentration. Even at soil levels above 300 ppm, most of the risk is from lead contaminated soil or dust deposits on the plants rather than from uptake of lead by the plant. In the eight samples the Lead is BDL and within permissible limit. w. Nickel (Ni): Nickel is an element that occurs in the environment only at very low levels and is essential in small doses, but it can be dangerous when the maximum tolerable amounts are exceeded. . It usually takes a long time for nickel to be removed from air. The larger part of all Ni compounds that are released to the environment will adsorb to sediment or soil particles and become immobile as a result. In acidic soils, however, Ni becomes more mobile and often leaches down to the adjacent groundwater. In the eight soil samples, the nickel content is between 2.35 to 6.04 and below limit of contamination. x. Arsenic (As) Arsenate can absorb or co precipitates with metal sulphides and has a high affinity for other sulphur compounds. Elemental arsenic and arsine, AsH3, may be present under extreme reducing conditions. Biotransformation (via methylation) of arsenic creates methylated derivatives of arsine. As compounds adsorb strongly to soils and are therefore transported only over short distances in groundwater and surface water. In the eight samples the arsenic values are below detectible limit and within permissible limit of contamination. y. Mercury (Hg) Sorption to soils, sediments, and humic materials is an important mechanism for the removal of Hg from solution. Sorption is pH dependent and increases as pH increases. Mercury may also be removed from solution by co-precipitation with sulphides. Under anaerobic conditions, both organic and inorganic forms of Hg may be converted to alkylated forms by microbial activity, such as by sulphur-reducing bacteria.

66 Elemental mercury may also be formed under anaerobic conditions by demethylation of methyl mercury, or by reduction of Hg (II). Acidic conditions (pH < 4) also favour the formation of methyl mercury, whereas higher pH values favour precipitation of HgS (s) .In the eight samples the mercury content is below detectible limit and within permissible limit of contamination.

z. Cadmium (Cd) The application of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and bio-solids (sewage sludge), the disposal of industrial wastes or the deposition of atmospheric contaminants increases the total concentration of Cd in soils, and the bioavailability of this Cd determines whether plant Cd uptake occurs to a significant degree. Cadmium is very bio -persistent but has few toxicological properties and, once absorbed by an organism, remains resident for many years. The eight samples contain cadmium is nil to0.05 and within permissible limits of contamination.

3.6. DRAINAGE AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

The assignment w.r.t. Hydrology, Ground water & Water conservation and Geology (HG & GEO) has been done by Dr. J. B. Pishte who is an empanelled expert FAE of EEIPL for HG & GEO. The scope of work methodology involved and allied details are presented in following paragraphs.

A visit to the project site and field work in the surrounding area was carried out on 4thDecember 2018, to study Geology &Hydrogeology (HG-Geo) of the area and assess the possible impact of the project on the environment. This EIA Report covers results of studies carried out in the area of influence of project. It is based on primary data collected by observations during field visit and secondary data obtained through dialogue with local people and previous literature from different sources.

3.6.1. Methodology

3.6.1.1. Literature Review

Available literature on geology and hydrogeology of the area was referred. Reports of Central Ground Water Board and Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency of the State, are useful to begin with the work. But such literature generally relates to district or State level. Therefore, content related to the study area had to be extracted carefully. Many times only general and statistical information is available, hence visit to the study area and generation of primary data becomes necessary. Literature related to effluents and waste waters of the project and their impact on geology and water regime was also referred to.

3.6.2. Data Generation

3.6.2.1. Hydrogeology

In general ‘watershed’ or ‘drainage basin’ is considered as a unit for assessment of groundwater resources because, the inflow and outflow from such unit is negligible. Therefore, impact of a project on groundwater regime is generally limited to the drainage basin in which the project is established. On this assumption, observations on hydrogeology were taken by well inventory within the micro-watersheds in which the project is situated.

3.6.2.2. Geology

Observations on rock types, their textures and structures were made in surface outcrops dug well sections, road sections, stream sections, and other types of excavations existing in the area.

67 3.6.3. Data Analysis and Interpretation

3.6.3.1. Hydrogeology

Water table contour map was prepared on the basis of well inventory data collected during field visit to the area. Groundwater flow directions in the study area were deduced from this map. This information is used in interpretation of the direction/s of spread of probable contamination plume, if any, originating from the project site. Water samples were handed over to M/s Equinox Environments Pvt. Ltd., Kolhapur, for analysis. Interpretations regarding parameters above the prescribed limits were made by referring to books and research papers on quality of ground water.

3.6.3.2. Geology

Rock types, their textures and structures observed in the area were identified by in situ visual examination and broken hand specimens wherever necessary.

3.6.4. Drainage

The project under study is situated on left bank of Kumbhi River, about 0.77 Km west of its course. Kumbhi is a tributary of Panchaganga, which in turn is a tributary of Krishna River. Panchaganga commands a large drainage area of Kolhapur district through many of its main tributaries.

The Kumbhi River, in the study area, flows in a general NNE direction. It is a perennial river. The smaller tributaries and streamlets in the area flow vigorously in monsoon and their flow gradually becomes lean in post monsoon months gradually drying up towards summer months. The overall drainage pattern is dendritic, but the two streams on either sides of the project campus are roughly parallel to each other. Drainage density is high in this region (Figure- 3.14).

3.6.5. Geomorphology

The area under study is located merely about 10 km east of Gagangiri Peak on the western boundary of Kolhapur district in Sahyadri Mountains. Sahyadri Mountains in this region are formed by denudation of basaltic lava flows of the Deccan Traps resulting in a typical geomorphology of flat topped hills and plateaus separated by wide valleys. Smaller hill ranges extend in ENE direction from plateaus and merge with the planar surfaces in eastern part of the district.

The PDDPSSKL campus is situated in a small valley of a tributary stream of Kumbhi River in the highly dissected region in western part of Panchaganga valley. The topography is typical of ‘youth stage’ of valley development. The project campus is surrounded by small hill sand ridges extending eastwards from the main Sahyadri ranges with a general eastward slope ending in Kumbhi River. This region experiences heavy rainfall ranging up to 6000 mm during southwest monsoon. As a result, the streams in this part have high erosive power.

68 Figure 3.14Drainage Map

69 Figure 3.15 Geomorphological Map

70 3.7. GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY &HYDROGEOLOGY

3.7.1. Stratigraphic Succession of Deccan Basalt Group of the Western Ghats

(After Beane et al.1986, Bodas et al. 1988, Cox and Hawkesworth, 1985, Subbarao and Hooper, 1988 and Khadri et al. 1988 in Geology of Maharashtra, editor Dr. G. G. Deshapande, 1998, by Geological Society of India, Bangalore – Modified to suite this report). Geologically the area falls in the southern part of the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of Peninsular India.

The DVP is dominated by basaltic lava flows in the form of horizontally bedded sheets spread over large area. The individual lava flows are more or less uniform in physical appearance, but lateral variations in colour, composition and texture or structure are not uncommon. Two variants of lava flows, namely compact basalt (CB) and vesicular- amygdular basalt (VAB) are exposed in well sections rocky outcrops are rarely seen that too are not prominent.

The study area having alternate heavy monsoon rainfall and hot summer is subjected to intense chemical weathering. The slopes are covered with vegetation on the lateritic soil mixed with debris of weathered rock. Therefore, rocky outcrops are rarely seen in this area. Thickness of weathered mantle noticed in streams, road sections and dug well sections ranges from 2 to 5 m. In some dug wells highly weathered compact basalt and vesicular basalt could be recognisable (Location no.11).

3.7.2. Hydrogeology

The hydrogeology of the study area is governed by depth of weathering and physical nature of basalt. Basalts have poor primary as well as secondary porosity. As a result, these rocks have poor storage and transmissivity characteristics, which give rise to higher runoff, rather than natural recharge. The formations due to poor storage and transmission characteristics get fully saturated during the monsoon and a situation of rejected recharge is resulted. These aquifers are then drained naturally due to slopping and undulating topography. As a result, the dug wells become dry by the month of February onwards, thus, ground water is not available during the season when it is required.

Ground Water Resources

Groundwater extraction in this area is done mainly through dug wells that are situated in low lying areas, particularly along sides of stream courses. As the area is close to Kumbhi River, water for irrigation is easily available in plenty; hence the number of dug wells is smaller here. Most of the wells have curbing, indicating depth of weathering. Standing water level in these wells ranges from 1 to 5 m below ground level. The Table no. 3.7 below is prepared on the basis of well inventory in the area around the project site.

71 Figure 3.16 Geological Map

Table 3.7 Well Inventory Data for Area around DDYPSSKL Site

Ground Static Water Well Sample Co-ordinates of Well Location Level in Water Level in Location No m from Level m m from Latitude Longitude msl (bgl) msl 1 - 16°35'6.98"N 73°52'48.74"E 576 2 574 2 1 16°35'31.99"N 73°52'58.75"E 566 1 565 3 2 16°35'50.73"N 73°53'15.72"E 568 5 564 4 3 16°36'1.11"N 73°53'22.78"E 565 5 561 5 4 16°36'16.25"N 73°53'31.06"E 564 8 556 6 5 16°36'17.01"N 73°53'33.15"E 562 4 558 7 6 16°36'23.65"N 73°53'33.45"E 564 4 560 8 - 16°36'19.76"N 73°53'35.46"E 563 4 559 9 7 16°36'13.36"N 73°53'06.92"E 576 4 572 10 - 16°36'13.97"N 73°53'05.22"E 575 4 571 11 - 16°36'14.15"N 73°53'01.78"E 577 3 574 12 - 16°35'22.96"N 73°52'13.66"E 577 1 576 13 8 16°35'13.71"N 73°53'11.31"E 574 5 569 14 9 16°34'46.68"N 73°52'48.79"E 614 5 609

Figure3.17 Water Table Contour Map with Well & Sample Locations

73 Figure 3.18 Geo-Hydrological Map

74 Hydrogeology is an interdisciplinary subject; it can be difficult to account fully for the chemical, physical, biological and even legal interaction between soil, water, nature and society. The study of the interaction between groundwater movement and geology can be quite complex. Groundwater does not always flow in the subsurface down-hill following the surface topography; groundwater follows pressure gradients (flow from high pressure to low) often following fractures and conduits in circuitous paths.

Dug/Bore wells are more common and popular in the study area. Most of the wells are shallow type and water table is at about 5 M deep. The deep dug wells are up to a depth of 12 M.

3.8. METEOROLOGY

3.8.1. Introduction

Micro-meteorological data within the study area during the air quality survey period is an indispensable part of air pollution studies. The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input to the predictive models for air quality dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological status of the region. Site specific data can be compared with the historical data in order to identify changes, which may have taken place due to the rapid industrialization in the area.

The micro-meteorological parameters regulate the transport and diffusion of pollutants released into the atmosphere. The principal variables, which affect the micrometeorology, are horizontal connective transport (average wind speed and direction), vertical connective transport (atmospheric stability and inversion conditions) and topography of the area. The climate of the study area and surrounding area is generally dry except in the southwest monsoon season. The year may broadly be divided into four seasons.

Winter season: December to February Pre-monsoon season: March to May Monsoon season: June to September Post monsoon season: October and November

Temperature

The climate of the region is predominantly tropical and varies as per season. The temperature varies from 42oC in summer to 12oC in winter and the average annual temperature of the area is 24oC.

Rainfall

The annual average rainfall in the study area is high i.e.6197 mm.

3.8.2. Methodology

The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the Indian Meteorology Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the data, which is then compared with the meteorological data generated by IMD from the nearest station at Kolhapur.

75 3.8.2.1. Methodology of Data Generation

Meteorological data has been generated at the site. The meteorological parameters were monitored for one season i.e. from October 2018 – November 2018 – December 2018. Details of parameters monitored, equipments used & frequency of monitoring is given in Table 3.8 Table 3.8 Meteorological Parameters

No. Parameters Instrument Frequency 1 Wind Speed Counter Cup Anemometer Every Hour 2 Wind Direction Wind Vane Every Hour 3 Temperature Thermometer Min./Max. Once in a day 4 Relative Humidity Dry/Wet bulb Thermometer Twice a day

3.8.2.2. Sources of Information

Secondary information on meteorological conditions has been collected from the nearest IMD station at Kolhapur. Also, reference were taken from book climatological normals (1971-2000). Wind roses, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall intensity have been compiled from IMD station, Kolhapur. Similarly, data on cloud cover is compiled from climatologically tables from the IMD station of Kolhapur. Wind Pattern at Project Wind Speed and direction are recorded at site every hour. Predominant wind during study season is from East (E) direction. The details are tabulated in Annexure-II.

3.9 AIR QUALITY

3.9.1 Introduction

The ambient air quality with respect to study zone of 10 Km radius around the PDDYPSSKL site forms the baseline information. The study area represents some urban environment although there is dominance of rural habitation. The various sources of air pollution in the study area are commercial and residential activities from the urban as well as rural areas, transportation and vehicular traffic etc. The impact of said actions and events through various emissions is reflected in the results of ambient air quality monitoring. The major air pollutants released into atmosphere from the different sources are PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and to small extent CO. However, these again vary with type and nature of the sources.

This section describes selection of sampling locations, includes the methodology of sampling and analytical techniques with frequency of sampling. Presentation of results for the October 2018 –November 2018 – December 2018 survey is followed by observations. All the requisite monitoring assignments, sampling and analysis was conducted through the environmental laboratory of M/s. Green Enviro Safe Engineers & Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Puneis NABL accredited and MOEFCC; New Delhi approved organization. Further, same has received certifications namely ISO 9001– 2008, ISO 14001– 2004 and OHSAS 18001– 2007 from DNV. Dr. Sangram Ghugare & Mr. Yuvraj Damugade who are FAEs of EEIPL for AQ.

3.9.2 Methodology

3.9.2.1 Selection of Sampling Locations

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through an ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of monitoring network, in the air quality surveillance program, is based on considerations namely – (1) Meteorological conditions, (2) Topography

76 of the study area, (3) Representativeness of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status, and (4) Representativeness of likely industrial impact areas. Ambient air monitoring was conducted in the study area to assess the quality of air for SO2, NOx, CO, PM10 and PM2.5.

Ambient AAQM stations were set up at Eight locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points, details of which are presented below. Monitoring of air quality was done here over a period of one season. Refer Ambient Air Quality Monitoring data for a period of one season enclosed at Annexure – III.

Table 3.9 AAQM Location Details

AAQM Name of the Station Location Distance from the Direction w.r.t. Station Code Station Site (Km) the Site Near Industrial - A1 -- -- Site A2 Vesaraf Nearest Habitation 0.88 W A3 Palasambe Upwind 4.23 ESE A4 Upale 4.04 NW Downwind A5 Ainari 4.87 WSW

A6 Bhom 6.26 W A7 Asalaj 2.14 NE Crosswind A8 Saitawade 3.76 SSE

3.9.2.2 Parameters, Frequency and Analysis Methods for AAQ Monitoring

Frequency adopted for sampling is two days per week; 24 hourly for all Eight ambient air quality stations. The baseline data of air environment, for all the seven monitoring stations, was generated. Details of same are presented in following table.

Table 3.10 AAQ Parameters, Monitoring Frequency and Analysis Methods

No. Parameters Frequency of Monitoring Analysis Methods

1 PM10 Continuous, 24 Hourly, twice a week Gravimetric Method (IS:5182, Part IV) 2 PM2.5 Continuous, 24 Hourly, twice a week Gravimetric Method (IS:5182, Part IV) 3 SO2 8 Hourly, three samples/day, twice a Modified West and Gaeke Method (IS: week 5182, Part II; Sodium Tetra chloro- mercurate). 4 NOx 8 Hourly, three samples/day, twice a Jacobs and Hochheiser Method week (IS: 5182, Part VI) 5 CO Once in a day, once a week NDIR Method (IS: 5182, Part X)

3.9.3 Presentation of Results

The summary of results for analysis of ambient air monitoring is presented in Table 3.11. The permissible ambient air quality limits are also presented in Table 3.12

Table 3.11 Summary of the AAQ Monitoring Results for Season [October – November – December 2018]

Location Project Vesaraf Palasam Upale Ainari Bhom Asalaj Saitawade Site be

PM10 Max 66.80 66.00 68.60 64.40 64.60 65.90 66.90 65.40 µg/M3 Min 53.00 51.60 51.10 52.10 51.40 53.30 51.40 54.80 Avg 60.32 59.66 59.84 58.93 59.03 59.72 60.15 60.20 98% 64.75 64.73 65.41 63.40 63.10 63.22 64.61 63.84 PM2.5 Max 32.10 29.60 33.70 31.80 30.30 31.60 28.40 27.30 µg/Μ3 Min 18.00 15.20 15.30 14.00 13.60 14.50 16.60 11.90 Avg 23.60 23.23 23.27 22.50 22.11 22.16 23.02 22.45 98% 28.14 28.32 29.74 29.29 28.83 27.69 27.49 26.41 SO2 Max 29.90 28.50 26.40 25.40 26.40 27.10 28.90 29.60 µg/Μ3 Min 14.00 13.20 12.30 15.40 14.10 14.80 14.90 16.40 Avg 21.97 21.13 20.70 20.70 20.78 21.72 21.66 21.92 98% 26.83 25.91 24.79 24.25 25.38 26.29 24.85 25.82 NOx Max 34.80 36.40 35.80 26.90 35.20 35.00 38.10 37.30 µg/Μ3 Min 24.40 25.40 24.90 26.40 26.20 26.70 26.80 26.30 Avg 30.48 30.66 30.08 30.69 29.98 29.57 31.79 30.95 98% 33.07 33.98 33.03 33.97 33.92 32.82 35.05 34.06 Max 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.16 CO Min 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 µg/Μ3 Avg 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 98% 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14 Notes:PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx are computed based on 24 hourly values. , CO is computed based on 8 hourly values.

Table 3.12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) by CPCB (Notification No. S.O.B-29016/20/90/PCI-L by MOEFCC; New Delhi dated 18.11.2009)

Zone Station Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Rural &Other Area Sensitive Area PM10 24 Hr 100 100 (µg/M3) A.A. 60 60 PM2.5 24 Hr 60 60 (µg/M3) A.A. 40 40 SO2 24 Hr 80 80 (µg/M3) A.A. 50 20 NOx 24 Hr 80 80 (µg/M3) A.A. 40 30 CO 8 Hr 2 2 (mg/M3) 1 Hr. 4 4 Note: A.A. represents Annual Average

3.9.4 Observations The observations in respect of results presented in Table 3.11 are given below.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

PM10 values at all the eight locations are attributed to windblown dust. The 98 percentile values at eight stations viz. Industrial Site, Vesaraf, Palasambe, Upale, Ainari, Bhom, Asalaj, Saitawade are observed between 63.10to 65.81µg/ M3 which is below the permissible value 3 3 of 100 µg/ M for residential zones. Average value of PM10 for industrial site is 60.32 µg/ M and those for the remaining stations were observed to be in a range between 58.93 µg/ M3 to 60.32 µg/ M3, which are within the permissible limit of 100 µg/ M3.

78 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

All the observed values are within the permissible limits for residential and rural conditions i.e. 60 µg/m3. The average values range between 22.11µg/M3 to 23.60µg/M3

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

3 All the observations are well below the permissible limits of 80 µg/M with average SO2 concentrations ranging between 20.70 µg/M3 to 21.92µg/M3

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

All the observed values are within the permissible limits for residential and rural conditions (i.e. 80 µg/M3). The average values range between 29.57µg/M3 to 31.79µg/M3

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

The average values range between 0.09 µg/M3 to 0.11 µg/M3

3.10 WATER QUALITY

3.10.1 Introduction

Selected water quality parameters, for surface and ground water resources from the study area, have been considered for assessing water environment and to evaluate impact due to the project. Understanding water quality is important in environmental impact assessment and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.

3.10.2 Methodology

3.10.2.1 Methodology of Data Generation

Reconnaissance was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on – (1) Topomaps and drainage map to identify major water bodies, and (2) likely areas which can represent baseline conditions. Sampling and analysis of water samples for physical, chemical and heavy metals were undertaken through NABL & MoEFCC; New Delhi approved laboratory of M/s. Green Enviro Safe Engineers & Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Pune which is NABL accredited& MoEFCC; New Delhi approved organization. Further, same has received certification of OHSAS 18001:2007 from DNV. Eight locations for surface water and five locations for ground water samples were selected which are listed in table 3.13

Table 3.13 Monitoring Locations for Surface Water

Station Name of the Station Distance from Direction Justification Code Site; Km from Site SW1 Saitawade 3.21 S Upstream of Kumbhi river SW2 Kumbhi river 1.03 E Midstream of Kumbhi river SW 3 River near Padavalwadi 4.16 NE Downstream of Kumbhi river SW 4 Vesaraf talav 1.46 W Nearest water body SW5 Nala near project site - 0.06 S Upstream of nalla SW6 Nala &river confluence 0.76 NE Confluence point SW7 Near Vesaraf 0.87 NE Nalla on north of project site SW8 Andur reservoir 6.55 NE Water body

79 Table 3.14 Monitoring Locations for Ground Water

Station Name of the Station Geographical Location Distance Direction Code from Site from Site Km GW1 Near Vesaraf 16°35'31.99"N, 73°52'58.75"E 0.81 NNE GW2 Asalaj west site 16°35'50.73"N, 73°53'15.72"E 1.56 NNE GW3 Near Asalaj north west 16°36'01.11"N, 73°53'22.78"E 1.94 NNE GW4 Near SH 115 16°36'16.25"N, 73°53'31.06"E 2.47 NNE GW5 Near Kumbhi river 16°36'17.01"N, 73°53'33.15"E 2.52 NNE GW6 West site of Padawalwadi 16°36'23.65"N, 73°53'33.45"E 2.70 NNE GW7 Near east site of Upale 16°36'13.36"N, 73°53'06.92"E 2.09 NNE GW8 Near industrial site (East side) 16°35'13.71"N, 73°53'11.31"E 0.76 NNE GW9 Near industrial site (South side) 16°34'46.71"N, 73°52'48.79"E 0.67 S

3.10.3 Sampling Procedure for Primary Data Generation

Ground and surface water sources, covered in an area of 10 Km radius from the proposed site were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metal and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground water. The samples were collected and analyzed as per procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater’ published by American Public Health Association (APHA).Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples were collected in sterilized glass bottles for bacteriological portability test. Parameters analyzed at the site were pH, temperature, odour, turbidity and dissolved oxygen using portable water analysis kits.

Selected physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for assessing the existing water quality status in the core area. Results for the parameters analyzed in surface water samples, are compared with Class ‘C’ water as per IS: 10500:2012, Second Revision; “Specifications for Drinking Water”. 3.10.4 Presentation of Results 3.10.4.1 Surface Water Analysis results for surface water are given in table below. Copies of actual reports are presented at Annexure-IV. Table 3.15 Surface Water

No Paramete Unit Location Limits IS r Saita Kumb River Vesar Nala Nala Near Andur 10500:2012 wade hi Near af Near & Vesar Reserv River Padava Talav Project River af oir lwadi Site Confl uence 1 Colour Hazen 2.6 2.8 3.8 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.7 2.7 5.00 Unit 2 Odour -- Agree Agree Agreea Agree Agreea Agree Agree Agreea Agreeable able able ble able ble able able ble 3 pH -- 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.5 6.5-8.5 4 Conduct. µS/cm 174.58 246.39 1099.81 504.33 1176.06 577.63 878.83 182.35 NS 5 TDS mg/lit 116.97 165.08 736.89 337.91 787.98 387.03 588.83 122.18 < 500.00 6 Turbidity NTU 0.50 2.50 3.90 2.70 4.20 2.90 3.30 0.80 < 1.00 7 TSS mg/lit 9.23 20.14 70.98 27.82 74.78 26.13 35.43 10.16 NS 8 COD mg/lit 16.06 20.64 74.69 24.75 79.78 29.57 33.69 18.96 NS OD 9 mg/lit 4.8 4.2 3.0 3.8 1.1 2.7 3.6 5.2 NS

80 No Paramete Unit Location Limits IS r Saita Kumb River Vesar Nala Nala Near Andur 10500:2012 wade hi Near af Near & Vesar Reserv River Padava Talav Project River af oir lwadi Site Confl uence 10 BOD mg/lit 7.84 8.16 28.97 11.29 32.47 15.68 18.47 9.18 NS 3 days 27oC 11 Ammonic mg/lit BDL 0.15 0.48 0.20 0.41 0.22 0.42 0.02 < 0.50 al Nitrogen 12 Nitrate as mg/lit BDL 1.11 3.05 2.42 2.94 2.8 2.96 BDL < 45.00 NO3 13 Nitrite as mg/lit BDL 0.13 1.21 0.36 0.6 0.59 0.74 BDL NS NO2 14 Nitrogen mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NS as N 15 Phosphoro mg/lit BDL 0.24 0.94 0.29 3.56 0.39 0.78 BDL NS us as PO4 16 Potassium mg/lit 0.24 1.25 1.94 1.34 11.75 1.45 1.88 0.22 NS as K 17 Sodium as mg/lit BDL 4.9 30.9 6.11 42.18 12.15 26.47 BDL NS Na 18 Calcium mg/lit 25.63 30.35 81.14 34.68 87.11 45.18 50.24 26.00 < 75.00 as Ca 19 Magnesiu mg/lit 2.53 4.18 25.78 8.49 30.58 16.39 18.34 2.88 < 30.00 m as Mg 20 Total mg/lit 74.50 93.10 309.06 121.68 343.76 180.48 201.16 76.87 < 200.00 Hardness as CaCO3 21 Carbonate mg/lit 12.50 24.63 90.55 42.18 55.96 45.72 49.58 10.20 NS 2- s as CO3 22 Bicarbona mg/lit 20.34 33.67 160.74 110.56 150.69 112.58 120.57 22.64 NS tes asHCO3 23 Chlorides mg/lit 41.18 36.84 202.96 82.47 215.64 90.63 220.96 40.98 < 250.00 as Cl- 24 Sulphates mg/lit 14.25 26.57 130.58 47.59 179.14 56.78 92.68 18.33 < 200.00 as SO4 25 Sulphide mg/lit BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 0.06 BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 as H2S 26 Fluorides mg/lit BDL 0.08 1.10 0.12 1.24 0.23 0.74 0.02 < 1.00 as F- 27 Iron as Fe mg/lit 0.014 0.027 0.92 0.092 1.48 0.095 0.61 0.12 < 0.30 28 Aluminu mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL <0.03 m as Al 29 Barium as mg/lit BDL 0.06 0.52 0.12 0.62 0.22 0.32 BDL <0.70 Ba 30 Boron as mg/lit 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.45 0.32 0.38 0.22 < 0.50 B 31 Copper as mg/lit BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 0.02 BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 Cu 32 Selenium mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 as Se 33 Zinc as Zn mg/lit BDL 0.58 3.74 0.61 3.54 1.28 1.16 0.05 <5.00 34 Cadmium mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.003 as Cd 35 Lead as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 Pb 36 Mercury mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 as Hg 37 Nickel as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.02 Ni 38 Arsenic as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.01 As

81 No Paramete Unit Location Limits IS r Saita Kumb River Vesar Nala Nala Near Andur 10500:2012 wade hi Near af Near & Vesar Reserv River Padava Talav Project River af oir lwadi Site Confl uence 39 Chromiu mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 m as Cr 40 Total No./ 120 630 1200 860 1080 884 924 200 Absent Coliform 100ml 41 Fecal No./ 42 74 800 440 738 624 646 68 Absent Coliform 100ml Note: NS- Not Specified The water at all sites is found to be neutral in nature. At all sites, water samples showed presence to total coliforms and fecal coliforms which are exceeding permissible limits. This indicates that the water is biologically unpotable. 3.10.4.2 Ground Water Eight locations for ground water samples were selected which are listed below. Analysis results for the ground water samples are given in following Table 3.16. Copies of actual reports are presented at Annexure-V. Table 3.16 Ground water

No Parameter Unit Location Limits Near Asalaj Near Near Near West Near Near Near IS Vesa West Asalaj SH 115 Kumb Site of East Indust Indust 10500: raf Site North hi Pada Site rial rial 2012 West River walwa Of Site Site di Upale (East (South Sit) Site) 1 Hazen Colour 2.50 4.10 3.90 3.80 2.20 3.10 4.10 4.10 3.15 5.00 Unit 2 Agre Agree Agree Agre Agree Agree Agree Agree Agreea Agreea Odour -- eable able able eable able able able able ble ble 3 pH -- 7.50 7.60 7.40 7.50 7.70 7.40 7.60 7.60 7.75 6.5-8.5 4 Conductiv 1168. 1130.7 982.2 1278.0 1144.0 1034.0 1217.8 µS/cm 950.51 933.71 NS ity 75 6 7 9 6 2 7 5 783.0 658.1 < TDS mg/lit 636.86 757.63 625.60 856.34 766.54 692.81 815.99 8 4 500.00 6 Turbidity NTU 2.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 < 1.00 7 TSS mg/lit 24.56 48.51 40.30 41.89 24.63 33.74 42.69 43.12 40.18 NS 8 COD mg/lit 71.13 60.80 70.18 63.97 58.91 79.62 74.02 66.87 75.09 NS 9 BOD 3 NS days mg/lit 27.44 22.07 25.09 25.11 20.84 30.14 28.16 26.90 31.44 at 27oC 10 Ammonic al mg/lit 0.31 0.63 0.74 0.45 0.38 0.28 0.26 0.31 0.45 < 0.50 Nitrogen 11 Nitrate as < mg/lit 5.10 2.14 3.00 2.20 4.40 2.00 6.26 7.14 5.34 NO3 45.00 12 Nitrite as NS mg/lit 0.24 0.21 0.12 0.28 0.26 0.16 0.28 0.31 0.44 NO2 13 Nitrogen NS mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL as N 14 Phosphoro NS mg/lit 6.60 2.80 9.10 8.40 3.40 4.10 7.25 3.90 2.84 us as PO4 15 Potassium NS mg/lit 22.80 40.40 36.80 76.80 86.80 51.40 72.80 46.90 42.17 as K 16 Sodium as NS mg/lit 66.89 64.90 71.40 46.89 54.60 78.90 88.40 52.80 49.35 Na 17 Calcium mg/lit 106.8 64.25 75.43 46.17 88.72 77.96 78.32 84.21 80.13 <75.00

82 No Parameter Unit Location Limits Near Asalaj Near Near Near West Near Near Near IS Vesa West Asalaj SH 115 Kumb Site of East Indust Indust 10500: raf Site North hi Pada Site rial rial 2012 West River walwa Of Site Site di Upale (East (South Sit) Site) as Ca 0 18 Magnesiu < mg/lit 14.23 18.23 21.84 25.42 22.10 25.36 13.84 12.54 26.88 m as Mg 30.00 19 Total 325.6 220.1 < Hardness mg/lit 235.73 278.56 312.85 299.38 252.82 262.19 311.07 3 6 200.00 as CaCO3 20 Carbonate 136.8 154.9 NS 2- mg/lit 118.90 92.45 98.46 157.90 132.17 114.16 200.85 s as CO3 0 4 21 Bicarbona NS 102.4 tes as mg/lit 96.80 86.40 98.10 97.10 112.40 126.80 96.40 100.26 0 HCO3 22 Chlorides 244.9 151.8 < mg/lit 171.48 256.90 104.96 268.90 187.55 202.71 195.48 as Cl- 0 9 250.00 23 Sulphates < mg/lit 68.90 54.27 98.96 44.94 61.19 74.18 50.28 65.47 105.67 as SO4 200.00 24 Sulphide mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 as H2S 25 Fluorides mg/lit 1.26 0.11 0.18 0.56 0.04 0.94 0.09 1.21 1.05 < 1.00 as F- 26 Iron as Fe mg/lit 0.88 0.62 0.22 0.27 0.36 0.54 0.14 0.25 0.41 < 0.30 27 Aluminiu mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.03 m as Al 28 Barium as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.70 Ba 29 Boron as mg/lit 0.20 0.64 0.25 0.09 0.18 0.26 0.35 0.52 0.48 < 0.50 B 30 Copper as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 Cu 31 Selenium mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 as Se 32 Zinc as Zn mg/lit 4.77 0.48 3.84 0.74 2.65 1.06 1.75 3.98 4.19 <5.00 33 Cadmium mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.003 as Cd 34 Lead as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 Pb 35 Mercury mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 as Hg 36 Nickel as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.02 Ni 37 Arsenic as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.01 As 38 Chromiu mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 m as Cr 39 Total No./10 42.00 24.00 32.00 46.00 38.00 34.00 52.00 22.00 56.00 Absent Coliform 0ml 40 Fecal No./10 22.00 12.00 24.00 32.00 18.00 26.00 32.00 10.00 38.00 Absent Coliform 0ml

Note: NS- Not Specified

The above results reveal that some parameters in analysed samples are above desirable limits but well within permissible limits prescribed by IS10500-2012.TDS, Turbidity and Total Hardness are uniformly on higher side in all the wells. Calcium as Ca is also more in all wells except well numbers 3 and 5.

83 3.11 NOISE LEVEL SURVEY

3.11.1 Introduction

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is that sound which is composed of many frequency components of various loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the ‘A’ weighted scale which is measured as dB (A). This is more suitable for audible range of 20 to 20,000 HZ. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear. The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:

• Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as the one, which is of continuously varying loudness. • The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance. • The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive land use, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.

The Environmental Impact of noise can have several effects varying from noise Induced hearing loss to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels. The environmental impact assessment of noise from the industrial activity, vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses and annoyance and general community responses.

The study area of 10 Km radius with reference to the PDDYPSSKL industry site was covered for noise environment. The four zones viz. residential, commercial, industrial and silent zones have been considered for noise monitoring. Some of the major arterial roads were covered to assess the noise due to traffic. Noise monitoring was undertaken for 24 hours at each location. The purpose of noise pollution impact assessment in the study area is to assess impact of total noise generated by industries and vehicular traffic on the human settlements within 10 Km radius. The main objectives of the studies conducted were -

 Assessment of background noise levels  Identification and monitoring the major noise sources of the existing activity  Impact of noise on the workers as well as on general population.

The assignment of noise was done by Functional Area Expert of EEIPL for NV - Mr. Vinay Kumar Kurakula in the month of October 2018.

3.11.2 Identification of Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noise generating sources have been identified with respect to the activities, viz. industrial noise and ambient noise due to industries and traffic, which have impact on sensitive areas. The noise sampling locations have been indicated below.

3.11.3 Ambient Noise Monitoring Stations

The noise survey involved determination of noise levels, in decibels, at following 8locations in the study area. Noise levels were recorded once in a month for24-hour period at each village. Refer Annexure-VI for copies of actual reports.

84 Table3.17 Noise Sampling Locations

Station Name of the Distance from Direction from Code Sampling Point Site, Km Site N1 Project Site - - N2 Ambewadi 6.15 NNE N3 Sangashi 3.42 SSW N4 Lakhmapur 7.56 E N5 Gaganbavda 6.92 SW N6 BhuiBavda 9.1 WSS N7 Dhundwade 8.56 E N8 Gavliwadi 3.35 NNE

Figure 3.19 Noise Monitoring Locations

A noise rating developed by EPA for specification of community noise from all the sources is the day-night sound level, (Ldn). It is similar to a 24-hour equivalent sound level except that during the night-time period, which extends from 10 PM to 6 AM, a 10 dB (A) weighing penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing 24 hour average. This night time penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night, when people usually sleep, is judged more annoying than the same noise during the daytime. For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the certain noise levels exceeding during the time interval. The notation for the statistical quantities of noise levels is described below:

L10 is the noise level exceeded 10 percent of the time L50 is the noise level exceeded 50 percent of the time, and L90 is the noise level exceeded 90 percent of the time

85 Lday is equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during day (6 AM to 10 PM). Lnight is equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during night (10 PM to 6 AM).

Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq):

The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level that is equivalent to the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time. This is calculated from the following equation:

2 (L10-L90) Leq=L50+ ------60 Ldn: The noise rating developed for community noise from all sources is all Day-Nights Sound Level (Ldn). It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except during night time period (10 PM to 6 AM) where a 10 dB (A) weighing penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average. The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq’s, by the equation.

Ldn=10 log {1/24[15(10 Ld/10) +9 (10(Ln+10)/10)]}

Where Ld is the equivalent sound level during the daytime (6 AM to 10 PM) and Ln is the equivalent sound level during the night-time (10 PM to 6 AM).

3.11.3.1 Method of Monitoring

A detailed noise level survey was undertaken to study the levels of noise, as the high noise levels may cause adverse effect on human beings and the associated environment. The noise level monitoring was carried out through MoEFCC; New Delhi approved laboratory-M/s. Green Enviro Safe Engineers 7 Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Pune - that has also received NABL as well as ISO 9001: 2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001: 2007 accreditations.

3.11.3.2 Standards for Noise Levels

MoEFCC has notified ambient air quality standards in respect of noise vide Gazette notification Dated 14th February 2000. It is based on the ‘A’ weighted equivalent noise level (Leq). The standards are given in following table

Table 3.18 Ambient Noise Level Standards

Area Limits in dB(A) L Category eq Code Day Time Night Time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone 50 40 Ref: Gazette of India 14th Feb 2000.

Standards for Occupational Noise (U.S.A)

Industrialized countries have specified limits for occupational noise exposure. The permissible noise exposure limit for industrial workers is primarily concerned with the harmful aspect of noise and its objective is to protect the hearing of majority of working people. The American Conference Government of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), USA has prescribed the following permissible noise exposure limits for industrial workers.

86 Table3.19 Standards for Occupational Exposure

Exposure Time in Hour/day 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 Limit in dB(A) 090 093 096 099 102 105 108 111 114

Exposure to continuous or intermittent noise louder than 115 dB (A) should not be permitted. Exposure to pulse or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB (A).

OSHA Standards

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have also prescribed the following allowable limits to noise exposure for industrial workers.

Table 3.20 OSHA Standards for Occupational Exposure

Duration per day (in hours) 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 Sound level in dB(A) 85 87 90 92 95 97 100 105 110

3.11.4 Presentation of Results

The ambient noise levels measured are presented in Table 3.20. The table indicates equivalent noise levels viz. L10, L50, L90, Lday, Lnight and Ldn at different places located within the study area. Similarly, these values viz. Leq, Lday, Lnight and Ldn are compared with the limits.

Table 3.21 Ambient Noise Levels

Average Noise Level in dB(A) Sr. No. Location L10 L50 L90 Leq(day) Leq(night) Ldn 1 N1 59.4 61.2 65.9 65.2 59.3 67.2 2 N2 44.4 47.2 48.3 52.3 42.7 52.4 3 N3 44.5 47.4 48.4 52.3 43.1 52.6 4 N4 43.7 45.2 47.8 52.1 39.0 51.2 5 N5 43.8 45.2 48.1 52.5 38.5 51.4 6 N6 44.6 47.2 48.4 52.3 42.7 52.4 7 N7 43.7 44.7 47.6 51.6 38.5 50.7 8 N8 44.3 48.2 49.1 53.3 43.9 53.5

3.11.4.1 Observations

The noise levels in the study area are within the permissible limits. The equivalent noise levels during day time in residential area as well as rural area are observed to be within the permissible limits. The equivalent value observed during night time is well below the permissible standards.

3.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

3.12.1 Introduction

Socio-economic status of any population is an indicator for development of the region. Any developmental project will have bearing on the living conditions and on the economic base of population in particular and the region as a whole. Similarly, the proposed industry will have its share of socio-economic influence in the study area. The section delineates the overall appraisal of socially relevant attributes.

This report is a part of EIA study to be carried out as per the MoEF&CC Notification No. 1533(E) Dated 14th September, 2006. As per the TOR dated 18.11.2018 survey of selected villages within the 10 Km radius of the study area was carried out with the help of an interview schedule. The objective of the survey is to understand the current socio-economic

87 status of selected villages and the perception of the locals about the existing PDDYPSSKL as well as to know their awareness about the proposed project. The following data was collected on 28th& 29th November 2018 and 3rd& 4th December 2018 by Dr. A.J. Samant (FAE-SE), Mr. Neeraj D. Powar (FAE/B) and Mr. Chetan Jagdale (Executive).

3.12.2 Methodology

The survey of 20 villages, selected out of 30 villages, taking the reference of census 2011, within the 10 Km radius of PDDYPSSKL, was carried out with the help of a structured close ended interview schedule prepared for the exercise, comprising of 33 questions in Marathi. The schedule was administered in month of December, 2018 by using Simple random disproportionate sampling as well as snow ball sampling technique. A total of 84 local respondents were covered during the study (Plate I, A).The data generated was analysed using Microsoft Excel software. The names of study villages and the number of respondents from them are given below (Table 3.22).Photo documentation was done where necessary.

Table 3.22 Villages in Study Area &Sample Size of Respondents

No. Name Sample Size 1 Gaganbawada 9 2 Katali 3 3 Jambulwadi 4 4 Bhutalwadi 4 5 Sangashi 4 6 Saitwade 4 7 Kokurale 4 8 Vesaraf 4 9 Pargaonkarwadi 4 10 Dhundwade 4 11 Borbet 4 12 Gorivade 4 13 Kadave 4 14 Konoli 4 15 Padwalwadi 4 16 Kode Kh. 4 17 Palsambe 4 18 Andur 4 19 Shenavade 4 20 Aslaj 4 Total 84

3.12.3 Results and Discussion

The male: female ratio among the respondents was 51:49 respectively. Special attention was given for incorporating educated females like high school teacher, gram panchayat members, PHC- employees and girls taking higher education. This was deliberately done to elicit information from them due to their education, exposure and experience. Senior citizens were also chosen due to their experience and long stay in the study area. Age group distribution composition of the respondents is given table.

88 Table 3.23 Age Distribution within Sample size

No. Age Group Percentage 1 21 to 30 23 % 2 31 to 40 33 % 3 41 to 50 19 % 4 51 to 60 15 % 5 Above 61 10 %

A majority of the respondents within the sample size were literate where only 2% were illiterate. Among the literates 36% had up to primary, 46% secondary, and 11% higher secondary education and 5% were graduate. Though most of the respondents are literate, only 5% were graduates and the absence of higher education is due to varied reasons such as unavailability of higher education facility, involvement in family occupation, social cultural taboo and economic conditions.

Within the surveyed area the respondents were involved in various livelihood activities namely agriculture, service, agriculture labour and sundry occupations, however most (90 %) had agriculture as their main occupation. Around 17 % of the respondents relied on daily wages in addition to their own agricultural work, 10% were daily labourers and only few (4%) had their own business like general stores, retail shop, mineral water suppliers along with agriculture.

Out of the respondents 26% had their annual family income between Rs. 1,00,000 to 1,25,000, 46 % of the respondents had their annual income below Rs. 1,25,000 to 1,50,00, 20% had above Rs. 1, 50,000 whereas remaining 8% of the respondents from the study area had an annual income between Rs. 75,000 to 1, 50,000. This shows that most respondents belonged to lower and lower middle class category (IT department, 2018).

In all villages 33% population depends on the river Kumbhi for drinking water. On the other hand many (62%) relied on groundwater and other sources such as wells and bore wells. Out of the above 14% were dependent on irrigation tanks as well (Plate I, B). According to most (93%) of the respondents there is no shortage of water in the area as it is heavy rainfall area in the Western Ghats and water is sufficiently available throughout the year.

Almost all (99%) of the respondents revealed that there was no change in water quality in their area. When enquired about the negative environmental effects of existing PDDYPSSKL industry. About89% of the respondents revealed that they are not experiencing any negative effect as yet. However, 11 % respondents from village Vesaraf, Asalaj, Jambulwadi and Bhutalwadi revealed impact of air pollution due to existing industry. This may be due to their nearness to the factory.

Almost all (93%) respondents were unaware of the proposed distillery project. When enquired about their opinion on this, mixed opinions were expressed. About 30% perceived that there would be no change in the existing socio-economic conditions. Whereas 99% were hopeful about increase in employment. However, they were concerned about getting these job opportunities as the Industry prefers only qualified technical manpower which is rarely present in the local study villages. The unawareness of the locals regarding the expansion of the project may be due to their unconcerned approach as well as non-communication by PDDYPSSKL as well local self-governing bodies.

89 Only 35% of respondents stated that library reading room facility existed in their village and used by the villagers. Only Some (20%) of respondents mentioned existence of cultural centre in their village (Plate I,C).A majority (54%) stated that there was madanpam in front of the village temples which was utilised for multiple purposes. Only 20% of the respondents confirmed presence of Public Health Centres (PHC) centres in the village in working conditions with availability of doctors. Thus, it can be concluded that most villages lack the basic PHCs facility in their respective villages. According to almost all (98 %) of respondents toilet facility was available in the village households Similarly 95% respondents mentioned that sports grounds are available in respective schools which are being used by students for various sports activities. As per a majority (66%) of the respondents there is S T bus stand in their villages and 41% respondents said that there are private vehicles for the use of masses for transportation. Primary school facility is available in majority of the villages, some wadis (settlements) with small population are an exception to this. According to all the respondents there are self-help groups in their areas for socio-economic up-liftment of the locals. However, no specific business was carried out by these self help groups except collecting money and lending loans to members, as the women are working as agriculture labourers or in their own fields.

3.12.4 Observations

The villages in the study area are remote and located in hilly and forested areas. Therefore, basic facilities namely good tar roads, PHCs and transportation facilities are grossly lacking. The nearest PHCs for all villages are one at Gaganbawda and other at Salvan villages. The study area being at crest of the Western Ghats receives the highest rainfall in the Kolhapur district. Therefore, there is no scarcity of water in the region. River Kumbhi flows in the middle of the area and thus water is available for drinking, farming, and domestic use, however over use and misuse of this also pollutes the water source (Plate I, D). Major crops grown in area are sugarcane, rice and millets. However, after the installation up of the Sugar factory the earlier food crops are replaced by sugarcane as cash crop.

Easy availability of water and presence of Sugar factory in the locality has influenced the villagers to grow sugarcane in the area. This ultimately has led to conversion of earlier forests, hill slops and scrubs into terraces of sugarcane crops, resulting into loss of vegetation and soil erosion. This crop pattern has no doubt given cash as well as fodder for cattle however according to the senior citizens the younger generation villagers have become lazy and materialistic. Most villages lacked proper drainage facility (Plate I, E), and solid waste management system. It was reviled that village women were involved in collection of forest resources like spices (Shikekai, Tamalpatra, Cinnamom) for which they were compensated by the forest department. For firewood requirements many households are dependent on wood from the neighbouring forest and scrub (Plate I, F). The villagers were also increasingly concerned about the destruction of their crops by wild boar; and gaur. During data collection machan were seen in the fields where the farmers had to spend the night to protect their crops from wildlife.

3.12.5 Expectation of Respondents from PDDYPSSKL

Most respondents expected better health care facility, at least periodic visit of a mobile medical van, good roads and transportation. Education of the girls is terminated at the level available in the villages, since parents are reluctant to send the girls to taluka places or even enrol them in hostels, thus school facility at least till 10th standard is the major demand. Training of innovative agricultural practices especially about organic farming is expected by locals. Also provision of sewage gutters and solid waste management are expected by locals.

91 3.12.6 Conclusion

Most respondents from all villages are dependent on agriculture; major crop grown in the area is sugarcane. A majority of the population within the sample size had a good modest income which is mostly due to sugarcane cultivation. Employment should be given to locals which at present is given to people from a distance of 30 to 40 kms from the factory only those who are in the good books of the factory management.

3.12.7 Suggestions

 The industry should contribute towards providing health facility under CER for locals at least a mobile health van. Also the activities like distribution of bio-fertilizer, saplings, at a subsidise rate as well as training programme should be conducted for villages at large which at present is only for share-holders and employees.  Employment should be given to the people from nearby villages considering the environmental impacts of the industry on them.  ZP / Gram panchayat should make provision for infrastructure like roads, toilets in public places.  Plantation in villages needs to be done by industry under CER and later maintained by schools/ gram panchayat/ institution, which will act as absorbers of polluted air.  Measures be taken to stop wildlife encroachment in agriculture fields.

3.13 ECOLOGY

This EB report for D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd., (DYPSSKL) Dnyanshantinagar, Vesaraf - Palsambe, Tal: Gaganbavda, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra is prepared by Dr. Jay S. Samant (FAE), Mr. Anup Gargate and Mr. Nachiket Patil as associate.

3.13.1 Study Area

The study area (10 Km radius) from the project site at Vesaraf village fall in Tehsils, largely in Gaganbavda (62.1%) and partly in Panhala (1.6%) and Radhanagari (1.9%) of Kolhapur district, and Vaibhavwadi Tehsil (30.9%) of Sindhudurg district and Rajapur Tehsil (3.5%) of Ratnagiri district respectively.

The study area is mostly in the Western Ghats region in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra and has 39 villages and settlements out of which 9 fall in 5 km radius and 30 fall between 5 to 10 km radius. The factory site is situated at 575 m MSL. The climate of the region is predominantly tropical and varies as per season. The temperature varies from 42 oC in summer to 12 oC in winter and the average annual temperature of the area is 24oC. The annual average rainfall in the study area is high i.e. 6197 mm. The soils in the study area are dominated by lateritic, loamy red soils. The land-use land-cover of the study area is dominated by Reserved Forest (29%) and scrub land (26%) followed by fallow land (22%), crop land (20%), and water bodies (2%),whereas built-up areas is only around 1.5%. The entire study area falls in the Eco Sensitive Area (ESA) as per the HLWG report (2013) (Plate II). The MoEF&CC’s latest IVth draft notification the Western Ghats (dt. 3rd October 2018), which is same as that of the IIIrd draft of (dt. 17th February 2017) notification and would be implemented after final orders of NGT, which has been hearing the case of notifying ESA on the Western Ghats. The UNESCO has also declared the entire Western Ghats as World Natural heritage site of international importance (2012) due to its ecological and biodiversity value.

92 3.13.2 Methodology

Out of the total 39 villages and settlements within 10 km radius, 16 villages are selected for the field study purpose, i.e. 6 villages within 5 km radius and 10 villages between 5 to 10 km radius. Out of these 16 villages 13 villages comes under the Western Ghats- ESAs. Table no. 3.23.

Table 3.24 Names of the Villages Studied for EB and Questionnaire Survey, their ESA Status & Distance from the Project Site

In radius 0 to 5 Km In radius 5 to 10 Km Sr. Names of EB Q. Sr. Names of Study EB Q. ESA ESA No. Study Villages Study Survey No. Villages Study Survey 1 Vesaraf * * * 7 Kode * * * 2 Asalaj * * * 8 Borbet * * * 3 Palsambe * * * 9 Gaganbawda * * - 4 Sangashi * * * 10 She wade * * - 5 Saitawade * * * 11 André * - * 6 Kokurale * * * 12 Lakhmapur * - - 13 Talien * - * 14 Katali * - * 15 Margi * - * 16 Shiloh * - *

Topo sheet (surveyed in 1967-68 and updated during 2005-06), IRS Resourcesat-2A LISS-IV satellite imagery (4/12/2018) and LULC maps based on them are used for EB study. Relevant data from district Census (2011), Kolhapur District Gazetteer, district forest reports HLWG report (2013) and relevant literature were referred. In EB study ground truthing was done during field visits by confirming the LULC maps to learn major macro and micro habitats in the study area. In major terrestrial habitats hills, forests, scrubs and in wetland habitats and streams, rivers and tanks in wetlands were identified in the vicinity of the study villages.

Field surveys were conducted from early morning till evening on 6 days (i.e. 28 and 29 November and 3, 4, 8 and 9 December 2018). In biodiversity study random sampling method for flora, particularly trees, and opportunistic sighting method for fauna (Larsen and Viana, 2016) were followed. In general visual observation and estimation method was used for qualitative study of the biota. Avifauna was concentrated being good Indicators of environmental change. Line transects method (Sale and Berkmuller, 1988), and standard point count method (Altmann, 1974) was followed in bird survey. Flora, mainly major tree species, was focused for their species dominance. Binoculars of makes Nikon (10X50-5.2O) and Minolta (7X50-7O) were used for bird observations by referring field guides by Salim Ali (1996), and Grimmet et al. (2005), for mammals by Prater (1980), for butterflies Kehimkar (2008) and for reptiles Daniel (2002) For photo documentation of habitats and biodiversity records Canon camera (Power-shot SX30IS (hd35x, 14 Megapixels) was used. The data thus generated was used to estimate biodiversity and its status.

A structured close ended interview schedule, comprising of 21 ecology-biodiversity related questions in Marathi, was administered in local population. By design, in the stratified random sampling, more than 70% of the respondents were above 50 years of age in the total sample size of 48 respondents interviewed from the 10 villages. This method was adopted in order to get perception of the local elders about the past and present environmental scenarios, and changes in local wildlife habitats and biodiversity. During study the direct and indirect environmental impacts of local developmental activities on ecology and biodiversity are photo documented. Due to time constraint, this field study reflects only post monsoon season

93 data that too limited to observations during day time and at selected study sites only. Review of available literature was done to better understand the changing ecology and biodiversity in the study area.

3.13.3 Ecology

3.13.3.1 Field Observations

The entire study area of 10 km radius around industry falls under the Western Ghats ranges and declared as Eco-Sensitive Areas of Western Ghats by MoEFCC, New Delhi (2018) (Plate II). The area is highly undulating with crest of the WG, on the west side of the industry site, at Gagangad (648m msl) range separating the Konkan and Ghats regions which broadly forms the boundary between Kolhapur and Sindhudurg Districts. The highest elevation in the study area is at Borbet plateau (981 m msl). Most of the study area is comprised of natural terrestrial ecosystems in patches of pristine forest cover (29%), open scrubs (26%) most which is Reserve Forest. Fallow land habitats (22%) are adjoining forests and manmade ecosystems such as agriculture and horticulture (20%) and patches of human habitations (1.5%) in between. This undulating area represents excellent mosaic of habitats in almost 77% of natural habitats, which supports rich biodiversity.

The hill ranges in high rainfall Western Ghats area is origin of number of streams, rivulets and rivers, which developed a good network of drainage system in the upper catchment in the area. Two rivers namely Kumbhi and Dhamani and one tributary Jambhali originate in the study area and flow eastward while one Aruna river originates in the Ghats on Konkan side and flows westward. One of the five tributaries of river Panchganga, a major tributary of river Krishna, Kumbhi river originates 4 km upstream from the industry site and flows downstream just 220 meters from the industry boundary compound. A perennial natural stream flows through middle of the industrial plot. In this high rainfall region one medium and three minor irrigation tanks are located in the study area out of which Vesaraf tank is less than 1 km from factory site and remaining three tanks i.e. Kode, Andur and Kumbhi the medium irrigation dam in 5 to 10 km area. Most of these water bodies were full at the time of visits due to good post monsoon season, and provide suitable habitat to significantly rich aquatic biota and avifauna including migratory birds. They also support the rich terrestrial biodiversity, due to pristine and intact forest catchments (Plate III).

Some anthropogenic activities affecting the local ecology were observed during the field visits. The land-use transformation, mainly expansion of sugarcane cultivation is replacing natural vegetation on hill slopes, which is rapidly changing and degrading the original natural habitats in area. Degradation of natural vegetation due to plantation of exotic cash crop species like Oil Palm, and Eucalyptus and Australian acacia in social forestry (Kode, Shenvade) and land transformation as farm-house development in dam catchments by urban elites (Andur, Vesaraf), hill cutting for sugarcane terrace farming in most of the hilly region is declining the rich natural habitats. Due to availability of water throughout the year, the traditional crop pattern (rice, finger millet and Perl millet) of this area is increasingly replaced by the sugarcane cultivation as cash crop. To bring more land under the cash crop some farmers encroach on the river banks by cutting the rich riparian habitats. Non-point runoff of agro-chemicals used in the predominant sugarcane belt, washing of clothes and vehicles, dumping of solid wastes, and discharge of untreated domestic sewage from villages, and accidental discharge of effluents is polluting the water bodies in the area thus affecting littoral biota and dependent biodiversity. The increased heavy vehicular traffic due to the sugar industry and tourism in respective seasons on the state/ national highway parallel to the factory results in road kills of wild animals and restricts their free movements between north

94 and south Western Ghats regions in the state during their local migration. The study area is the only narrow wildlife corridor for biodiversity along the crest line from the north Western Ghats to south Western Ghats. These human activities are exerting cumulative adverse environmental impact on ecology and dependent biodiversity of the area.

3.13.3.2 Questionnaire Survey

As per the perception of the respondents, particularly elderly respondents, it is revealed that the original pristine natural vegetation, especially forest cover and open scrubs in the area is declining rapidly. Around 25% respondents reported increase in scrub in earlier forested land and 35% of the respondents feel that the areas under agriculture are increasing gradually, wereas no significant change is reported in case of fallow land, plateau, and stony wastes.

In wetland habitats, Kumbhi River is the main source of water for livelihood and irrigation in the study area, while some villages depend on neighbouring Dhamani and Jambhali rivulets and some seasonal streams, wells, tube wells and village tanks. Few (17%) respondents reported that for irrigation purpose there is increase in number of weirs across streams and rivulets in the region. About 25% respondents opined that the water quality of the streams and rivers is degrading. According to them this is especially in case of Kumbhi river and the streams flowing near human settlements and industry which carry sewage and effluent.

Over 50% of the respondents reported deforestation on government and private land, due to tree cutting and expansion of sugarcane cultivation, as the main cause of degradation of earlier ecology, the same is confirmed during field study visits. According to the respondents Industrialization (27%), urbanization (15%), grass burning (10%) and increase in weeds and exotics (6%) are other causes for changes in local ecology status and the natural biodiversity habitats in the region. The respondents also referred to the existing land-use of the area being dominated by govt. forest, cash crop agriculture, urbanization, road construction, and industries having impact on the environment in general in the area.

3.13.4 Biodiversity

3.13.4.1 Field Observations

Birds are considered as good indicators of habitat health condition, avifauna was given more attention during the EB field study visits. Thus a total of 66 bird species belonging to 14 orders, 39 families and 58 genera were recorded during the brief field survey. Out of these 34 species are common resident, 30 species are not common resident, and 3 species are not common winter visitor (Table 3.25). Considering short term study in relatively small area, and brief opportunistic observations this is indicator of good environmental quality, mainly due to the existing mosaic of natural and manmade habitats. Moreover, sighting of Ospery (Pandion haliaetus), Grey Junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii), Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) and River tern (Sterna aurantia) in the study area was encouraging. First two species are in the schedule I and II respectively as per the Wildlife Protection (Act 1972). According to World Conservation Union (IUCN) (2017), status the last species is becoming Near Threatened globally whereas rare Black Eagle is an indicator of pristine forest in the Western Ghats (Plate IV).

In case of Feeding Guilds some avian species (#15) are dependent on multiple sources for feeding while remaining (#52) are dependent on single source. Out of these single source species 27 were Insectivorous, 5 species were Piscivorous, 5 species were Omnivorous, 6

95 were Granivorous, 5 Carnivorous, 3 were Frugivorous and 1 was Nectarivorous. This gives an indication of rich food chains, healthy ecology and biodiversity in the study area.

Evidence of presence of other vertebrate faunal diversity was also observed in the study area in which scat of Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditu), dung of Indian Gaur (Bos gaurus) and Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) was recorded in the vicinity of the factory,which was significant. This was along with quills of Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) and sighting of Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) and Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus beddomei). The first four species are in the schedule I as per the Wildlife Protection Act (1972). Moreover the Elephant is considered Endangered while Leopard and Gaur are Vulnerable as per the IUCN status. This wild stray Tusker is reported in the vicinity for months, and it still moves between villages Kode in the north to village Palsambe in the south as per the forest department reports. Also the species of butterflies and Herpatofauna observed during the field study are given in the list (Table 3.28 & 3.27).

In general the study area, being part of the Western Ghats, is rich in floral biodiversity with number of endemic plant species. During field visits some dominant local wild trees, shrubs and climbers were observed. Many of these plant species are evergreen and semi-evergreen and play critical role in conserving local biodiversity and agro-climatic conditions. List of common flora observed during the study is given in Table 3. 29. Recently, some cash crops like oil palm, orchards and exotic trees have also been introduced in the region replacing the original flora.

3.13.4.2 Questionnaire Survey

It is revealed that in agro-diversity presently the major crop grown in the area is sugarcane which has replaced the earlier dominant paddy in the valleys and millets in hills. Other minor crops are maize, vegetables, finger millet, chilli, wheat and jowar. In horticulture, species grown are banana, papaya, pineapple, and trees such as coconut, cashew, custard apple, mango and now commercial plantation of oil palm. Presence of 21 species of common local wild trees are reported by the respondents, in addition tothe 6 species of exotic plants planted by private as well as by Social forestry plantations. The common local wild trees, as per the respondents are Banyan, Peepal, Indian fig tree (Umber), Drumstick (Shewga), Mango, Rain Tree (Shirish), Palash (Palas), Silk Cotton Tree (Katesawar), Indian Coral Tree (Pangara), Black Myrobalan (Hirda), Bahera (Behirda), Indian Beech (Karanj), Ironwood (Anjani), Soap-Pod (Shikekai), Indian Laurel (Ain), Ben Teak (Nana), Flowering Murdah (Kinjal), and Jamun(Janbhal). Eucalyptus(Nilgiri), White Lead tree (Subabhul), Australian Acacia (A.Babhul), Casurina ( Suru), Silver Oak(Oak) and Teak (Sag) are planted by private as well as by Social forestry plantations. The above trees were reported in the area during field study. Table - 3.30

Common wildlife in the area, as per the respondents includes 20 species of mammals, 12 birds, 16 reptiles and 5 fish.Major wildlife in the area, as per the respondents is Tiger, Leopard, Indian Civet, Wild Dogs, Fox, striped hyena, Indian Fox, Gaur, Sambar, Barking Deer, Mouse Dear, Giant Squirrel, Three-striped Palm Squirrel, Porcupine, Pangolin, Black neped Hare, Wild Boar, Sloth Bear, Common Mongoose, flying fox, Common Langur and Bonnet Macaque. Respondents also reported occurrence of wild elephants for last few years. A large majority of respondents confirmed occurrence of common birds like Indian Peafowl, jungle fowl, Common Myna, House Sparrow, House Crow, Black Kite, Egrets, Pigeon, Spotted Owlet, Rose ringed Parakeet, Common Quail, Francolin and some species of

96 unidentified raptors. According to local seniors lately the vultures (white backed) which were once common in the region have completely disappeared. In reptiles, presence of Indian Python, Russel’s viper, Spectacled Cobra, Common Indian Krait, Saw Scaled Viper, , bamboo pit viper Green Wine-snake, Shield-Tail, Indian Rat Snake, Checkered Keel-Back, Caecilian, Skink, Garden lizard, house gecko, soft shell turtle and Indian monitor lizard are known to exist in the region. Some fish species are reported from river Kumbhi are Labeo calbasu (Kanas), Cirrhinus reba (Mrigal), Rasbora daniconius (Dandai), Salmophasia bacaila (Alkut), and Hypselobarbus jerdoni (Potil).However the floral and faunal list can be much larger than given here as the locals are aware or interested in only the useful or harmful species and not the rich biodiversity in general.

As expected there is hardly any information about invertebrate diversity. However, most respondents mentioned about presence of diversity of spiders, butterflies, scorpions and crabs in their locality. A majority (83%) of the locals complained about crop damage due to major wildlife crop pest in their croplands such as Indian Gaur, Wild Boar, Langur, Bonnet Macaque, Indian Hare, Field Rat, Indian Fox, Peacock and passerine birds like Sparrows. Now there is addition of frequent visits by elephant and More than half (54%) of the respondents and especially the seniors, reported noticeable biodiversity decline in the area compare to the last 30 years whereas some of them (21%) reported increased number of wildlife in recent past. This may be mistaken by the frequent occurrence of wild animals in agriculture areas and near human settlements due to the disturbance and degradation of their natural habitats. According to the respondents (60%) the general decline in wildlife in the area is attributed to agriculture expansion along with tree cutting, increased weed growth and urbanization (21%), Industrialization (10%) and illegal hunting (4%). The list of local flora and fauna reported by the respondents is given in Table 3.31 & 3.30

3.13.4.3 Environmental Impact of Proposed Project on Ecology and Biodiversity in the Region

The impacts were considered for worst case scenario (direct discharge of untreated wastewater into nearby water bodies and air pollution. The factory site is surrounded by reserved forests, agricultural farms, human settlement and a state highway. River Kumbhi flows close to the factory site and in case of accident may probably carry leachate, sewage and industrial waste through the stream on site and adjoining agriculture belt and human settlements. The locals feel that if not controlled, within the premises the proposed project may in future aggravate pollution in the area. Discharge of the untreated wastewater from the industry in surrounding area can also cause significant environmental impact on the aquatic habitats and affect dependent biodiversity. In case of air pollution, the industry is going to contribute in SPM pollution load in the nearby area. This may have negative impact particularly on avifauna, surrounding crop yields and local population. Therefore the pollution control measures as per EMP should strictly be implemented by the industry. It is to be ensured that hazardous effluents, waste do not escape into neighbouring habitats such as forest, woodlands, agriculture fields, horticulture in the area through air and seasonal or perennial streams and ground water.

3.13.4.4 Green Belt

3.13.4.4.1 Observations and Recommendations:

As per the information provided by the proponent the total plot area of the industry is 3,47,099 Sq. M. As per the TOR the required green belt area (i.e. 33% of total plot area) should be on 1, 14, 542 Sq. M. The existing green belt area shown is 90,132 Sq. M. i.e. on (25.97 % of total plot area) and proposed green belt area is 24,296.93 Sq. M. i.e. (7 % of total

97 plot area) forming total green belt of 1, 14, 429 Sq. M. (32.97%) of total plot area. So the total number of trees need to be planted by the industry comes to 17,181. According to The proponent’s submission already there is plantation of 7,511 plants. Thus 9670 new trees need to be planted in the green belt. Google image of the total plot of the industry is given in the layout plan (Plate V).

However, in the field visit it is observed that out of the planted trees many are not along the periphery (Plate VI) and thus cannot be considered in GB for required green belt development. Also many of the existing plants are ornamental for beautification purpose or fruit bearing trees inside the industrial plot. Considering the fact a realistic number of trees need to be decided for new plantation along the entire periphery of the total plot to tally with the required 17,181 woody trees as per the TOR.

The entire north side of the plot periphery is devoid of any green belt plantation except 7511 trees inside the compound wall. Along the entire north south side of the plot periphery runs the state high way, and there is single row of old avenue trees outside along the plot periphery. Small portion on the south has tree grown on the periphery. Whereas the entire south west side is dense Reserve forest, part of which is re-generated in the adjoin industrial plot, the western tip of the boundary is also devoid of any green belt. The natural stream flowing east-west through the industrial plot has some natural re- generated vegetation on its banks. In these circumstances present green belt is much inadequate and therefore the industry has to further consolidate its green belt development efforts as per the TOR and CPCB norms by systematically planting over 10000 trees in a belt of three trees all along total plot periphery.

As per the Green belt norms of CPCB, MoEF&CC (2000);in Green belt in industrial projects, trees of the recommended local species need to be planted all along the periphery of the entire industrial plot for environmental projection purpose @ not less than 1500 trees per Ha in rows to restrict types of pollutions. Plantation of ornamental plants, lawns bushes and shrubs if planted, should be in addition to the minimum required trees for environmental protection and pollution mitigation purpose. Fruit bearing trees in the green belt are not advisable and expected due to the hazard of bio-accumulation, bio-magnification and bio-transformation of hazardous chemicals from the industry to human health and biodiversity.

3.13.4.5 CER Activity

3.13.4.5.1 Observations and Recommendations

Activities such as protection and conservation of the natural habitats, with joint participation of locals by industry, are to be undertaken on priority. The three villages in the study area namely (1) Vesaraf, (2) Palsambe, and (3) Sangashi are recommended for CER activity for conservation of the existing ecology and biodiversity in their area, as it is still in better state. Depending on local conditions;the industry, by involving workers and locals, should demonstrate, encourage and promote suitable eco-friendly alternatives and green technologies in the villages in the 5 km and 10 km vicinity, stressing on activities like – (1)Organic farming and stop practice of burning agriculture residue in fields (2) Mass block tree plantation of local species in villages (3) Removal of weeds and exotics in the vicinity (4) Solid waste and sewage management (5) Water conservation activities like rain water harvesting, ground water table recharge,and (6) Environment awareness campaigns for solar power, organic farming, biogas, vermi-composting etc. The activities should be undertaken involving locals, particularly youth groups and women self-help groups. In addition to controlling negative impacts of industrial pollution on the village population, proactively

98 above activities would help improve health of the residents, who are employed in the same sugar and distillery industry. This will motivate the locals and industry employees alike to protect ecology and biodiversity in and around their own villages.

The proposed CER activities in Ecology and Biodiversity protection and conservation by the company need to be different than routinely carried out ritual activities, rather it should be need based, time bound and result oriented phase wise activity to protect environment for the well-being of local population. The thrust of the CER activity should be based on eco- friendly, self-reliant and sustainable development of the villages around the industry. Attempt needs to be made to ensure that their CER activity in environmental protection should be innovative and the industry should become a role model to other industries.

Table 3.25 List of fauna observed during field survey Avifauna

No Order Family Scientific Name Common English Stat Feedin IUCN WPA Name us g guild Status 1972 1 Accipitr Accipitridae Aquila fasciata Bonellis Eagle NR C LC Sch IV 2 iformes Haliasturindus Brahminy Kite CR C LC Sch IV 3 Ictinaetusmalayen Black Eagle NR C LC Sch IV sis 4 Pandionidae Pandion haliaetus Ospery NW C/P LC Sch I 5 Bucerot Bucerotidae Ocycerosbirostris Indian Grey NR F/I LC Sch IV iformes Hornbill 6 Charadr Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Red wattled lapwing CR I LC Sch IV 7 iiformes Laridae Sterna aurantia River tern NR I/P NT Sch IV

8 Ciconiif Ardeidae Ardeolagrayii Black-crowned CR P LC Sch IV ormes Night Heron 9 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret CR P LC Sch IV 10 Egrettagarzetta Little Egret NR C LC Sch IV 11 Columb Columbidae Columba livia Blue rock pigeon CR G LC Sch IV 12 iformes Stigmatopeliachin Spotted Dove CR G Lc Sch IV ensis 13 Streptopeliadecao Eurasion Collared- CR G LC Sch IV cto dove 14 Streptopelia Laughing dove CR G LC Sch IV senegalensis 15 Coraciif Alcedinidae Cerylerudis Pied Kingfisher NR P LC Sch IV 16 ormes Halcyon White breasted CR I/P LC Sch IV smyrensis kingfisher 17 Coraciidae Coracias Indian Roller NR I Lc Sch IV benghalensis 18 Meropidae Meropsorientalis Green Bee-Eater CR I LC Sch IV 19 Falconif Falconidae Falco naumanni Lesser Kestral NR C LC Sch IV ormes 20 Gallifor Phasianidae Gallus sonneratii Grey Junglefowl CR G/I LC Sch II mes 21 Passerif Aegithinidae Aegithinatiphia Common Iora CR N/F/I LC Sch IV 22 ormes Alaudidae Galeridamalabari Malabar Lark NR I LC Sch IV ca 23 Cisticolidae Orthotomussutori Common Tailorbird CR I LC Sch IV us 24 Cisticolidae Priniasocialis Ashy Prinia CR I LC Sch IV 25 Corvidae Corvussplendens House crow CR O LC Sch V

26 Dendrocittavagab Rufous Treepie NR C/F/N LC Sch IV

unda

99 No Order Family Scientific Name Common English Stat Feedin IUCN WPA Name us g guild Status 1972 27 Macrorhynchosle Jungle Crow NR O LC Sch V vaillantii 28 Dicruridae Dicrurusadsimilis Black drongo CR I LC Sch IV 29 Dicruruscaerulesc White-bellied NR I LC Sch IV ens Drongo 30 Estrildinae Lonchuramalabar Indian Silverbill CR G LC Sch IV ica

31 Laniidae Laniusvittatus Bay-backed Shrike NR C/I LC Sch IV

32 Leiothrichida Turdoidesstriata Jungle Babbler CR F/I/N/ LC Sch IV

e G

Terpsiphoneparad 33 Monarchidae Asian Paradise- NR I LC Sch IV isi flycatcher 34 Anthusrufulus Paddyfied Pipit NR I LC Sch IV 35 Anthustrivialis Tree Pipit NR I LC Sch IV 36 Motacilla alba White Wagtail NW I LC Sch IV 37 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail NR I LC Sch IV 38 Motacillamaderas White-browed CR I LC Sch IV patensis Wagtail 39 Muscicapidae Copsychussaulari Indian magpie robin CR I LC Sch IV s 40 Cyornistickelliae Tickells Blue NR I LC Sch IV Flycatcher 41 Ficedula parva Red-breasted NW I LC Sch IV Flycatcher 42 Monticola Blue Rock Thrush NR I LC Sch IV solitarius 43 Myophonushorsfi Malabar Whistling NR I LC Sch IV eldii Thrush 44 Saxicola caprata Pied bush chat CR I LC Sch IV 45 Saxicoloidesfulica Indian robin CR I LC Sch IV ta

46 Zootherasibirica Orange-headed NR I LC Sch IV Thrush 47 Nectarinidae Nectariniaasiatica Puple sunbird CR N LC Sch IV 48 Oriolidae Orioluskundoo Indian Golden NR F/N/I LC Sch IV Oriole 49 Passerinae Passer domesticus House sparrow CR G LC Sch IV 50 Pycnonotidae Acritillasindica Yellow-Browed NR F LC Sch IV Bulbul 51 Pycnonotuscafer Red Vented Bulbul CR O LC Sch IV 52 Pycnonotusjocosu Red Whiskered CR I/F LC Sch IV s Bulbul 53 Rhipiduridae Rhipiduraaureola White-browed NR I LC Sch IV fantail 54 Sturnidae Acridotheresfuscu Jungle Myna NR O LC Sch IV s 55 Acridotheristristis Common myna CR I/G LC Sch IV 56 Sturnus Brahminy Starling CR O LC Sch IV pagodarum 57 Timaliidae Pomatorhinus Indian Scimitar NR I/ LC Sch IV Babbler 58 Turdidae Turdussimillimus Indian Blackbird NR I LC Sch IV 59 Vangidae Tephrodornispond Common NR C/I LC Sch IV icerianus Woodshrike

100 No Order Family Scientific Name Common English Stat Feedin IUCN WPA Name us g guild Status 1972 60 Zosteropidae Zosteropspalpebr Oriental White-eye CR N/F LC Sch IV osus 61 -- Warbler Spe. NR I LC Sch IV 62 Pelecani Phalacrocorac Phalacrocoraxnig Little Cormorant CR P LC Sch IV formes diae er 63 Picifor Megalaimida Megalaimahaema Coppersmith Barbet CR F LC Sch IV mes e cephala 64 Podicip Podicipedidae Tachybaptusrufic Little Grebe CR P LC Sch IV ediform ollis es 65 Psittacif Psittacidae Psittaculakrameri Rose ringed CR F LC Sch IV ormes parakeet 66 Recurvi Recurvirostri Himantopushiman Black winged stilt CR I/P LC Sch IV rostrida dae topus e Feeding Guild: C-Carnivore; F-Frugivore; G-Granivore; I-Insectivore; N-Nectarivore; O-Omnivore; P-Piscivore Status: R-Resident; RM-Resident Migrant; M- Migrant

Table 3.26 Mammales

No Order Family Scientific Name Common English Observation/ IUCN WPA Name Evidences Status 1972

1 Chiropte Pteropodid Pteropusgiganteu Indian flying fox Sighting LC Sch V ra ae s 2 Chiropte Rhinolophi Rhinolophus Lesser Woolly Sighting LC - ra dae beddomei Horseshoe Bat 3 Artiodact Bovidae Bos gaurus Gaur Dung VU Sch I yla 4 Probosci Elephantida Elephas maximus Asian Elephant Dung EN Sch I dea e indicus 5 Carnivor Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard Scat VU Sch I a 6 Rodentia Hystrixindica Indian crested quails LC Sch IV porcupine 7 Carnivor Viverridae Paradoxurus Palm Civet Marks on tree LC Sch I a hermaphroditu

Table 3.27 Herpetofauna

No. Order Family Scientific Name Common English Name IUCN WPA Status 1972 1 Squamata Colubridae Coelognathushelenus Common Trinket - Sch IV 2 Ahaetullanasuta Green Vine snake - Sch IV 3 Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Bengal Moniter Lizard LC Sch I 4 Anura Ranidae Hylarana temporalis Bronze Frog NT Sch IV 5 Bush Frog Spe. - Sch IV IUCN Category: LC-Least Concern, NR-Near Threatened, V-Vulnerable

Table 3.28 Butterflies

Sr. No. Order Family Scientific Name Common English Name 1 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danaus genutia Striped tiger 2 Euploea core Common Crow

101 3 Paranticaaglea Glassy Tiger 4 Junonialemonias Lemon Pancy 5 Junoniaiphita ChocalatePancy 6 Pieridae Delias eucharis Common Jezebel Papiliopolytes 7 Papilionidae Common Mormon 8 Nymphalidae Neptishylas Common sailer 9 Tanaecialepidea Grey Count 10 Cuphaerymanthis Rustic 11 Pantoporiahordonia Common Lascar 12 Lycaenidae Freyeriatrochylus Glass Jewel

Table 3.29 List of Flora observed during field survey

No. Scientific Name Common Marathi Name Common English Name Tree 1 Butea monosperma Palash Palas 2 Bombax Ceiba Kate-Sawar Silk Cotton Tree 3 Acacia concinna Shikakai Soap-Pod 4 Azadirachtaindica Kadulimb Neem 5 Tamarindusindica Chinch Tamarind 6 Ficusracemosa Umbar Indian Fig Tree 7 Ficusreligiosa Pimpal Pipal 8 Pongamiapinnata Karanj Indian Beech Shrub 9 Decaschistiatrilobata LhanJaswand Lobed leaved Mysore mallow 10 Strobilanthescallosus Karvy Strobilanthes 11 Gnidia glauca Rametha (Fish poison bush) Herb 12 Cyathoclinepurpurea Gangotra 13 Seneciobombayensis Sonki Graham's groundsel 14 Striga gesnerioides Bambaku Purple Witchweed 15 Urenalobata Ranbhendi Caserweed Climber 16 Capparis moonii Waghati Large caper Grass Chiva Bamboo Spec. Table 3.30 List of fauna reported by the respondents during the survey

No. Scientific Name Common English Name IUCN Status WPA 1972 Mammals 1 Elephas maximus Elephant EN Sch I 2 Panthera tigris Tiger EN Sch I 3 Panthera pardus Leopard VU Sch I 4 Bos gaurus Indian Gaur LC Sch I 5 Lepusnigricollis Indian hare LC Sch IV 6 SusScrofacristatus Wild boar LC Sch III 7 Funambuluspalmarum Three striped palm squirrel LC NL 8 Ratufaindica Gaint squirrel LC Sch II 9 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Small Palm Civet LC Sch II 10 Presbytis entellus Common langur LC Sch II 11 Macaca radiata Bonnet macaque LC Sch II 12 Cuonalpinus Dhole EN Sch II 13 Rusa unicolor Sambar deer VU Sch III

102 No. Scientific Name Common English Name IUCN Status WPA 1972 14 Melursus ursinus Sloth Bear VU Sch I 15 Manis crassicaudata Indian Pangoline EN Sch I 16 Hystrixindica Indian Porcupine LC Sch IV 17 Pteropusgiganteus Indian flying fox LC Sch V 18 Herpestesedwardsi Common mongoose LC Sch II 19 Vulpesbengalensis Indian Fox LC Sch II 20 Canis lupus Indian wolf LC Sch I Reptiles 21 Najanaja Spectacled cobra NL Sch II 22 Ptyas mucosa Indian rat snake NL Sch IV 23 Daboiarusselii Russell’s viper NL Sch II 24 Bungarus caeruleus Common Krait LC Sch IV 25 Python molurus Indian Python VU Sch I 26 Ahaetullanasuta Green Vine Snake NL Sch IV 27 Trimeresurusstejnegeri Bamboo Pit Viper NL Sch IV 28 Shieldtail Sp. LC Sch IV 29 Caecalianspe NL Sch IV 30 Carphophis Worm Snake LC Sch IV 31 Varanusbengalensis Indian monitor lizard LC Sch I 32 Calotesversicolor Garden lizard NL NL 33 Hemidactylusfrenatus Common house gecko NL NL Amphibians 34 Hoplobatracustigerinus Indian Bull Frog LC Sch IV Fishes (Local Marathi name) 35 Labeocalbasu Kanas LC - 36 Cirrhinusreba Mrigal LC - 37 Rasbora daniconius Dandai LC - 38 Salmophasiabacaila Alkut LC - 39 Hypselobarbusjerdoni Potil LC - Birds 40 Pavocristatus Indian peafowl LC Sch I 41 Acridotherestristis Common myna LC Sch IV 42 Passer domesticus House sparrow LC Sch IV 43 Corvusspendens House crow LC Sch V 44 Milvusmigrans Black kite LC Sch IV 45 Gallus sonneratii Grey Jungle Fowl LC Sch II 46 Psittaculakrameri Rose-ringed parakeet LC Sch IV 47 Coturnixcoturnix Common quail LC Sch IV 48 Athene brama Spotted owlet LC Sch IV 49 Anthracoceroscoronatus Malabar Pied Hornbill NT Sch I 50 Francolinussps. Francolin LC Sch IV 51 Columba livia Rock Pigeon LC Sch IV LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered, NL: Not listed

Table 3.31 List of flora commonly reported by the locals during survey

No. Scientific Name Common Englishname Marathi Name 1 Ficusbeghalensis Banyan tree Wad 2 Ficusreligiosa Peepal Pimpal 3 Ficuarecemosa Indian Fig Tree Umbar 4 Tamarandusindica Tamarind Chinch 5 Moringa oleifera Drumstick Shewga 6 Vachellianilotica Babhul Babhali 7 Azadirachtaindica Neem Kadulimb 8 Acacia auriculiformis Australian Acacia BabhulBabhul 9 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Nilgiri

103 10 Tectonagrandis Teak Sag 11 Syzygiumcumini Jamun Jambhul 12 Mangiferaindica Mango Amba 13 Samaneasaman Rain tree Shirish 14 Butea monosperma Palash Palas 15 Bombax Ceiba Silk Cotton Tree Kate-Sawar 16 Erythrina stricta Indian Coral Tree Pangara 17 Terminalia chebula Black Myrobalan Hirda 18 Terminalia bellirica Bahera Behada 19 Millettiapinnata Indian Beech Karanj 20 Memocylonumbellatum Ironwood Anjani 21 Acacia concinna Soap-Pod Shikakai

104 105 106 107 108 109 Chapter 4 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.1 INTRODUCTION Evaluation of impacts on the environmental parameters, due to PDDYPSSKL project, is an important aspect to be studied. This chapter incorporates both, qualitative and quantitative descriptions of various environmental impacts due to proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-generation plant and establishment of distillery. Various scientific techniques are available to predict and evaluate the impact of developmental activities on the physical, ecological and socio – economic environments. Predictions are superimposed over the base line status (pre- project) of environmental quality to obtain the final (post-project) environmental conditions.

‘Environmental Impact’ can be defined as any alteration of the environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration. Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those which are attributed directly to the project. On the other hand, secondary Impacts are the ones which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investments and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action. Expansion as well as establishment project may influence the environment of the study area in two phases as under-  Construction Phase: During the construction period, the impact may be temporary.  Operational Phase: Operational phase impact may have long term effects.

4.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE Construction phase impacts on the environment can be considered short term. Activities during erection of plant and civil structures may affect environment of an area surrounding the site. Impacts as well as mitigation measures for the same are described in Table 4.1. Further in Table 4.2, measures have been stated towards disposal of wastes generated during construction operations.

110 Table 4.1 Impact Identification and Mitigation Measures due to Construction Phase

No Env. Aspects Parameter Causes Impacts Types Mitigation Measures / Remarks

1 Air Dust (SPM) Vehicular  Respiratory problems – coughing, Minor  SO2 and NOX at single location will not movement, drilling, painful breathing; irritation in eyes. (Negative increase as vehicular movement and excavation and  High SO2 and NOX - lung disorders, Impact) machines will be mobile. land levelling wheezing and shortness of breath.  Control of dust emissions by sprinkling SO2 Vehicular  Obstruction in photosynthesis and water on open spaces, kuccha roads, heaps NOX movement evapo-transpiration due to of earthen filling deposition of dust on surface of  Provision of PPEs to workers leaves thereby reducing crop yield.  Augmentation of GB after commencement of activity. 2 Water Deterioration  Water for Industrial premises at PDDYPSSKL Minor  Proper and adequate segregation of of Water construction& has already been well developed (Negative construction area and appropriate drainages, quantity, domestic Hence, construction to be taken up Impact) to minimize runoff quality and activities. under proposed expansion project  Cutting and filling work will be avoided aesthetics of  Surface runoff, shall have no significant impact on during rainy season. water body. seepage. water environment. Some minor  Stone pitching on the slopes and  Domestic impacts could be contamination of construction of concrete drains for storm effluent. nearby water body water to minimize soil erosion.  Spill from fuel,  Strengthening the existing green belt. oil &other chemicals.  Leachates. 3 Noise Noise  Construction  It is not a continuous source and Minor  The proposed distillery will be established Nuisance equipment like hence do not pose a health risk or (Negative in existing sugar and co-gen unit. There will and dozers, scrapers, damage peoples' sense of hearing. Impact) be minimum construction work. Disturbance concrete mixers,  Adversely affects quality of life of  Provision of proper acoustic enclosure for cranes, pumps, occupants and nearby residents. noise generating and vibrating machinery. compressors,  Constant exposure to high noise  Protective equipment’s such as ear plugs, pneumatic tools, levels results in damage of ear earmuffs etc. for workers will be provided. saws, vibrators drums and loss of hearing.  Onsite workers must not be exposed, for etc.  Increased BP levels, cardio-vascular more than 8 hours, to high noise generating  Continuous and disease and stress related heart sources. intermediate problems. source 4 Soil and Land Soil Quality  Spill from fuel,  Affects the soil, micro as well as Minor  Proper maintenance of vehicles as well as use and oil and other macro flora. Thereby, disturbing the (Negative machinery used during construction to

111 No Env. Aspects Parameter Causes Impacts Types Mitigation Measures / Remarks Topography chemicals. nutritive composition of soil. Impact) avoid oil, fuel leakages.  Substratum  Positive benefits in the form of land  Disposal of waste to authorised recyclers excavated during levelling and tree plantation in the and resellers. construction of plant vicinity and other premises. foundations.  Bad aesthetics due to littering.  Improper storage of solid waste 5 Biodiversity Terrestrial  Dust emissions  No any major impacts envisaged Minor  Noise generating and vibrating machinery and Habitat as well as  Noise generation but some minor impacts may be (Negative would be provided with proper acoustic aquatic  Influx of onsite observed. Impact) enclosure Flora, Fauna workers  Retarded growth and productivity  Water sprinkling arrangement shall be and  Flood lights, high of the plants. provided to curb dust emissions during Avifauna. masts etc. construction activities.  Workers staying onsite shall be supplied with fuel source such as LPG, Kerosene etc. for cooking. Moreover, proper care shall be taken so that the surrounding ecological area is duly conserved. 6 Risk, Hazard Accidental  Lifting of heavy  Physical problems viz. Carpal Minor  Use of advanced technology and and risk and tools and tackles, tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, back (Negative sophisticated machinery during construction Occupational Hazard construction pain, muscle soreness and nerve Impact)  Maximum Employment of young and health & Safety equipment damage reduction in hearing adequately trained persons (above 18 years)  Repetitive efficiency of workers  Providing various PPEs like dust masks, motion, awkward  Shortness of breath following safety glasses, helmets, gum boots, ear postures and physical exertion, severe cough and plugs and ear muffs etc. to the workers. vibrations chest pains  Proper earthling for electrical supply,  High noise  Fatigue and loss of appetite  Separation of deep excavations and marking generating  Eye irritation and eye sight of dangerous areas with barricading etc. machinery problems  24 X 7 medical aid with trained doctors and  Continuous  Electrical shock ambulance facility exposure to dust  Spread of various diseases  Training to the workers from view points of  Welding of metal safety, health and hygiene. parts  Cabling of electrical work.  Unhygienic conditions

112 No Env. Aspects Parameter Causes Impacts Types Mitigation Measures / Remarks resulting from day-to-day activities of workers living in the industrial area. 7 Socio- Social and Expansion of  Primary and secondary employment Major There will be positive impact to the residents Economic Economic existing sugar generation (Positive nearby industrial unit in the form of new job status factory and Impact) opportunities and increase in good establishment of employment generation potential. proposed distillery Table 4.2 Disposal of Waste Generation during Construction Phase

No. Type of Waste Disposal 1 Metal scrap Sold to scrap dealers for reprocessing. 2 Wooden scrap Utilized by local labours as fuel for domestic operations. 3 Broken bricks, stones and Used as filler material in plinth, low lying areas etc. cement concrete wastes 4 Paint cans, brushes and other Sold to re-cyclers, authorised re-processers. plastic waste materials.

113 4.3 OPERATION PHASE Operational phase activities may have impacts - minor or major, positive or negative on environmental disciplines such as soils, surface and ground water hydrology, micro meteorology, land use, water use, water and air quality, ecology, socio economics and noise environment. Description of various attributes and effects on same has been presented in following paragraphs.

Figure 4.1 Impact Identification from Process Flow Chart

Sugar Factory Air SHW Noise

Weighment & Cane Preparation Cogeneration Plant

Air Noise Water SHW Noise Air SHW Noise Noise SHW To Grid

Bagasse Steam Power Boiler Turbines Cane Milling/ Crushing

Water SHW Air To Factory

Press Mud Juice Extraction & Clarification Distillery Air

Juice Sulphitation Incineration Air SHW Noise Air RH Syrup Boiling MEE RH Air Water Soil SHW Air Sil Molasses Raw Spent Wash Alcohol Centrifuging Fermentation Distillation Storage

Water Soil EB Storage of Sugar

Legends: SHW – Solid Hazardous Waste, EB- Ecological Biodiversity, RH- Risk & Hazards,

114 Table 4.3 Identification of Impacts due to Operation Phase No. Env. Aspects Activities Impact Identification Type of Impact Remarks 1 Air Boiler house, Cane yard, Cane weighment, Generation of stack emissions Major Impacts due to existing boiler operations may not (AP & AQ) Milling section, Lime slurry preparation, (particulates, SOx & NOx), fugitive dust, (Quantifiable) have significant impact on air environment due to Centrifuge, Sugar bagging house, Bagasse bagasse particles, lime dust, fine sugar provision of APC Equipment. The impacts on &Pressmud yard, Ash storage yard, Molasses dust & water mist, bagasse dust, odour existing ambient concentrations is described storage tank, and Fermentation. nuisance, and release ofCO2 emissions. below at Section 4.3.1of this Chapter. 2 Water Milling section, Juice storage, Juice If spillage of juice, syrup, washings etc. Major The impacts due to operation activities are (WP) clarification, Juice concentration section, accidently discharged into water body, it (Quantifiable) significant. Quantification of accidental discharge Vacuum pan, Crystallizer and Centrifuge may cause impact on water quality. into nearby water body & nallah is given below Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Discharge of untreated effluent at Section 4.3.3 of this Chapter. Molasses storage tank, Distillation section, If spillage, leakage, and overflow of Spentwash storage tank molasses, spentwash & spentlees get accidently discharged into water body, same may cause impact on water quality. 3 Noise Boiler operations (Fuel burning, steam vent Due to cane transportation activities, Minor The impacts due to operation activities are (NV) off), Cane yard, Cane weighment, Milling milling operations, conveyors, trolleys, (Non- negligible i.e. insignificant. section, Sugar bagging house sugar bag packing machines, boiler Quantifiable) operations, high pressure steam injection & high speed turbine rotary motions etc. 4 Solid & Cane yard, Milling section, Vacuum Solid waste such as bagasse, bagassilo, Minor The impacts due to operation activities are Hazardous filtration, Bagasse yard (conveyance; ash, pressmud, trash, dung, lubricant (Non- negligible i.e. insignificant. SHW generated Waste (SHW) handling; transport & storage), Pressmud spills. Quantifiable) would be properly handled and disposed off. yard, and Ash yard. ETP Non-scientific disposal of sludge, its littering and odour nuisance 5 Soil Boiler operation (fuel burning), Ash storage Generation of ash, yeast sludge, spillage Minor The impacts due to operation activities are (SC) yard, Fermentation, Juice storage, Juice of juice/ syrup, molasses, spentwash, (Non- negligible i.e. insignificant. concentration section, Vacuum pan, spentlees Quantifiable) Crystallizer, Centrifuge, Molasses storage tank, Distillation section. Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Discharge of untreated / partially treated effluent on land/ nearby farm 6 Risk & Bagasse conveyance, handling, transport and Fire in bagasse yard, Accidental spillage Major Worst-case scenarios predicting the impacts due Hazard storage yard, Molasses storage tanks, of molasses &alcohol, fire in alcohol to hazardous raw materials or chemicals are Alcohol storage tanks, Sulphur storage & storage yard, Leakage of SO2. presented in Chapter 7. Sulphur di-oxide generation plant. 7 Ecology & Cogen & Incineration Boilers, ETP, Ash & dust emissions, spillage of Major Impacts due to operation activities are negligible Biodiversity Distillation section effluents from ETP, Spentwash (Non- i.e. insignificant discharges from distillery Quantifiable)

115 4.3.1. Impact on Air Quality

A) Emissions from Fuel Burning

Major sources of air pollution shall be boilers as well as vehicles used for transportation. Presently, there is one boiler in existing co-gen unit with capacity of 95 TPH. To same, ES P has been provided as APC equipment followed by stack of 75 M AGL. Under expansion activity no boiler will be installed and 20 TPH incinerator boiler under proposed distillery will be installed. The stack emissions from existing boiler shall be particulate matter, SO2, CO, NOX. In addition, the vehicular exhaust may also contribute to air pollution through release of SO2, CO, NOX. Table 2.25 of Chapter 2 may be referred for details of boilers and stacks under existing and proposed set ups of PDDYPSSKL. The PM forms coating on surface of leaves and retard photosynthetic activity of plants. Thus, plant growth is hampered and ultimately yields from the plant / crop gets affected. Also, SPM emissions may cause allergic asthma, eye irritation and respiratory problems in workers of PDDYPSSKL as well as for the nearby residents. Moreover, when settle-down the soil surface, PM gets mixed with it and may degrade the soil quality (physical and chemical properties, nutrients etc.) thereby making it unfavourable for crop cultivation. Further, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen also adversely affect plants, humans, animals and materials. The plant growth and nutrient quality of plant products could get affected adversely. Also damage to plant tissues causing necrosis and chlorosis of leaves may be a prominent effect. These oxides cause eye irritation, chest constriction of respiratory track and respiratory disorders among human being and animals. Other important impact of the sulphur and nitrogen oxides is that they react with atmospheric moisture in presences of sunlight and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid which during precipitation cause acid rain. The acid rain severely affects soil properties including its fertility and can damage civil structures, MS installation including historical monuments. The emitted CO presence, in excess than stipulated norm (25 ppm, as per ACGIH recommendation), could react with haemoglobin in blood and thus reduces oxygen carrying capacity of same due to formation of a compound namely carboxyl- haemoglobin. 4.3.1.1. GLC Evaluation through Air Dispersion Modelling

In order to study the movement of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants' release into atmosphere from the source, Air Dispersion Model – AERMOD developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is used. Software helps in knowing details of particulate dispersed in down wind direction and finally reaching the ground at farther distance from the source. Ground Level Concentrations (GLC) mainly depend upon the strength of emission source & micrometeorology of the study area. Site specific meteorological and AAQM data were collected for one season for period from October2018– December - 2018. Predominant wind direction & wind speeds are tabulated in following table

Table 4.4 Predominant Wind Directions No. Season Time (Hrs.) Wind Direction Nearest Habitation Downwind Pre- 08:30 W 1 Vesaraf monsoon 17:30 W 2 08:30 W Monsoon Bhom 17:30 W 3 Post- 08:30 E Dhundavade monsoon 17:30 E 4 08:30 E Winter Palasambe 17:30 E

116 th The 24 hourly98 percentile concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx in ambient air, recorded during field study conducted for season October – November – December 2018 are considered as baseline values. They represent impact due to operations of existing activities on this region. Average concentrations of above mentioned parameters, at this location, are considered to be the ‘Baseline Concentrations’ to determine impact of proposed industrial operation on ambient air quality. Existing baseline concentrations are summarized in following table: Table 4.5 Baseline Concentrations at Site Parameter Concentration NAAQS Remark (g/m3)(98 Percentile) PM10 64.79 100 The baseline concentrations for all g/m3 parameters monitored are well 3 PM2.5 28.14 60 g/m within the limits. 3 SO2 26.83 80 g/m 3 Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.8 for NOX 33.07 80 g/m 3 more details. CO 0.15 2 mg/m

117 Figure 4.2 Windrose for the Month October – December 2018

118 Output of GLC run for various scenarios in respect of activities to be undertaken under proposed expansion of PDDYPSSKL project is presented below- I) Predictions for Stack Emissions (Operation of APC for Co-gen Boiler) 3 Figure 4.3 Isopleths of SO2 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm )

Maximum concentration of SO2 is 1.76μg/m3 towards East at 2.2 Km from site

Table 4.6 GLC with Incremental Increase in SO2Values

Distance 98% Total SO (Km) baseline Incremental 2 Predictive % Sr. Location Direction from Con SO2 GLC SO2 GLC Incremental Remark Impact No. centre c. (g/m3) (g/m3) of Site (g/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1. Site -- -- 26.83 2.00 28.83 7.45 2. Vesaraf W 0.88 25.91 30.00 55.91 115.79 3. Palasambe ESE 4.23 24.79 3.00 27.79 12.10 Incremental 4. Upale NW 4.04 24.25 3.00 27.25 12.37 conc. is lower than Insignifica 5. Ainari WSW 4.87 25.38 5.00 30.38 19.70 prescribed nt Bhome W 6.26 26.29 3.00 6. 29.29 11.41 standard 7. Asalaj NE 2.14 24.85 3.00 27.85 12.07 80 g/m3 8. Saitawade SSE 3.76 25.82 5.00 30.82 19.36 Average 25.515 32.26

119 3 Figure 4.4 Isopleths of PM10 (24 Hrs Max. Conc. in μg/Nm )

Maximum concentration of PM10 is 3.90μg/m3 towards East direction at 2.2 Km from site

3 Table 4.7 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM10Values (g/m )

Sr. Location Direction Distance 98% Increment Total PM10 % Incremental Remark Impact No (Km) baseline al PM10 Predictive 3 PM10 Conc. (g/m ) GLC (g/m3) (g/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1. Site -- -- 64.75 0.04 64.79 0.06 2. Vesaraf W 0.88 64.73 0.70 65.43 1.08 3. Palsambe ES 4.23 65.41 0.05 65.46 0.08 Incremental 4. Upale SW 3.41 63.4 0.07 63.47 0.11 conc. is lower than 5. Ainari SW 7.04 63.1 0.07 63.17 0.11 Insignificant prescribed 6. Bhome SW 9.0 0.07 63.22 63.29 0.11 standard 7. Asalaj NE 2.14 64.61 0.07 64.68 0.11 100 g/m3 8. Saitawade S 3.76 63.84 0.10 63.94 0.16 Average 64.13 64.27

120 3 Figure 4.5 Isopleths of PM2.5 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm )

Maximum concentration of PM2.5 is 0.97μg/m3 towards East direction at 2.2 Km from site

3 Table 4.8 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM2.5 Values (g/m )

Sr. Location Directio Distance 98% Increme Total PM2.5 % Remark Impact No. n (Km) baseline ntal Predictive Incremental 3 PM2.5 Conc. PM2.5 GLC (g/m ) (g/m3) (g/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1. Site -- -- 28.14 0.009 28.149 0.03 2. Vesaraf W 0.88 28.32 0.100 28.42 0.35 Increme Palasamb ESE 4.23 29.74 ntal 3. 0.010 e 29.75 0.03 conc. is lower 4. Upale NW 4.04 29.29 0.020 29.31 0.07 than Insignific 5. Ainari WSW 4.87 28.83 0.020 28.85 0.07 prescrib ant 6. Bhome W 6.26 27.69 0.010 27.7 0.04 ed 7. Asalaj NE 2.14 27.49 0.010 27.5 0.04 standard 8. Saitawade SSE 3.76 26.41 0.040 26.45 0.15 60 g/m3 Average 28.24 28.26

From Table 4.6, Table 4.7&Table 4.8 (operation of APC equipment), it is seen that– 1. Incremental increase in SO2concentrations at the 8 AAQM stations is in the range of 0% to 115.79 % with the lowest concentration of 27.25g/m3 at Upale village, the highest concentration of 55.91 g/m3 at Vesaraf village; which are lesser than NAAQ standard of 80 g/m3. 2. Incremental increase in PM10concentrationsat the 8 AAQM stations is in the range of 0.06 % to 1.08% with the lowest concentration of 63.17 g/m3 at Ainari village, the highest concentration of 65.43 g/m3 at Vesaraf village; which are lesser than NAAQ standard of 100g/m3.

121 3. Incremental increase in PM2.5 concentrations at the 8 AAQM stations is in the range of 0.03% to 0.35% with the lowest concentration of 26.45 g/m3 at Saitawade village, the highest concentration of 29.75g/m3 at Palsambe village; which are lesser than NAAQ standard of 60 g/m3. From the above observations, it could be concluded that the impact on air quality at the 8 monitoring stations due to the boilers (stack emissions) with air pollution control equipment in operation is non-significant. II) Predictions for Stack Emissions, Worst Case (Non-operation of APC)

Figure 4.6 Isopleths of PM10

3 Maximum concentration of PM10 is 195 μg/m towards East direction at 2.2 Km from site

Table 4.9 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM10Values

Sr. Location Direction Distance 98% Incremental Total PM10 % Incremental Remark Impact No. (Km) from baseline PM10GLC Predictive 3 centre PM10 (g/m ) GLC of Site Conc. (g/m3) (g/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1. Site -- -- 64.75 2.00 66.75 3.09 Increment 2. Vesaraf W 0.88 64.73 30.00 94.73 46.35 al conc. is 3. Palasambe ESE 4.23 65.41 3.00 68.41 4.59 lower 4. Upale NW 4.04 63.4 3.00 66.4 4.73 than 5. Ainari WSW 4.87 63.1 5.00 68.1 7.92 prescribe Insignificant d 6. Bhome W 6.26 63.22 3.00 66.22 4.75 standard 7. Asalaj NE 2.14 64.61 3.00 67.61 4.64 100 8. Saitawade SSE 3.76 63.84 5.00 68.84 7.83 g/m3 Average 64.1325 70.89

122 Figure 4.7 Isopleths of PM2.5

Maximum concentration of PM2.5 is 48.74 μg/m3towards East direction at 2.2 Km from site

Table 4.10 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM2.5Values Sr. Location Directio Distance 98% Incremental Total % Remark Impact No. n (Km) from baseline PM2.5 GLC PM2.5 Incremental 3 the centre of PM2.5 (g/m ) Predictive site Conc. GLC (g/m3) (g/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1. Site -- -- 28.14 0.49 28.63 1.74 2. Vesaraf W 0.88 28.32 10.00 38.32 35.31 Incremental 3. Palasambe ESE 4.23 29.74 0.80 30.54 2.69 conc. is 4. Upale NW 4.04 29.29 1.00 30.29 3.41 lower than Insignifi 5. Ainari WSW 4.87 28.83 1.00 29.83 3.47 prescribed cant 6. Bhome W 6.26 27.69 0.80 28.49 2.89 standard 60 g/m3 7. Asalaj NE 2.14 27.49 0.80 28.29 2.91 8. Saitawade SSE 3.76 26.41 2.00 28.41 7.57 Average 28.23 30.73

From Table 4.9 and Table 4.10 (non-operational conditions of APC equipment), it is seen that – 1. Incremental increase in PM10 concentrations at the 8 AAQM stations is in the range of 3.09 % to 46.35 % with the lowest concentration of 64.4g/m3 at Upale village, the highest concentration of 94.73 g/m3 at Vesaraf village; which are lesser than NAAQ standard of 100g/m3. 2. Incremental increase in PM2.5 concentrations at the 8 AAQM stations is in the range of 1.74 % to 35.31 % with the lowest concentration of 28.41g/m3 at Saitawade, the highest concentration of 38.32 g/m3 at Vesaraf village; which are lesser than NAAQ standard of 60 g/m3.

123 From the above observations, it could be concluded that the impact on air quality at the 8 monitoring stations due to the boilers (stack emissions) with air pollution control equipment not in operation is somewhat significant.

B) Fugitive Emissions

Fugitive emission under existing, expansion and proposed activities of PDDYPSSKL shall be mainly the dust emissions. These will impact the working environment of the workers and will also settle on plants in the industrial premises. The consequence of this shall be respiratory disorders, aggravated coughing and difficult or painful breathing among the workers and reduced photosynthesis activity which shall impact the plant life. Also, inappropriate and non-scientific storage as well as longer holding periods of raw as well as concentrated spentwash in the respective tanks and yeast sludge from fermenters shall lead to formation of aerobic-anaerobic conditions in the tank body thereby resulting in to uncontrolled release of gases comprising prominently of methane, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and carbon di-oxide. The hydrogen sulphide imparts foul odour in the premises whereas SO2lead to corrosive atmosphere. Moreover, inflammation of eyes, throat and respiratory track irritation are prominent effects observed in case of human being residing nearby the spentwash tank premises. Efficient and quick utilization of spentwash from the tanks and its incineration shall avoid holding up of same for longer periods and prevent formation of above mentioned gaseous emissions.

C) Process Emissions

CO2 shall be generated from fermenters under the distillery project. The generation of CO2 takes place in considerable quantum which when let out in the atmosphere could have undesirable effects in the surrounding ambience. Since CO2 has been labelled as one of the major gases responsible for the green-house effect, its release in the atmosphere has to be curbed as far as possible. D) Odour Pollution

Odour can result from number of sources and operations in an integrated complex of sugar factory, Co-gen plant and proposed distillery. They may include stale cane, bad mill sanitation, molasses handling and storage, effluent storage; treatment & disposal, effluent carrying drains, primary & secondary sludge storage areas etc. Under proposed distillery, every care shall be taken to avoid the odour generation from above sources and actions so that the eventual nuisance from same shall be abated. Especially, the distillery fermentation section, distillation section for spentwash generation, spentwash handling; storage; concentration and eventually its incineration shall be provided prompt and proper attention. Anaerobic-aerobic pathways of degradation resulting due to excessively longer storage of spentwash, yeast sludge and similar putrescible materials shall give rise to foul smells as a result of generation of gases like hydrogen sulphide, sulphur di-oxide etc. These gases have very irritating effect on human beings and animals that come in their contact resulting in to coughing, sneezing, inflammation of upper respiratory track, irritation of eyes, sensation of nausea and vomiting. The unsanitary conditions responsible for odour trouble could give rise to other nuisance like fly and insect infestation. 4.3.1.2. Mitigation Measures

A) Emissions from Fuel Burning

1. Installation of Air Pollution Control Equipment in the form of ESPs to boilers. Table 2.25 and Table 2.29 of Chapter 2 may be referred for more details of the APC equipment.

124 2. Regular self-monitoring of the AAQ and work zone air quality to be done by the industry through approved labs to check and control dust levels / concentrations at certain places so that same could be kept always below the stipulated norms. 3. Efficiencies of dust control equipment in the industry such as ESP shall be monitored regularly (at least once a month) under performance evaluation. 4. APC equipment would be interlocked with process as per guidelines of CPCB. 5. Installation of OCMS (online continuous monitoring system) for monitoring of SPM, Temp., SO2, CO, CO2 etc. in stack emissions. Data collected shall be uploaded to MPCB & CPCB servers. 6. IP cameras to be installed, maintained and data collected shall be forwarded to CPCB. 7. D.G. Set installed in DDYPSSKL complex would be operated only during power failures.

B) Fugitive Emissions

1. Installation of appropriate, adequate and efficient exhaust and ventilation system to remove and control dust from work zone areas. Provision of appropriate APC equipment to collect and remove dust from work zone including their monitoring routinely. 2. Dust, ash etc. collected from the APC equipment, e.g. fly ash from co-gen boilers, will be properly handled and disposed of periodically by supply to farmers for use as manure. Thus, uncontrolled storage of ash on site shall be avoided which could lead to littering and suspension in air due to wind. 3. Installation of dedicated and mechanical ash handling system with adequate capacity silos, conveyors, closed conduits, water sprinkling arrangements etc. shall be installed. 4. Personal protective equipment such as masks, aprons, gloves, goggles etc. shall be provided to the workers. 5. Augmentation of green belt of adequate density and with appropriate types of plants shall be made to control and attenuate dust transfer in the premises. Also, well planned and shelter belt and mass plantation shall be provided along bagasse and ash storage yards to curb littering of the materials due to wind. This will avoid suspension of bagasse and ash particles in the air which leads to SPM. 6. Proper maintenance of existing tar roads provided in the premises of PDDYPSSKL shall be done. Moreover, all internal roads, yards and open storage areas will be provided with well compacted and constructed surface layering. At certain locations linings of tar or RCC shall also be provided. 7. Covered / encased conveyors to be installed to carry bagasse from milling section to storage yards, from storage yards to boiler section. This would be done to avoid littering and free falling of loose bagasse from the belt which leads to suspension of same in air and subsequent spread in the ambient air due to wind currents. 8. A care shall be taken w.r.t. handling and storage of spentwash in raw as well as concentrated forms. In no case prolonged storage of same shall be done in tanks provided on site. This will hold good for the yeast sludge storage also. Both spentwash and yeast sludge comprises of very high organic contents which being highly putrescible lead to development of anaerobic conditions due to non-scientific and prolonged storage. Quick lifting and disposal of these materials will avoid such troubles.

C) Process Emissions

To marginally minimize the effects of CO2 which shall be generated from fermenters; a care shall be taken through implementation of the green belt. Adequate density plantation under same can play an important role as 'the sink' by taking up CO2 thus curbing its release to atmosphere from the premises. However, to exercise total control on CO2, there is a future planning to collect the gas properly, compress it adequately and bottle subsequently. The CO2

125 cylinders shall then be supplied to manufacturers of beverages or other secondary purposes. This approach shall totally curb the release of CO2fromdistillery premises.

D) Odour Pollution To abate the odour nuisance, PDDYPSSKL has a concrete planning which includes following steps and actions 1. Adoption of GMPs (good management practices). 2. Arranging awareness and training camps for workers. 3. Use of PPE like masks by persons working near odour potential prone areas. 4. Collection of yeast sludge from fermentation section in closed silo system, its dewatering (mechanical) and immediate disposal through incineration in boiler. 5. Reduced volume of effluents (spentwash, spent leese) by adopting strategic approaches such as continuous fermentation, vacuum distillation, utilization of condensate from MEE for dilution and other process operations as well as in cooling tower make up. 6. Closed and dedicated close circuit conveyance system for spentwash to treatment units like MEE which shall minimize fugitive emissions during the operations. 7. India has very few trained and skilled manpower as per the requirement of international practices for the odour monitoring and control. Therefore, the human resource shall be developed and continuous efforts will be made for upgrading the knowledge base and skill in this area. Requisite trainings could be arranged through representatives from academic and national research institutions, state and central regulatory agencies etc 4.3.2. Impact on Climate

Impact on the climatic conditions, due to the expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and proposed distillery are not envisaged especially as emissions of flue gases with very high temperatures, to the atmosphere, are not expected.

4.3.3. Impact on Water Resources

4.3.3.1 Surface Water (Quality & Quantity)

The total water required for various industrial operations after proposed expansion project by PDDYPSSKL shall be to the tune of 3246CMD. Out of same, 3129 CMD shall be for industrial purpose, 68 CMD shall be for domestic purpose and 49 CMD will be used for gardening purpose. Out of total water requirement for industrial purpose (i.e. 3129 CMD); 2086 CMD (66.67%) is recycled water comprising of sugar cane condensate, treated effluents from distillery CPU; sugar factory & co-gen ETPs. The remaining 1043 M3/Day (33 %) shall be fresh water required (1 CMD in sugar factory, 863 CMD for co-gen plant& 179 CMD for distillery). More details about water budget are presented at Chapter 2 under Section 2.7.1 As far as treated effluent disposal is concerned, wastewater from sugar factory to the tune of 106 CMD shall be forwarded to the existing Sugar ETP and that from the co-gen plant@153 CMD will be treated in existing Co-gen ETP to be upgraded under expansion. Distillery effluent in the form of raw spentwash shall be forwarded for concentration in Multiple (Five) Effect Evaporator (MEE). Concentrated spentwash to the tune of 96 M3/Day shall be incinerated in incineration boiler. Other effluents@ 489 CMD shall be treated in proposed CPU which shall be recycled back in the process. For more details about effluent generation, treatment and disposal; Chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.2 may be referred. If the above mentioned effluents are let out in the environment, without any treatment it may have impacts on surface water quality as well as on soil quality. If the untreated effluent enters any surface water body; there could be number of adverse effects. First of all, suspended particles in it increase turbidity which can reduce amount of light penetrating the water thereby disrupting growth of photosynthetic plants and activities of micro-organisms

126 especially phytoplankton’s and zooplanktons. This could have subsequent adverse effects on rest of the aquatic community that depend on these components of the food chain. The suspended particulates when get settled at bottom of the water body add to undesirable sediments. Further, due to organic matter in the effluent, dissolved oxygen level in receiving water body gets depleted immediately as a result of intense oxidation of the organics by aerobic microbes. Moreover, nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters act as nutrients that help aggravating problems of 'Eutrophication' in the water bodies. Uncontrolled growth of aquatic weeds and eruption of algal blooms seriously affect the quality of water and aesthetics. The channels of streams and waterways may get blocked and algal dominance could reduce dissolved oxygen levels during night times as a result of respiration; an action exactly opposite to photosynthesis that releases oxygen by taking up CO2during day time. Excessive presence of CO2 in the waters may lead to fall in pH as a result of formation of weak acids and this again could have prominent impact on pH sensitive reactions in the water body and benthic deposits. Serious fish kill can happen due to depletion of DO levels in addition to effluent induced toxicity in the receiving waters. Some of the toxins in industrial wastewaters may have mild effects on the human health whereas the other ones can be fatal. If heavy metals, pesticides and other toxins as well as chemicals appear in the water in excessive concentrations than the permitted ones and if such waters are consumed by human beings or animals, diseases and disorders like skin irritation, blistering, immunity suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning can take place. When untreated effluents are discharged on lands, the soils could get adverse impact through number of actions and effects. Most immediate is the pH disturbance as a result of excessive acidic or alkaline effluent discharges on the land. Severe acidity kills the plants and active useful flora in soils. On the other hand, at higher pH; nitrogen locked in soils gets converted in to ammonia which escapes to the atmosphere thereby creating serious deficiency of this vital nutrient in the soil. Thus, soils become less fertile and non-productive eventually. High TDS lead to soil salinity problems and its conductivity is increased which adversely affects growth of crops and plants with eventual drop in the overall yield. Soil porosity may get hampered. Microbes in soil oxidise organic matter in the wastes. While utilizing carbon from the organics during their metabolism; they (the microorganisms) take up nitrogen from the soil which is an essential thing for cell growth. This action could deplete the nitrogen contents and is referred to as 'nitrogen robbing'. This eventuality reduces nutritive value of soil and its fertility. Also, problems with seed germination could come up if C/N ratio, pH and porosity of soils are affected adversely. Different Scenarios Considered for Water Pollution due to Discharge of Effluent in nearby Water Body is presented in following tables.

[ Table 4.11 Quantification of Pollutants’ Load (Distillery Spentwash)

Parameters Raw Spentwash Concentrated Spentwash Flow – 480 CMD (After MEE);Flow – 96 CMD Conc. of Quantity of Conc. of Quantity of Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants pH 3 - 4 -- 4-5 -- COD 1,40,000mg/lit 67,200Kg/Day 6,50,000mg/lit 62,400Kg/Day BOD 80,000mg/lit 38,400Kg/Day 3,80,000mg/lit 36,480Kg/Day TDS 95,000mg/lit 45,600Kg/Day 4,65,000mg/lit 44,640Kg/Day

127 Table 4.12 Quantification of Pollutants Load (Effluent from Distillery) (Spent lees, Cooling Blow Downs &MEE Condensate) Parameters Raw Effluent Treated Effluent MPCB Flow rate – 489 CMD Flow rate – 440 CMD Standards Conc. of Quantity of Conc. of Quantity of Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants pH 5-6 - 7 - 8 -- 7 - 8 COD 3000mg/lit 1467 Kg/Day 200mg/lit 88Kg/Day 250mg/lit BOD 1800mg/lit 880 Kg/Day 80mg/lit 35Kg/Day 100 mg/lit TDS 1000mg/lit 489Kg/Day 1970mg/lit 866Kg/Day 2100mg/lit

4.3.3.2 Calculations for Quantification of Impact on Kumbhi River (Surface Water)

Accidental discharge of untreated trade effluent from PDDYPSSKL finds its way to nallah in industrial vicinity on south direction as per the drainage pattern of premises. Subsequently, from point of confluence near industry the effluent via nallah discharge shall meet River Kumbhi at a distance of 0.7 Km towards North direction. A) Quantification of Pollutants' Load (Distillery Spentwash) Table 4.13 Accidental Discharge of Raw spentwash into Nallah

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi + Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi + CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 80,000 20 32.47 720 16,23,378.4 2,193.75 2 COD 1,40,000 20 79.78 720 28,57,441.6 3,861.41 3 TDS 95,000 20 787.98 720 24,67,345.6 3,334.25

Ci–Conc. of raw spentwash in the stream, upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cs- Baseline Conc. of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf – Conc. of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l 3 Qi - Raw spentwash discharge rate, M /hr. 3 Qs- Nallah flow rate, M /hr

Table 4.14Dischargeof Contaminated Nallah in to Kumbhi river

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi + Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi + CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 2,193.75 720 8.16 396 15,82,734.7 1,418.22 2 COD 3,861.41 720 20.64 396 27,88,386.9 2,498.55 3 TDS 3,334.25 720 165.08 396 24,66,032.3 2,209.71 Ci–Conc. of contaminated stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cs – Baseline Conc. of pollutant in Kumbhi River, upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf – Conc. of pollutant in Kumbhi River, downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Qi - Nallah discharge rate, M3/hr. Qs- River flow rate, M3/hr. B) Quantification of Pollutants' Load (Untreated Effluent)

Table 4.15 Accidental Discharge of Untreated Effluent into Nallah

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi + Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi + CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 1800 20.4 32.47 720 60098.4 81.17 2 COD 3000 20.4 79.78 720 118641.6 160.24 3 TDS 1000 20.4 787.98 720 587745.6 793.82

Ci - Concentration of pollutant in the stream (untreated effluent), mg/l Cs–Baseline Concentration of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf - Concentration of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l 3 Qi- Wastewater discharge rate, M /hr. 3 Qs- Nallah flow rate, M /hr

128 Table 4.16 Discharge of Contaminated Nallah into Kumbhi river

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi+Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi+CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 81.17 720 8.16 396 61673.9 55.26 2 COD 160.24 720 20.64 396 123546.1 110.70 3 TDS 793.82 720 165.08 396 636923.3 570.72

Ci - Concentration of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cs–Baseline Concentration of pollutant in Kumbhi river, upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf - Concentration of pollutant in Kumbhi river, downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l 3 Qi- Nallah Wastewater discharge rate, M /hr. 3 Qs- River flow rate, M /hr. Table 4.17 Inland surface Water (CPCB Standards Inland surface Water (CPCB Standards) (mg/l) A B 2 3 -- -- 2100 500

A - Inland Surface Water Standards for irrigation purpose B - Inland Surface Water Standards for drinking purpose

C) Interpretations& Conclusion  When raw spentwash finds a way to nallah, it is observed that on downstream of point of discharge, the BOD; COD & TDS of nallah water shall become 2193.75, 3861.41 & 3334.25 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 32.47, 79.78 & 787.98 mg/lit.  When this polluted nallah water (due to ingress of raw spentwash) joins the Kumbhi river, it is predicted that on downstream of point of discharge; the BOD, COD & TDS of river water shall become 1418.22, 2498.55 & 2209.71 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 8.16, 20.64 & 165.08 mg/lit.  When untreated effluent from proposed distillery CPU finds a way to nallah, it is observed that on downstream of point of discharge; the BOD, COD & TDS of nallah water shall become 81.17, 160.24 & 793.82 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 32.47, 79.78&787.98 mg/lit.  When this polluted nallah water (due to untreated effluent from CPU) joins the Kumbhi river, it is predicted that on downstream of point of discharge; the BOD, COD & TDS of river water shall become 55.26 mg/lit, 110.70 mg/lit and 570.72 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 8.16 mg/lit, 20.64 mg/lit and 165.08 mg/lit.  The increase in concentrations of above parameters shall exert negative impact on the aquatic biota and the fresh water ecosystem. First of all, suspended particles increase turbidity which reduces light penetration thereby disrupting growth of photosynthetic plants and disturb the food chain, nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters act as nutrients that help aggravating problems of 'Eutrophication' and algal dominance, organic matter in the effluent could reduce dissolved oxygen levels and cause fish kill due to depletion of DO levels, excessive presence of CO2 through respiration process in eutrophied water may lead to fall in pH which results in formation of weak acids and affects the pH sensitive reactions in the water body and benthic deposits, increase in ground water TDS levels could lead to salinity problems of soils, gastro enteric disorders, problems of urine stone etc. in humans, corrosion, pitting and similar problems with metallic objects due to salt deposition and scaling. Thus, Impact is significant if raw spentwash and untreated effluent is discharged in to nallah & river.  Non-point runoff of agro-chemicals used in the predominant sugarcane belt, washing of clothes and vehicles, dumping of solid wastes, and discharge of untreated domestic

129 sewage from villages is polluting the water bodies in the area thus affecting littoral biota and dependent biodiversity.

4.3.3.3 Ground Water (Quality & Quantity)

Water required for existing operations of the industry is being taken from the Kumbhi river. After expansion, same practice shall be continued. Hence, as ground water will not be a source of raw water for industrial activities, there will not be any major impact on ground water reserve (quantity) in the area. However, quality of ground water could get affected adversely if effluent handling, treatment and disposal practices, especially w.r.t. spentwash, are not properly followed. If spentwash conveyance arrangements, storage tanks, MEE section, are not scientifically maintained (as per CPCB guidelines) then runoff, overflows, leakages and seepages from tanks, pipe lines, & open yards may lead to ground water contamination. Organics in effluents may impart BOD & COD to the water; increase in ground water TDS levels could lead to salinity problems of soils. The hardness increase due to effluent access to ground water is also an undesirable effect. Introduction of colour to ground water due to contamination of effluents shall not only be important from aesthetics but same may also have health concern.

Contaminated ground water if utilized by residents of the region for drinking purpose it may affect the health. High TDS may lead to gastro enteric disorders, problems of urine stone etc. If utilized for industrial purposes, softening and demineralization may incur huge costs. Moreover, the pipelines and other metallic infrastructure involved in conveyance can undergo corrosion, pitting and similar problems due to salt deposition on exposed surfaces. Further, if polluted ground water is used for irrigation; it may deteriorate the soil fertility.

4.3.3.4 Mitigation Measures

A) Surface Water

1. Construction of KT weirs in the nallah stretch from Industry to River Kumbhi & putting baffles in KT weir to control discharge subsequent to ingress of raw spentwash & untreated effluent in to the nallah so as to carry out flow obstruction. 2. Stopping / arresting untreated effluent entry to nallah by diverting flow through leaking pipe. Lifting the stored volume upstream the KT weir by portable pumps & sending it back to tank or discharging same on nearby farm land for irrigation. 3. Pumping of contaminated discharge from nallah from first weir to tank & action of flushing & dilution to subsequent weirs 4. Faster communication to people residing along the nallah & river about ingress of effluents in the streams followed by an appeal for not consuming the waters for domestic purposes and animal consumption. 5. Online effluent monitoring system shall be installed at inlet and outlet of effluent treatment facility for measurement of parameters like flow, pH, BOD, COD, TDS etc. 6. Separate flow meter for spentwash as well as separate energy meter would be provided to CPU and log shall be maintained for same. 7. Harvested rainwater shall be partly used for gardening (green belt) and partly for domestic purposes like toilet flushing, washing etc. thereby reducing the fresh water demand towards said activities. 8. The concepts of advanced mechanization and automation would be introduced in ETP so as to optimize power and chemical consumption as well as to minimize chances of reduced efficiencies due to human errors and non-efficient operation and maintenance practices. 9. The industry shall not discharge any untreated / treated industrial as well as domestic effluent in to any nearby surface water body.

130 B) Ground Water

1. The recharge of ground water in study area is happening through rainfall, seepage from irrigation tanks and ponds in the study area. Under expansion project, it is proposed to implement rain water harvesting measures in the industry premises. Rain water from roof top and surface harvesting shall be collected into recharging pit to be provided on site. Harvesting of rainwater and its recharge into the ground is a very important aspect which creates positive impact on the ground water table. 2. No ground water from any bore well / open well shall be used in manufacturing processes and operations in the industry. 3. The total quantity of domestic effluent, after proper treatment, would be used for gardening on own land / irrigation in nearby farms. 4. Sugar factory and co-generation plant effluents shall be treated in existing ETP. Other distillery effluents viz. the spent lees, MEE condensate, cooling blow down, boiler blow down washing and lab shall be forwarded to CPU.

4.3.4. Impact on Hydro-Geology  No impact on geology of the area is likely, as no major excavations are involved in the project work and there is no any geological feature of local, regional or national importance in the area.  The possible impact on hydrogeology of the area has two aspects namely, the availability and quality of groundwater. This requires consideration of water requirement of the project and proposed disposal of effluents from the project in the light of existing hydro geological environment of the area.  Total water requirement for expansion of sugar unit and establishment of distillery would be fulfilled by treated water from distillery CPU, condensate water from boiler and fresh water taken from Kumbhi River (Ref.: Brief Summary and PFR). Use of groundwater is not proposed for the existing unit as well as its proposed expansion. Therefore no adverse impact on groundwater resources of the area is foreseen.  The project work does not involve major excavations or blasting that can harm stability of natural landforms or geological set-up of the area. 4.3.4.1. Mitigation Measures 1. In PDDYPSSKL project, the spentwash handling, storage and disposal system infrastructure comprising of 10-days spentwash storage tank, spentwash concentration system (MEE) shall be planned, designed and constructed as per the CREP norms set for distillery industry by MoEFCC and as per CPCB guidelines. Under the same, spentwash tank; ash storage yards and allied infrastructures would be provided with HDPE liners, RCC liners etc. as per the design details and specific requirements to completely prevent spentwash seepage, percolation and infiltration from the concerned structures into the soil and bedrock as well as to the groundwater storage aquifers. 2. Adverse impacts due to this project on geology of the area are not foreseen. 3. On the contrary, the project infrastructure can be adversely affected by probable seismic activity in the light of recent earthquakes in this region. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken to make the infrastructure earthquake-proof. 4.3.5. Impact of Solid and Hazardous Wastes

 Solid wastes to be generated from the PDDYPSSKL Project Complex if stored in haphazard and uncontrolled manner on site shall lead to littering and suspension of the particles in air due to strong wind currents causing problems of air pollution and aesthetics.

131  Improper utilization / disposal of ash would harm soil quality and fertility of the agriculture fields.  If the boiler ash storage and concentrated spentwash tank areas are not scientifically maintained (as per CPCB guidelines) then runoff, overflows, leakages and seepages from same may lead to soil, surface water &ground water contamination.  Yeast sludge from fermenters (10 KLPD) on inappropriate handling and storage conditions shall lead to formation of aerobic-anaerobic conditions in the tank body thereby resulting in to uncontrolled release of gases comprising prominently of methane, hydrogen sulphide, & sulphur dioxide and carbon di-oxide. The hydrogen sulphide imparts foul odour in the premises whereas SO2 lead to corrosive atmosphere. Moreover, inflammation of eyes, throat and respiratory track irritation are prominent effects observed in case of human being residing nearby the sludge storage / tank premises.  The ETP& CPU sludge shall contain settled biological flocks from secondary treatment units (aeration tanks / reactors). As such they can undergo anaerobic decomposition resulting in to odour problem if not handled, stored and disposed of properly.  Hazardous waste under Category 5.1, i.e. Used / Spent oil (25.5Kg/M) if gets spilled or littered in environment, can contaminate environment and result in to undesirable aesthetics also. The used oils especially the ones aimed for lubricating, after draining from engines; gearboxes; hydraulic systems; turbines and air compressors shall not be suitable for use as – (1) the oil may be contaminated with wear debris, (2) the lubricating base oil gets deteriorated and degraded to acids, (3) the additives may decompose into other chemical species, (4) the oils may get mixed with process fluids, degreasers and solvents thereby changing nature and properties completely. Used oil contains wear metals such as iron, tin and copper as well as lead and zinc. Many organic molecules arise from the breakdown of additives and base oils. The molecule potentially the most harmful is the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The spent oil on spillage tends to accumulate in the environment, causing soil and water pollution. Oil decomposes very slowly. It reduces the oxygen supply to the micro-organisms that break the oil down into non-hazardous compounds. Toxic gases and harmful metallic dust particles are produced by the ordinary combustion of used oil. The high concentration of metal ions, lead, zinc, chromium and copper in used oil can be toxic to ecological systems and to human health if they are emitted from the exhaust stack of uncontrolled burners and furnaces. Some of the additives (zincdialkyl–dithio-phosphates, molybdenum disulphide, other organo- metallic compounds etc.) used in lubricants can contaminate the environment severely. Certain compounds in used oils like PAH can be very dangerous to human and animal health being carcinogenic and mutagenic. Lubricating oil is transformed by the high temperatures and stress of an engine's operation. This results in oxidation, nitration, cracking of polymers and decomposition of organ- metallic compounds. Other contaminants also accumulate in oil during use - fuel, antifreeze/coolant, water, wear metals, metal oxides and combustion products. 4.3.5.1. Mitigation Measures

1. Bagasse ash shall be collected and stored separately. The ash quantity shall be handled and collected through dedicated and automatic mechanical systems followed by storage in silos. Ash shall be sprinkled / sprayed with water to avoid its suspension during all the above processes. 2. Bagasse ash shall be supplied to farmers as manure whereas the spentwash incineration boiler ash will be given to brick manufacturers / cement industry.

132 3. Collection of yeast sludge from fermentation section in closed silo system, its dewatering (mechanical) and immediate disposal through burning in spentwash incineration boiler shall be done. 4. The ETP sludge shall also be burnt in the boilers. 5. The used oil shall be mixed properly with bagasse and burnt in co-generation boiler. 6. Waste minimization techniques, as shown in following Table, are being followed at the Industry. Same practice shall be continued. Table 4.18 Waste Minimization Techniques No. Station Pollutants Management Cost Nature Type Measure 1 Cane Yard Solid Cane trash & Collect as early as Used as fuel to Low dung possible boiler 2 Bagasse Solid Bagasse Collect at the end of Used as fuel to Low Yard the season boiler 3 Milling Liquid Oil & grease Collect in trays which Can be sold as low Low Section can be easily lifted & grade lubricants or stored in drum burnt in boilers after mixing with Bagasse Liquid Floor Adopt dry cleaning, ------Low washings give proper slope to floors, improve collection system etc. Liquid Leakages & Use mechanical seals Collect leakages Low spillovers for all pump glands &spillages in a pit & alarms for and recycle into overflow process Liquid Cooling waters Collect de super Recycle Low heater & mill bearing cooling water 4 Cane Carrier Solid Bagasse Use closed transfer Cover the drains so High system that Bagasse do not enter into the drains 5 Lime Station Semisolid Lime solution Provide proper slope Allow it to mix with Low to the drain the effluent 6 Clarification Liquid Leakages from Provide mechanical Recycle the cooling Low & pumps, glands seals Waters Vacuum & pipes Filters overflow 7 Boiler House Liquid Boiler blow Maintain boiler Use it for irrigation Low Down condition & also feed along with other Gaseous water quality effluents Stack Adjust air fuel ratio Fly ash can be used High emissions for efficient as soil conditioner/ combustion. Check brick manufacturing the air pollution control equipment performance 8 Crystallizer Liquid Leakages from Provide Mechanical Recycle the cooling Low & Pan pumps, seals wherever it is Waters Boiling Spillovers appropriate Recycle all cooling Waters Collect spillages & Avoid overloading recycle in process the Equipment 9 Evaporator Liquid Sugar Provide additional Recycle the water if High & Juice entrainment external catchers for there is no

133 No. Station Pollutants Management Cost Nature Type Measure Heating the last body entrainment and in evaporators & all case there is vacuum pans Pump entrainment use it gland shall be for irrigation provided with mechanical seals to prevent leakages 10 Cleanings of Liquid High BOD & Provide standby units Controlled loading High Vessels, COD, to have continuous in ETP from a Boilers chemicals as operations storage Tank etc., & Sulphamic Store the effluent in a Segregate Laboratory Acid, lead holding tank to avoid laboratory effluents Washings shock loads on ETP and join to storage tank 11 Pressmud Solid Soil Immediate disposal Sold to outside Low conditioner parties. 12 Molasses Semisolid By-product Use only steel tanks Provide mixing & High cooling arrangements 13 Fermenter Semisolid Yeast sludge Store on compost Incinerated in Low yard proposed distillery boiler 14 Distillation Liquid Spent wash Immediate disposal Concentration- High Column (High organic Incineration Effluent) Spent Appropriate lees Effluent, Treatment Forwarded to CPU MEE to be installed under Condensate & proposed distillery other effluents. 15 *Fugitive Gaseous Sugar Dust Dust collectors Recycle High Emission SO2 Scrubbers 16 Vibrating & Noise Sound Use silencer pads & Provide earplugs & Low Heavy closed rooms earmuffs to workers Machinery & also change the work environment frequently 17 ETP, CPUs Sludge Primary & H.W. as per To be incinerated in Medium secondary notification of 2010 distillery spentwash sludge incineration boiler. 18 Bagasse Solid Dust & Fire Provide proper Store it far away Low Ventilation for from the industry storage and also stand posts in case of fire 19 Odour Gaseous ETP, Molasses Proper House Sludge management Low tank, stale cane Keeping, in biological ETP Stale cane, units, Steaming of bad mill Better cane major pipe lines, sanitation, management to avoid Regular use of Bacterial staling of sugar Bleaching powder growth in in the drains, interconnecting Efficient handling, pipes & prompt & proper unattended disposal of drains Pressmud *The fugitive emissions are mainly sugar dust emanating from sugar graders. The SO2 emissions are from Sulphur Burner. The chimney height should be above the roof level. If there are leakages, the SO2 gas may cause air pollution and hence, the provision for scrubbing of the SO2 shall be made.

134 4.3.6. Impact on Soil and Agriculture

Impact on soil characteristics shall be usually attributable to deposition of air pollutants from fuel burning operations in co-gen plant and distillery, wastewater discharges and solid and hazardous waste disposal. Particulate matter and other pollutants emitted into ambient air (especially in very high concentrations due to improper working of APC equipment) may result in deposition of same on soil and nearby agriculture fields. This can result into alteration of properties of soil and its composition. As such crops and plants grown in such soils may become unable to adapt to soil changes and thus the productivity gets reduced. Also, the contaminants from effluents and solid as well as hazardous wastes could have similar effects on soil through uncontrolled and consistent applications or accidental discharges. Due to this, soil fertility slowly diminishes making it saline and non-suitable for agricultural or and any other vegetation to survive. Moreover, the microbes in soil like fungi and bacteria which can have profound effects on its microbiology and biochemistry may also receive adverse impacts due to pollutants and contaminates through effects like toxicity. Certain alterations in soils' nature may result into physical and structural changes like variation in bonding properties of soils, cohesiveness, permeability, porosity, plasticity etc. This can result in to undesirable effects like excessive erosion, seepages, infiltration. Further, death of many useful organisms in the soil (e.g. earthworms) can create troubles w.r.t. soils' fertility and productivity. As already stated in earlier section, if raw effluent is discharged on land, acidic or alkaline pH, high TDS concentrations and organic matter contents could have detrimental effects like loss of nitrogen, increase in conductivity and salinity, reduced porosity etc. There are no industries within 10km in various directions from the proposed unit. There is no cumulative impact on soils within buffer zone which also is evident from soil analysis of soil samples from within 10 km buffer. 4.3.6.1.Mitigation Measures 1. ESP (99% efficiency) shall be installed as APC equipment for new proposed distillery boiler and co-gen boiler. Same shall be operated continuously. Hence, the PM emission rate shall be well below the prescribed MPCB norms. Also, there will not be any serious process emissions, the impact on soil characteristics will be nil. 2. Ash shall be handled & collected through dedicated and automatic mechanical system followed by storage in separate silos. Ash shall be sprayed with water to avoid its suspension during all the above processes. Finally, it shall be forwarded to brick manufacturers for final disposal as done under existing unit. 3. Completely 'Zero Discharge' of Spentwash from distillery shall be achieved through concentration in MEE followed by incineration. Hence effect of this wastewater discharges, on soil and agricultural shall ne nil.

4.3.7. Impact on Noise Levels

The criteria on which noise impacts are analysed depend upon the people who are being affected. Broadly, there are two type’s viz. people who are working near the source and the people who stay near the industry. People working near the source need risk criteria for hearing damage while the people who stay near the industry need annoyance and psychological damage as the criteria for noise level impact analysis. It is quite obvious that the acceptable noise level for the latter case is less than the former case. So, the noise impact analysis can be of two types namely (1) Noise impact analysis on working environment; & (2) Noise impact analysis on community. 1) Noise Impact Analysis on Working Environment For Noise Levels in the industrial unit, the potential noise generating sources are categorized under three major heads - noise from machinery, noise from sirens / work areas, noise from

135 transportation. The total noise generated by operations of all equipment in the premises of all units in an Industrial Plant (from experience of existing unit) would be between 70 to 85dB (A). Constant exposure to such level can result in damage to ear drums and loss of hearing, blood pressure levels, cardio-vascular disease and stress related heart problems among the workers. It may also disturb psychological condition of the workers. The actual resultant noise levels outside the factory will be much lesser in the ambient air after considering attenuation. Therefore, the impact of sugar factory, distillery and co-gen plant w.r.t. noise would be non-significant. The noise levels in work environment are compared with the standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA-USA), which in turn were enforced by Government of India through model rules framed under Factories’ Act. These standards were established with the emphasis on reducing hearing loss.

Table4.19 Permissible Exposure In Case of Continuous Noise No. Total Time of Exposure Sound Remarks (continuous or a number of Pressure short term exposures) per dB (A) Day, in Hours 1 8.00 90 No exposures in excess of dB (A) are permitted. 2 6.00 92 For any period of exposure falling in between any figure and the next higher or lower figure as indicated in column 2, the permissible sound pressure level is to be determined by extrapolation on a proportionate scale. 3 4.00 95 4 3.00 97 5 2.00 100 6 1.50 102 7 1.00 105 8 0.75 107 9 0.50 110 10 0.25 115

2) Noise Impact Analysis on Community

Noise pattern from the source is computed with the help of following formula.

Noise Level at distance r2 = (Noise level at distance r1) -20 log (r2/r1)

Noise levels get reduced considerably in the range of 20-30% because of natural obstructions. The permissible noise levels, for different categories of area, as prescribed by MoEFCC are given in Table 4.18.The resultant noise levels at the receptor in different areas/zones are envisaged to be within permissible limits. If noise levels exceed the limit, people who stay near the industry get disturbed due to reasons like annoyance and psychological reasons. The present ambient noise monitored at all villages in the study area is within reasonable limits. The noise generated from an industry gets attenuated considerably because of natural barriers like walls, vegetation, houses etc. or gets deflected along the wind direction. Thus, it can be stated that noise impact due to the proposed expansion activities in PDDYPSSKL could be significant on working environment without control measures, while the noise impact on community would be negligible.

136 Table 4.20 Standards in Respect of Ambient Noise Levels

No. Category of Area Limits in dB (A), Leq Day time Night time (6 AM to 10 PM) (10 PM to 6 AM) 1 Industrial area 75 70 2 Commercial area 65 55 3 Residential area 55 45 4 Silence zone(Hospitals, Educational Institutes & Courts) 50 40 4.3.7.1.Mitigation Measures

1. Noise monitoring shall be done regularly in noise prone areas and within the industry where workers will get exposed. 2. Heavy duty muffler systems shall be employed for high noise generating equipment. 3. Proper oiling, lubrication and preventive maintenance shall be carried out for machineries and equipment to reduce the noise generation. 4. Personal protective devices such as ear muffs, ear plugs, masks will be strictly enforced for the workers engaged in high noise prone zones. 5. For control of noise at source, steps shall be taken like - enclosing machine, reducing vibrations in components by replacing metal parts with sound absorbing materials, isolating the work place containing noisy equipment’s, reducing height of fall bins, reinforcing sheet metal constructions by packets, reduce speed of conveyor belts, covering walls/ ceilings with sound absorbing materials, using sound absorbing screens, building sound proof control areas/ rest rooms etc. In short; insulation, isolation, separation techniques shall be implemented. 6. Under proposed expansion and establishment, the existing green belt shall be adequately and properly augmented which shall play a vital role in noise attenuation thereby reducing noise intensity from the industry to surroundings. 7. During each shift of 8 hours duration, maximum permissible limits of 115 dB (A) shall never be exceeded, in the work zone, even for a short duration. 4.3.8. Impact of Vibration

Vibration is not expected during industrial operation of PDDYPSSKL. There would not be any vibration impact due to the proposed unit operation. 4.3.9. Impact on Land Use The vegetation and drainage of any region are related to each other and reflect inter-locking or inter - connectivity between the same. The healthy vegetation shows well developed drainage pattern. Under PDDYPSSKL case, the first major land use is reserved forest that cover about 21.98% area within the study area.  Impact of Land Use: Proposed distillery, sugar and co-gen unit is within the premises of existing sugar factory, the impact on land use would be negligible.  Impact on water bodies: The Drainage map of land use study shows that at the proposed site there are two rivers Kumbhi and Dhamni, the water of these rivers flow towards NW side where there are few villages. The water of these rivers can get polluted if the effluent from the proposed industry is discharged into the river.  Impact due to emission: There could be impact on the nearby crop land and habitation due to the emission from the proposed project site. The impact could be due to falling of dust and particulate matter from the stack. The impact due to emissions on the crop land could be on the crops within 5 km from the plant.  Impact on Eco-sensitive areas, wild life and bird sanctuary: The study shows that the proposed site is within the Western Ghats area close to Dajipur wildlife sanctuary. There

137 could be impact on nearby forest where there can be threat to the animals/ birds living in forest. 4.3.9.1. Mitigation Measures

1. The settlement of the additional workers for proposed expansion and establishment units can be settled in the existing workers colony, they should not be allowed to settle near to natural drain or rivers. 2. There should be no discharge of treated or untreated effluent into nearby streams or open land. 3. Care should be taken by plant management, to reduce the emissions and discharge of effluent. Zero emission and zero discharge technology should be adopted by unit. 4.3.10. Impact on Ecology and Bio-diversity

Discharge of the untreated wastewater from the industry in surrounding area can also cause significant environmental impact on the aquatic habitats and affect dependent biodiversity. In case of air pollution, the industry is going to contribute in SPM pollution load in the nearby area. This may have negative impact particularly on avifauna, surrounding crop yields and local population. The details in respect of impacts on ecology and biodiversity are described in Chapter 3 at Section 3.12.

4.3.10.1. Mitigation Measures 1. The study area is mostly in the Western Ghats region in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra and has39 villages and settlements out of which 9 fall in 5 km radius and 30 falls between 5 to 10 km radius. 2. As per the Green belt norms of CPCB, MoEF&CC (2000) In Green belt in industrial projects, trees of the recommended local species, need to be planted all along the periphery of the entire industrial plot for environmental projection purpose @ not less than 1500 trees per ha in rows to restrict types of pollutions 3. Activities such as protection and conservation of the natural habitats, with joint participation of locals by industry, are to be undertaken on priority. The three villages in the study area namely (1) Vesaraf, (2) Palsambe and (3) Sangshi are recommended for CER activity for conservation of the existing ecology and biodiversity in their area, as it is still in better state. 4. In addition to controlling negative impacts of industrial pollution on the village population, proactively above activities would help improve health of the residents, who are employed in the same sugar and distillery industry. This will motivate the locals and industry employees alike to protect ecology and biodiversity in and around their own villages. 4.3.11. Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety is an important consideration under any industrial or developmental project. In PDDYPSSKL complex there will be number of places like alcohol storage tanks, molasses storage tanks and operations where careful attention would be required to be provided towards health and safety aspects. Further, certain ergonomic problems and lifting with wrong postures etc. may cause back-pain, spinal and joint pains. Also, handling of steam at very high pressure and temperature from co-gen boiler shall be another point of concern. Also, alcohol storage tanks shall be major area of concern from risk and hazard involved is bulk storage of ethanol. For more information on this topic, Chapter 7 on Hazard and Risk may be referred.

4.3.11.1. Mitigation Measures

1. Flame arrestors for ethanol storage tanks will be provided. Foam added fire extinguishers would be provided in case of spill & fire.

138 2. High pressure boilers to be installed shall be maintained and tested as per IBR standards. Plant would be fully automated and sufficient alarms and interlocks shall be provided to take care of any abnormal condition or variations. 3. Adequate portable fire-extinguishers shall be provided on site. 4. Proper earthing arrangements shall be provided at Alcohol loading-unloading places. 5. Workers shall be provided with PPEs like goggles, safety shoes, ear muffs etc. 6. There is first aid &health centre with trained medical assistant available 24 hrs a day. 7. Periodic medical examination of workers is carried out and the record is maintained. 8. Emergency vehicle is available at the factory site for 24 hrs.

4.3.12. Impact on Historical Place Gagangadh fort & plasambe are historical places in study area. No major impact was observed during site visit. 4.4 EVALUATION OF IMPACT

Evaluation of impacts on the environmental parameters due to proposed expansion projects of the sugar factory, co-gen and proposed distillery is an important aspect to be studied. For evaluation of same, Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) is implemented. The description of BEES is as follows-

4.4.1 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES)

Evaluation of impacts on the environmental parameters due to expansion of sugar factory, co- gen plant and proposed distillery is an important aspect to be studied. For evaluation of same, Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) is implemented. The description of BEES is as follows-

 Level I : Categories,  Level II : Components,  Level III: Parameters, and  Level IV: Measurements. Each category (Level I) is divided into several components, each component (Level II) into several parameters, and each parameter (Level III) into one or more measurements. The Environmental Evaluation System (EES) implied here identifies a total of four (4) categories, twenty (20) components and eighty nine (89) parameters BEES assessment for environmental impacts of the activities under proposed expansion and establishment of activities by PDDYPSSKL is based on commensurate ‘environmental impact units (EIU)’.Two EIU scores are produced, one 'with' & another 'without' the proposed expansion & establishment project. The difference between the two scores is a measure of the environmental impact. The scores are based on the magnitude and importance of specific impacts.

In addition to the EIU scores, the EES labels major adverse environmental impacts with a "red flag" These flags point to fragile elements of the environment, for which more detailed studies are warranted. Table 4.20 shows a complete list of categories, components, and parameters of the Battelle EES. Column 1 shows the four (4) categories, Column 2 shows the twenty (20) components and Column 3 shows eighty nine (89) parameters. The EES methodology is based on assigning importance unit to each of the parameters. Collectively, these "importance units" are referred to as "parameter importance units" or PIU's. Parameters have been assigned important weights by an interdisciplinary team of experts based on the ranked-pair wise comparison techniques. A total of 1000 PIU’s distributed among the 89 parameters based on value judgments. The individual PIU’s shown in Column 4 of Table 4.2, the summation component PIU's are shown in Column 5, and the

139 summation category PIU's are shown in Column 6. Effectively, for each parameter i, its (PIU)i represents a weight wi

Each PIUi or wi requires a specific quantitative measurement. The methodology converts different measurements into common units by means of a scalar or "value function." A scalar has the specific measurement on x-axis and a common environmental quality scale or "value" on the y-axis. The latter varies in the range 0 ≤ Vi ≤ 1. A value of Vi = 0 indicates very poor quality, while Vi = 1 indicates very good quality. Values of Vi = Vi, 0 are obtained for conditions 'without' the project, and Vi = Vi, 1 for conditions 'with' the project. The condition 'without' the project represents the current condition, while that 'with' the project represents the predicted future condition.

The environmental impact EI is evaluated as follows:

EI = ∑ [ Vi,1wi ] - ∑ [ Vi,0wi ] for i = 1 to n, where n = number of parameters (89).

For EI> 0, the situation 'with' the project is better than 'without' the project, indicating that the project has positive environmental benefits. Conversely, for EI< 0, the situation 'with' the project is worse than 'without' the project, indicating that the project has negative environmental benefits, i.e. certain negative impacts. A large negative value of EI indicates the existence of substantial negative impacts. The assigned weights or PIU's represent the relative importance of each parameter within the overall system. Once established, they should be kept constant; otherwise, the environmental impact assessment would be difficult to replicate.

The potential problem areas are represented by those parameters for which the Vi value changes significantly in the adverse direction, as measured by the following relation (in percent)-

ΔVi (%) = 100 (Vi,0 - Vi,1) / Vi, 0 These parameters are tagged with 'red flags' to indicate potential problems which may warrant more detailed attention. For parameters in the ecology category, a minor red flag applies when 5% <ΔVi< 10%; a major red flag when ΔVi> 10 %. In all other categories, a minor red flag applies when ΔVi< 30% whereas a major red flag when ΔVi ≥ 30%. The EES can be applied for the evaluation of project impacts, to select specific alternatives, or during the planning process to minimize potential adverse impacts of proposed projects. In the latter case, a feedback loop is used to continually modify the proposed project through successive iterations. Projects developed with the help of EES are expected not only to minimize environmental impacts, but also help improve selected portions of the environment. 4.4.2 Environmental Impact Evaluation for PDDYPSSKL

Environmental quality assessment for the proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery projects has been undertaken by evaluating relevant environmental parameters. These parameters represent various components of environment - 1. Biological Environment 2. Environmental Pollution  Water  Air  Soil  Noise 3. Aesthetics 4. Human Interest

140 Functional relationship (value functions) has been developed for each of the selected parameter, resulting in parameter measurement with environmental quality. The allocation of PIUs, among the selected environmental parameters, represents a consequence of opinion of members of an interdisciplinary team of experts. Accordingly, the major environmental categories i.e. biological environment, environmental pollution, aesthetics and human interests are allocated 240, 402, 153 and 205 PIUs respectively, out of total of 1,000 units. The exhaustive list of parameters and associated PIUs used for impact assessment of proposed expansion units of PDDYPSSKL is presented. Though the BEES is considered to be the best available environmental evaluation technique, conflicting conclusions, among decision makers, could arise in the interpretation of evaluated results. The primary factors giving rise to such difference in opinion are at uncertainty and subjectivity in the allocation of PIUs to different environmental parameters and uncertainty caused by the aggregation of individual parameter scores to yield the final project score under different project impact scenarios. It is, therefore, necessary to take into account such variability and uncertainty while inferring the impact of a development project on the surrounding environment

141 Table 4.21 Existing Environmental Status in Study Area

No. Category Component Parameter Description

1 Biological Terrestrial Natural Natural vegetation in the study area comprises few big growing trees like Palas, Neem, and Environment Environment Vegetation Umbar. For more details refer Chapter 3, Section 3.12, Table- 3.29 & 3.31 Crops In the study area, major crop is sugar cane and minor crops are maize, vegetables finger millet &chilli etc. Some cash crops like oil palm, orchards & exotic trees have also been introduced in the region replacing the original flora. Species Presence of 38 species of common local trees, 27 species of mammals, 78 birds, 21 herpetofauna Diversity & 12 butterflieswere observed and reported anin the study area, in addition tothe 6 species of exotic plants planted by private as well as by social forestry plantations. For more details refer Chapter 3, Section 3.12, Food Web The study area falls in Western Ghats region, diverse kinds of habitats and dependent Index biodiversity is present in the area resulting in high food web index. Rare & i) Plant Species: The study area, being part of the Western Ghats (WG), is rich in floral Endangered biodiversity with no. of endemic plant species. During field visits some dominant local wild Species trees, shrubs and climbers were observed. Many of these species are evergreen and semi- evergreen and play critical role in conserving local biodiversity and agro-climatic conditions. List of common flora observed during survey is given in Chapter 3, Section 3.12.Out of which 7 trees, 2 shrubs & 2 climbers are endemic to WG. ii) Animal Species: 5 Endangered, 6 Vulnerable and 3 Near Threaten species were observed during field visit. Pest Species No major pest or parasitic species were observed in study area. Aquatic Natural It includes no. of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons &aquatic plant species are present in the water Environment Vegetation bodies of study area. Species 5 fish species are reported from river Kumbhi are Labeocalbasu (Kanas), Cirrhinusreba Diversity (Mrigal), Rasboradaniconius (Dandai), Salmophasiabacaila (Alkut), and Hypselobarbusjerdoni (Potil). Food Web 2 major rivers, 1 tributary, 3 dams, number of nallah’s & marshy lands in the study area supports Index good aquatic food web index. 2 Environmental Water Major parameters, which represent the water environment; are BOD, TDS, COD and pH. Four Pollution surface water bodies were monitored from the study area (Kumbhi river, streams, Vesraf talav, Andur reservoir). The water quality is found to be good with exceeding TDS, total hardness, turbidity and coliforms at some locations. Refer Chapter 3; Section 3.9. At certain villages, solid waste dumps were found littering close to the river stretches. Also, village domestic wastewater was found to be entering in to the streams and river courses. Agriculture runoffs from fields were

142 No. Category Component Parameter Description

having entries in to the streams and river flows. Soil Land Use Total land use under study area is 314 Sq. Km. It is mainly divided into 7 classes. The details of Pattern classification are given in Chapter 3 (section 3.3.1) Soil Chemistry The soil chemistry is moderate to good for agriculture. As NPK values of soils are inadequate at most of the places in study area, good crops cannot be grown without use of fertilizers. Soil Erosion Very severe erosion and strong stoniness, associated with rock out crops due to very shallow, well drained & loamy soils on moderately sloping Sahyadri Eastern slopes. Air Overall quality of the ambient air is good with less impact of factors such as transportation, industrialization, habituations, mining etc. in the study area. More details are presented in Chapter 3, Section 3.8. Noise Noise levels in the study area were found to be well within the limits of NAAQS. Especially, in the villages and their outskirts as well as near the SH 115 passing through the study area; there was slight increase in the levels although they were in the limits. Vibration No vibration and allied impact creating activities (mining, heavy construction, infrastructure creation etc.) were noted in the study area. 3 Aesthetics Topographic Landscape Topography and landscape of the area is overall hilly. The area is highly undulating with crest of al the WG. The highest elevation in the study area is at Borbet plateau (981 m msl). Character Green Cover In the study area, overall good vegetation cover is observed with diverse plant species some of which are endemic to this area of WG. Visual Quality Study area is in a remote region which is mostly undisturbed due to less anthropogenic activities. of Air Quality of air in visual perspective was found to be good with clear visibility of about 1 Km or so in the afternoon during monitoring season of Oct.-Nov. Dec. 2018. Visual Quality The overall water quality in surface water bodies (Kumbhi river, a nallah, Vesaraf talav and of Water Andur Reservoir) was found to be good. Sound No sound and allied impact creating activities were noted in the study area. Overall sound was found to be satisfactory with noise levels within the NAAQS norms. 4 Human Community In study area it was observed that; there is good community health. For more details refer Interest Health Chapter 3, Section 3.11. Employment Within the study area the respondents were involved in various livelihood activities namely agriculture, service, agriculture labour and sundry occupations, however most (90 %) had agriculture as their main occupation. Around 17 % of the respondents relied on daily wages in addition to their own agricultural work, 10% were daily labourers and only few (4%) had their own business like general stores, retail shop, mineral water suppliers along with agriculture. Economy In the study area, most respondents belonged to lower and lower middle class category (IT department, 2018).

143 No. Category Component Parameter Description

Transportation & In the study area, there is S T bus stand and private vehicles for the use of local transportation. Communication Education Primary school facility is available in study area. Some wadis (settlements) with small population are an exception to this. Water Supply In all villages population depends on the Kumbhi &Dhamani river, groundwater and irrigation tanks for domestic purpose. There is no shortage of water in the area as it is heavy rainfall area in the Western Ghats and water is sufficiently available throughout the year. Occupational Public Health Centres (PHC) in the village in working conditions with availability of doctors. Health Thus, it can be concluded that most villages lack the basic PHCs facility in their respective villages.

144 Table 4.22Application of BEES for Impact Evaluation

Categories Compone Parameters Parameter Importance Units V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔVi nts (PIUs) Without With Project Project Paramete Compon Category r ent PIUs PIUi\Wi PIUs 1 2 3 4 5 = 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9X4 Sum of Sum of 8-7 4 5 Biological Species 1. Terrestrial browsers & 20 140 240 0.7 0.7 0 0 Environme &Populati grazers nt ons 2. Terrestrial crops (Farm 14 0.7 0.8 0.1 1.4 (Ecology) (Terrestria land) l Flora, 3. Terrestrial natural 26 0.7 0.8 0.1 2.6 Terrestrial vegetation. (Grass, Fauna, Flowers, Trees & Shrubs) Aquatic 4. Terrestrial pest species 08 0.5 0.5 0 0 Biota) 5. Terrestrial upland birds 20 0.8 0.8 0 0 6. Aquatic commercial 12 0.5 0.5 0 0 fisheries. 7. Aquatic natural vegetation 08 0.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.8 8. Aquatic pest species 08 0.5 0.5 0 0 9. Fish 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.0 10. Water fowl 14 0.5 0.5 0 0 Habitats & 11. Terrestrial food web 10 100 0.7 0.7 0 0 Communit index ies 12. Land use 10 0.6 0.6 0 0 13. Terrestrial rare & 14 0.8 0.8 0 0 endangered species. 14. Terrestrial species 14 0.8 0.8 0 0 diversity 15. Aquatic food web index 08 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -0.8 16. Aquatic rare & 08 0.5 0.5 0 0 endangered species 17. River characteristics 08 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -0.8 18. Aquatic species diversity 08 0.6 0.6 0 0 19. Habitat Removal, 10 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -1.0 Contamination of Habitat (Aquatic Biota) 20. Terrestrial Fauna - 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.0 Fragmentation of Terrestrial Habitat, Environme Water 21. Basin hydrologic 18 318 402 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.8 ntal loss(alteration of hydraulic Pollution regime, alteration of surface runoff, alteration of aquifers) 22. BOD (Water Quality- 26 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -2.6 WQ) 23. Dissolved Oxygen (WQ) 26 0.8 0.7 -0.1 -2.6 24. Fecal Coli-forms (WQ) 18 0.6 0.6 0.0 0 25. Carbon(WQ) 18 0.6 0.6 0 0 26. Nitrogen (WQ) 28 0.6 0.6 0 0 27. Phosphorus (WQ) 28 0.6 0.6 0 0 28. Pesticides (WQ) 18 0.3 0.3 0 0 29. pH(WQ) 36 0.9 0.9 0 0

145 Categories Compone Parameters Parameter Importance Units V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔVi nts (PIUs) Without With Project Project Paramete Compon Category r ent PIUs PIUi\Wi PIUs 1 2 3 4 5 = 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9X4 Sum of Sum of 8-7 4 5 30. Stream flow variation 20 0.6 0.6 0 0 (alteration of river, nalla, channel) 31. Temperature 34 1.0 1.0 0 0 32. TDS (WQ) 20 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -2.0 33. Toxic substances(WQ) 18 0.7 0.7 0 0 34. Turbidity (WQ) 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.0 Air 35. Carbon dioxide Air 10 46 0.8 0.7 -0.1 -1.0 Quality (AQ) 36. Hydrocarbons (AQ) 04 0.8 0.8 0 0 37. Nitrogen oxides (AQ) 08 0.8 0.8 0 0 38. Particulate matter (AQ) 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1 39. Photochemical oxidants 02 0.9 0.9 0 0 (AQ) 40. Sulfur dioxide (AQ) 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.0 41. Other (Climate) 02 1.0 1.0 0 0 Land 42. Land use 10 32 0.7 0.8 0.1 1.0 (Soil) 43. Soil erosion 12 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.2 44. Soil Contamination 04 0.8 0.8 0 0 45. Soil Quality 06 0.7 0.7 0 0 Noise 46. Noise 06 06 0.8 0.7 -0.1 -0.6 Aesthetics Land 47. Surface material 10 32 158 0.8 0.8 0 0 Cultural 48. Relief & topographic 14 1.0 1.0 0 0 character 49. Width & alignment 08 0.8 0.8 0 0 Air 50. Odor and visual 03 05 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -0.3 51. Sounds 02 0.8 0.8 0 0 Water 52. Appearance 16 62 0.9 0.9 0 0 53. Land and water interface 16 0.9 0.9 0 0 54. Odour and floating 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 materials 55. Water surface area 10 1.0 1.0 0 0 56. Wooded and geologic 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 shoreline Biota 57. Animals- domestic 02 30 0.6 0.6 0 0 58. Animals – wild 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 59. Diversity of vegetation 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 types 60. Variety within vegetation 08 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.8 types Manmade 61. Manmade objects 09 09 0.7 0.7 0 0 Objects Compositi 62. Composite effect 10 20 0.7 0.7 0 0 on 63. Unique composition 10 0.9 0.9 0 0 Human Education 64. Archaeological 04 48 200 0.7 0.7 0 0 Interest al / 65. Training in new 16 0.5 0.7 0.2 3.2 (Social, Scientific technologies& skill Cultural) Packages development 66. Ecological 06 0.8 0.8 0 0

146 Categories Compone Parameters Parameter Importance Units V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔVi nts (PIUs) Without With Project Project Paramete Compon Category r ent PIUs PIUi\Wi PIUs 1 2 3 4 5 = 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9X4 Sum of Sum of 8-7 4 5 Effects on crops, Reduction of farm land 67. Geological 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 68. Hydrological 14 0.7 0.8 0.1 1.4 Historical 69. Architecture and styles 04 50 0.8 0.8 0 0 Packages 70. Conflicts with projects of 08 0.9 0.9 0 0 (Infrastruc urban commercial or ture and industrial development services) 71. Events Recreation 10 0.9 0.9 0 0 72. Persons 10 0.9 0.9 0 0 73. Religions & Cultures 10 0.9 0.9 0 0 74. Western frontier 08 0.9 0.9 0 0 Cultures 75. Indians 10 20 0.9 0.9 0 0 76. Other ethnic groups 05 0.9 0.9 0 0 77. Religious groups 05 0.9 0.9 0 0 Mood/At 78. Awe-Inspiration 06 28 1.0 1.0 0 0 mosphere 79. Isolation solitude 08 1.0 1.0 0 0 80. Mystery 04 1.0 1.0 0 0 81. Oneness with nature 10 1.0 1.0 0 0 Security 82. Increase in crime & 05 05 0.7 0.7 0 0 and Safety accidents caused Health 83. Temporary acute & 05 05 0.7 0.7 0 0 chronic Life 84. Employment 20 42 0.5 0.8 0.3 6.0 Patterns opportunities (Econo- (Creation of new economic my) activities, generation of Temporary & Permanent Jobs) 85. Income for state & private 14 0.5 0.7 0.2 2.8 sector. 86. Saving for consumers and 02 0.6 0.6 0 0 private consumers, Savings in foreign currency for the state. 87. Housing. (Commercial 06 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.6 value of properties, Electricity tariff) 88. Social interactions 02 0.6 0.6 0 0 (Conflict due to negotiations & / or compensation payments, Political conflicts, Demonstration and Social Conflicts. The Battelle EES Environmental Impact Analysis Cumulative Index Ei +1.7

147 Table 4.23 Identification of RED Flags to the Potential Problem Areas in Battelle EES

PIUsWi V i,0 V i,1 ΔVi ΔVi, r # Red Flag No. Without Project With Project 1 2 3 4 5 =4-3 6=5/3 X 7 100 7. Aquatic natural vegetation 08 0.5 0.4 -0.1 20 Major 9. Fish 10 0.5 -0.1 -1.0 20 Major 15. Aquatic food web index 08 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Major 17. River characteristics 08 0.7 0.6 -0.1 14.28 Minor 19. Habitat Removal, 10 0.7 0.6 -0.1 14.28 Major Contamination of Habitat (Aquatic Biota) 20. Terrestrial Fauna - 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Major Fragmentation of Terrestrial Habitat, 21. Basin Hydrologic Loss 18 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 22. BOD 26 0.7 0.6 -0.1 14.28 Minor 23. DO 26 0.8 0.7 -0.1 12.5 Minor 32. TDS(WQ) 20 0.7 0.6 -0.1 14.28 Minor 34. Turbidity (WQ) 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 35. CO2 10 0.8 0.7 -0.1 12.5 Minor 38. Particulate Matter 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 40.SO2 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 46. Noise 06 0.8 0.7 -0.1 12.5 Minor 50.Odor&Visual 03 0.7 0.6 -0.1 14.28 Minor # - In the Battelle EES, the potential problem areas are represented by those parameters for which the Vi value changes significantly in the adverse direction, as measured by the following relation (negative values, in %) – ΔVi, r = 100 [V i,1 - V i,0 ] / V i,0. These parameters are tagged with 'red flags' to indicate potential problems which may warrant more detailed attention. For parameters in the ecology category, a minor red flag applies when 5% <ΔVi,r ≤ 10%, and a major red flag when ΔVi,r> 10 %. In all other categories, a minor red flag applies when ΔVi,r ≤ 30% or ΔVi ≤ 0.1, and a major red flag when ΔVi,r> 30% or ΔVi> 0.1.

Table 4.24 THE MITIGATION MEASURES

No. Parameters Mitigation Measures 1 Aquatic natural vegetation, Fish Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.3. Further, details of MEE, ETP & &Aquatic food web index CPU are given in chapter 2. Section. 2.7.1.4 2 Habitat Removal, Contamination Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.3. of Habitat (Aquatic Biota) 3 Terrestrial Fauna -Fragmentation Mitigation Measures to suppress the impact on ecology and bio-diversity are of Terrestrial Habitat, described in section 4.3.10. Detailed report w.r.t. EB is given in chapter 3, section 3.12 4 Basin Hydrologic Loss Mitigation Measures w.r.t water quality are described in section 4.3.3.Also, water budget & water adequacy details are provided in chapter 2, section.2.7 5 BOD& DO Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.3. Refer water monitoring reports in chapter 3 section 3.9 for exiting condition of water in study area 6 Fecal Coli-forms (WQ) Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.3. Refer water monitoring reports in chapter 3 section.3.9 for exiting condition of water in study area 7 TDS(WQ) Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.3. Refer water monitoring reports in chapter 3 section. for exiting condition of water in study area. 8 CO2 Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1. Refer ambient air monitoring reports in chapter 3 section 3.9 for exiting condition of air in study area. 9 Particulate Matter Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1. Refer ambient air monitoring reports in chapter 3 section 3.9 for exiting condition of air in study area 10 SO2 Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1. Refer ambient air monitoring reports in chapter 3 section... for exiting condition of air in study area 11 Noise Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.7. Also noise level monitoring report is given in chapter 3 section 3.10 12 Odour and Visual Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1.

148 13 Animals – wild Mitigation Measures to suppress the impact on ecology and bio-diversity are described in section 4.3.10. Detailed report w.r.t. EB is given in chapter 3, section 3.12

4.5 IMPACTS DUE TO DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITY

4.5.1 Decommissioning Phase

"Decommissioning" is a procedure to make an equipment or manufacturing setup unfit for its reuse for its designed function. This could be done by cutting project components into small pieces, demolition of buildings, disconnecting circuits and removing of all infrastructures set up thereby making it unusable. Table 4.25Identification of Impacts due to Decommissioning of PDDYPSSKL No Env. Aspect Activities /Operation Impact Identification Measures 1. Land Use Dismantling and  The land will be barren and -- decommissioning of vacant after decommissioning industrial set up.  Existing project being agro- based, post decommissioning use would be residential or agriculture. 2. Air  Cutting, demolition and  Release of fumes of acid/ alkali Water sprinkling to dismantling operations. during washing suppress dust during  Transportation.  Fugitive dust during demolition demolition work. of building & transportation. 3. Water  Washing of  Washing discharges getting  Washing discharges to manufacturing access into nearby nallah under ETP; treatment & equipment, mills, pans, uncontrolled operational disposal through same centrifuges, pipelines, conditions. outside industrial fermenters, distillation premises after infrastructure, tanks etc. achieving specified during detoxification standards. Demolition of ETP shall be last activity. 4. Solid Waste &  Cutting wastes, scrap,  Littering of wastes  Solid wastes Hazardous demolition wastes etc.  Bad aesthetics generated would be Waste  Oils and lubricants sold to authorized re- removed from equipment processor. Demolition waste to land fill. 5. Noise  Cutting and drilling  Increase in noise levels during  PPEs to manpower activities during decommissioning. involved in decommissioning decommissioning and  Dismantling of heavy safety measures to machinery & equipment, will be followed. fermenters, distillation column, turbines, boilers etc. 6. Risk &  Dismantling &  Accidents, spillage of molasses,  Use of PPEs, expert Hazard decommissioning of alcohols, spentwash etc., and and experienced equipment’s &buildings. storage tanks detoxification, supervision, due storage tanks dismantling. follow up of safety norms & procedures.

149 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR PPAD.DR. D. .Y. PATIL S.S.K.L. ESTABLISHMENT OF 60 KLPD DISTILLERY AND EXPANSION OF SUGAR & CO-GENERATION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

Table 4.26 Expansion OF Sugar & Co-generation & establishment of 60 KLPD Distillery No. Opeartion / Attributes Impact Due to Baseline value of Location Specific Net Change Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Location Parameters Conc. /value Increase (I) / Impact Decrease(D) 1 Molasses storage Air Gaseous … … … … Temporary, Entire industrial 1. Proper maintenance of existing tar 1. Respiratory Disorders. tank emission due to Negative, Short premises roads. 2 Water sprinkling. 2. Aggravated coughing. overheating. term 3. Reduction in photosynthetic Odour Nuisance activity.

Water Molaases spills Table 3.16, GW1 … Gr. Water quality may Table 3.16, Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long factory premises 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 levels term (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3) 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3)

Soil Molasses spills Table 3.6 (S1) … Contamination of soil … Temporary, short Limited to industrial 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1. Disturbance in pH due to and change in soil term, Negative premises discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. excessive discharge of characteristics 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil alkaline/acidic effluents. 3. Alteration in properties or composition 2. Less fertile and non-productive of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1) and soil 4.3.6 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1)() and 4.3.6

2 Dilution of Water 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 3 Fermentation Air Carbon dioxide —— —— —— —— Permanent, long Limited to industrial Provision or CO2 bottling facility 1. Respiratory disorders emission term, Negative premises 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. SHW Yeast sludge … —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Decomposition of oil is slow process. 1. Littering 2.bad asthetics littering nuisance, Negative, Short fermentation section This will cause soil and water pollution. Odour term 2. The combustion of oils produce toxic 4 Distillation Water Spentwash Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Surface water quality —— Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1. Increasedh in turbidity f ld and TDS i l levels R f 1. Littering spillage may be affected Negative, Long factory premises 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 2.bad asthetics advesely term (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3) 3.Contamination of ground water Spentleees Table 3.16, GW1 —— Surface water quality —— Permenant, Entire aquifer in the may be affected Negative, Long factory premises advesely term Soil and EB Spentwash Table 3.6 (S1) Table 2.26 Contamination of soil Temporary, short Surrounding areas of 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1.Change in quilty of soil spillage and change in soil term, Negative industry discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. 2.Damage to flora and fauna of characteristics 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil nearby areas 5 Biomethanation Air Biogas —— Redcution in use of —— Permanent, Long Within industrial 3Al i i….. i ii ….. plant bagasse. Term, Positive premises

RH Fire ….. …. …. ….. Temporary, Within industrial 1.Installation of fire hydrant line around 1.Loss of life and property Negative, Short premises storage area 2.Damge to the biodiverstiy near Term 2. Avaliability of Fire Tender onsite plant

150 6 Spentwash Water Spentwash Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Surface water quality —— Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. 1. Littering Storage spillage may be affected Negative, Long factory premises Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 2.bad asthetics advesely term (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3) 3.Contamination of ground water

Soil Spentwash Table 3.6 (S1) Table 2.26 Contamination of soil Temporary, short Surrounding areas of 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1.Change in quilty of soil spillage and change in soil term, Negative industry discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. 2.Damage to flora and fauna of characteristics 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil nearby areas 7 Spentwash Water Concentrated Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Gr. Water quality may Table 3.16, Permenant, Entire aquifer in the 1.3Al Increase i in iturbidity iand TDS levels ii 2. 1. Littering Concentration Spentwash spills be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long factory premises Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A 2.bad asthetics (MEE) with heavy term and B) 3.Contamination of ground water metals Soil Concentrated Table 3.6 (S1) Table 2.26 Contamination of soil Temporary, short Surrounding areas of 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1.Change in quilty of soil Spentwash spills and change in soil term, Negative industry discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. 2.Damage to flora and fauna of with heavy characteristics 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil nearby areas metals 3. Alteration in properties or composition 8 Alcohol Storage RH Spillage and Fire LEL-3.3 UEL- Temporary, short Installtion Foam Based 1.Implementationf ilR f S ti of foam 433(4331) based fire d 1. Inhallation problem Tank 19.0 term, Negative Fire hydant sprinklers hydrant on storage tanks. 2.headache on tanks. Provision of 2. Implementation of OISD Norms. 3.Burns dyke wall and 4.Damage to property and life guidelines of OISD Norms 9 Compost Yard Water Leachate Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Ground water quality … Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1.Installation of 250 micron HDPE lining. 1.Cantamination of ground water may be affected Negative, Long factory premises 2. implementataion of RCC Lining. 2.change in charaterstics of advesely term 3. Construction of separate drains for ground water which may make lechate collection unpotable for drinking

Soil Leachate Table 3.6 (S1) Contamination of soil … Temporary, short Surrounding areas of 1.Installation of 250 micron HDPE lining. Contamination of soil and change and change in soil term, Negative industry 2. implementataion of RCC Lining. in soil characteristics characteristics 3. Construction of separate drains for l h ll i

151 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR PAD.DR. D. .Y. PATIL S.S.K.L. ESTABLISHMENT OF 60 KLPD DISTILLERY AND EXPANSION OF SUGAR & CO-GENERATION. PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

Table 4.27 Expansion of Co-Gen Plant from 19 MW to 23 MW

Sr. Opeartion / Baseline value of Location Specific Net Change Increase(I) / Attributes Impact Due to Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Reference / Remark No. Location Parameters Conc. /value ecrease(D)

1 Boiler Operation Air Fuel burning PM10 - 64.75 PM10 - 64.79ug/m3 PM10 - 0.04 ug/m3 PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, With APC - Entire industrial Stack height of 75 M and ESP (4 field), 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov-Dec. 2018, (Fuel Burning) operation (With ug/m3 PM2.5 - 28.149 PM2.5 - 0.009 ug/m PM2.5 - 60 ug/m Negative, Short premises and nearby area. The max. APC interlocking with process operations, 2. Aggravated coughing Met data, Monitoring of existing

APC as ESP) PM2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3 ug/m SO2 - 2 ug/m3 SO2 - 80 ug/m3 term GLC for PM10 , PM2.5 & SO2 will Continuous online monitoring system, 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. stacks , out put of AERMOD Air SO2 - 26.83 ug/m3 SO2 - 28.83 ug/m3 be 0.97 ug/m3 , 3.90 ug/m3 & 1.76 proper Refer Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) Dispersion Model developed by ug/m3 resp. From site 2.2 towards & timely O&M of the control equipment USEPA. East direction. and system.

Fuel burning PM - 64.75 ug/m3 PM10 -66.75 ug/m3 PM10 -2 ug/m3 PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Without APC - Entire industrial Stack height of 75 M and ESP (4 field), 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov-Dec. 2018, operation (Without 10 PM2.5 - 28.63 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 0.49 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 Negative, Short premises and nearby area. The max. APC interlocking with process operations, 2. Aggravated coughing Met data, Monitoring of existing APC as ESP) PM2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3 Term GLC for PM10 & PM2.5 will be Continuous online monitoring system, 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. stacks , out put of AERMOD Air 195 ug/m3 & 48.74 ug/m3 resp. proper Refer Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) Dispersion Model developed by from 2.2 site towards East direction. & timely O&M of the control equipment USEPA. and system.

Noise Boiler operations 67.2 dBA 80 dBA 12.8 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Boiler & Turbine House Proper oiling, lubrication and preventive 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise monitoring for Oct-Nov- Negative, Short maintenance shall be carried out for blood pressure levels. Dec. 2018, and actual monitoring term machineries and equipment to reduce the 2. Disturb psycological condition. done in the premises noise generation.

SHW Ash generation 48 MT/M 48 MT/ M Additional 23 MT/M over —— Temporary, Boiler furnace grating and Auto ash collection, handling, transport Impaired aeshtetics & littering Study and monitoring of existing existing quantity of Negative, Short underneath area through covered conveyors & storage in nuisance boiler operations and fuel patterns 25 MT/M term siilos of 50 MT/Day capacity. in the industry.

2 Boiler Operation Noise Release of steam 67.2 dBA 80 dBA 12.8 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Short Nearby industrial area 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise monitoring for Oct-Nov- (Steam Vent off) into air Term blood pressure levels. blood pressure levels. Dec. 2018, and actual monitoring 2. Disturb psycological condition. Refer 2. Disturb psycological condition.Referdone in the premises Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2)

3 Turbines Noise High pressure steam 67.2 dBA 85 dBA 17.8 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Within industrial premises 1. Heavy duty muffler systems shall be 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise monitoring for Oct-Nov- injection & high Negative, Long employed for high noise generating blood pressure levels. Dec. 2018, and actual monitoring speed turbine rotary Term equipment. 2. Disturb psycological condition.Referdone in the premises motions. 2. Provision of PPEs such as ear muffs, ear Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) plugs, masks will be strictly enforced for the workers engaged in high noise prone zones

SHW Used lubricants Impaired aeshtetics Temporary, Limited to Turbine Section 1. Propoer collection and recycling of 1. Decomposition of oil is slow Study and monitoring of existing (Oils, Greases, Oil & littering Negative, Short lubricant spills. process. This will cause soil and water boiler operations and fuel patterns spills) nuisance term pollution. in the industry. 2. The combustion of oils produce toxic gases and harmful dust particles. Refer Section 4.3.5

4 Ash Yard (Ash Air Fugitive dust PM - 64.75 ug/m3 PM10 - 71.25 ug/m3 PM10 - 6.5 ug/m3 (I) PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Entire industrial premises 1. Proper maintenance of existing tar roads. 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov-Dec. 2018,, Storage) 10 PM2.5 - 31.54 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 3.4 ug/m3(I) PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 Negative, Short 2 Water sprinkling. 2. Aggravated coughing Met Data. PM2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3 term 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2)

SHW Ash —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— Temporary, Limited to ash yard 1. Adequate storage of ash in silos. 1. Littering and suspension of sludge Study and monitoring of existing littering nuisance Negative, Short 2. Handling of ash through dedicated and particles in air and surrounding result boiler operations and fuel patterns term automatic mechanical system s followed by into undesirable aesthetics in the industry. storage in silos. 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

152 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR PAD.DR. D. .Y. PATIL S.S.K.L. ESTABLISHMENT OF 60 KLPD DISTILLERY AND EXPANSION OF SUGAR & CO-GENERATION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Table 4.28 Expansion of Sugar Factory, Co-gen Plant and Establishment of Distillery

Sr. Opeartion / Attributes Impact due to Baseline Value of Location Specific Conc. Net Change Increase(I) / Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change No. Location Parameters /value Decrease(D) Impact

1 Construction Air Fugitive dust PM10 - 64.75 ug/m3 PM10 - 71.22 ug/m3 PM - 6.47 ug/m3 (I) PM - 100 Temporary, Entire Project site 1. Installation of adequate ventilation 1. Respiratory Disorders Opeartions, PM2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3 PM2.5- 31.51 ug/m3 PM - 3.37 ug/m3(I) ug/m3 Negative, Short and adjacent system. 2. Aggravated coughing, sneezing Vehical PM - 60 ug/m3 term premises 2. Sprinkling of water on open spaces, and irritation in eyes Movement, kuccha roads. 3. Reduction in photosynthetic Excavations, 3. Proper maintenance of existing tar activity in plants Back filling, roads. 4. Lung Diorders Land levelling, 4. Provision of PPEs (Goggles & Masks) to workers.

WaterContaminated surface runoff Table 3.16, GW1 —— Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.16, Temporary, Entire aquifer 1. Avoid cutting and filling work Change in characteristics of water. due to oils, lubricants and advesely immediately although IS10500:2012 Negative, Short nearby construction during rainy season Change in quality of ground water construction chmicals etc. chances of surface water getting term premises 2. Construction of runoff drains as per which may lead make it unsuitable for into ground water and nearby affaected are lesse due to non- topography and development of proper best usage (drinking, domerstic use, water body nearness of water body to the drainage pattern at the site. agriculture etc.) project site.quality may not get affected

SoilSurface runoff on land Table 3.6 (S1) —— Soil quality may be affected Table 3.6 Temporary, Farm lands near 1. Construction of concrete drains to Change in soil characteristics and adversely with properties like pH, Negative, Short adjacent to plot minimise soil erosion. may affect the fertility of the soil. conductivity, porosity, C/N ratio, term area. 2. Augmentation of soil binding and organic matter, permeability, etc. fast growing vegetation to arrest soil erosion.

NoiseVehicle movement, 67.2 dBA 70.5 I - 3.3 dB (A) 75 dB(A) Temporary, Limited to 1. Provision of proper acoustic 1. Continuous exposure can result construction equipments Negative, Short constrution site and enclosure. 2. Provision of PPEs to into hearing loss, damage to ear (dozers, scrapers, concrete term adjacent area workers. 3. Develop proper and drums, blood pressure levels. mixers, cranes, pumps, adequate green belt 2. Disturb psycological condition. compressors,etc.), drilling 3. Disturbance in the nearby premises and excavations

SHWWaste generation during —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Adequate handling, storage and 1. Bad Aesthetics contruction activity - metal nuisance Negative, Short construction area disposal of solid wastes. 2. Littering of wastes scrap, brick stone, cement term. 2. Recycling of recyclable wastes aggregate paint cans TopographyLand levelling, back filling, —— —— Change in topography of land and —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Use of substratum excavated during Change in topography of land and land use Negative, Short construction area construction of foundations and land land use term. levelling operations for filling low lying areas and plinth of superstructure.

Ecological & Dust emissions, noise —— —— Affect on growth and productivity —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Provision of acoustic enclosure to Affect on growth and productivity of Biological generation and influx of of plants, Nocturnal birds and Negative, Short constrution site and high noise generating and vibrating plants, Nocturnal birds and animals Environmnet onsite workers animals may get affected due to term. adjacent area machinery may get affected due to flood lights. flood lights. 2. Water sprinkling arrangement to cur dust emissions.

Occupational Operations under —— —— Affect on helath of workers. —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Use of advanced technology 1. Physical Disorders among workers Health & construction like lifting of Negative, Short constrution site and machinery to reduce stress on workers 2. Psychological Disorders among Safety heavy tools, repetitive term. adjacent area 2. Provision of PPEs workers. motion, vibrations, electrical 3. Employment of skilled workers. shocks 4. Training and awareness programs to the workers regarding safety, health and hygiene.

153 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR PAD.DR. D. .Y. PATIL S.S.K.L. ESTABLISHMENT OF 60 KLPD DISTILLERY AND EXPANSION OF SUGAR & CO-GENERATION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

Table 4.29 Expansion of Sugar Factory from 4500 TCD to 5500TCD

Sr. Opeartion / Attributes Impact due Baseline Value of Location Specific Net Change Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Reference / No. Location to Parameters Conc. Increase(I) / Remark /value Decrease(D)

1 Cane Yard Air Fugitive dust PM 10 - 64.75 PM 10 - 67.98 PM 10 - 4.79 ug/m3 PM10 - 100 Temporary, Entire industrial premises 1. Proper maintenance of existing tar 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov ug/m3 ug/m3 (I) ug/m3 Negative, roads. 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in Dec 2018 PM 2.5 - 28.14 PM 2.5 - 29.54 PM 2.5 - 2.1 ug/m3(I) PM2.5 - 60 Short term 2 Water sprinkling. photosynthetic activity. Refer Section Met Data. ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3 4.3.3.1 (C)

Noise Cane 67.2 dBA 68.1 dBA 0.7 dBA (I) 75 dBA Temporary, Limited to cane yard and Proper oiling, lubrication and 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise Monitoring Transportatio Negative, Short nearby premises preventive maintenance shall be carry blood pressure levels. data for Oct-Nov- n term out for vehicles. 2. Disturb psycological condition. Refer Dec 2018 Section 4.3.3.1 (C)

SHW Trash and —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— Temporary, Limited to cane yard and 1. Proper handling, storage and 1. Littering and suspension of particles —— dung littering nuisance Negative, Short nearby premises disposal of trash and dung. in air and surrounding result into term undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.1.1 (D)

2 Cane Weighment Air Fugitive dust PM 10 - 64.75 PM10 - 74.46 ug/m PM10 -12.78 ug/m Temporary, Entire industrial premises —— 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov ug/m3 PM 2.5 - 31.21 PM 2.5 -8.41 ug/m3 PM10 - 100 Negative, Short 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in Dec 2018, Met PM 2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3 ug/m PM2.5 - term photosynthetic activity. Refer Data. ug/m3 60 ug/m3 Section4.3.3.1 (C)

Noise Operation of 67.2 dBA 69 dBA 1.9 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Limited to cane weighment Proper oiling, lubrication and 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise Monitoring crane and NegativeNegative, Short yyardard ppreventivereventive maintenance shall be carrycarry bbloodlood ppressureressure levels data for OctOct-Nov Nov- vehicles term out for weighing machine 2. Disturb psycological condition. Refer Dec 2018 Section 4.3.3.1 (C)

3 Milling Section Air Bagasse PM 10 - 64.75 —— —— PM10 - 100 Temporary, Limited to Milling Section 1. Installation of adequate ventilation 1. Respiratory Disorders —— particles ug/m3 ug/m PM2.5 Negative, Short system. 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in PM 2.5 - 28.14 - 60 ug/m3 term photosynthetic activity. Refer Section ug/m3 4.3.3.1 (C)

Noise Milling 67.2 dBA 73.9 dBA 17 dBA 75 dBA Negative, Long term Milling section and 1. Heavy duty muffler systems shall be 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise Monitoring operations production area employed for high noise generating blood pressure levels. data for Oct-Nov- equipment. 2. Disturb psycological condition.Refer Dec 2018 2. Provision of PPEs such as ear Section muffs, ear plugs, masks will be strictly 4.3.3.1 (C) enforced for the workers engaged in Water Mill bearing Table 3.16, GW1 This water is high in Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1. Adequate collection and treatment / 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels —— cooling water Oil & Grease, SS & be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises recycle of mill bearing water spills. 2. Health problems. Refer Section spills TDS, COD 4.3.11

SHW Lubricant —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— Temporary, Limited to Mill House 1. Propoer collection and recycling of 1. Decomposition of oil is slow process. —— spills littering nuisance Negative, Short lubricant spills. This will cause soil and water pollution. term 2. The combustion of oils produce toxic gases and harmful dust particles. Refer Section 4.3.5

4 Juice Storage Water Juice Spills Table 3.16, GW1 —— Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permenant, Entire aquifer in the 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels —— (BOD, SS, be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises recycle of juice spills. 2. Health problems. Refer Section SO4, Cl) 4.3.11 through washing

Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.6 (S1) Untreated effluent Soil quality may be Table 3.4 Permanent, Agricultural lands adjacent 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive —— characterstics of juice affected adversely with Negative, Long term to industry. recycle of syrup spills. discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. spills properties like pH, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil conductivity, porosity, 3. Alteration in properties or C/N ratio, organic composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.6 matter permeability

154 5 SO2 preparation Air & RH Release of SO2 - 21.97 ug/m3 SO2- 23.85 ug/m3 2 SO - 13 ug/m3 2 NAAQS - 80 Temporary, Limited to juice extraction, 1. Respiratory illness AAQM for Dec- section (storage & SO2 ug/m3 TLV Negative, Short storage areas. 2. Visibility Impairment Jan-Feb 2016, Met use) TWA- 5 ppm term 3. Aggravate existing heart and lung Data. diseases. Refer Section 4.3.1 RH Dust —— —— —— > 500 micron Temporary, Within storage premises Fire extinguishers, PPEs, safety 1. Respiratory illness —— explosion of dia particles Negative, Short awareness & training, GMPs 2. Visibility Impairment sulphur of sulphur term 3. Aggravate existing heart and lung without diseases. Refer Section 4.3.1 ignition source 6Lime Slurry Air Fugitive lime PM 10 - 64.75 PM - 67.13 ug/m3 PM 10 - 2.38 ug/m3 PM - 100 Temporary, Lime storage section 1. Installation of adequate ventilation 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov preparation section dust ug/m3 10 (I) ug/m3 PM - Negative, Short system. 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in Dec 2018, Met (storage & use) PM 2.5 - 28.14 PM - 29.82 ug/m3 10 term photosynthetic activity. Refer Section Data. ug/m3 2.5 PM2.5 - 1.68 ug/m3(I) 2.5 4.3.3.1 (C) 60 ug/m3

7 Juice Clarification Water Juice Spills Table 3.16, GW1 —— Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permenant, Entire aquifer in the 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels —— (BOD, SS, be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises recycle of juice spills. 2. Health problems. Refer Section SO4, Cl) 4.3.11

8 Vaccum Filtration SHW Pressmud —— —— Impaired aeshtetics, —— Temporary, limited to Filter house 1. Adequate pressmud storage and 1. Littering and suspension of pressmud —— littering nuisance & Negative, Short dispsal for composting. particles in air and surrounding result odour of stale press mud term into undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.1.1 (D)

9 Juice Water Conc. Juice Table 3.16, GW1 Highly conc. Juice Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permenant, Entire aquifer in the No discharge of Untreated / Treated 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water Concentration Spills (BOD, with High BOD & be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises Effluents in Surface / Ground water. 2. Health problems. Refer Section monitoring reports Section (MEE) TS, SO4, Cl) TS ETP for Sugar Unit, CPU in Distillery 4.3.11 through will be installed. washing Conc. Spentwash Biocomposting – effluent to Zero Discharge Soil Syrupypp Spills Table 3.6 ()(S1) Untreated effluent Soil qyyquality may be Table 3.4 Permanent,, Agriculturalgj lands adjacent 1. Adequateq collection and treament or 1. Disturbance in ppH due to excessive Ground water characterstics of juice affected adversely with Negative, Long term to industry. recycle of syrup spills. discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. monitoring reports spills properties like pH, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil conductivity, porosity, 3. Alteration in properties or C/N ration, organic composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.6 matter permeability 10Vacuum Pan Water Syrup Spills Table 3.15, GW1 Highly conc. Syrup Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permenant, Entire aquifer in the 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water (BOD, TS, with High BOD & be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises recycle of syrup spills. No discharge of 2. Health problems. Refer Section monitoring reports SO4, Cl) TS Untreated / Treated Effluents in 4.3.11 through Surface / Ground water. ETP for washing Sugar Unit, CPU in Distillery will be effluent to installed Sr. Opeartion / Attributes Impact due to Baseline Value of Location Specific Net Change Increase(I) / Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Reference / Remark No. Location Parameters Conc. Decrease(D) /value

Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.6 (S1) —— Soil quality may be Table 3.4 Permanent, Agricultural lands adjacent 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive … affected adversely with Negative, Long term to industry. recycle of syrup spills. discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. properties like pH, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil conductivity, porosity, 3. Alteration in properties or C/N ration, organic composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.6 matter permeability 11 Crystalizer Water Syrup Spills Table 3.16, GW1 Highly conc. Syrup Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water (BOD, TS, with High BOD & be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises recycle of syrup spills. No discharge of 2. Health problems. Refer Section monitoring reports SO4, Cl) TS Untreated / Treated Effluents in 4.3.11 through Surface / Ground water. ETP for washing Sugar Unit, CPU in Distillery will be effluent to installed Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.6 (S1) —— Soil quality may be Table 3.4 Permanent, Agricultural lands adjacent 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive —— affected adversely with Negative, Long term to industry. recycle of syrup spills. discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. properties like pH, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil conductivity, porosity, 3. Alteration in properties or C/N ration, organic composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.6 matter permeability 12 Centrifuge Air Fine sugar PM 10 - 64.75 PM10 - 71.87 ug/m3 PM10 - 6.38 ug/m (I) PM10 - 100 Temporary, Centrifuge section —— 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov dust & water ug/m3 PM - 31.52 ug/m3 PM 2.5 - 6.31 ug/m PM2.5 - Negative, Short 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in Dec 2018, Met mist PM 2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3(I) 60 ug/m3 term photosynthetic activity. Refer Section Data. ug/m3 4.3.3.1 (C)

155 Water Molasses Table 3.16, GW1 Highly conc. Syrup Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permenant, Entire aquifer in the Propoer collection and storage of 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water spills (BOD, with High BOD & be affected advesely IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises molasses in molasses storage tank 2. Health problems. Refer Section monitoring reports TS, SO4, Cl) TS 4.3.11 through washing effluent to Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.3 (S1) … Soil quality may be Table 3.4 Permanent, Agricultural lands adjacent 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive affected adversely with Negative, Long term to industry. recycle of syrup spills. discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. properties like pH, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil conductivity, porosity, 3. Alteration in properties or C/N ration, organic composition of soil. Refer Section matter permeability 436 13 Sugar Bagging Air Fine sugar PM 10 - 64.75 PM10 - 72.52 ug/m3 PM10 - 11.98 ug/m3 (I) PM10 - 100 Temporary, Sugar Bagging section 1. Provision of PPEs like masks 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov House dust ug/m3 PM2.5 - 31.52 PM2.5 - 10.51 ug/m3(I) ug/m3 PM2.5 Negative, Short 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in Dec 2018, Met PM 2.5 - 28.14 ug/m3 - 60 ug/m3 term photosynthetic activity. Refer Section Data. ug/m3 4.3.3.1 (C) Noise Conveyors, 69.1 dBA 69.8 dBA 9.9 dBA (I) 75 dBA Temporary, Limited to sugar bagging Provision of PPEs such as ear muffs, 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, trolleys, Negative, Short house ear plugs, masks will be strictly blood pressure levels. 2. Disturb people, sugar term enforced for the workers engaged in psycological condition.Refer Section bag packing high noise prone zones 4.3.3.1(C)

14 Bagasse Yard Air Fugitive dust PM 10 - 64.75 PM - 67.97 ug/m3 PM10 - 13.08 ug/m3 (I) PM - 100 Temporary, Bagasse yard & Installation of covered / encased 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Oct-Nov (Bagasse , bagasse ug/m3 10 PM2.5 - 13.93 ug/m3(I) ug/m3 PM Negative, Short sorrounding conveyors to avoid littering and free 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in Dec 2018, Met conveyance, dust PM 2.5 - 28.14 PM - 29.51 ug/m3 10 term falling of bagasse from the belt. photosynthetic activity. Refer Section Data. handling, transport ug/m3 2.5 2.5 4.3.3.1. (C) and storage) - 60 ug/m3

SHW Bagasse —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— Temporary, Bagasse yard & Propoer collection and storage of 1. Littering and suspension of pressmud littering nuisance Negative, Short sorrounding Bagasse in yard particles in air and surrounding result term into undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

RH Fire in —— —— —— —— Temporary, Bagasse yard & 1. Eliminate ignition sources near to bagasse yard Negative, Short sorrounding bagasse yard. term 2. Provision of fire extinguishers in bagasse yard. 15 Press mud yard Air Odour —— —— —— —— Temporary, Pressmud storage yard & Greenbelt plantation Refer Section 4.3.1 nuisance Negative, Short sorrounding term SHW Pressmud —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— 1. Proper handling and storage and 1. Littering and suspension of pressmud littering nuisance disposal of pressmud particles in air and surrounding result into undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.1.1 (D)

16 ETP Water Discharge of Table 3.16, GW1 Untreated effluent Gr. Water quality may Table 3.15, Permanent, Entire aquifer in the 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water untreated / characterstics of be affected IS10500:2012 Negative, Long term factory premises recycle of syrup spills. No discharge of 2. Health problems. Refer Section monitoring reports partially sugar factory advesely.pH, Untreated / Treated Effluents in 4.3.11 trated TDS,hardness,COD Surface / Ground water. ETP for effluent could increase Sugar Unit, CPU in Distillery will be installed Soil Discharge of Table 3.6 (S1) Untreated effluent Soil quality may be Table 3.4 Permanent, farm lands near ETP and 1. Adequate collection and treament or 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive Ground water untreated / characterstics of affected adversely with Negative, Long term agricultural lands adjacent recycle of syrup spills. No discharge of discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. monitoring reports partially sugar factory properties like pH, to industry. Untreated / Treated Effluents in 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil trated conductivity, porosity, Surface / Ground water. ETP for 3. Alteration in properties or effluent. C/N ration, organic Sugar Unit, CPU in Distillery will be composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.6 matter permeability installed SHW Non- —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & —— Temporary, ETP premises. 1. Proper handling and storage and 1. Littering and suspension of sludge scientific littering nuisance Negative, Short disposal of sludge particles in air and surrounding result disposal of term into undesirable aesthetics sludge, its 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.11 littering and odour

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Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternatives (Technology and Site)

5.1. INTRODUCTION

While preparation of EIA report it is necessary that one should consider project alternatives and their relative potential impact on the environment. Selection of alternative is more critical in an industrial development where time, money, environment and natural resources are at stake. Hence, selection of alternative must be both practical and rational, taking into consideration the constraint of the project.

5.2. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES

Proposed expansion of 5500 TCD Sugar Factory, 23 MW Co-gen plant & establishment of 60 KLPD molasses based will be implemented within existing PDDYPSSKL complex of Sugar factory & co-gen plant. Industry has sufficient land for expansion and establishment of project hence no any alternative site was considered.

5.3. ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

5.3.1. Sugar Factory

The technological process of sugar manufacturing, involving the techniques of cane crushing and juice crystallization, has undergone radical change with developments in the field of science and technology. The techniques of cane crushing and juice crystallization used till date is of Indian origin and traditional in character. The same traditional technique is being practiced by PDDYPSSKL, for manufacturing of sugar.

5.3.1.1. Improvement in Sugar Quality

Sugar quality was improved to suite international market by taking following extensive efforts by optimizing liming and sulphitation process

 Decreasing turbidity of clear juice  Improving clear juice colour from 13,000 to 7,000 IU  Making required modifications in equipments like juice sulphiter, clarifier & centrifugal machines  Developing new boiling methods  Avoiding colour formation during processing  Improvement at centrifugal section  Improving storage conditions to avoid colour formation

5.3.2. Co-Gen Plant

Sugarcane is crushed in the milling tandem, after crushing bagasse is produced. The only way to use the bagasse effectively is to consume it by using as fuel in the boiler to generate steam. The generated steam is used for moving the power turbine to generate power. Bagasse based power generation projects, in the premises of sugar factory, fulfil captive need of the industry and make available surplus power to be exported in the grid.

5.3.3. Distillery

5.3.3.1.Fermentation Technology

The manufacture of alcohol basically involves fermentation of substrate containing sugar material such molasses. The fermentation processes are classified as batch and continuous. Conventional fermentation process employed for production of Rectified Spirit (R.S.) involves the batch process with 3 to 5 fermenters in series. The fermentation is carried out with 15 to 20% solid content in the solution. The process generates 12 to 15 litters of spent

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wash per litre of RS and 220-230 litre RS per ton of molasses. The process was subsequently improved by employing continuous fermentation with one or more fermenters in series and recycle of spent yeast. This has the advantage 250-270 litters RS production per ton of molasses and 8-10 litre of spent wash generation per litre of RS Continuous fermentation has reduced fermentation period to less than 36 hours. The spent wash generation can be further reduced to 6 to 8 litre by incorporation of re-boilers in distillation columns

5.3.3.2. Distillation Process

Fermented wash is distilled through a number of distillation columns and the alcohol present in it is separated. The distillation is carried out under vacuum and at different pressures. As such the process is named 'Multi-pressure Vacuum Distillation'. Due to this, steam and power consumption in the process have considerably reduced. Following are the advantages of Multi-pressure Vacuum Distillation –

 The analyzer column operates under vacuum due to which formation of by-products such as acetal gets minimized thereby improving quality of finished product i.e. alcohol.  Analyzer column with Hyper – state trays ensure high turbulence on tray, this minimizes chances of scaling. Also, this special construction of trays and access to each tray helps in easier maintenance of column internals.  Pre-Rectification column ensures proper removal of Sulphur compounds / mercaptans for ensuring a good odour to alcohol. This column also reduces the load of lower boiling volatile compounds passing on to rectifier cum exhaust column.  Vacuum distillation system requires low steam consumption i.e. 1.8 kg/lit. of total alcohol of EQRS quality as against 2.0–2.2 kg/lit of total alcohol of normal quality in atmospheric distillation.  System designed for maximum heat integration for optimum utilization of energy.  Minimum no of condensers. Forced circulation multi – pass condensers with optimum tube side velocities.  Use of Term siphon re-boilers in Analyzer column helps in maintaining uniform temperature profile across the column. Also avoid excess spent wash volume generation. Energy saving by recovery of Steam condensate from Thermo siphon re– boiler of analyzer column.  Effective separation of fuel oils from decanter

Hence PDDYPSSKL has selected continuous fermentation technology with closed multi pressure vacuum distillation process for production of alcohol.

5.3.3.3. Analysis of Alternative Technology for Abating the Pollution

Following table shows the difference between the technology used in most of the industries and modern Technology to be implemented by PDDYPSSKL.

Table 5.1 Difference between the Technologies used for Abating Pollution

No. Particulars Traditional Technologies Technology used in PDDYPSSKL Complex 1. Waste Spentwash generated from distillery is generally Spentwash generated shall be Conc. in MEE followed by Water from bio-methanated and then used for bio-composting. incineration in incinerator boiler of distillery. distillery Other effluents v.i.z spent lees; boiler and cooling Other effluents from distillery shall be forwarded to CPU. blow lab & washing are treated in sugar ETP. 2. Waste The effluent generated from sugar factory is The Effluent generation form the industry is reduced by Water from treated in Effluent treatment plant. The treated following measures thereby reducing the ETP load and Sugar effluent is used for irrigation on farm land giving the desired efficiency. factory 1. Timely maintenance of all leaking Machinery. 2. Provision of centralised lubrication system in mill section leading to substitution of water used for cooling. 3. Water generating from mill section, Pan Section and

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No. Particulars Traditional Technologies Technology used in PDDYPSSKL Complex boiler section is collected in tank and reused in mill section. 3 Air Steam required for the distillery operations is Steam required for distillery operations would be taken from taken from the Bio-methanation plant, boiler or the incinerator boiler itself. form sugar boiler 4 Solid Solid waste in the form of yeast sludge is Solid waste in the form of Yeast sludge generated from the Wastes generated. The same is utilized in spentwash bio- proposed distillery operations would be used as manure. composting operation along with pressmud and Further, The ash generated would be pelletalized the small disposed off. aggregates of ash would be sold to farmers as manure.

5.3.4. Peletilazation of Fly ash

Most of the distilleries practices conventional ash disposal method. Conventional method of disposal is mixing with press mud to produce bio compost which is sold as a fertilizer as well as sold to brick manufacturers. The management of PDDYPSSKL has planned to set up the peletilization plant for disposal of distillery Fly ash to achieve complete ZLD of distillery plant and giving Value added product by using it as manure .

The incinerated fly ash is feed in Disc Granulator along with Liquid binder i.e Concrete Slurry Waste (CSW). The CSW and incinerated ash is mixed together to produce cold bonded lightweight aggregates (CBLAs) through a pelletizing method. Subsequently it is forwarded to dryer followed by Vibro Shifter to produce a Spherical Granule. These granules are rich in N,P, K and used as Manure . Govt of India , Fertilizer division under Fertilizer control order has listed this product as “Fly ASH (KASH) derived from Molasses”

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Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program

6.1. INTRODUCTION

With the knowledge of baseline conditions, and impacts predicted in chapter - 4 the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the project. This will enable in taking up suitable steps, in time, to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is an important tool for control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring.

In PDDYPSSKL complex, monitoring of various environmental parameters is being carried out on a regular basis for existing unit. Moreover, after expansion same would be continued to ascertain the following:

 State of pollution within the plant and in its vicinity;  Examine the efficiency of pollution control systems installed in the plant;  Generate data for predictive or corrective purpose in respect of pollution;  To assess environmental impacts

Environmental monitoring during the proposed expansion project is important to assess the performance of pollution control equipments to be installed in the project complex. The sampling and analysis of environmental attributes including monitoring locations will be as per the guidelines of the Central Board / State Pollution Control Board. Accordingly, environmental monitoring will be conducted on regular basis by PDDYPSSKL to assess the pollution level in the plant as well in the surrounding area with the following objectives:

 To verify the impacts predicated due to the proposed expansion project.  To identify the trends with time in the levels of parameters.  To check or assess the efficiency of the various pollution controlling measures.  To ensure that new parameters, other than those identified in the impact assessment study, do not become critical through the commissioning of proposed expansion project.  Establish database for future impact assessment studies for expansion projects.

Details of monitoring program during construction, post construction and operational phase that have been suggested in order to achieve economic development due to expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant as well as proposed distillery project without harming the nature.

6.2. MONITORING PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

As discussed in chapter- 4 the impact during construction phase shall not be permanent and certain minor impacts are predicted on air, water, soil and human health due to dust emission and noise during transportation and construction activity. Hence, there the need to conduct the monitoring during construction phase was ruled out. Moreover, necessary mitigation for the impacts during this phase is suggested under chapter – 4.

6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM DURING THE POST CONSTRUCTION / OPERATIONAL PHASE

During operational stage, continuous air emissions from power boilers, wastewater disposal, non-hazardous waste such as ash, chemicals used in sugar processing, used oily wastes are

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expected. The following attributes which merit regular monitoring based on the environmental setting and nature of project activities are listed below:

 Source emissions and ambient air quality;  Groundwater levels and ground water quality;  Water and wastewater quality (water quality, effluent & sewage quality etc);  Solid and hazardous waste characterization (fly ash, bottom ash, oily wastes, ETP sludge, used and waste oil);  Soil quality;  Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures and ambient noise levels)  Ecological preservation and afforestation.

6.3.1. Air Pollution Management

Apart from the above ambient and source monitoring during operation stage following recommendations are also suggested -

 APC equipment would be interlocked with process as per the guidelines of CPCB.  If emissions exceed the standards, the corresponding units of plant which are contributing the excessive pollutant load are stopped till the qualities of pollutant discharged from those units are brought down to the required level.  Under no circumstances, the emissions shall exceed the limits mentioned in the consent letter.  Online monitoring system shall be installed under proposed expansion.  In case of power failure, alternate electric source shall be provided which shall be sufficient to operate the APC equipment.

6.3.2. Water Management

Total water requirement for project complex would be 3246 CMD. For details on water requirement refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1.1 of. Effluent generated from proposed activities shall be given proper treatment as per CREP guidelines. Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1.2 for effluent generation and disposal.

 Industry would observe that effluent collection, disposal and treatment facilities always remain in a good shape so as to achieve desired efficiencies.  Spent wash storage lagoon shall be lined to avoid percolation of leachate.  No untreated Industrial effluent should be disposed off on land or in any surface water body.  Pipeline and storage tanks meant for effluent conveyance and storage should be checked periodically and should not have any leakages. Leakage, if any, will harm the surrounding soil and water environment significantly. HDPE & stainless steel could be used as pipeline and valves material respectively.  Compliance towards CREP norms shall be strictly followed under sugar, co-gen and distillery project.  Flow meter shall be installed at ETP inlet and outlet to record the daily flow of the water.  Pumps in ETP shall be supplied with alternate electric supply source in case of power failure.

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6.3.3. Noise Level Management

Mitigation measures for noise levels are mentioned in chapter 2. Moreover, people working in close vicinity of the high noise generating equipments would be provided with Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) such as ear plugs, ear muffs etc.

 The industry would take care while procuring major noise generating machines / equipments to ensure that the manufacturers have taken adequate measures to minimize generation of noise.  The distance between source and receiver would be increased and the relative orientation of the source and receiver would be altered.  Thick bushy trees would be planted in and around the industrial area to intercept noise transmission to the nearby villages.  Workers would be provided with Personal Protective Equipments like earmuffs & earplugs, noise helmets etc.  Allocation of work would be managed so that no worker would be exposed to noise more than 90 dB (A) for more than 8 hours.  Creating awareness about noise pollution among the workers.  The overall noise levels in and around the plant area would be kept well within the standards by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation.  Monitoring shall include developing a sampling strategy to identify employees to be included in the hearing conservation program. Each employee being monitored shall be notified of the results. Employees may observe the monitoring by the Industry. The Industry shall establish and maintain an audiometric testing program that shall be performed by a qualified person at no cost to the employees.  Record Keeping will include maintaining audiometric test records by the Industry for the duration of the affected employment.

Table 6.1 Trees with Good Canopy for Noise Attenuation

No. Scientific Name Common Habitat Ht Evergreen Crown Shape Name (M) 1. Azadirachta indica Neem Tree 20 Evergreen Spreading 2. Alstonia scholaris Devil Tree Tree 15 Evergreen Round 3. Derris indica Karanj Tree 10 Evergreen Round 4. Anthocephalus indicus Kadamb Tree 15 Evergreen Round 5. Polyalthia longifolia Ashok Tree 15 Evergreen Conical/ ounded 6. Butea monosperma Palas Tree 10 Deciduous Oblong / Ovoid 7. Ficus religiosa Pipal Tree 10- Evergreen Round 15

6.3.4. Land Management

There are no chances of change in the soil characteristics due air pollutants and suspended particulates from the expansion as well as establishment activities. There would be no any discharge of untreated domestic or industrial effluent from sugar factory and co-gen plant. Presently, Solid and hazardous waste is being stored in dedicated area dedicated area provided on site. Same practice shall be practiced after expansion project.  Provision of shrubs and thick trees at storage and disposal places of the solid waste would be made.

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 Trees under existing unit are planted along the roads. Moreover, after expansion project as well as implementation of distillery unit augmentation of tress would be done in phase wise manner Water requirement for this purpose expansion as well as existing project would be met from reuse of treated domestic effluent / industrial effluent.  Water sprinklers are provided to suppress the windblown dust on the ash storage yard.  Collection and transportation of waste would be done in closed container system.  No solid waste shall be allowed to litter around and degrade the land.

6.3.5. Odour Management

There are different odour sources in a distillery, which include molasses handling and storage, fermentation and distillation, secondary effluent treatment, and storage of effluents etc. To abate the odour nuisance, the industry has a concrete planning which includes following steps and actions-

 It is proposed to provide covered fermentation and tapping of CO2 gas.  Collection of waste yeast sludge from fermentation section in a closed system and its immediate and proper disposal.  Reduced volume of effluents (spentwash, spent leese) by adopting strategic approaches such as use of the effluents back in process under Reduce-Reuse-Recycle planning.  Closed drains carrying spentwash to the treatment units, minimization of fugitive emissions from treatment units.  Proper collection & handling of excess sludge generated from the aerobic treatment units.  Minimum retention of raw / concentrated spentwash in the storage lagoons.  Adoption of GMPs (Good management practices).  Use of mill sanitation biocides to minimize growth of aerobic/ anaerobic micro organisms.  Regular use of Bleaching powder in the drains  Arranging awareness and training camps for workers.  Steaming of major pipe lines,  Use of PPE like masks by everybody associated with odour potential prone areas.

6.3.6. Operation Control and Equipment Maintenance

All the equipments and machinery used shall be maintained properly and shall be kept clean. For expansion of distillery, the acid dosing equipments used in the fermentation processes would be checked regularly to prevent any leakages. The fermenters shall be maintained properly and should be kept clean to avoid any contamination that would affect the quality of alcohol.

The quality of stack emission depends very much on the operating parameters of plant. Improper combustion of fuel in the boilers increases unburnt carbon particles in the exhaust flue gases therefore proper maintenance is an important factor.

The lubricants used for various equipment and fuel-handling areas would contribute to the pollution aspect. It would be taken care of, at the source, by looking after possible spillage, drippings, leakage etc. in the plant.

6.3.7. Occupational Health & Safety Measures

The following measures are being taken up by the existing unit -

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 As per the requirement of Factory Act, there is provision of Occupational Health Centre. There under, a qualified visiting doctor has been appointed.  Regular medical check-up of employees is carried out and records are maintained.  An ambulance is provided on site 24x7 to deal with emergencies if any.  Workmen Compensation Policy as well as Mediclaim Health Policy has been done for all the workers (temporary and permanent) in the Industry and which is renewed every year.

The following measures shall be taken after expansion activity -

 The infrastructure of existing Occupational Health Centre shall be enhanced in order to provide medical facilities to all the workers as well as nearby village/town people.  An ambulance shall be is available all the time i.e. 24X7 will be used.  Regular medical check-up of newly employed workers under expansion shall also be done and record shall be maintained.  Provision of workmen compensation policy as well as mediclaim health policy shall be done for the workers under expansion (temporary and permanent) and shall be renewed every year.  Display of sigh boards in hazard areas in local language.  Provision of PPE to all workers.

Table 6.2 Health Care Facility Equipment

No. Instrument Use 1 Stethoscope Used to hear sounds from movements within the body, like heart beats, intestinal movement, breath sounds, etc. 2 Reflex testing hammer (padded) To test motor reflexes of the body 3 Sphygmomanometer To record the patient's blood pressure (Blood pressure meter) 4 A thin beam electric torch To see into the eye, body's natural orifices, etc., and to test for pupillary light reflex, etc. 5 A watch / stopwatch Used in recording rates like heart rate, respiratory rate, etc.; for certain tests of hearing 6 A measuring tape For size measurements 7 A weighing machine To record the weight 8 Tuning forks To test for deafness and to categorize it 9 Kidney dish As a tray for instruments, gauze, tissue, etc. 10 Thermometer To record the body temperature 11 Gas cylinders Supply of oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, etc. 12 Oxygen mask or tubes Delivering gases up to the nostrils to assist in oxygen intake or to administer aerosolized or gaseous drugs 13 Vaporizer To produce vapours 14 Instrument sterilizers Used to sterilize instruments in absence of autoclave 15 Dressing drums Storage of gowns, cotton, linen, etc. 16 Syringe of different sizes & For injections & aspiration of blood or fluid from the needles body 17 Otoscope To look into the external ear cavity

6.3.8. Measures For Socio-Economic Development

6.3.8.1. Better Employment Opportunities

In order to run existing, expansions as well as establishment of project total 683 No. of workers are required. Out of these total workers, 585 have already been hired from local

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areas. Local persons shall be given preference while appointing the employees whenever required

6.3.8.2. Corporate Environmental Responsibility Plan

 Planning for CER shall be started with the identification of the activities/projects and may be undertaken in the periphery of Industrial area.  CER Action Plan shall be prepared based on the casual approach to the project based accountability approach, integrated with the social and environment concerns related to the business of the integrated project complex.  Selection of activities under CER shall be made to ensure that the benefits reach the smallest unit i.e. village, panchayat, block or district. CER planning shall be done for long-term sustainable approach.  Long term CER plan shall be broken down into medium term and short term plans.

Implementation

 The Time – Frame and periodic milestones should be finalized at the outset.  CER activities should help in building a positive image of the company in the public perception.  CER projects may be closely linked with the principles of sustainable development.

6.3.8.3. Proposed Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Plan by PDDYPSSKL

As per OM dated 01 May, 2018, funds to be allocated for CER activities under sugar factory & Co-gen Plant is 1% i.e. Rs. 1.71 Cr. (Capital investment - 171.64 Cr) & for Distillery 2% i.e. Rs. 1.43 Cr. (Capital investment – 71.82 Cr.)

Total of Rs. 3.14 Cr. has been earmarked for CER activities. Activities to be undertaken under CER have been considered based on SE survey conducted in study area.

Table 6.3 Proposed CER activities for PDDYPSSKL

No. CER Activity Description of Work Total Amount (Lakh) 1 Solid Waste Nearby 5 km surrounded area in 5 villages proper Rs.50 Management solid waste management will be done. Tractor, Trolleys Wet and Dry Waste- 20 No of Unit, Trainings and Awareness program etc. 2 Participation in In this regard fund is given for scheme Rs. 100.00 Western Ghats implementation for government planning. conservation program 3 Tree plantation and Conservation, plantation, afforastation of trees Rs. 25.00 Management will done as well as the public awareness will also do. 4 Water Conservation Roof top harvesting will be done in 3 villages i.e. Rs. 10.00 Management (Saitawade, Veseraf & Gaganbawda).

5 Participation in Save Girl Child, Importance of Literacy and Rs. 5.00 Government Policies Swatch Bharat Abhiyan program will be done.

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6 Public Toilet Schemes -Planning for 6 toilets in 2 villages. (Palasambe 3 Rs. 90.00 Units & Asalaj 3 Unit, Per unit having 6 seats of capacity 3 seats for Ladies and remaining 3 seats are for Gents). ,Water tank (500 Lit.), Septic tank, total 6 Units @each 25,000/- will be done 7 Non Renewable In 10 villages will provide street lights which is Rs. 38.00 energy resource depends upon solar panels. Total no. of street light Promotion and energy is 150 @ per unit 25,000/- harvesting 8 Solar Photo Holetyak With the help of this solar photo holetyke in 2 Rs. 50.00 Energy villages the program will arrange. Total Rs. 368.0/-

Table 6.4 CSR Implementation Schedule

Sr. Year Year Year Year Year Total Year of No. CSR Activities 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Completion Amount in Rs Lakh 1. Solid Waste Management 10 10 10 10 10 50 2024 2 Participation in Western 20 20 20 20 20 100 2024 Ghats conservation program 3 Tree plantation and 5 5 5 5 5 25 2024 Management 4 Water Conservation 2 4 4 -- -- 10 2022 Management 5 Participation in 1 1 2 1 -- 5 2023 Government Policies 6 Public Toilet Schemes 20 10 20 10 30 90 2024 7 Non Renewable energy 7 8 8 7 8 38 2024 resource Promotion and energy harvesting 8 Solar Photo Holetyak 10 10 10 10 10 50 2024 Energy Total 75 68 79 63 83 368 --

6.3.8.4. Measures for Improvement of Ecology

Following steps should be taken.

 Afforestation program under proposed expansion & implementation of distillery project.  Keeping noise levels under control at night time.  Keeping operation of APC equipments and sufficient height of stacks.  Provision of appropriate effluent treatment facilities.

General Guidelines -

1. Green belt of adequate width and density would be provided to mitigate effects of noise. 2. Plantation activities shall be done according to naturally occurring vegetation. Exotic species shall be avoided. 3. Provision of shrubs and thick trees at storage and disposal places of the solid waste would be made. 4. Trees would be planted along the roads, around solid waste storage area as well as along the periphery.

166

5. All the necessary steps would be taken for proper maintenance of the industrial premises. 6. Use of e-mail and other modern communication systems would be followed to conserve the papers and attain speedy interaction in daily business activities. 7. Use of recyclable papers, if possible, would be done. 8. Promoting measures of energy and water conservation, wherever possible, would be adopted. 9. Activities like slide shows or expert’s lectures on Local Biodiversity shall be arranged for the staff to make them aware about the plant and animal species found nearby; also it will reduce unnecessary human-wild conflict. This will eventually reduce the damage to biodiversity by the employees.

6.4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROG RAM SCHEDULE

Following routine monitoring program as detailed in Table - 6.5 shall be implemented at site. Besides to this monitoring, compliances to all EC conditions and regular permissions from CPCB /MoEFCC shall be monitored and reported periodically.

167

Table 6.5 Plan for Monitoring of Environmental Attributes in and around Industry No. Description Location Parameters Frequency Conducted by

1 Ambient Air Quality Upwind-1, Downwind-2 (Near Cane Yard, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO Monthly Near Main ETP, Near Colony.) Study area - (Villages namely –Vesaraf, Quarterly Palasambe, Upale, Ainari, Bhom, Asalaj and Saitawade) 2 Work Zone Air 4 Locations (Mill section, Fermentation PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, Monthly Quality section, Sugar bagging section, Distillation CO section) 3 Fugitive Emissions Ethanol storage area & Distillation column VOC Monthly 4 Stack Emissions Boiler – 3 Nos. (Distillery & 2 Co-gen boiler), SPM, SO2, NOx Monthly D.G Sets 5 Ambient Noise 5 Locations (Near main gate, Near ETP, Spot Noise Level Monthly near Sugar godown ,Near Distillation section , recording; Leq(n), Leq(d), Near fermentation section) Leq(dn) Work zone Noise Premises – 5 Nos (Mill section, Distillation Monthly MoEFCC and section, Boiler, DG set, Turbine section) NABL Approved 6 Effluent Treated, Untreated pH, SS, TDS, COD, BOD, Monthly External Lab Chlorides, Sulphates, Oil & Grease. 7 Drinking water Factory canteen / Residential Colony Parameters as per drinking Monthly water Std IS:10500 8 Soil 8 locations within 5 Km (Villages - Sanchi, pH, Salinity, Organic Quarterly Gaganbawada, Bhuibavada, Lakhampur, Carbon, N, P, K Dhundewadi, Ambewadi and Gavlivada) 9 Water Quality Locations in study area – (Ground Water- Parameters as per CPCB Quarterly (Ground Water & Nera Vesaraf, Asalaj West Site, Near Asalaj guideline for water quality Surface Water) North West, Near SH 115, Near Kumbhi monitoring – River, West Site of Padawalwadi, Near East MINARS/27/2007-08 Site Of Upale, Near Industrial Site (East Sit), Near Industrial Site (South Site) and. Surface Water- Saitavade, Kumbhi River, River Near padavalwadi, Vesaraf Nala, Nala Near Project

168 No. Description Location Parameters Frequency Conducted by Site, Nala & River Confluence, Near Vesaraf, Andur reservoir) 10 Waste management Implement waste management plan that Records of Solid Waste Twice in a By Identifies and characterizes every waste Generation, Treatment and year PDDYPSSKL associated with proposed and expansion Disposal shall be activities and which identifies the procedures maintained for collection, handling & disposal of each waste arising. 11 Emergency Fire protection and safety measures to take On site Emergency Plan, Twice a By Preparedness care of fire and explosion hazards, to be Evacuation year PDDYPSSKL such as fire fighting assessed and steps taken for their prevention. Plan, fire fighting mock drills 12 Health Check up Employees and migrant labour health check All relevant health Once in a By ups checkup parameters as per Year PDDYPSSKL factories act. 13 Green Belt Within Industry premises as well as nearby Survival rate of planted In consultation By villages sapling with DFO. PDDYPSSKL 14 CER As per activities -- Six Monthly By PDDYPSSKL

Table 6.6 Environmental Monitoring Schedule within Industrial Premises

No Description Schedule of Monitoring Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July August 1 Ambient Air Quality √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2 Work zone Air √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 3 Stack Emissions √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 4 Noise √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 5 Effluent √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 6 Drinking water √ √ √ √ √ √ 7 Fugitive Emissions √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8 Waste management √

169 No Description Schedule of Monitoring Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July August 9 Emergency √ preparedness, such as fire fighting 10 Health √ 11 Green Belt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Note: - Sugar Factory Operation period – 120 Days, Co-gen Operation period – 150 Days During Season, Distillery Operation period – 330 Days

Table 6.7 Environmental Monitoring Schedule Surrounding Industrial Premises

No Description Schedule of Monitoring

Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct 1 AAQ √ √ √ 2 Noise √ √ √ 3 Soil √ 4 Ground Water √ √ √ & Surface water 5 CER √ √

170 6.5. COMPLIANCE TO THE RECOMMENDATIONS MENTIONED IN THE CREP GUIDELINES

MoEFCC has launched the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) with the purpose to go beyond the compliance of regulatory norms for prevention & control of pollution through various measures including waste minimization, in-plant process control & adoption of clean technologies. Chapter has set targets concerning conservation of water, energy, recovery of chemicals, reduction in pollution, elimination of toxic pollutants, process & management of residues that are required to be disposed off in an environmentally sound manner. Chapter enlists the action points for pollution control for various categories of highly polluting industries. Task Force was constituted for monitoring the progress of implementation of CREP recommendations/ action points. Following activities are being undertaken by PDDYPSSKL and will be continued after proposed expansion under CREP norms.

1. Bagasse as fuel is used in co-gen boilers, which generates significant amount of particulate matter, causing air pollution. ESP is installed to existing boiler as APC equipment to achieve particulate emission well below 150 mg/Nm3. For proposed boilers ESP will be installed as APC along with stack of adequate height. 2. Adequate storage capacity of molasses will be provided and molasses will not be stored in kutcha lagoon to avoid groundwater pollution. 3. Operation of ETP is started at least one month before starting of cane crushing to achieve desired MLSS so as to meet the prescribed standards from day one of the operation of mill. 4. Sugar wastewater generation is less than 200 liters per tone of cane crushed. 5. Provision of a 15 days storage capacity tank for treated effluent during no demand for irrigation. 6. Spentwash will be concentrated in MEE and concentrated spentwash will be burnt in incineration boiler along with coal or spentwash as a fuel thereby achieving ZLD for distillery effluent.

171 Chapter 7 Additional Studies

7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION As per EIA notification 14th September 2006 and ToR issued by EAC of MoEFCC (vide Letter No. IA-J-11011/333/2018-IA-II (I) dated 18.11.2018), PDDYPSSKL. Conducted public hearing on 16.04.2019 for expansion of sugar factory from 4,500 TCD to 5,500 TCD (increase by 1,000 TCD), Co-gen plant from 19 MW to 23 MW (increased by 4 MW) and establishment of 60 KLPD molasses base distillery. 7.1.1 Details of Public Hearing

Date of Public Hearing : 16.04.2019 Place of Hearing : Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd., Dnyanshantinagar, At: Vesaraf- Palasambe, Tal: Gaganbavada, Dist.: Kolhapur, State: Maharashtra. Advertisement given : 15.03.2019 News Paper : Dainik Pudhari (Marathi), Times of India (English) Copies of news enclosed at Appendix J Members Present : 1 Hon’ble Shri Sanjay Shinde Chairman Additional District Magistrate, Kolhapur 2 Shri Prashant Gaikwad Convener Sub Regional Officer, MPCB, Kolhapur 3 Shri Nagesh Lohalkar Member Regional Officer, MPCB, Kolhapur 7.1.2 Minutes of Public Hearing Table 7.1 Points Raised in the PH & Response of PP

No. Points Presented by Public Response Given by PP Action Plan 1 Mr. Pritam Patil, At: Asalaj, The environmental consultant Details already Tal: Gaganbavada, Dist: replied that the treated waste water addressed Water Kolhapur- How are you going of the sugar factory is used on effluent details are to treat the waste water of the agricultural lands for irrigation presented at Chapter-2, proposed project? Will it be purpose on the demand of reused? surrounding farmers. But the Table 2.20,2.21 & 2.22 factory has reduced generation on waste water which will be further reduced in future. The waste water of distillery will not be discharged outside. 2 Mrs. Megha Maruti Gavkar, The environmental consultant Working pattern details Village Asalaj, Tal: replied that proposed distillery will are presented at Gaganbavada, Dist. Kolhapur. - work for 330 days in a year & Chapter- 2, Table 2.4 For how many days in a year sugar factory will work for 120 will be proposed project run? days in a year. 3 Shri. Rajesh Bhagavan Patil, The environmental consultant For solid waste & village Sangashi, Tal: replied that ash generation in Hazardous waste Gaganbavada, Dist: Kolhapur. – distillery will be used for management details How will you do solid waste pelletilazation, sludge yeast will be Chapter-2, Table 2.30

172 No. Points Presented by Public Response Given by PP Action Plan management? burnt in boiler, ash generated in & 2.31may be referred sugar factory will be given for agriculture & waste oil, which is hazardous, is burnt in boiler. 4 Shri. Sanjaykumar Keraba Patil, The environmental consultant Total green belt after Village: Sheloshi, Tal: replied that it is mandatory to plant expansion will be 50% Gaganbavada, Dist: Kolhapur – trees on 33% area of total plot area for more details Has the management planned but industry going to carry out tree Chapter-2, Section 2.8, for tree plantation? What kind plantation on 50 % area of total Table 2.33 may be of species are you going to land. Local species of trees i.e. referred . plant? Nana, Khair, Kinjal etc. will be planted. 5 Shri Rajandra Shingale, The environmental consultant The details of molasses Village-Asalaj, Tal: replied that molasses of proposed availability are already Gaganbavada, Dist: Kolhapur. - sugar factory will be used utilized presented at Chapter- How are you going to make as raw material of proposed 2, Table 2.10 available raw material for the distillery & in case of shortage of proposed project? Will it be molasses, it will be purchased available for whole year? from outside factories through online tender process. 6 Shri. Sahadev Krishna The environmental consultant of Only molasses will be Kamable, village- Kode, Tal: the proposed project replied that used as raw material Gaganbavada, Dist: Kolhapur - for distillery, only molasses will be for distillery What kind of raw material other used as raw material & no other operations. Refer thant molasses can be used for raw material will be used because Chapter-2, Table 2.10 proposed distillery? as per government policy, the for Molasses alcohol prepared from molasses availability. must be used for ethanol. 7 Mrs. Shalini Bayaji Shelake, The environmental consultant Detailed impact village: Vesaraf, Tal: replied that E.S.P. will be provided identification, Gaganbavada, Dist: Kolhapur- to control ash emission from the evaluation and Will there is any effect on boiler & also there will not be quantification are health of the people due to generation of waste water. Hence, given in EIA report in proposed project? there will not be any effect on Chapter 4 & appendix health. Also, heath checkup K may be referred for programs are undertaken by the health checkup reports. factory, medical centers will be Heath check up for started through. workers as well as local people through certified doc . once in year will be done and record will be maintained for trend analysis. 7.2 R & R ACTION PLAN

There is no R & R action plan because proposed expansion & establishment of Distillery shall be taken up in existing Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant of PDDYPSSKL located at Dnyanshantinagar, Vesaraf - Palsambe, Tal.: Gaganbavada, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

173 7.3 POTENTIAL AND MAJOR HAZARDS IN SUGAR FACTORY Process for manufacturing and refining sugar is a standard process. The risk assessment and hazard management study for expansion of sugar factory from 4500 TCD to 5500 TCD & Co-gen 19 MW to 23 MW and for setting up a new 60 KLPD distillery was prepared by Mr. Vinod Sahasrabude who is FAE for RH in respect of EEIPL. Areas of concern from hazard and risk points of view in the plant manufacturing of sugar are as follows-

7.4 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE RH REPORT:

7.4.1 Objective of the Risk and Hazard analysis

1) Identify hazards and nature of hazard in the process, storage and handling of hazardous chemicals. 2) Carry out Qualitative risk analysis for the process and suggest mitigation measures. 3) Carry out Quantitative risk analysis of the storage of hazardous chemicals and estimate the threat zones for Most Credible and Worst case scenarios 4) Suggest mitigation measures to reduce the risk/probability of the accident to the minimum. 5) Incorporate these measures for ensuring safe operations and safe layout to mitigate hazard and for effectively encounter any accident reduce the damages to the minimum. 6) Help in preparation of preparation of On-site and Off-site emergency plans 7) Suggest Guidelines for on-site and off - site emergency plan

7.4.2 Methodology 7.4.2.1 Identify hazards based on

 Processes description received based.  Identify Hazardous Chemicals handled and stored.  Inventory of Hazardous chemicals 7.4.2.2 Hazard Assessment

 By Qualitative Risk Assessment  By Quantitative Risk Assessment by Hazard index calculations and estimate threat zones by using ALOHO. This could not be carried out as project being initial stage of design; the necessary information is not available. 7.4.2.3 Recommendations

 Recommend mitigation measures based upon the above  Recommending guidelines for the preparation of On-site Emergency plan. 7.5 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION IN SUGAR INDUSTRY: Potential hazardous areas and the likely accidents with the concerned area have been enlisted below-

174 Table 7.2 Possible Hazardous Locations Onsite

No. Hazardous Hazard Mitigation measures Mitigation Comments/ Area identified measures in place Additional /have to be in measures place for running plant 1 Boiler Area Explosion IBR rules for design, These measures are Will be adopted maintenance and operation of in place as the boiler for the additional boilers by certified boiler is in operation for boiler capacity attendants in mandatory the existing capacity. 2 All over the Lightening To design and install adequate These measures are If additional are plant number of best available in place as the boiler required for lightening arrestors. is in operation for increased area of the existing operations these capacity. will be installed 3 Electrocution Lose fitting Regular maintenance, internal These are in place safety audit, and external safety for the operation of audit at regular intervals. the existing capacity 4 Electrical Fire and Regular maintenance, internal These are in place rooms electrocution safety audit, and external safety for the operation of audit at regular intervals. the existing capacity 5 Transformer Fire and Regular maintenance, internal These are in place area electrocution safety audit, and external safety for the operation of audit at regular intervals. the existing capacity 6 Cable tunnel Fire and Regular maintenance, internal These are in place electrocution safety audit, and external safety for the operation of audit at regular intervals. the existing capacity 9 Alcohol Fire and HAZOP study is strongly production Alcohol recommended for the production area vapour as well as Alcohol Storage area. release And adequate safety instrumentation with alarms and interlocks to be incorporated to make the design and plant operation intrinsically safe. 10 Distillery Fire Detailed measures have been (ethanol suggested in the report, in the storage tank) later part. And QRA results and based on failure frequency risk has been calculated. Fire hydrant will be laid around with foam fighting arrangements. 7.5.1 Mitigation Measures to avoid accidents: (A) Preventive Measures for Electricity Hazard:

 All electrical equipment is to be provided with proper earthing. Earthed electrode are periodically tested and maintained.  Emergency lighting is to be available at all critical locations including the operator’s room to carry out safe shut down of the plant.  Easy accessibility of fire fighting facilities such as fire water pumps and fire alarm stations is considered.  All electrical equipments to be free from carbon dust, oil deposits, and grease.

175  Use of approved insulated tools, rubber mats, shockproof gloves and boots, tester, fuse tongs, discharge rod, safety belt, hand lamp, wooden or insulated ladder and not wearing metal ring and chain.  Flame and shock detectors and central fire announcement system for fire safety are to be provided.  Temperature sensitive alarm and protective relays to make alert and disconnect equipment before overheating is to be considered  Danger from excess current due to overload or short circuit is to be prevented by providing fuses, circuit breakers, thermal protection (B) Fuel Storage: In the Coal storage yard for stacking of coal in heaps the following care must be taken  Adequate dust suppression measures, like water sprinkling, shall be provided to prevent fugitive emission and also risk of fire. Similar measures are also adopted for loading/unloading operations.  Coal ash transported in tankers is to be covered and closed and so that there is no chance of spillage during transportation.  Workers to be trained to be vigilant and keep water hose with ready water supply to extinguish small fires during hot season.  Fire fighting measures, alarm measures and fire hydrant line to be provided around the coal storage area to immediately and effectively deal with fire. This is already in place.  Measures are taken to control the air pollution during loading/handling coal. 7.6 BOILER SECTION:

Presently One boiler of capacity 32 TPH with 87 kg/cm2 is in working condition. Boiler ash after the ESP is directly stored in tractor and transported to brick manufacturers. Wet Boiler ash was handled and loaded manually into the tractors to be sold to brick makers. This is not a good practice and it is recommended to avoid manual handling. Or at least the workers should be providing them with proper clothing and soap etc for cleaning, after their duty. 7.6.1 Establishing a Fire Fighting Group:

A small spark of fire may result into loss of lives, machines and the damage by fire may result in high economic losses. This type of losses can be avoided by preventing and controlling the fire instantly for which fire–fighting group will be established. The fire fighting group would house and keep in readiness, the following types of equipment and arrangements. Fire extinguisher details & photographs are enclosed in Appendix L

 CO2 extinguishers  Dry powder chemical extinguishers  80 mm. spray hoses  Fire brigade 7.7 Hazard Identification: Sugar Manufacturing Section Amongst the hazards identified above the area of major concern for fire, explosion and exposure to and release of toxic liquids and gases and there is risk of persons, outside the factory limits getting affected are identified below: I. Bagasse storage: Fire hazard

176 II. Production and handling of SO2 III. Molasses Storage tanks: Leakage of molasses due to tank failure 7.7.1 Bagasse Production and Storage: 7.7.1.1 Present Scenario: At present capacity for 4500 TCD capacity plant, 40500 MTPM of Bagasse is produced. 1032 MT/D is consumed in the boiler as fuel and is stored in a storage yard. Present Baggase storage area is 6469.20 Sq. M is provided and the same will be used after expansion. Present scenario of safety measures There is fire hydrant piping laid around the Baggase storage area. Fire hydrant system is provided and maintained to cover up entire baggase yard. Suggested measure: 1. The fire- hydrant system has to be continuously charged with water pressure of 7 Kg/sq.cm. 2. Hydrant points must be always approachable, even during night. 3. Fire hose and boxes have to be in good ready to use condition. Following mitigation measures will be in place for Fire fighting in the baggase storage yard during the implantation of expansion. 1. It will be ensured that piping hydrant system will be laid around the entire baggase storage and will be designed as per relevant IS standard. With minimum following requirements:  There is enough water storage and it will be ensured that more than adequate water storage for required after expansion will be available for firefighting as per the relevant IS standard.  Water storage provision of to be exclusively used for fire fighting has been made is as per IS 9668.  Hydrants will be located at a suitable distance from the boundary of baggase storage area, but not more than 15 Meters away.  Minimum 7kg/sq.cm water pressure will be available at the farthest hydrant point.  Hydrants, single headed or double headed will be installed at every 30 Meters or as per the relevant IS standards.  Fire NOC will be obtained before the startup.  The fire- hydrant system has to be continuously charged with water pressure of 7 Kg/sq.cm.  Hydrant points must be always approachable, even during night. Fire hose and boxes have to be in good ready to use condition. Fire fighting system for the present plant: 1. The company has adequate water storage reserved for fire fighting, main fire hydrant pump, pump running on HSD, alarm system. 2. Water storage for Firefighting 6000 Cu. M (Sump 1- 5000 Cu. M and Sump 2 – 1000 Cu.M.) 3. Hydrant points - 7 4. Main Hydrant pump Capacity - 11.375 Cu. M/min 5. Jockey Pump Capacity - 450 Lit /min+

177 Recommendations: 1. Fire NOC may be required now and/or before distillation plant commissioning. Copy of Fire Hydrant layout is enclosed in Appendix M.

7.7.1.2 Additional Mitigation Measures for safe storage: Following mitigation measures to eliminate the fire hazard are in place and some additional measures are suggested as below:

1. It should be ensured while routing high tension voltage lines to avoid storage of bagasse storage below & near high voltage (H.T.) transmission lines. 2. Avoid routing of electric supply cables & cable trenches near to bagasse storage and if unavoidable locate these as far away from stored bagasse or bagasse heaps. 3. Always keep other raw materials & useful material far away from storage of bagasse area. 4. Creating awareness among workers about sudden bagasse fire and emergency action plan will definitely avoid risks of heavy fire. In this way we can save a valuable fuel & life of human being working near bagasse. 5. Posting of proper supervision staff with necessary communication facility. 6. Hot work, like welding, gas cutting should not be carried out near Bagasse storage. Or only after issue of proper work permit and making necessary arrangements. 7. Daily record of Bagasse storage data must be maintained and proper review of storage conditions must be taken by higher authority. 8. Training of all the involved staff in firefighting in normal & emergency operating system. 9. Proper Planning & Maintenance of the fire hydrant system around the bagasse storage yard and not depending exclusively on fire tender for fire fighting. 10. Creating awareness among workers about sudden bagasse fire and emergency action plan will definitely avoid risks of heavy fire. In this way we can save a valuable fuel & life of human being working near bagasse. 11. Goggle and mask should be provided for workers in bagasse yard to prevent ill effect on eyes and inhalation of fine Bagasse dust on the workers in the area. 7.7.2 Hazard Identification : Sulphur Storage At present Sulphur is stored in a closed shed of area which is of area 131.50 Sq. M. There no electrical connections /lighting points inside the Sulphur warehouse. And it was informed that all Sulphur required is transferred to the SO2 generation site during daytime only. Certificates from regulatory authorities regarding safety measures for storage & handling of Sulphur is appended in Appendix N Following are the hazards in storage and handling Sulphur. 1. Dust Explosion 2. Fire 7.7.2.1 Dust Explosion:

As Sulphur is stored and handled in granular form, there is always some dust formation, which can lead to dust explosion. A dust explosion occurs when a fine dust in suspension in air is ignited, resulting in a very rapid burning, and the release of large quantities of gaseous products. This in turn creates a subsequent pressure rise of explosive force capable of damaging plant and buildings and injuring people. It is generally considered that a dust explosion can only be initiated by dust particles less than 500 microns diameter.

178 CONDITIONS FOR A DUST EXPLOSION Following conditions are necessary before a dust explosion can take place. (a) The dust must be combustible. (b) The dust cloud must be of explosive concentration, i.e. between the lower and upper explosion limits for the dusts. Sulphur is a flammable substance in both the solid and liquid states. The dust is characterized by a very low ignition point of 190°C compared to other combustible dusts, and dust clouds are readily ignited by weak frictional sparks. Dusts containing 25% or more elemental Sulphur may be almost as explosive as pure sulphur. (c) There must be sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to support and sustain combustion. (d) A source of ignition must be present. (e) The dust must be fine enough to support an explosion. 7.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures:

Explosion Prevention: Dust explosions can be prevented by ensuring that the following conditions are met: • Formation and Suspensions of Sulphur dust in air are avoided. a. To prevent dust formation during the storage and handling of Sulphur, it is necessary to take necessary precautions to avoid spillage and crushing of granular Sulphur during bulk loading and unloading in the storage area. b. Storage shed should be constructed with a minimum number of horizontal surfaces to avoid dust must accumulation. c. Bulk accumulations of fine Sulphur may also be removed using soft push brooms, having natural bristles and non-sparking scoops or shovels before vacuum cleaning equipment is used. d. The use of compressed air to remove dust from any surface, vigorous sweeping or any other method of cleaning which may raise a dust cloud is prohibited. e. All sources of ignition are excluded. f. Presence of moisture helps in preventing dust explosion. 7.7.2.3 Fire in Sulphur storage:

There is a risk of fire in Sulphur storage as ignition temperature is low 190 deg C. Solid and liquid Sulphur will burn to produce Sulphur dioxide gas, which is extremely irritating and toxic. The effects of the fire hazard itself are slight. 7.7.2.4 Mitigation Measures:

 Smoking and the use of matches shall be prohibited in all areas where Sulphur dust is likely to be present. Prominent NO SMOKING signs shall be placed around such areas.  Naked flames or lights and the use of gas cutting or welding equipment are prohibited during the normal operation of the plant. Repairs involving the use of flames, heat, or hand or power tools in areas where sulphur may be present shall be made only after getting hot work permit from the authorities.  Where this is not possible the sulphur shall be wetted down.

179 7.7.2.5 Safety and fire fighting tips  Always use Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Sulphur fires produce hazardous sulphur dioxide gas. Sulphur dioxide gas is heavier than air and will accumulate in the vapour spaces of the rail car.  Automatic sprinkler systems which comply with relevant Indian Standards and provide a fine spray or mist are recommended as the most satisfactory extinguishing system for bulk stores. Fire hoses and extinguishers must be fitted with fine spray nozzles to ensure that Sulphur dust clouds are not raised, as these can explode on contact with the fire.  Small Sulphur fires are easily extinguished by adding more sulphur on top of the burning Sulphur. This depletes the oxygen and smothers the fire.  For larger Sulphur fires use a light water fog or CO2 to extinguish. Do not use heavy water streams as this may create Sulphur dust which could potentially explode.

7.7.3 Hazard Identification : Molasses Storage There are two areas of concern are: 1. Molasses storage: Heavy leakage of Molasses, total breakage of tank, leading to loss of life and pollution. 7.7.3.1 Present Scenario: Two numbers of molasses tanks having capacities of 4500 Cu. M are installed for storage of molasses. Cooling system for tank is provided for safety purpose. There is gutter provision made around the tank for collection of molasses in accidental leakage. 7.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures: It is necessary to take following mitigation measures to prevent bursting of tanks, and heavy leakage and loss of life. Storage of molasses 1. Molasses should be stored in good quality and leak proof mild steel tanks. 2. Adequate safety factor should be incorporated into the design of wall thickness considering deterioration that will occur due to corrosion over a period of time. 3. Regular internal and external inspection should be scheduled for checking wall thickness of the tanks. At present there is no dyke wall around Molasses storage tanks. 4. Dyke/ Bund walls should be constructed around the tank or tanks. 5. It must be ensured while finalizing the dyke dimensions and that thickness that clear volume inside the dyke walls is equal or more than 1.2 x volume of tank storage capacity. 6. Continuous mixing of molasses through external pump circulation should be done. 7. If there is increase in temperature beyond 300C external cooling of tanks shall be provided by heat exchanger in the circulation line. 8. Frequent Temperature monitoring, manually or by recorder is strongly advised. If there is leakage – a. Leakage should be washed out and diluted and should be recycled as far as possible or must be properly treated in Effluent treatment plant. b. Replacing of leaky gaskets, joints, should be done strictly by following work permit system. c. Leakage of pipelines, welding repairs should be attended / carried out outside the plant. The necessary hot work permit should be issued after taking necessary precautions and

180 fire fighting measures for onsite hot work, by the concerned authority before any hot work in undertaken d. Leakage through pump gland shall be reduced to the minimum by installing mechanical seals. e. To attend all major leakage in tanks the following procedure should be followed (i) Transfer the material to other tank. (ii) Prepare the tank for welding repairs by making sure that it is positively isolated with blinds from other vessels and ensuring that it is free of the chemicals and gases by purging air and carrying out air analysis before any hot work is undertaken and this should be done by skilled workers. For this purpose safety permit should be given.

7.7.4 Hazard Identification : Sulphur di oxide (SO2) production and handling

The plant has standard Sulphur di oxide (SO2) production unit. It was confirmed that the existing production capacity is adequate to cater to the additional requirement of Sulphur di oxide (SO2) for increased production. However, if this is found not adequate, the capacity will have to be increased. The unit produces required amount of Sulphur dioxide (SO2) at the required rate by changing sulphur feed to the unit, it is melted at 150 deg C and charged to the burner chamber, where in the air at controlled rate is fed to burner to produce Sulphur di oxide (SO2). Gas at high temp of 400 to 600 deg C is cooled to first to 90 deg C and then 60 deg C and sent to the user unit through 100 mm piping at 1.5 to 1.7 atm pressure. This is unit designed for insitue production and use of Sulphur dioxide (SO2). There is practically no inventory of gas in the Sulphur burner unit and the inventory of the gas is in the pipeline from the unit to the sulphiter only. Major hazard is leakage; being toxic it can lead to serious injuries and health concerns. Qualitative risk analysis by using ALOHA Software is done & appended in Appendix O

Following has to be included: Mitigation Measures suggested based on QRA: 1. Before the plant start up and every six months, pressure test and thickness test of all the equipments and piping carrying Sulphur dioxide must be carried out to avoid leakage.

2. There must be alarm system, in case, SO2 leakage is suspected and detected by smell, to warn all workers of the leakage.

3. SO2 leak detectors may be installed. 4. All operators must be aware of Emergency Shutdown procedure and action to be taken to warn authorities to sound alarm. 5. Emergency Shutdown procedure and action to be taken should be displayed in the

SO2 production area in the local language. 6. It should form an important part of mock drill to be carried out as per on-site emergency plan.

7. In case of leakage as envisaged in MCA of flange joint leakage, area around SO2 production unit and part of the main plant must be vacated immediately. 8. In case of major leakage as envisaged in first case, area around 120 meters to 300 meters will be heavily affected and full onsite emergency plan for the entire plant will have to put in action and if necessary population around 1 to 1.5 km will have to be warned.

181 7.7.4.1 Mitigation Measures suggested and measures which are in place: 1) SOP for the unit operation is available. 2) Emergency Shutdown procedure is available. 3) Operators are trained. 4) Emergency Shutdown procedure, in local language is to be displayed. 7.7.4.2 Hazard quantification

Following are the toxic properties of SO2 NFPA rating N (H) =3, N (F) =0 and N(R) =0, TLV= 2 ppm Toxicity Index Toxicity Number: The toxicity number (Th) is derived from the NFPA health factor Nh. Nh is an integer number ranging from 0 to 4. Table 7.3 Toxicity Number

Nh 0 1 2 3 4 Th 0 50 125 250 350

PENALTY FACTOR: The Penalty Factor (Ts) is the second toxicity parameter used to determine the TI. The Ts value is derived from the ‘Threshold Limit Values (TLV)’. The TLV-values are drawn up by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLV represents a time weighted average (TWA) air concentration to which workers can be exposed during a normal working week of 6 days at 8 hrs per day, without ill effects. The penalty factor is determined from the table below: Table 7.4 TLV Level

TLV <5 5-50 >50 Penalty factor Ts 125 75 5

Toxicity Index TI= Th+Ts/100 X (1+1.75+2.4) TI= 250+125/100 (5,15) = 3.75X 5.15, which is equal to 19.3 Resulting TI values are ranked into three categories: 1-5 Light 6-9 Moderate 10-up High Hence Toxicity index is in HIGH range. Sulphur di oxide is produced by oxidation of molten Sulphur in situ in a standard readymade unit as described above and is used in Sulphitation of Sugar cane juice. There is no storage of Sulphur di oxide, as it is produced at the consumption rate and when required. 7.8 CO-GENERATION PLANT: Company has existing 19 MW Co-gen plant. The same will be expanded by 4 MW to have total 23 MW generations Capacity. The company’s present plant is standard DCS controlled and operated to take care of all safety related issues with all instrumentations, alarms and interlocks. Details of the same are provided in Appendix P. Similar system will be in place for expansion plant as it is standard. In addition, all the employees working in this area on the shop floor are provided with ear plugs to prevent ill effects of high noise in this area.

182 7.9 DISTILLATION PLANT

New Distillation Plant of 60 KLPD Alcohol production capacity shall be established in existing premises. 7.9.1 Choice of technology: 1. Though the initial investment is on higher side, as per Detailed Project Report of the company, the company will adopt modern continuous fermentation technology over batch fermentation technology because of advantages of ease of operation, higher efficiency and consistent results. 2. The company will adopt multi-pressure distillation system for the production of rectified spirit and Molecular sieve technology for the production of Anhydrous Alcohol Separate area of 56,600 sq. Meters has been allocated for this plant. Details of the same are shown in the site layout, in this EIA report. The following RH report is based on the information from the DPR received from PDDYPSSK for new distillery for 45 KLPD. It is assumed that there will be no significant basic changes for proposed 60 KLPD plant. Since the plant is in the basic stage and not all the details are available, the report will give the recommendations and suggest mitigation measures. As per DPR, there will following storages:

Table 7.5 Storage for Rectified Spirit

No. Particulars Working MOC Qty Capacity 1 Rectified spirit receivers 60 Cu. M MS 3 2 Impure Spirit Receivers 10 Cu. M MS 3 3 Rectified spirit storage tank 600 Cu. M MS 2 4 Impure Spirit storage tank 200 Cu. M MS 1 5 Fusel Oil storage tank 10 Cu. M MS 1 7.9.2 Hazard Identification: Molasses Storage There are two areas of concern are: 1. Molasses storage: Heavy leakage of Molasses, total breakage of tank, leading to loss of life and pollution. 2. Alcohol Storage: Leakage leading to fire. For Molasses storage hazard identification and mitigation measures are already given the earlier part of the report. 7.9.3 Hazard Identification: Production of Alcohol Major hazard identified in the production unit is release of alcohol vapours and fire. It is recommended to eliminate the risk and hazard at the design stage of the expansion itself by carrying out detailed systematic HAZOP study of the entire process and make the process and operation intrinsically safe. This tool is recommended for ensuring built in plant safety and understanding the plant operations in the best manner. Though the plant and distillery technology are established and well-known, it is suggested to include the clause of carrying out HAZOP study, with active participation of technical officials from the company for better understanding of the process and philosophy and basics behind design of equipments, instrumentation logic, safety systems and plant operation. This will prove vital in safe plant

183 7.9.3.1 Hazard Identification: Alcohol Storage Following Alcohol storage is planned: It is confirmed that the following for the Alcohol storage, tank layout, tank-farm layout, pump locations etc will be as per the requirements of PESO latest rules and regulations. Statutory approvals for the storage of Alcohol will be obtained, before the pant start up.

Table 7.6 Alcohol Storage Area

No Particulars Capacity No MOC 1 Absolute Alcohol Receivers 60 Cu. M 3 MS 2 RS feed tank 150 Cu. M 1 MS 3 Absolute Alcohol STORAGE TANKS 600 Cu. M 2 MS All tanks will be provided with flame arrestors, moisture traps, and over head condensers with chilled water for prevention of Alcohol loss and environment protection. NFPA rating for Alcohol is NH (Health Factor) NF (Fire Factor) NR (Reactivity) NF= 3, NH = 2 and NR=0, indicating fire as the major hazard in handling and storage of Alcohol

Following storage has been for various grades of alcohol in the existing plant in the unit 1 and 2 7.9.3.2 Qualitative Risk analysis:

For the storage of alcohol Fire and Explosion index has been calculated to be 72 based on the Material Factor MF= 16 and storage conditions (Degree of Hazard is rated based on of Fire and explosion index as follows ) [ Table 7.7 Risk analysis

DEGREE OF HAZARD AND F&EI INDEX F&EI INDEX RANGE DEGREE OF HAZARD 1-60 LIGHT 61-96 MODERATE 97-127 INTERMEDITE 128- 158 HEAVY MORE THAN 159 SEVERE

F&EI index is in the range of moderate QRA for Alcohol tanks is not done because basic information required is not available as the project is in early stage and basic engineering and design has not been done. 7.9.3.3 Mitigation Measures: 1. Based on standard recommendations for moderate hazard is it is recommended to have Alcohol storage tanks should be in open in dyke walls and must have spill collection and control (recycle) arrangement to pump into another tank. 2. As indicated the storage should be in open with dyke walls. 3. If applicable and if storage of Alcohol equals or exceeds 5000 KL following must be done.

184 4. Clear distance between tanks will be provided as per the requirement of Petroleum Rules Table 1 SCHEDULE II. 5. Location of pumps, location of tank farm in the factory should be as per the requirements of Petroleum rules. 6. Necessary approval /LICENCE from Chief Controller of Explosives will be obtained for the alcohol storage and factory lay out AS PER THE CHAPTER V 7. Proper firefighting system, inside the plant and around the storage tanks will be designed as per IS or international code. And Fire NOC will be obtained. 7.9.3.4 Quantitative Risk Analysis: F&EI index can also be used for estimating the damage that would probably result from the accident/fire. And it is converted to radius of exposure by multiplying it by 0.84 to feet. Thus radius of exposure in this case will be 0.84X72= 60 feet or 18 meters

7.10 ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN:

The company has an on-site emergency plan for the existing facilities. The same can be modified with inclusion of Mitigation measures and quantitative Risk analysis results given above for Sugar manufacturing section and other suggestions. This will have to be suitably modified to include distillery safety measures and results of QRA studies to be carried out later and modify the same. Refer Appendix – Q Safety Measures during regular and shut-down: It must be remembered that shutdown plant are also and sometimes more prone to accidents. Hence it is suggested that all workers, regular and contract workers should be issued proper PPE, like helmet, safety shoes etc. as necessary. All work, hot work, working at height etc. during working and shutdown period should be carried out with proper work permit and under proper supervision. 7.11 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ASPECTS AND MEDICAL PROVISION IN THE FACTORY: 7.11.1 Effects of Alcohol on health: It reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials. TLV for 8 hr. is 1000 ppm (ACGIH). Minimum identifiable concentration has been reported as 350 ppm. Exposure to concentrations of 5000 - 10000 ppm results in irritation of eyes and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Effects of exposure to higher concentration of Alcohol in the atmosphere are given in the following table

Table 7.8 Effect of Ethyl Alcohol mg/l Ppm Effects in human 10-20 5300 – 10,640 Some transient coughing and smarting of eyes and nose, not tolerable 30 15,960 Continuous lacrimation and marked coughing; Could be tolerated with discomfort. 40 21,280 Just tolerable for short period > 40 >21,280 Intolerable

185  To prevent injury to workers, standard PPEs will be provided. In addition, sufficient number of Self-contained breathing apparatus will be provided to be used in case of major alcohol leakage to avoid exposure to higher levels of Alcohol. All precautionary methods will be adopted by the company to reduce the risk of exposure of employees to occupational safety and health hazards. 7.11.2 Medical check-up: Pre & post medical check-ups will be done of all the employees. Employees will be regularly examined and the medical records will be maintained for each employee. Pulmonary function test and periodical medical checkup shall be done once in every year. For existing sugar factory & Co-gen plant medical checkup of the employees are carried out; refer Appendix K for latest health check up report. The following tests will be conducted for each worker:  Pulmonary Function Test  Audiometric Test  Vision test  General clinical examination with emphasis on respiratory system  Pre employment examinations  Periodical medical examinations at the time of employment and after completion of employment. 7.11.3 Occupational Health Center: OHC: The company has OHC center for the existing sugar plant. The facilities of the present OHC and the periodic tests to be carried out will be modified for distillery workers and officers in view of the above details and in consultation with the registered medical practitioner. The location of OHC with dimensions is clearly193 shown in the factory layout drawing; refer Appendix A for the same. It will be ensured that the exiting OHC and other medical facilities at the site as per the factories act, and number of employees. The same will be augmented before the Distillery start up. The company will have OHC and other medical facilities at the site as per the factories act, and number of employees. Some guide lines are given below: Under rule 73 W All factories carrying out hazardous processes must have OHC with services and facilities A) For factories employing up to 50 workers: i) Medical officer on retainer ship basis, ii) minimum 5 workers trained in first aid, at least one shall be available during all working hours. iii) Fully equipped first aid box (What it should contain is also specified later) B) For factories employee 51 to 200 workers i) OHC with min. floor space of 15 sq. meters ii) part time medical officer iii) one qualified and trained dresser-cum- compounder throughout all working hours. iv) equipped first aid box C) For factories employing more than 200 workers, i) Full time medical officer up to 500 workers, and one more full time medical officer for every additional 1000 workers or part thereof ii) OHC with 2 rooms iii) one compounder and one ward boy 24 by 7 iv) OHC to be equipped all emergencies With what facilities OHC should be equipped with is given in details in schedule. Requirement of Ambulance van for any factory carrying on hazardous process shall be provided and maintained is defined under 73-X. For factories with less than 200 workers,

186 management must have an arrangement for getting ambulance van at short notice it also details out what facilities ambulance Van should have Other important requirements are: company must have, MSDS for all hazardous chemicals at site, Pre-employment medical checkup and six monthly medical check-up for all employees, including contract workers. And record must be available. Since the operation involve storage and handling of toxic chemicals, affecting liver, kidneys, lounges, medical test must include the specific teats to check functioning of these vital organs. The company carries out medical checkup for workers as per the requirement; the health check up parameters can be modified in consultation with the qualified medical doctor. Standard Medical facilities as required by Factory rule are expected to have been provided in the OHC for the existing plant, some important are illustrated below: 1. Well equipped First Aid Boxes will be provided in each Section of the factory. 2. Snake bite Lancet 3. In case of need, factory will be having dispensary to give effective medical facility to workers. In dispensary, sufficient stock of medicines will be available to provide to workers in case of any major emergent situation. 4. A vehicle will be always available to shift the sick/injured person to District Hospital. 5. Ambulance will be made available 24X7 in the factory to deal and take the injured workers to the district hospital. 7.12 EHS POLICY: The Company has well defined EHS policy and is displayed as per the norms. The same shall be appended in Appendix- R.

187 Chapter 8 Project Benefits

8.1 INTRODUCTION Any industrial activity helps in improving the social status of the locality. The existing project by PDDYPSSKL has held in improvement of infrastructure and social structure in the command area and has lead to sustainable development. Also, after expansion the community that inhabit in the nearby areas will be benefited directly or indirectly by the project. Following benefits due to the proposed expansion project are expected. 8.1.1 Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure :

 The industry has constructed well paved roads for easy access to the workers that has helped in easy transportation of raw materials and products for industry. Further under expansion project as per the Socio Economic survey it is suggested to improve and construct a well paved roads in surrounding area of the industry as well.  The industry shall adopt the rain water harvesting systems that will improve the ground water table. As groundwater is utilized for existing, expansion as well as establishment project and the rain water harvesting shall help in increasing the ground water table.  Augmentation of existing green belt and plantation of additional trees in the industrial area and its surrounding shall help in improving the aesthetic beauty of the surrounding environment giving a pleasant look and improvising the air quality. Also green belt will help in arresting dust emissions as well as noise.  Villages in study area would be benefited from CER activities to be undertaken by industry especially in respect of sanitation through provision of toilets and MSW management actions. 8.1.2 Improvement in the Social Infrastructure:-

 The people residing in the nearby areas will be benefited by the educational facility that will help in enhancing the literacy rate and safety in that area.  Due to expansion, the frequency of the local transportation will be increased in this area. This will help shorten the time reaching destination and utilize it for some fruitful productive work  Industry aids for depot of drought affected animals for sheds and drinking water tanks.  Industry assists financially to nearby people for medical treatment in case any major diseases found. 8.2 ACTIVITIES DONE BY PDDYPSSKL UNDER CER

Table 8.1 Activity Done by PDDYPSSKL Under CER

No Name of Activity Cost by industry (Lakh) 1 Drip Irrigation awarness program 2.20 2 Distribution of Chemical fertilizers (2017-19) 81.0 3 Agricultural Training Program 3.0 4 Village planning with safe environment 0.20 5 Clean village program conduct with Gaganbawada Panchayat Samithi 0.10 6 Panchganga River save campaign (Ganesh festival Awareness) 0.50 7 Hand wash day with near school 0.05 8 Distribute 5000 numbers of saplings to nearby farmers 1.0 9 Competitive Exam Classes for local students 5.0 10 Distribution of Sugar cane culture (2017-19) 63.0 11 Distribution Organic fertilizer (2017-19) 6.5 Total 162.55

188 For photographs of existing CER activities; Refer Appendix S. Proposed CER activities are listed under Chapter 6, Section 6.3.8.2. 8.3 EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL

In any industrial activity all three types i.e. skilled, semi skilled and unskilled people are required. Preference is given for employment to local people based on qualification and requirement. In existing unit of PDDYPSSKL; they have provided direct & indirect employment to local people. Under expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and establishment of distillery PDDYPSSKL will employ some people in surrounding area. Refer Table. 2. 1 from Chapter 2 for more details.

8.4 OTHER TANGIBLE BENEFITS

After execution of the project the above mentioned benefits shall accrue. Apart from this other tangible benefits are mentioned below.

 After expansion & establishment of the industry, the industry will meet the national interest of economical growth through sustainable development, as sugar and alcohol has been a great source of revenue through excise duty levied by the Government.  First Aid Training and fire safety training will be given to all the workers.  Insurance Policies for the workers will be made available.  Improvement in the aesthetic as well as Pollution augmentation through green belt development.  The ground water recharging shall be done by arresting rain water.

189 Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required for ensuring sustainable development. It should not affect the surrounding environment adversely. Management plan presented in this chapter needs to be implemented under proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and establishment of distillery. EMP aims at controlling pollution at source with available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures. Waste minimization and waste recycling measures are emphasized. In addition to the industry specific control measures, the proposed and expansion activities should adopt following guidelines-  Application of Low and Non Waste Technology in production process  Adoption of reuse and recycling technologies to reduce generation of wastes and to optimize the production cost of the industry.

Recycling and reuse of industrial waste not only reduces the waste generation but also can be an economic gain to the industry. For PDDYPSSKL project management will take all necessary steps to control and mitigate the environmental pollution in the designing stage itself. Moreover, while implementing the project the management will follow guidelines issued by CPCB. EMP is prepared based on the existing environmental status of the project location and the anticipated impacts of the project activities on environment.

9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL (EMC)

As a part of the EMP, it is essential to formulate an EMC. PDDYPSSKL is already having a cell functioning under its existing sugar factory, co-gen plant. The cell works under Managing Director of the Industry and is responsible persons from certain departments have been taken as members. The EMC is responsible for all the activities, actions, outputs and management of entire infrastructure provided for control and abatement of pollution in the PDDYPSSKL project complex. Further, the cell is also active in protecting state of environment in the study area around existing campus of PDDYPSSKL. Various programs and tasks towards conservation, awareness, promotion, review etc. are undertaken and implemented through the existing environmental management cell of PDDYPSSKL. This cell will also be responsible for taking care of actions and implementations subsequent to the implementation of the distillery. Further, the EMC will be adequately expanded by incorporation of certain new members since the work load on existing ones is going to be increased substantially subsequent to commissioning of expansion projects As well as establishment project. Following table gives details about EMC in the industry. Table 9.1 Environmental Management Cell Sr. Name of Member Designation Number of Working No. Person(s) 1. Mr. J. S. Patil Managing Director 1 2. Mr. P. B. Deshmukh Chief Chemist 1 3. Mr. B. L. Patil Chief Engineer 1 4. Dr. Sangram Ghugare Env. Consultant 1 Equinox Environments (I) Pvt. Ltd 5. Mr. Yuvraj Damugade Env. Consultant 1 Equinox Environments (I) Pvt. Ltd

190 Sr. Name of Member Designation Number of Working No. Person(s) 6. Mr. V. V. Patil Civil Engineer 1 7. Mr. P.H. Patil Deputy Chemist 1 8. Mr. L. Ishavar Naik Co-gen Plant Incharge 1 9. Mr. B.R. Patil Labour Officer 1 10. Mr. A. A. Bhambure Environmental Officer 1

Figure 9.1 Environmental Management Cell and Responsibilities

Managing Director Effective implementation of EMP

Sugar Factory Team Co-gen Team Proposed Distillery Responsible for all activities in Responsible for all activities in Team this unit related to Safety, this unit related to Safety, Responsible for all activities in Health and Environment (SHE) Health and Environment (SHE) this unit related to Safety, Health and Environment (SHE)

Health and Safety Manager Reporting the Vice President, Operational Risk Committee and the Board on matters regarding SHE performance, SHE Management System performance and the SHE risk position in the Industry

Environmental Environmental Chemist Safety Officer Engineer Collecting and analyzing Developing & implementing Providing technical the samples and occupational health & safety advice on developing remediation policy, program and procedure, implementation of SHE programs. increasing health and safety management plan. awareness at all levels within the Members of the Environmental cell are well qualified and experienced in the concerned fields. Some of the routine tests of wastewater such as pH, solids, temperature etc. will be carried out in the laboratory that would be established on site. However, for additional tests of water, wastewater, soil, air etc., services of accredited laboratories as well as that of a consultant would be hired.

191 9.3 WORKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Figure 9.2 Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Policy

Management Review Planning Preparing Environmental • Environmental Aspects Plan and Policy • Objectives & Targets • Environmental Management Plan

Checking / Corrective Action Implementation • Monitoring & Measurement • Implementation of EMP in all the three • Non-conformance & Corrective & plants i.e. Sugar factory, Co - gen & Preventive Action Distillery • Records • Document Control • EMS Audits • Operational Control • Emergency Preparedness /Response

9.4 RECOMMENDATION AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE Mitigation measures suggested in Chapter 4 would be implemented. This will reduce the impact on environment due to the expansion as well as establishment of project. To facilitate easy implementation, recommendations suggested are grouped in different phases. Most important measures are accommodated in earlier phase whereas the lesser important ones are grouped in later phase. 9.4.1 Summary of Recommendations Table 9.2 Summary of Recommendations No Aspect Description Recommendations & Proposed Actions 1. Water a) PDDYPSSKL project complex has fresh a) Considering the permission of water Consumption water permission of 2,54,000 M3/Season consumption granted by Irrigation as granted by irrigation Department. Department; Govt. of Maharashtra i.e. 1058 b) Water required for entire project complex CMD It has been suggested to the Project after Expansion of Sugar factory, co-gen Proponents (PP) to make maximum use of and proposed distillery is 3246 CMD. cane condensate by installing CPU in distillery. b) Out of total water consumption for industrial purpose i.e. 3129 CMD: 2086 CMD (66.67%) is recycled water from sugar cane condensate, Distillery CPU and sugar factory & Co-gen ETP water and only 1043 M3/Day (33 %) is fresh water taken from Kumbhi River which is in limit of the permission granted by Irrigation Dept. c) Fresh water consumption for industrial purpose in sugar factory is 0.22 Lit/MT of sugarcane crushed against the CPCB norm of 100 Lit/MT of cane crushed. d) As far as distillery is concerned, 2.9 KL/KL of fresh water is required for industrial purpose in distillery unit as against 10KL/KL of alcohol produced as per the ToR issued.

192 No Aspect Description Recommendations & Proposed Actions 2. Effluent a) Sugar Factory & Co-gen plant: a) Entire trade effluent from existing & Treatment Total effluent generated from sugar expansion activities of sugar factory and Co- factory shall be 106 CMD which will be gen would be treated in Sugar Factory ETP & forwarded to the existing Sugar ETP. Co-gen ETP Separately. Treated effluent from same will be given b) Raw spentwash shall be concentrated in Multi to farm land for irrigation purpose and Effect Evaporator (MEE) then the supplied for green belt in industrial concentrated spentwash shall be blended with premises. Similarly, Co-gen plant effluent coal or Spentwash & incinerated in proposed after expansion to the tune of 153 CMD boiler. Other effluents along with spent leese shall be forwarded to the existing Cogen and Condensate shall be treated in CPU ETP in the PDDYPSSKL premises which thereby achieving ‘Zero Liquid Discharge’ shall be duly upgraded. Refer Chapter 2. (ZLD) for Process Effluent Section 2.7.14 c) The domestic effluent of existing as well as b) Distillery Unit: proposed expansion activities shall be treated The effluent generated from 60 KLPD in existing STP and proposed ETP instead of distillery would be in the form of raw Septic Tanks spentwash to the tune of 480 M3/Day (i.e. d) Storm water drains would be kept separate 8 KL/KL of alcohol). Here, concentration from other drains. Natural drains if found, in MEE (5 Effects) incinerated in would not be altered under any incineration boiler. circumstances. c) Total Domestic effluent generated from e) No drains will be kept open in the plant. exiting and expansion activity of f) The treated water from sugar factory ETP PDDYPSSKL is 51.2 M3/Day will be given to nearby farmers for irrigation purpose. g) Also, spentwash generation in distillery is 8 KL/KL of alcohol the standard mass balance and effluent generation details chapter 2nd may be referred. 3. Air Pollution a) Sugar Factory and Cogen Plant: Under a) Regular self-monitoring of the AAQ and Control existing, 1 boiler of 95 TPH capacity and work zone air quality to be done by the 1 nos of 320 KVA DG sets are installed industry through approved labs to check and on site. Boiler is provided with ESP as control dust levels / concentrations at certain Air Pollution Control (APC) equipment places so that same could be kept always followed by stack of 75 M. height AGL. below the stipulated norms. Bagasse to the tune of 43 MT /Hr would b) Efficiencies of dust control equipment in the be used as fuel for boiler. industry shall be monitored regularly (at least b) Further, under expansion activity; no new once a month) under performance evaluation. boiler & DG set will be installed. c) Inlet and outlet of pollution control equipment shall be provided with all c) Distillery Unit: under establishment of necessary sampling arrangements as per distillery, a new incinerator boiler of 20 guidelines of CPCB. TPH would be installed. Spent wash blend d) The distillery should regularly monitor with Coal .Boiler is provided with ESP as quality of stack emissions, AAQM and work APC equipment followed by stack of 50 zone air quality through self-monitoring M. practices, interlocks and OCMS should be For more details table 2.29 of chapter 2nd fitted and properly operated. may be referred. For details w.r.t Monitoring chapter 6th may be referred. a) Solid Waste a) Sugar Factory and Cogen Plant: The solid a) Recommendations have been made toward Management waste generated under existing as well storage of ash in silo of and fly ash expansion activities would be in the form pelatalization. of boiler ash and ETP sludge. Boiler ash b) Adequate storage, disposal shall be done. is sold to farmers/brick manufacturers and c) The distillery shall have to operate & ETP sludge is used as manure. This same maintain composting facility as per CREP method of disposal will be followed under norms and stipulations of CPCB and proposed expansion activity. MoEFCC. b) Distillery Unit: Solid waste that would be

193 No Aspect Description Recommendations & Proposed Actions generated under distillery unit is boiler ash is pelatalised, CPU sludge and yeast sludge and same incinerated in incineration boiler b) Ecological & Proposed expansion of sugar factory and co- a) Industry has been advised to undertake Socio- gen as well as establishment of distillery will implementation of green belt plan. There economic not have negative impact on ecology and under, a time bound program shall be Aspects. socio-economic status. The details of ecology prepared for plantation of trees along the and biodiversity (flora, fauna, fishes, etc.) periphery and along the roads of proposed observed in existing unit are described in unit. Chapter 3 Section 3.12 b) Awareness camps in study area. c) The Industry would always take lead in contributing towards community development. d) Noise Control 1. In the Sugar factory and co-gen; noise a) Provision and use of earmuffs in High Noise Measures generating sources generally are the boiler Area. house, turbine rooms, cane crushing b) Providing separate sitting and control room section and mill house, etc. for workers. 2. The expected noise levels in these sections c) Changing of shifts and exposure time to high would be in the range of 65 to 70 dB (A). Noise Area would be reduced d) CER 1. The implementations under CER shall be a) Industry, by involving workers and locals, done in a time bound manner. shall demonstrate, encourage, and promote 2. Planning for CER shall be started with the suitable eco-friendly alternatives and green identification of activities/ projects and technologies in the villages in the vicinity may be undertaken in periphery of such as water harvesting, solar lighting, co- industrial area. toilets, organic farming etc.

9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POST MONITORING PROGRAMMES After commissioning of the project, regular monitoring of Environmental Attributes such as AAQ, Stack Emissions, Noise and Effluent would be done on regular basis. Table 9.3 Implementation Schedule

No Recommendation Time Period Implementation Schedule Immedia Progres As per Time Schedule te sive of Proposed Unit 1 Air Pollution Control (2 Stacks of Before Expansion of * - - Co-gen and 1 Distillery) the industry 2 Water Pollution Control (Execution Already Implemented under Existing unit of Sugar & Co-gen ETP) 3 Water Pollution Control Before establishment (Construction of CPU at proposed of distillery distillery) 4 Noise Control (isolation and Before Expansion of * - - Insulation, Provision of PPE’s) the industry 5 Ecological aspects (Additional Stage wise * * - Green belt development) 6 Solid and hazardous waste Already Implemented under Existing unit Management 7 Socio-economic aspects (Corporate Stage wise - - * Social Responsibility) Note:-‘*’ indicates implementation of recommendations

9.6 POST ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE COMPLIANCE

Post environmental clearance monitoring for industrial premises & for study area around the PDDYPSSKL is given at chapter 6, Refer table 6.5 for details. Following compliance against the consent conditions after commissioning of project would be observed under the Water

194 (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act ,1974, Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules 2010. Table 9.4 Statutory Compliance to be observed No. Description Frequency Remark 1. Post EC Compliance -- Submitted to RO, MoEFCC Nagpur. RO visited to PDDYPSSKL on 03.05.2019 for inspection of EC condition compliance. Site visit report is presented at Appendix – T for reference. 2. Submission of six monthly Twice in a Two compliance reports per Year. reports to R.O., MoEFCC, Year Nagpur towards EC conditions 3. Renewal of Consent Once in a Application for renewal shall be done 60 days year before the expiry date. 4. Environmental Statement Once in a Would be submitted for every financial year year before 30th September of next year. 5. Hazardous Waste Returns Once in a Would be submitted for every financial year year before 30th June of next year. 6. Routine Environmental Monthly PDDYPSSKL is doing monthly environmental Monitoring monitoring through MoEFCC and NABL accreditated laboratory. 9.6.1 Monitoring Equipment

Air Quality and Meteorological Instruments

1. Fine Dust Sampler 2. Weather station with Wind Vane, Anemometer, Thermometer, Dry/ Wet Bulb Thermometer, Rain-gauge 3. Spectrophotometer 4. Single pan balance up to 0.0001gms detection levels. 5. Relevant chemicals as required 6. Oven

Water and Waste Water Quality 1. BOD Incubator 2. COD reflux assembly 3. Refrigerator 4. Thermometer 5. pH meter 6. Stop watch 7. Distilled water plant 8. Pipette box 9. Titration set 10. Relevant chemicals and glass wares Noise Levels

Sound level meter in different scales like A, B and C with slow and fast response options

Soil Characteristics

Soil samplers (auger) to collect soil samples.

195 Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion

10.1 INTRODUCTION

This EIA report has been prepared for expansion of sugar factory, Co-gen plant and establishment of distillery. Accordingly, crushing of sugar factory would be increased from 4,500 TCD to 5,500TCD and that of co-gen plant from 19 MW to 23 MW and establishment of 60 KLPD molasses based distillery in the existing premises of Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd.located at Dnyanashantinagar, Vesaraf - Palsambe, Tal.: Gaganbavada, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra The above mentioned expansion project attracts the condition of prior Environmental Clearance procurement as per the EIA Notification No. S. O. 1533 (E) dated 14.09.2006 and amendments thereto. Accordingly, it has been listed under Category – A; Item No.: 5(j), 5(g) and 1(d). Table 10.1 Project Investment Details

196 No. Particulars Details 14 Nearest streams / Rivers / water Kumbhi river 0.77 Km & Dhamani River 7.65 Km bodies (from Project Site) 15 Nearest Industrial Area Nil within Study Area of 10 Km radius 16 Interstate Boundary Nil within Study Area of 10 Km radius 17 Site Co-ordinates (all corners) Latitude: 16°34'53.45"N, Longitude: 73°52'51.21"E Latitude:16°35'7.37"N Longitude: 73°53'2.54"E Latitude:16°35'18.90"N, Longitude: 73°52'58.88"E Latitude:16°35'9.56"N, Longitude: 73°52'35.60"E

10.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 10.3.1 Product and Raw Material

The details of raw materials and products that are being manufactured under existing as well as those to be manufactured under expansion are presented in following table- Table 10.3 List of Products for Integrated complex Industrial unit Product& By-product Quantity Existing Expansion/Proposed Total Sugar Factory Capacity (4500 TCD) (1000TCD) (5500 TCD) (Expansion) Sugar (12%)*(MT/Y) 64,800 14,400 79200 (Days: 120) Molasses/‘B’ Heavy 21,600 4,800 Molasses (4%)*(MT/Y) 26400 Bagasse (30%)*(MT/Y) 1,62,000 36,000 198000 Press Mud 21,600 4,800 (4%)*(MT/Y) 26400 Co-Gen Electricity (MW) 19 4 23 (Expansion) (Days: 150) Distillery Rectified Spirit (RS) - 60 KLPD 60 KLPD (Establishment) Extra Neural Alcohol - 60 KLPD 60 KLPD (Days: 330) Ethanol - 60 KLPD 60 KLPD

CO2 Gas - 14,949 MT/Y 14,949 MT/Y

Table 10.4 List of Raw Materials for Integrated complex

197 Figure 10.1 Manufacturing Process Details of PDDYPSSKL Integrated Project

10.4 SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND MITIGATION MEASSURES 10.4.1 Water Pollution  Total water requirement for PDDYPSSKL integrated project complex (Sugar factory, Co- gen Expansion and proposed distillery) shall be to the tune of 3246 CMD.  Out of same, 3129 CMD shall be for industrial purpose, 68 CMD shall be for domestic purpose and 49CMD will be used for gardening purpose. Out of total water requirement for industrial purpose (i.e. 3129 CMD); 2086 CMD (66.67%) is recycled water comprising of sugar cane condensate, treated effluents from distillery CPU; sugar factory & co-gen ETPs. The remaining 1043 M3/Day (33 %) shall be fresh water required (1 CMD in sugar factory, 863 CMD for co-gen plant & 179 CMD for distillery). More details about water budget are presented at Chapter 2 under Section 2.7.1  Total effluent generated from sugar factory shall be 106 CMD which will be forwarded to the existing Sugar ETP. Treated effluent from same (57 CMD) will be given to farm land for irrigation purpose and 49 CMD shall be supplied for green belt in industrial premises. Similarly, Co-gen plant effluent after expansion to the tune of 153 CMD shall be forwarded to the existing Co-gen ETP in the PDDYPSSKL premises which shall be duly upgraded. Subsequent to treatment the enntire Cogen trade effluent shall be recycled fully as cooling make up. Raw spentwash to the tune of 480 M3/Day shall be concentrated in Multi Effect Evaporator (MEE) then the Concentrated spentwash to the tune of 96M3/Day shall be blended with color Spentwash & incinerated in proposed boiler thereby achieving ‘Zero Liquid Discharge’ (ZLD) for Process Effluent. Other Effluents viz. MEE

198 condensate, spent lees, cooling blow down, lab & washing shall be forwarded CPU to be provided. Treated effluent would be used for dilution in the process.  Total domestic effluent from PDDYPSSKL campus shall be 51.2 CMD (sugar factory: 43.2 CMD, co-gen plant – 6 CMD and distillery 2 CMD). Domestic effluent from sugar factory and distillery unit will be treated in proposed STP and co-gen effluent will be treated in existing Cogen STP. 10.4.2 Air Pollution

 Under existing activity of sugar and co-gen factory operations, 1 boiler of 95 TPH capacity and 1DG set of 320 KVA are installed on site. Boiler is provided with ESP as Air Pollution Control (APC) equipment followed by stack of 75 M. height AGL. Bagasse to the tune of 43 MT/Hr is being used for same.  Under expansion activity; no new boiler would be installed.  Moreover, under establishment of distillery, a new incinerator boiler of 20 TPH would be installed.MEE Conc. spentwash wash blended with coal would be used as fuel for the same. For More details w.r.t boiler and Stack details refer Table 2.25 from chapter 2.

10.4.3 Noise Pollution

 In the Sugar factory, co-gen and distillery, very high noise generating sources do not exist. Boiler house, distillation &fermentation section would be the minor sources of noise.  The noise levels, as measured at various points in the boiler house, are not more than 85 dB (A). Adequate care shall be taken under expansion process also so that the noise from all the concerned sections shall be properly attenuated and controlled through insulation, isolation, separation techniques.  Green belt to be developed further shall play an important role to attenuate the noise levels from industry to surroundings. 10.4.4 Solid Waste Table 10.5 Solid Waste Details No. Unit Type Quantity (MT/Y) Disposal Existing After Expansion 1 Sugar Factory & ETP Sludge 3000 3600 Used as Manure /Brick Co-gen Plant Boiler Ash 3750 3750 Manufacture 2 Distillery Boiler Ash --- 7590 Palatalization (Proposed) Yeast Sludge --- 3300 Burnt in incineration CPU Sludge ---- 7920 boiler 10.4.5 Hazardous Waste Table 10.6 Hazardous Waste Details

No. Category Quantity (Kg/M) Disposal Existing After Expansion 1 5.1- Used Oil 21 25.5 Burnt in boiler. 10.4.6 Odour Pollution In the integrated complex of PDDYPSSKL sources of odour generation is from ETP, molasses tanks, stale cane, bad mill sanitation, bacterial growth in interconnecting pipes & unattended drains. The mitigation measures for controlling the same are proper House

199 Keeping, Sludge management in biological ETP units, Steaming of major pipe lines, Regular use of Bleaching powder in the drains, Efficient handling, prompt & proper disposal of pressmud.

10.5 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

Total plot area of PDDYPSSKL (including existing sugar factory, co-gen plant & proposed distillery) is 3, 47,099 Sq. M As per MoEFCC norms, green belt should be developed on 33% of the total plot area of industry. Under existing setup of PDDYPSSKL an area of 90,132 Sq. M. is under green belt which is only 26% of total plot area. Existing Green belt is less than required norms of 33%. Hence, under the present expansion & proposed project under green belt additionally an area of about 83,303.9 Sq.M. area would bedeveloped. Hence, ultimately total green belt after expansion will be 1,73,435.92 Sq. M which would be 50 % of total plot area. For more details w.r.t Green belt development plan chapter 2nd section 2.8 may be referred. 10.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

Monitoring of various environmental parameters would be carried out on a regular basis to ascertain the following:  State of pollution within the plant and in its vicinity;  Examine the efficiency of pollution control systems installed in the plant;  Generate data for predictive or corrective purpose in respect of pollution;  To assess environmental impacts

The project management will carry out the monitoring regularly and record shall be maintained of the same. For details w.r.t post monitoring program to be conducted refer Chapter - 9 (Table 9.3). 10.7 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environment Management Plan aims at controlling pollution at source with available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures. Under the existing sugar factory, co- generation plant PDDYPSSKL has effectively implemented the EMP. As a part of the EMP, it is essential to formulate an Environmental Management Cell (EMC). The PDDYPSSKL is already having a well functioning EMC under its existing sugar factory and Co-gen plant. EMC will be adequately expanded by incorporation of certain new members subsequent to commissioning of expansion activities as well as establishment of distillery. For more details, the separate chapter on EMP may be referred. 10.8 CONCLUSION The proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant as well as establishment of distillery by PDDYPSSKL will help to elevate the economic growth at the local level as well as national level. It will also generate the employment in the study region, thereby improving the standard of living of people in the area. The expansion activity shall not disturb the land use pattern in the study area of 10 Km. Moreover, Rain water harvesting shall be implemented on site so as to recharge and increase the ground water table in the area. Also maximum use of condensate is done do reduce the fresh water demand. No Rehabilitation is involved under this project since expansion is to be done in the existing premises. While undertaking this expansion activity the farmers shall also be partially benefitted as their farm lands will be irrigated by the treated water from sugar ETP. Thus, the PDDYPSSKL expansion & establishment project is beneficial for society without hampering the environment and thereby accomplishing the aim of sustainable development.

200 Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants

11.1THE ORGANIZATION

Equinox Environments (India) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL) is a major company under the 'Equinox Group'. It is one of the leading environmental consultants in the country and renders all the environmental services, under one roof, needed by various industries. EEIPL is an ISO 9001:2015 certified organization (DNV-GL) that has been duly accredited through QCI – NABET for the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC); New Delhi as recognized and approved ‘Environmental Consultant’ at the National Level. EEIPL operates through its offices located in Kolhapur, Pune, New Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Baltimore (US). Through the organization, various services are offered that are related to environmental engineering, pollution control & its abatement, industrial safety, health & hygiene. EEIPL's set up comprises of engineers, eminent scientists, chemists, technicians & associates. Moreover, organization is having back up of a most modern laboratory infrastructure. NABL accredited lab, also approved by Govt. of India through the MoEF; New Delhi has received OHSAS 18001:2007 certifications from DNV GL.

The 'Equinox Group' is in the environmental business for last nineteen years and have rendered services as well as expert consultation to a number of industries such as sugar factories, power plants, distilleries, foundries, sponge iron & steel plants, textile industries, bulk drug manufacturing units and chemical industries, food processing & beverage manufacturing units, asbestos products & roofing, timber and particle board Industries etc.Further our website –www.equinoxenvi.com – may be visited for additional details regarding our activities, achievements and list of our esteemed clients as well as our Key Personnel.

201 202 203 27/04/2019 Equinoxenvi Mail - Stage III scheduled - Equinox

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Dear Sir/ Madam,

This has reference to the office assessment for your organization scheduled for May 06-09, 2019. Please find here the travel plan for the assessors for your kind reference and booking the tickets for same:

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Also, attached are the attendance sheet, feedback form to be filled and sent to NABET office within one week of the assessment. The QMS matrix (attached) may please be sent prior to the assessment. The assessment plan shall be sent shortly for your ready reference.

203204 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1?ik=38e940b351&view=pt&search=all&permmsgid=msg-f%3A1631509081690411614&simpl=msg-f%3A16315090816… 1/3 27/04/2019 Equinoxenvi Mail - Stage III scheduled - Equinox DĂǇǁĞĂůƐŽ͕ƌĞƋƵĞƐƚǇŽƵƚŽůĞƚƵƐŬŶŽǁǁŚŝĐŚĂůůĞŵƉĂŶĞůůĞĚĞǆƉĞƌƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚĞŝƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƋƵŝŶŽǆŽƌĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌKŝ͘ĞǁŝƚŚŝŶůĂƐƚϲŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘<ŝŶĚůǇŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌͬ&Ɛ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ͕ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ͕DŽDƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂŽŶƐ͘

With best regards,

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Dear Madam,

Thank your for your mail. We will forward you the list of ĂůůĞŵƉĂŶĞůůĞĚĞǆƉĞƌƚƐƐŚŽƌƚůǇ͘

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On Fri, 12 Apr 2019 at 09:40, Ms. Preeti Pawaria Khatri wrote: Dear Sir,

Further to the trailing mail, please note that the office assessment for your organization has now been rescheduled for May 06-09, 2019. You are requested to pay the fee for stage III on the portal at the earliest.

Also, please send the soft copy of the following 2 EIAs: ϭ͘Expansion through capacity utilization of exiating bulk drugs & intermidiate manufacturng unit,123.5 MTPM to 492.5,21 and A , M/s. Smruthi Organics Ltd. Ϯ͘Proposed 45 KLPD Molasses based Distillery,45 KLPD,22 and A

May we also, request you to let us know which all empanelled experts have been recently assessed and approved either with Equinox or any other ACO I.e within last 6 months. Kindly inform the sector/ FAs approved, Category, MoMs and the name of organizations. 2042 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1?ik=38e940b351&view=pt&search=all&permmsgid=msg-f%3A1631509081690411614&simpl=msg-f%3A16315090816… 2/3 27/04/2019 Equinoxenvi Mail - Stage III scheduled - Equinox

With best regards,

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ĂŬŚŝǀŝŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐ DŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ Ͳ ŽƉĞŶĐĂƐƚ ϭ ΎΎ ϭ;ĂͿ;ŝͿ ŽŶůǇ Ϯ ĚĚƌĞƐƐ͗ϱϳ͕ůŽĐŬϱ͕^ŚĂƚĂďĚŝsŝŚĂƌ͕^ĞĐƚŽƌϱϮ͕ EŽŝĚĂ͕hWͲϮϬϭϯϬϴ dŚĞƌŵĂůƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ϰ ΎΎ ϭ;ĚͿ

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220707 Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƉĞƌEd^ĐŚĞŵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ ĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ ŽĨ ^͘EŽ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ DŽ& EŽƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ EĂŵĞŽĨ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ ĚĂƚĞĚ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϭϰ͕ EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϲ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚĚƌĞĚŐŝŶŐ ϯϰ ,ŝŐŚǁĂǇƐ ϳ;ĨͿ ŽŵŵŽŶDƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů^ŽůŝĚtĂƐƚĞ ϯϳ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ &ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ ϳ;ŝͿ ;D^tD&Ϳ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϯϴ ϴ;ĂͿ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂ ϯϵ ϴ;ďͿ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ DŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ϭ ϭ;ĂͿ;ŝͿ ŽƉĞŶĐĂƐƚͬƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚŵŝŶŝŶŐ ƋƵŝŶŽǆŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞƋƵŝŶŽǆŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ;/ŶĚŝĂͿWƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚŶƚƚƐ;/ŶĚŝĂͿWƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚ ϰ dŚĞƌŵĂůƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ϭ;ĚͿ DĞƚĂůůƵƌŐŝĐĂů ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ;ĨĞƌƌŽƵƐ ĚĚƌĞƐƐ͗ &Ͳϭϭ͕ EĂŵĚĞǀ EĞƐƚ͕ ϭϭϲϬͲ ͕͟͞tĂƌĚ͕^ŬǇĞƐ ϴ ŽŶůǇͿ Ͳ ďŽƚŚ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ Θ ϯ;ĂͿ ǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͕KƉƉ͘<ĂŵĂůĂŽůůĞŐĞ͕<ŽůŚĂƉƵƌͲϰϭϲϬϬϭ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ƐďĞƐƚŽƐ ŵŝůůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐďĞƐƚŽƐ ϭϮ ϰ;ĐͿ Ğ͘ŵĂŝů͗ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐΛĞƋƵŝŶŽǆĞŶǀŝ͘ĐŽŵ͕ ďĂƐĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ϲϱ ĞŝĂΛĞƋƵŝŶŽǆĞŶǀŝ͘ĐŽŵ͕ĞĞŝƉůƚĚΛĞƋƵŝŶŽǆĞŶǀŝ͘ĐŽŵ͕ ϭϯ ŚůŽƌͲĂůŬĂůŝŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ϰ;ĚͿ WĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ĂŶĚ dĞů͗͘ϬϮϯϭͲϮϱϯϭϮϯϭͬϮϱϮϲϯϯϳ ϭϳ ƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ ϱ;ďͿ ϬϵϴϮϮϬϰϱϬϴϯ͕ϬϵϴϴϭϭϮϭϱϮϮ ;ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐͿ WĞƚƌŽͲĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐ Conditions apply ;ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ϭϴ ϱ;ĐͿ ŽĨ ƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵ ĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐ Θ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐĂƐĂŶĚͬŽƌƌĞĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŽ

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208 Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƉĞƌEd^ĐŚĞŵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ ĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ ŽĨ ^͘EŽ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ DŽ& EŽƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ EĂŵĞŽĨ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ ĚĂƚĞĚ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϭϰ͕ EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϲ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌŽŵĂƚŝĐƐͿ WĞƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ďĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ;ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĐƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ ϮϬ ϱ;ĞͿ ΘƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐͿ ^ǇŶƚŚĞƚŝĐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ;ĚǇĞƐ Θ ĚǇĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ͖ ďƵůŬ ĚƌƵŐƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĚƌƵŐ Ϯϭ ϱ;ĨͿ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ͖ƐǇŶƚŚĞƚŝĐƌƵďďĞƌƐ͖ ďĂƐŝĐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐǇŶƚŚĞƚŝĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐͿ ϮϮ ŝƐƚŝůůĞƌŝĞƐ ϱ;ŐͿ Ϯϱ ^ƵŐĂƌ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ϱ;ũͿ ŽŵŵŽŶ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞ ϯϮ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ϳ;ĚͿ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚŝĞƐ;d^&ƐͿ ŽŵŵŽŶ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƐŽůŝĚ ǁĂƐƚĞ ϯϳ ϳ;ŝͿ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ;D^tD&Ϳ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϯϴ ϴ;ĂͿ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂ ϯϵ ϴ;ďͿ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ůĞĐƚƌŽƉůĂƚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĞƚĂů ϰϬ;ŝŝͿ Ͳ Ͳ ŽĂƚŝŶŐ

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209 Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƉĞƌEd^ĐŚĞŵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ ĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ ŽĨ ^͘EŽ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ DŽ& EŽƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ EĂŵĞŽĨ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ ĚĂƚĞĚ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϭϰ͕ EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϲ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ϰϬ;ǀͿ &ŽŽĚWƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ Ͳ Ͳ DŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ϭ KƉĞŶ ĐĂƐƚͬ hŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚ ϭ;ĂͿ;ŝͿ ŵŝŶŝŶŐ KĨĨ ƐŚŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶͲƐŚŽƌĞ Žŝů ĂŶĚ Ϯ ŐĂƐĞǆƉůŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚΘ ϭ;ďͿ ZD/ŶĚŝĂWƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϯ ZŝǀĞƌǀĂůůĞǇWƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ϭ;ĐͿ ĚĚƌĞƐƐ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ EŽ͘ ϭϬ͕dŽǁĞƌ ͕ &ŽƵƌƚŚ &ůŽŽƌ͕ >& ϰ dŚĞƌŵĂůƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ϭ;ĚͿ ǇďĞƌŝƚǇ͕'ƵƌŐĂŽŶͲϭϮϮϬϬϮ ϴ ^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ^ƚĞĞůŽŶůǇ ϯ;ĂͿ ϵ ĞŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶƚƐ ϯ;ďͿ Ğ͘ŵĂŝů͗ƐƵďŝƌ͘ŐƵƉƚĂΛĞƌŵ͘ĐŽŵ ϭϯ ŚůŽƌͲĂůŬĂůŝŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ϰ;ĚͿ ϭϲ ŚĞŵŝĐĂů&ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƐ ϱ;ĂͿ ϲϲ dĞů͗͘ϬϭϮϰͲϰϭϳϬϯϬϬ ϬϵϴϭϬϬϲϴϭϲϭ WĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞ ϭϳ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ ϱ;ďͿ ;ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐͿ Conditions apply WĞƚƌŽͲĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐ ;ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ϭϴ ŽĨƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐΘŶĂƚƵƌĂů ϱ;ĐͿ ŐĂƐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ƌĞĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĂƌŽŵĂƚŝĐƐͿ WĞƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ďĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ;ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĐƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ ϮϬ ϱ;ĞͿ ΘƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐͿ

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ENCLOSURE –I Standard ToR Letter

No.IA-J-11011/333/2018-IA-II(I) Goverment of India Minister of Enviroment,Forest and Climate Change Impact Assessment Division ***

Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Vayu Wing,3rd Floor,Aliganj, Jor Bagh Road,New Delhi-110003 18 Nov 2018

To,

M/s PADMASHREE DR. D. Y. PATIL SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LIMITED At- Dnyanshantinagar, vesraf- Palsambe, post-Aslaj, Tal- Gaganbawada, Dist- Kolhapur, Kolhapur-416206 Maharashtra

Tel.No.02326-223100; Email:[email protected]

Sir/Madam,

This has reference to the proposal submitted in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to prescribe the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking detailed EIA study for the purpose of obtaining Environmental Clearance in accordance with the provisions of the EIA Notification, 2006. For this purpose, the proponent had submitted online information in the prescribed format (Form-1 ) along with a Pre-feasibility Report. The details of the proposal are given below:

1. Proposal No.: IA/MH/IND2/82802/2018

Expansion of Sugar factory (4500 TCD to 5500 TCD), Co-gen (19 MW to 23 MW) and 2. Name of the Proposal: establishment of 60 KLPD molasses based Distillery by Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Sahakari Sakhar karkhana Ltd.

3. Category of the Proposal: Industrial Projects - 2

4. Project/Activity applied for: 5(g) Distilleries 5(j) Sugar Industry

5. Date of submission for TOR: 17 Oct 2018

217 In this regard, under the provisions of the EIA Notification 2006 as amended, the Standard TOR for the purpose of preparing environment impact assessment report and environment management plan for obtaining prior environment clearance is prescribed with public consultation as follows:

218 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

5(g): STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONDUCTING ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR DISTILLERIES AND INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN EIA/EMP REPORT

A. STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE

1) Executive Summary 2) Introduction i. Details of the EIA Consultant including NABET accreditation ii. Information about the project proponent iii. Importance and benefits of the project 3) Project Description i. Cost of project and time of completion. ii. Products with capacities for the proposed project. iii. If expansion project, details of existing products with capacities and whether adequate land is available for expansion, reference of earlier EC if any. iv. List of raw materials required and their source along with mode of transportation. v. Other chemicals and materials required with quantities and storage capacities vi. Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous waste generation and their management. vii. Requirement of water, power, with source of supply, status of approval, water balance diagram, man-power requirement (regular and contract) viii. Process description along with major equipments and machineries, process flow sheet (quantative) from raw material to products to be provided ix. Hazard identification and details of proposed safety systems. x. Expansion/modernization proposals: a. Copy of all the Environmental Clearance(s) including Amendments thereto obtained for the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall be attached as an Annexure. A certified copy of the latest Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing Iexisting operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report. b. In case the existing project has not obtained environmental clearance, reasons for not taking EC under the provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 and/or EIA Notification

219 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

2006 shall be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005-2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be submitted. 4) Site Details i. Location of the project site covering village, Taluka/Tehsil, District and State, Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered. ii. A toposheet of the study area of radius of 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) iii. Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection of site iv. Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners of the site. v. Google map-Earth downloaded of the project site. vi. Layout maps indicating existing unit as well as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate. vii. Photographs of the proposed and existing (if applicable) plant site. If existing, show photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in particular. viii. Landuse break-up of total land of the project site (identified and acquired), government/ private - agricultural, forest, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (not required for industrial area) ix. A list of major industries with name and type within study area (10km radius) shall be incorporated. Land use details of the study area x. Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area shall be included. xi. Details of Drainage of the project upto 5km radius of study area. If the site is within 1 km radius of any major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xii. Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition is not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xiii. R&R details in respect of land in line with state Government policy 5) Forest and wildlife related issues (if applicable): i. Permission and approval for the use of forest land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable)

220 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

ii. Landuse map based on High resolution satellite imagery (GPS) of the proposed site delineating the forestland (in case of projects involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii. Status of Application submitted for obtaining the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv. The projects to be located within 10 km of the National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden-thereon v. Wildlife Conservation Plan duly authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area vi. Copy of application submitted for clearance under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife 6) Environmental Status i. Determination of atmospheric inversion level at the project site and site-specific micrometeorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall. ii. AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. iii. Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 weeks of all stations as per frequency given in the NAQQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv. Surface water quality of nearby River (100m upstream and downstream of discharge point) and other surface drains at eight locations as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guidelines. v. Whether the site falls near to polluted stretch of river identified by the CPCB/MoEF&CC, if yes give details. vi. Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 locations shall be included. vii. Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations within the study area. viii. Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. ix. Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, frequency of vehicles for transportation of materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x. Detailed description of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule-I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. xi. Socio-economic status of the study area.

221 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

7) Impact and Environment Management Plan i. Assessment of ground level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site-specific meteorological features. In case the project is located on a hilly terrain, the AQIP Modelling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics for determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ. Cumulative impact of all sources of emissions (including transportation) on the AAQ of the area shall be assessed. Details of the model used and the input data used for modelling shall also be provided. The air quality contours shall be plotted on a location map showing the location of project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any. ii. Water Quality modelling - in case of discharge in water body iii. Impact of the transport of the raw materials and end products on the surrounding environment shall be assessed and provided. In this regard, options for transport of raw materials and finished products and wastes (large quantities) by rail or rail-cum road transport or conveyor- cum-rail transport shall be examined. iv. A note on treatment of wastewater from different plant operations, extent recycled and reused for different purposes shall be included. Complete scheme of effluent treatment. Characteristics of untreated and treated effluent to meet the prescribed standards of discharge under E(P) Rules. v. Details of stack emission and action plan for control of emissions to meet standards. vi. Measures for fugitive emission control vii. Details of hazardous waste generation and their storage, utilization and management. Copies of MOU regarding utilization of solid and hazardous waste in cement plant shall also be included. EMP shall include the concept of waste-minimization, recycle/reuse/recover techniques, Energy conservation, and natural resource conservation. viii. Proper utilization of fly ash shall be ensured as per Fly Ash Notification, 2009. A detailed plan of action shall be provided. ix. Action plan for the green belt development plan in 33 % area i.e. land with not less than 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of species, width of plantation, planning schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. x. Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures at plant site shall be submitted to harvest rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources. xi. Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures shall be included. xii. Action plan for post-project environmental monitoring shall be submitted.

222 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

xiii. Onsite and Offsite Disaster (natural and Man-made) Preparedness and Emergency Management Plan including Risk Assessment and damage control. Disaster management plan should be linked with District Disaster Management Plan. 8) Occupational health i. Plan and fund allocation to ensure the occupational health & safety of all contract and casual workers ii. Details of exposure specific health status evaluation of worker. If the workers' health is being evaluated by pre designed format, chest x rays, Audiometry, Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analyzed data of above mentioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise. iii. Details of existing Occupational & Safety Hazards. What are the exposure levels of hazards and whether they are within Permissible Exposure level (PEL). If these are not within PEL, what measures the company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved, iv. Annual report of heath status of workers with special reference to Occupational Health and Safety. 9) Corporate Environment Policy i. Does the company have a well laid down Environment Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report. ii. Does the Environment Policy prescribe for standard operating process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA. iii. What is the hierarchical system or Administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given. iv. Does the company have system of reporting of non compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report 10) Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. to be provided to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase. 11) Enterprise Social Commitment (ESC) i. Adequate funds (at least 2.5 % of the project cost) shall be earmarked towards the Enterprise Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time

223 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12) Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. 13) 'A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance of above TOR.

B. SPECIFIC TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIASTUDIES FOR DISTILLERIES

1. List of existing distillery units in the study area along with their capacity and sourcing of raw material. 2. Number of working days of the distillery unit. 3. Details of raw materials such as molasses/grains, their source with availability. 4. Details of the use of steam from the boiler. 5. Surface and Ground water quality around proposed spent wash storage lagoon, and compost yard. 6. Plan to reduce spent wash generation within 6-8 KL/KL of alcohol produced. 7. Proposed effluent treatment system for molasses/grain based distillery (spent wash, spent lees, condensate and utilities) as well as domestic sewage and scheme for achieving zero effluent discharge (ZLD). 8. Proposed action to restrict fresh water consumption within 10 KL/KL of alcohol production. 9. Details about capacity of spent wash holding tank, material used, design consideration. No. of peizometers to be proposed around spent wash holding tank. 10. Action plan to control ground water pollution. 11. Details of solid waste management including management of boiler ash, yeast, etc. Details of incinerated spent wash ash generation and its disposal. 12. Details of bio-composting yard (if applicable). 13. Action plan to control odour pollution. 14. Arrangements for installation of continuous online monitoring system (24x7 monitoring device)

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224 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

5(j): STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONDUCTING ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR SUGAR INDUSTRY INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN EIA / EMP REPORT

A. STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE

1) Executive Summary 2) Introduction i. Details of the EIA Consultant including NABET accreditation ii. Information about the project proponent iii. Importance and benefits of the project 3) Project Description i. Cost of project and time of completion. ii. Products with capacities for the proposed project. iii. If expansion project, details of existing products with capacities and whether adequate land is available for expansion, reference of earlier EC if any. iv. List of raw materials required and their source along with mode of transportation. v. Other chemicals and materials required with quantities and storage capacities vi. Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous waste generation and their management. vii. Requirement of water, power, with source of supply, status of approval, water balance diagram, man-power requirement (regular and contract) viii. Process description along with major equipments and machineries, process flow sheet (quantative) from raw material to products to be provided. ix. Hazard identification and details of proposed safety systems. x. Expansion/modernization proposals: a. Copy of all the Environmental Clearance(s) including Amendments thereto obtained for the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall be attached as an Annexure. A certified copy of the latest Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing Iexisting operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report. b. In case the existing project has not obtained environmental clearance, reasons for not taking EC under the provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 and/or EIA Notification

225 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

2006 shall be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005-2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be submitted. 4) Site Details xiv. Location of the project site covering village, Taluka/Tehsil, District and State, Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered. i. A toposheet of the study area of radius of 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) ii. Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection of site iii. Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners of the site. iv. Google map-Earth downloaded of the project site. v. Layout maps indicating existing unit as well as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate. vi. Photographs of the proposed and existing (if applicable) plant site. If existing, show photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in particular. vii.Landuse break-up of total land of the project site (identified and acquired), government/ private - agricultural, forest, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (not required for industrial area) viii. A list of major industries with name and type within study area (10km radius) shall be incorporated. Land use details of the study area ix. Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area shall be included. x. Details of Drainage of the project upto 5km radius of study area. If the site is within 1 km radius of any major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xi. Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition is not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xii.R&R details in respect of land in line with state Government policy 5) Forest and wildlife related issues (if applicable): i. Permission and approval for the use of forest land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable)

226 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

ii. Landuse map based on High resolution satellite imagery (GPS) of the proposed site delineating the forestland (in case of projects involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii. Status of Application submitted for obtaining the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv. The projects to be located within 10 km of the National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden-thereon v. Wildlife Conservation Plan duly authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area vi. Copy of application submitted for clearance under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife 6) Environmental Status i. Determination of atmospheric inversion level at the project site and site-specific micrometeorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall. ii. AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. iii. Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 weeks of all stations as per frequency given in the NAQQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv. Surface water quality of nearby River (100m upstream and downstream of discharge point) and other surface drains at eight locations as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guidelines. v. Whether the site falls near to polluted stretch of river identified by the CPCB/MoEF&CC, if yes give details. vi. Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 locations shall be included. vii. Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations within the study area. viii. Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. ix. Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, frequency of vehicles for transportation of materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x. Detailed description of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule- I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. xi. Socio-economic status of the study area.

227 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

228 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

229 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12) Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. 13) 'A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance of above TOR.

B. SPECIFIC TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIASTUDIES FOR SUGAR INDUSTRY

1. Complete process flow diagram describing each unit, its processes and operation sinproduction of sugar, along with material and energy inputs and outputs (material and energy balance). 2. Details on water balance including quantity of effluent generated, recycled & reused. Effort stominimize effluent is charge and to maintain quality of receiving water body. 3. Details of effluent treatment plant, inlet and treated water quality with specific efficiency of each treatment unit in reduction in respect to fall concerned / regulated environmental parameters. 4. Numberofworkingdaysof thesugar productionunit. 5. Detailsoftheuseofsteamfromtheboiler. 6. Detailsofproposedsource-specificpollutioncontrol schemes andequipments to meet the national standards. 7. Collection, storage, handling and transportation of molasses, 8. Collection, storage and handling of bagasse and pressmud. 9. Flyash management plan for coal based and bagasse and action plan 10. Details on water quality parameter ssuchas Temperature, Colour, pH, BOD, COD, Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen, Phosphates, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solids, Total Coli form bacteria etc. 11. Details on existing ambient air quality and expected, stack and fugitive emissions for PM10, PM2.5, SO2*, NOx*, etc., and evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control devices to meet standards for point sources and to meet AAQ standards. (*-As applicable) ***

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ENCLOSURE –II Notification of Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary & relevant Maps

231 232 233 234 Figure: 1.4 Topographical Map Showing Distance Between Radhanagari WLS And PDDYPSSKL

235 Figure: 1.3 Project Setting w.r.t RWLS - ESZ

236

ENCLOSURE –III List of Distilleries which Receive Govt. Benefit Under National Bio Fuel Policy 2018

237 238 239 240 241 242