Aquatic Mammals 2009, 35(1), 48-54, DOI 10.1578/AM.35.1.2009.48

Asphyxiation in a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from Due to Choking on a Black Margate (Anisotremus surinamensis) Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni,1, 2 Raúl J. Rosario-Delestre,1, 3 Mayela M. Alsina-Guerrero,1, 4 Limarie Falcón-Matos,1 Liza Guzmán-Ramírez,1 Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,5 Gregory D. Bossart,6 and Joy S. Reidenberg7

1Red Caribeña de Varamientos, P.O. Box 361715, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936; E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 Dr. John Will Harris Road, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957 3Department of Natural Science, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 191293, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00919 4Western Illinois University–Quad Cities, 3561 60th Street, Moline, IL 61265, USA 5Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9013, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681 6The Correll Center for Aquatic Animal Health, Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA 7Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA

Abstract Introduction Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are found Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are com- in the coastal and offshore waters of Puerto Rico. monly found in the coastal and offshore waters of However, little is known about causes of their mortal- Puerto Rico (Mignucci-Giannoni, 1998; Roden ity in the . On 18 February 2002, a female & Mullin, 2000; Rodríguez-Ferrer, 2001; Swartz bottlenose dolphin was found dead in Bahía de San et al., 2001). Most of our knowledge about this Juan, Puerto Rico. Remarkably, a black margate species comes from surveys, sightings at sea, and (Anisotremus surinamensis) was firmly lodged in strandings. Bottlenose dolphins are the second the dolphin’s oral cavity and the pharynx. The throat most commonly stranded marine mammal species of the dolphin was markedly swollen; the larynx in Puerto Rico (Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1999). was dislocated; and signs of agonal death were evi- However, little is known about their mortality fac- dent. Grossly, the cause of death was determined tors in the Caribbean. Therefore, we describe a to be asphyxiation due to choking. Fifty strandings previously unreported non-anthropogenic mortal- of bottlenose dolphins have been reported between ity factor for this species in the Caribbean. 1937 and 2006 in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. In those for which a cause of death was determined, Materials and Methods four were human related and 11 died of natural causes (including this case). The present case study As part of a study by the Caribbean Stranding fits the definitions of “choking” and “asphyxia- Network to document and analyze marine tion.” The evolved respiratory anatomy of cetaceans mammal strandings and mortality in Puerto Rico in which the larynx is inserted into the nasal pas- and the Virgin Islands (Mignucci-Giannoni, 1996; sages leading to the blowhole makes asphyxiation Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1999), carcasses and due to choking unlikely in odontocetes. However, if alpha-level information (Geraci & Lounsbury, the larynx is irreversibly dislodged from its normal 2005) were collected for bottlenose dolphins position during swallowing, this may cause the dol- reported stranded or dead on shore. More detailed phin to stop breathing or even drown. Thus, respira- data were gathered opportunistically. Necropsies tory blockage from a natural prey item represents an following the protocol of Geraci & Lounsbury uncommon mortality factor associated with piscivo- were conducted on fresh and moderately decom- rous cetaceans and is the first record of such marine posed carcasses (codes 2 and 3) in an attempt to mammal mortality in the Caribbean. determine the cause of death and obtain life his- tory data in terms of morphometrics, sex, age, Key Words: asphyxia, choking, mortality, diet, disease signs, and parasitic fauna associated Caribbean, bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, with each event. Tissue sections from the lung, black margate, Anisotremus surinamensis heart, liver, spleen, multiple lymph nodes, thymus Bottlenose Dolphin Mortality Due to Choking on Fish 49

(if present), gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, of the oral cavity as the fish was swallowed head kidney, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, and skin first but dorsal-side down. The throat of the dol- were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered phin was swollen; the larynx was dislodged vent- formalin for histologic examination. The tissue rolaterally into the surface of the pharyngeal wall; samples were sectioned at 4 to 5 µm and stained and signs of agonal death (blood and froth) were with hematoxylin and eosin prior to microscopic evident in the larynx and nasal passages. No other examination. significant lesions were observed in any organs after thorough internal examination. Stomach Results contents included additional black margates of smaller size, striped mojarra (Eugerres plumieri), On 18 February 2002, a dead bottlenose dolphin yellow fin mojarra (Gerres cinereus), and squid was found floating off La Puntilla in Bahía de (Loligo sp.). Histopathologic analysis of organ San Juan, on the north-central coast of Puerto Rico tissues revealed that the dolphin had underlying (18° 27' 30" N, 66° 06' 59" W). The carcass was chronic and active disease processes involving the recovered for examination and a full necropsy. lungs, liver, and possibly the pancreas, which may The animal was in an early stage of decomposi- have been parasitic in origin, an incidental find- tion (code 2) as described by Geraci & Lounsbury ing in a wild dolphin unrelated to its fatal choking (2005). The dolphin was a lactating female in event. Both lungs floated in water, and this taken good body condition with no evidence of signifi- together with histopathology of the lung tissues cant external injuries, measuring 259 cm in total submitted, excluded drowning as part of the cause length and weighing 188 kg. A large fish, a black of death. No other significant lesions were noted. margate (Anisotremus surinamensis), measur- Grossly, the cause of death was determined to be ing 49.2 cm in length, was observed occupying asphyxiation due to choking. the mouth and pharyngeal cavity of the dolphin, extending from the tip of the dolphin’s rostrum Discussion into its throat (Figure 1). Only the tail and pos- terior portion of the body of the fish were clearly The present case report agrees with the definition visible through the open gape of the dolphin’s of “choking” (“partial or complete obstruction mouth. The fish was firmly lodged into the oral that interferes with swallowing and/or respira- and pharyngeal mucosa by its opposing dorsal tion”; Shiel & Conrad-Stöppler, 2008, p. 81). and anal fin spines. The fish’s dorsal spines were Furthermore, the result of choking as it relates lodged in the ventral aspect of the oral cavity, and to interfering with respiration is “asphyxiation” the anal fin spine was lodged in the dorsal aspect (extreme decrease in the concentration of oxygen

Figure 1. Black margate (Anisotremus surinamensis) visibly lodged in the throat of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from Puerto Rico 50 Mignucci-Giannoni et al. in the body or hypoxia) and ultimately “apnea” an agujon needlefish (Tylosurus acus acus) beak (no breathing). Cetaceans have evolved a unique penetrating the esophagus and migrating to the respiratory anatomy in which the larynx (epi- lung (Carrasquillo-Casado et al., 2002). glottis and the paired corniculate cartilages) is While choking and asphyxiation associated normally interlocked by an encircling palatopha- with the ingestion of fish in marine mammals ryngeal sphincter into the nasal passages leading appears to be common, it is infrequently reported. to the blowhole (nares) (Reidenberg & Laitman, Harmer (1927) reported that a bottlenose dolphin 1987). This intranarial laryngeal position com- in Britain was found dead after attempting to swal- pletely separates the respiratory and digestive low a 1.2 m shark. A harbor porpoise (Phocoena pathways, and makes asphyxiation due to choking phocoena) was reported to have choked to death very unlikely in odontocetes. on a gray smooth-hound (Mustelus californicus) in The dolphin in this case attempted to swallow California (Orr, 1937), and two harbor porpoises a very large prey item. The prey was apparently fatally choked on American shad (Alosa sapidis- larger than the maximum height of the piriform sima) in Washington State (Scheffer & Slipp, sinus (lateral food channel) and thus became 1948; Scheffer, 1953). Houck (1961) reported lodged in this location. Dolphins have asym- a Pacific whiteside dolphin (Lagenorhynchus metrical piriform sinuses (MacLeod et al., 2007), obliquidens) and Johnson & Ridgway (1969) This fish was swallowed along the smaller left reported on a bottlenose dolphin, both off the side, which may have contributed to it becoming coast of California, choking to death on prey entrapped. The dolphin’s likely response to this items. Stroud & Roffe (1979) reported on a north- blockage was to try to either force the obstructive ern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) in fish out or struggle to swallow it. An attempt to Oregon choking to death on a Pacific Ocean perch enlarge the height of the piriform sinus to accom- (Sebastes alutus) lodged in its pharynx. A short- modate the girth of the fish may have caused the beak common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the larynx to become uncoupled from the palatopha- Black Sea was reported to have died due to asphyx- ryngeal sphincter. Attempting to expel the fish iation after the aspiration of a fish (Krivokhizhin may have further dislodged the larynx from a mid- & Birkun, 1991). Barros & Odell (1995) indi- line position under the palatopharyngeal sphinc- cated that at least 16 Tursiops deaths in Florida ter, pushing it laterally against the pharyngeal were associated with the ingestion of typical prey wall. Displacing the larynx away from the nasal species. An Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella passageway exposes it to the digestive tract and frontalis) from Puerto Rico was also found dead may have caused the dolphin to stop breathing or with a sand diver (Synodus intermedius) lodged even drown (see Reidenberg & Laitman, 2007). in the esophagus (Mignucci-Giannoni, 1996), Further attempts to expel the fish likely resulted although it was not determined if this was related in forcing the dorsal and anal spines of the fish to the dolphin’s cause of death or if it was being into the pharyngeal mucosa, thus locking the fish regurgitated just before death. Berrow & Rogan in position. (1997) reported that a bottlenose dolphin stranded Asphyxiation by indirect blockage from on Ards Peninsula, Northern Ireland, had appar- ingested food superficially resembles the café ently choked to death on a small-spotted catshark coronary syndrome of humans (Mittleman & (Scyliorhinus canícula). Another bottlenose dol- Wetli, 1982; Byard et al., 2003; Wick et al., 2006) phin was found floating in Lake Pontchartrain, but with one major difference. In the human con- Louisiana, which upon necropsy was found to dition, the blockage is located at the entrance have died from asphyxiation due to larynx dis- of the larynx, with the food item often trapped placement by two fish in the esophagus (“Recent between the vocal folds. In this dolphin, however, Strandings,” 1997). Thinkquest Team (1998) the obstruction remained in the oropharynx. The reported the death of a bottlenose dolphin from glottal opening of the dolphin’s larynx, while not choking on a leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata). physically obstructed by the prey, was compro- A juvenile whitebeak dolphin (L. albirostris) in mised due to its aberrant position in the digestive Scotland attempted to swallow a ballan wrasse tract. Malpositioning of the larynx likely prevented (Labrus bergylta), which resulted in the fish being normal inspiration, resulting in asphyxiation. lodged in the pharynx, displacing the larynx from Both external and internal injuries from inter- the nasal recess, and, thus, its death (Scottish actions between dolphins and fish are common. Agricultural College, 2000). A minke whale Walsh et al. (1988) reported several cases of bot- (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Chesapeake Bay, tlenose dolphins with injuries caused by stingrays Maryland, was found dead, and upon necropsy, (Dasyatis americana, D. sabina). A bottlenose it was found to have choked on a 45-cm fish dolphin was reported in Puerto Rico to have died lodged in its airway (Knowles, 2000). In South from pneumonia and pleuritis as a consequence of Australia, an Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Bottlenose Dolphin Mortality Due to Choking on Fish 51 Cause of death U HR entanglement U U U HR capture U* U U N dependent calf U U N dependent calf U N dependent calf U U U HR shot/harpooned U U N illness U N illness U U N illness U U U HR entanglement U U U 2 1 2 1 2 4 2 5 3 1 2 4 3 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 4 U U U Code ------215 250 165 250 245 170 180 270 135 233 262 138 262 226 248 197 251 170 192 273 186 193 246 220 162 147 Total length (cm) Total F F F F F F F F F F U U U U U U U U U M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex Coordinates 18°27.0' N, 66°07.0' W 17°55.3' N, 67°06.3' W 17°57.8' N, 67°04.7' W 17°58.5' N, 66°37.5' W 18°28.7' N, 66°30.5' W 18°07.2' N, 67°11.9' W 18°29.0' N, 66.42.0' W 18°19.0' N, 64°42.0' W 17°44.8' N, 64°35.5' W 18°20.2' N, 64°41.9' W 18°08.2' N, 67°11.2' W 18°20.2' N, 64°55.5' W 18°28.5' N, 66°44.5' W 18°21.8' N, 65°37.5' W 17°57.7' N, 67°00.0' W 18°17.2' N, 65°17.0' W 17°57.3' N, 66°51.2' W 18°27.9' N, 66°08.3' W 17°56.2' N, 66°10.4' W 17°45.3' N, 64°43.1' W 17°58.1' N, 67°02.8' W 17°57.1' N, 66°36.1' W 17°53.1' N, 66°31.6' W 18°28.4' N, 66°29.0' W 17°59.0' N, 66°43.0' W 18°27.7' N, 66°07.2' W 18°27.9' N, 66°03.1' W 17°59.5' N, 67°12.8' W 18°29.1' N, 66°23.0' W 18˚26.7' N, 67˚09.6' W 18°00.5' N, 67°10.5' W 18°08.2' N, 65°46.3' W 18°29.1' N, 66°34.8' W 18°05.5' N, 65°30.4' W ) from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ) from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Locality Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Bahía de San Juan, PR Lajas, PR La Parguera, Cayo Margarita, Off Lajas, PR La Parguera, Isla Cueva, Ponce, PR La Poza de las Mujeres, Manatí, PR Cabo Rojo, PR Joyuda, Off Arecibo, PR St. John, USVI Folly, John’s St. Croix, USVI Bay, Jack’s St. John, USVI Coral Bay, Zootenvale, Cabo Rojo, PR Punta Arenas, Joyuda, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, USVI Main Harbor, Playa de Arecibo, PR PR Las Croabas, Fajardo, Lajas, PR E of Mattei Island, La Parguera, Isla de Culebra, PR Ensenada Dakity, PR Playa Ballenas, Yauco, Baja, PR Isla de Cabra, Bahía San Juan, Toa Playa Jobos, Guayama, PR Little Princess Beach, Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI Lajas, PR SW of Isla Magueyes, Playa Santa Cruz, Ponce, PR , Ponce, PR Playa Larga, Manatí, PR Playa Los Tubos, SE of Peñoncillo, Peñuelas, PR La Puntilla, Bahía de San Juan, PR San Juan, PR Playa de Ocean Park, Punta Melones, Cabo Rojo, PR Baja, PR Club Nautico, Vega Crash Boat, Aguadilla, PR Bahía de Boquerón, Cabo Rojo, PR Cayo Santiago and Batata, Humacao, PR Off Barceloneta, PR Sector Verdum, PR Playa Grande, Isla de Vieques, Date 30 March 1937 1950 April 1963 1978 1979 3 May 1979 3 April 1981 3 May 1981 20 Aug 1981 12 Oct 1981 1983 1986 Winter 8 Sept 1987 27 June 1992 23 Jan 1994 Dec 1994 1994 24 Nov 14 Feb 1995 9 Jan 1996 8 May 1996 17 Oct 1996 16 July 1998 29 July 1998 29 July 1998 9 Aug 1998 10 June 1999 4 July 1999 21 July 1999 23 Aug 1999 25 Aug 1999 3 Jan 2000 16 May 2000 21 June 2000 17 Aug 2000 Stranding cases of bottlenose dolphins ( Field number NEPST020 NEPST048 NEPST006 NEPST022 NEPST023 NEPST027 NEPST024 NEPST025 NEPST016 NEPST361 NEPST062 NEPST083 NEPST089 NEPST191 NEPST314 NEPST454 NEPST372 NEPST373 NEPST486 NEPST511 NEPST522 NEPST383 NEPST375 NEPST381 NEPST415 NEPST549 NEPST550 NEPST555 NEPST558 NEPST554 NEPST596 NEPST603 NEPST604 NEPST608 Table 1. Table 52 Mignucci-Giannoni et al. Cause of death U N dependent calf U U U U U N choking & asphyxiation U U N dependent calf N dependent calf U N illness U U 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 4 3 4 2 U Code -- 214 130 147 220 148 230 210 259 250 130 111 113 226 250 200 Total length (cm) Total F F F F F F F F U M M M M M M M Sex Coordinates 18°27.2' N, 66°03.0' W 18°09.5' N, 65°26.0' W 17°58.3' N, 67°04.3' W 18°28.2' N, 66°07.1' W 18°10.3' N, 65°44.4' W 17°57.5' N, 66°17.9' W 18°00.0' N, 67°12.2' W 18°27.5' N, 66°06.9' W 18°00.3' N, 67°11.5' W 18°13.5' N, 65°35.5' W 17°57.4' N, 67°02.5' W 17°41.2' N, 64°49.3' W 18°05.5' N, 65°28.0' W 18°26.5' N, 66°07.5' W 18°27.8' N, 66°08.4' W 18°28.0' N, 66°07.4' W Locality W of Punta Las Marías, San Juan, PR PR Isla de Vieques, Isabel Segunda, Lajas, PR Bahía Los Negrones, Playa Subibaja, La Perla, San Juan, PR W of Rio Blanco, Humacao, PR SW of Punta Salinas, PR Playa Los Pozos, Boquerón, Cabo Rojo, PR La Puntilla, Bahía de San Juan, PR Playa Los Pozos, Cabo Rojo, PR Punta Puerca, Ceiba, PR Lajas, PR Cayo Enrique, La Parguera, E of Long Pt., St. Croix, USVI PR Isla de Vieques, Cayo de Tierra, Punta Cataño, Bahía de San Juan, PR Off Seco, Bahía de San Juan, Cataño, PR S of Palo El Morro, Bahía de San Juan, PR Date 20 Sept 2000 2000 1 Nov 15 March 2001 17 April 2001 3 June 2001 5 Jan 2002 5 Feb 2002 18 Feb 2002 4 March 2002 13 Sept 2002 1 Sept 2003 8 Oct 2003 2003 19 Nov 13 Dec 2004 18 April 2005 7 Dec 2006 Field number NEPST610 NEPST613 NEPST616 NEPST618 NEPST622 NEPST641 NEPST833 NEPST834 NEPST835 NEPST849 NEPST869 NEPST870 NEPST874 NEPST898 NEPST903 NEPST931 Table 1 (cont.) Table Locality: PR = Puerto Rico, USVI = U.S. Islands; Virgin Sex: F = female, M = male, U = undetermined; animals stranded carcass; Cause of death: HR = human related, N natural, U undetermined, * two decomposition, 5 = mummified Codes: 1 = alive, 2 = fresh, 3 = moderately decomposed, 4 = advanced Bottlenose Dolphin Mortality Due to Choking on Fish 53

(T. aduncus) was found dead with a cobbler car- and Environmental Resources and the U.S. Virgin petshark (Sutorectus tentaculatus) obstructing Islands Department of Planning and Natural its upper aerodigestive tract (Byard et al., 2003; Resources. We gratefully acknowledge the assis- Kemper et al., 2005). In Florida, two bottlenose tance of Caribbean Stranding Network participants, dolphins died of asphyxiation due to an esopha- students, and volunteers in tending to strandings geal obstruction—one with a striped mojarra and collecting samples. This research was funded and the second with a non-native blackchin tila- in part by the National Science Foundation and pia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) (Bossart et al., a grant from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2003; Mazzoil et al., 2008). Another bottlenose Legislature. We appreciate the valuable comments dolphin in Galveston, Texas, died from complete of Dr. R. A. Varela and an anonymous reviewer laryngeal displacement and asphyxiation as it was during the review process of the article. trying to swallow a large beheaded sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) (Watson & Gee, Literature Cited 2005). A bottlenose dolphin was also found dead with a great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) Barros, N. B., & Odell, D. K. (1995). Prey-induced mortal- halfway in its throat in Belize (C. W. Potter, pers. ity in coastal bottlenose dolphins from the southeastern comm.), but it was not concluded if the lodged United States. In Abstracts of XX Reunión Internacional fish was the actual cause of death or contributed para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Marinos. La Paz, Baja to the demise of the animal. California Sur, México. Incidental ingestion of anthropogenic debris Berrow, S. D., & Rogan, E. (1997). Review of cetaceans may also cause mortality involving choking and stranded on the Irish coast, 1901-95. Mammal Review, asphyxia. Two bottlenose dolphins in Florida 27, 51-76. were reported to have died from asphyxiation Bossart, G. D., Meisner, R., Varela, R. A., Mazzoil, M. S., due to laryngeal entrapment (monofilament line McCulloch, S., Kilpatrick, D., et al. (2003). Pathologic tightly wrapped around the larynx) (Gorzelany, findings in stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins 1998). Đuras Gomerˇci´c et al. (in press) reported (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, a gillnet ingestion by a bottlenose dolphin in the Florida. Florida Scientist, 66, 226-238. Adriatic Sea that resulted in larynx strangulation, Byard, R. W., Gilbert, J. D., Gibbs, S. E., & Kemper, and therefore death by asphyxiation. C. M. (2003). Cetacean café coronary. Journal of Fifty strandings of bottlenose dolphins have Clinical Forensic Medicine, 10, 85-88. been reported between 1937 and 2006 in Puerto Carrasquillo-Casado, B., Alsina-Guerrero, M., Cardona- Rico and the Virgin Islands (see Table 1). Accuracy Maldonado, M. A., Williams, E. H., Jr., & Mignucci- in determining the cause of death depends upon Giannoni, A. A. (2002). Fatal pneumonia and pleuritis the degree of decomposition when the carcass is caused by a needlefish beak penetration in a bottlenose examined. For those specimens in which a cause dolphin from Puerto Rico. Journal of Aquatic Animal of death was determined, four were human related Health, 14, 65-67. (e.g., accidental entanglement, deliberate hunting) Đuras Gomerˇci´c, M., Galov, A., Gomerˇci´c, T., Skrti´c, D., and 11 died of natural causes. Natural death causes Curkovi´c,´ S., Luci´c, H., et al. (In press). Bottlenose for bottlenose dolphins in Puerto Rico included dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) depredation resulting in six dependent calves, pulmonary carcinoma in one larynx strangulation with gill-net parts. Marine Mammal adult (Ewing & Mignucci-Giannoni, 2003), severe Science, 25. pneumonia in two adults (Carrasquillo-Casado Ewing, R. Y., & Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. (2003). A poorly et al., 2002), and choking in one adult (the case differentiated pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma in a report presented here). No similar cases of chok- free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops trun- ing or asphyxia have been observed in over 150 catus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, marine mammal strandings documented in Puerto 15, 162-165. Rico and the Virgin Islands since 1985 (Mignucci- Geraci, J. R., & Lounsbury, V. J. (2005). Marine mammals Giannoni et al., 1999, 2000). Asphyxiation by ashore: A field guide for strandings. Galveston: Texas choking on a natural prey item represents an A&M Sea Grant. 371 pp. uncommon mortality factor in the Caribbean asso- Gorzelany, J. F. (1998). Unusual deaths of two free-rang- ciated with piscivorous cetaceans that needs to be ing Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) considered and reported when conducting post- related to ingestion of recreational fishing gear. Marine mortem examinations in these tropical waters. Mammal Science, 14, 614-617. Harmer, S. F. (1927). Report on cetacea stranded on the Acknowledgments British coasts from 1913 to 1926 (Report No. 10). London: British Museum (Natural History). 91 pp. Carcass salvage was conducted under the Houck, W. J. (1961). Notes on the Pacific striped porpoise. authority of Puerto Rico’s Department of Natural Journal of Mammalogy, 42, 107. 54 Mignucci-Giannoni et al.

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