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Revista Teologia 2016 .Indd Artigos SÃO PIO X E A CÚRIA ROMANA* ST. PIUS X AND THE ROMAN CURIA Federico Marti ** RESUMO: No centenario da morte do Papa Pio X, analisa-se a história de uma das mais importantes reformas realizada pelo Pontífice em ambito canônistico: aquela da cúria romana. O artigo percorre a origem e as reformas desta instituição, para deter-se sobre a importancia da reforma plena, que assinala uma reviravolta em direção à modernidade de uma instituição secular a serviço da Igreja universal. PALAVRAS CHAVES: cúria romana; dicastério; congregação. 165 ABSTRACT: On the occasion of the centenary of the death of Pope Pius X, the article takes up one of the very important reforms undertaken by the Pontiff em the area of Canon Law: that of the Roman Curia. The genesis and the reform of this important institution are examined. Its importance is emphasized, as the turning point towards the modernity of a secular institution at the service of the universal Church. KEY WORDS: Roman Curia; dicastery; congregation. * Conferencia pronunciada dia 11 de janeiro de 2014 por ocasião do Congresso sobre “As reforma s de São Pio X: o direito canônico e a cúria romana” organizado por ocasião das celebrações do centenario da morte de Giuseppe Sarto, e publicado por Ephemerides iuris canonici 54 (2014) 395-413, que gentilmente autorizou a edição em português. ** Federico Marti, leigo, laureado em Jurisprudencia (Perugia), curso de formação doutoral Socrates-Gratianus (Faculté Jean Monnet Université Paris Sud, e Institut Catholique de Paris), graduado no Studium della Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi, Doutor em Direito Canônico (Pontiíicia Universidade da Santa Croce (Roma) membro dla Consociatio Internationalis Studio Iuris Canonici e Advocado da Rota. 1. O que é a cúria romana È bem conhecido dos canonistas como aqueles que, por motivos diversos, se interessam sobre as instituições centrais de governo da Igreja católica, o ditado curia romana semper reformanda est. Para compreender quão importante e decisiva foi a obra reformadora de São Pio X em relação à cúria romana, é necessario antes de tudo ter bem claro o que se entende por cúria romana1. Na normativa vigente é possível encontrar duas definições que, apesar de identicas na substancia, se contrapõe por uma nuance diversa2 2. Enquanto essa presente no can. 360 do Código Latino de 19833 ressalta a ’unidade e instrumentalidade da cúria romana e a sua partecipação no esercicio do ministero petrino (Curia Romana, qua negotia Ecclesiae universae Summus Pontifex expedire solet et qua nomine et auctoritate ipsius munus explet), aquela contida no art. 1 da «Pastor Bonus»4 ressalta frequentemente o fato que ela conta com uma pluralidade de sujeitos distintos apesar de reunidos (Curia Romana complexus est Dicasteriorum et Institutorum) que prestam ajuda ao Papa no cumprimento do seu serviço (quæ 166 Romano Pontifici adiutricem operam navant em exercitio eius supremi pastoralis muneris). A atual concepção de cúria romana consagrada nas normas vigentes é a conquista de um processo de instituzionalização do serviço de colaboração ao ministério petrino, num papel determinante que teve a obra reformadora de São Pio X. A constituição apostólica «Sapienti Consilio» de 29 de junho de 1908 1 Para uma síntese eficiente sobre a configuração da cúria romana precedente das atuais intervenções do Santo Padre Francisco, cf. J. I. ARRIETA, «Curia Romana», em Diccionario general de direito canônico, ed. J. Otaduy – A. Viana – J. Sedano, Pamplona 2012, 862-871. 2 A sensibilidade diferente que anima o Código oriental de 1990 não só deixou ausente uma norma específica para a cúria romana, mas com que ela seja considerada um instrumento “secundário” para ajudar o Romano Pontífice no exercício do seu ministério universal, onde ao invez dos instrumentos “primários” são os bispos e o Sinodo dos bispos, como se evidencia claramente da leitura do can. 46 § 1: «In eius munere exercendo Romano Pontifici praesto sunt Episcopi, qui eidem cooperatricem operam dare possunt variis rationibus, inter quas est Synodus Episcoporum; auxilio praeterea ei sunt Patres Cardinales, Curia Romana, Legati pontificii necnon aliae personae itemque varia secundum necessitates temporum instituta; quae personae omnes et instituta nomine et auctoritate eiusdem munus sibi commissum explent in bonum omnium Ecclesiarum secundum normas ab ipso Romano Pontifice statutas». 3 Can. 360 do Código de 1983: «Curia Romana, qua negotia Ecclesiae universae Summus Pontifex expedire solet et qua nomine et auctoritate ipsius munus explet em bonum et em servitium Ecclesiarum, constat Secretaria Status seu Papali, Consilio pro públicis Ecclesiae negotiis, Congregationibus, Tribunalibus, aliisque Institutis, quorum omnium constitutio et competentia lege peculiari definiuntur». 4 Art. 1 da constituição apostólica «Pastor Bonus»: «Curia Romana complexus est Dicasteriorum et Institutorum,quæ Romano Pontifici adiutricem operam navant em exercitio eius supremi pastoralis muneris ad Ecclesiæ Universæ Ecclesiarumque particularium bonum ac servitium, quo quidem unitas fidei et communio populi dos roboratur atque missio Ecclesiæ propria in mundo promovetur». representa de fato o ponto de virada para evolução no sentido moderno da cúria romana, evolução que a constituição apostólica Regimini Ecclesiae Universae» de 15 agosto 1967 de Paulo VI com o seu artigo 1 § 1 (Curia Romana, qua Summus Pontifex negotia Ecclesiae universae expedire solet, constat Congregationibus, Tribunalibus, Officiis et Secretariatibus) representa o êxito final, aperfeiçoada depois pelo Código Latino e pela Const. Ap. «Pastor bonus» de 28 de junho de 1988. 2. Origem da cúria romana Nos séculos sucessivos à pacificação constantiniana, a cúria romana quanto às dimensões e competencias não difere substancialmente das outras cúrias diocesanas. Só com o progressivo discernimento eclesial sobre o papel peculiar do bispo de Roma se começa um processo pelo qual a cúria romana começa a estruturar-se e expandir-se5, e um numero crescente de clérigos (mas também de leigos) é chamado para ajudar o Papa para a expedição das incumbencias sempre mais numerosas. A reforma gregoriana (séc. XI) e o apogeu do papado entre os 167 pontificados de Inocencio III (Lotario dei Conti di Segni, 1198-1216) e Bonifacio VIII (Benedetto Cateani, 1294-1303) dão um passo à frente nas competências e nos poderes de que está revestida a cúria romana que, por consequência, começa sempre mais a estruturar-se, ainda que certamente não seja mesmo possível falar de dicastérios no sentido odierno do termo. Existem funções e tarefas confiadas às pessoas individuais ou a um colegiado de pessoas, em geral: porém não em modo estável e muito menos exclusivo. Frequentemente se trata de questão contingente confiada ad casum. Em consequencia quando o serviço está completo, acaba a função dada àquela pessoa física ou mesmo se extingue o organismo com a relativa tarefa. Como foi bem evidenciato por um famoso estudioso, neste período ainda se está na presença, portanto, de uma cúria de pessoas e não de uma cúria de dicastérios6. O processo de centralização do governo da Igreja no período posterior ao Concilio de Trento se acentua, determinando uma posterior dilatação das estruturas curiais7. 5 De fato «a cúria se desenvolve em relação às diversas exigencias históricas do papado e segundo um processo de conversão dos orgãos da Igreja romana em orgãos centrais da Igreja universal», C. FANTAPPIÈ, Storia dell diritto canonico e delle istituzioni della Chiesa, Bologna 2011,144. 6 A. STICKLER, «Le riforme della curia nella storia della Chiesa», in La curia Romana nella Cost. Ap. «Pastor Bonus», ed. P. A. Bonnet – C. Gullo, Cidade do Vaticano 1990, 1-15 (em especial 5-6). 7 Para uma breve síntese sobre o processo de centralização, cf. P. TORQUEBIAU, «Curie Romaine», in Dictionnaire de Droit Canonique, vol. 4, ed. R. Naz, Paris 1949, coll. 971-1007 (em especial col. 982-986). Não menos, gradualmente começam a se consolidar organismos permanente com funções estáveis sobretudo em relação a questões que tendem a ser fequentes8. Deve-se ressaltar porém que tudo acontece não como resultado de um planejamento teórico elaborado nos gabinetes, mas em força de exigencias conjunturais, especialmente econômicas e disciplinares que requerem e determinam mudanças estruturais na curia. Isto explica o porquê os primeiros dicastérios a se delinearem são os Ofícios e os Tribunais e não as Congregações. De fato, são as próprias matérias jurídicas, disciplinares, econômicas e organizativas que exigem uma dedicação a tempo pleno (Canceleria, Câmara Apostólica , Dataria, Penitenciária, Rota Romana, Assinatura Apostólica ), apesar das questões de fé e moral, as quais são normalmente afrontadas nos concílios gerais, plenários ou provinciais9. A estabilização das funções assinala pois que a transição do lento processo de transformação duma cúria de pessoas para uma cúria de dicastérios, isto é da passagem de uma cúria formada por sujeitos de jurisdição (pessoas físicas 168 individuais ou reunidas em colegiados) para escritórios/agencias de jurisdição10. 3. Reformas da cúria romana Numerosas no curso do tempo foram as intervenções dos Romanos Pontefíces sobre a estrutura da cúria romana, mas todas muito parciais e de dimensão limitada. Em geral, costuma-se indicar constituição apostólica «Immensa aeterni Dei» de Sisto V de 22 janeiro de 1588 como a primeira verdadeira intervenção reformadora de grande fôlego na cúria romana, que permanece de fato o único até à constituição apostólica «Sapienti
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