Planetary Ring Systems Edited by Matthew S

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11382-4 — Planetary Ring Systems Edited by Matthew S. Tiscareno , Carl D. Murray Frontmatter More Information

Planetary Ring Systems Properties, Structure, and Evolution

Planetary rings are among the most intriguing structures of our solar system and have fas- cinated generations of astronomers. Collating emerging knowledge in the field, this volume reviews our current understanding of ring systems with reference to the rings of Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and more. Written by leading experts, the history of ring research and the basics of ring-particle orbits is followed by a review of the known planetary ring systems. All aspects of ring system science are described in detail, including specific dynamical processes, types of structures, thermal properties, their origins, and investigations using computer simulations and laboratory experiments. The concluding chapters discuss the prospects of future missions to planetary rings, the ways in which ring science informs and is informed by the study of other astrophysical disks, and a perspective on the field’s future. Researchers of all levels benefit from this thorough and engaging presentation.

MATTHEW S. TISCARENO is a Senior Research Scientist at the SETI Institute, California. He is a Participating Scientist and an Imaging Team Associate with the Cassini- Huygens mission. His research output includes solar system dynamics and space-based observations of the outer solar system.

CARL D. MURRAYis Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Queen Mary Univer- sity of London. He has contributed to numerous ring and moon discoveries as an original member of the Imaging Team with the Cassini-Huygens mission and he is co-author of the textbook Solar System Dynamics (1999).

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11382-4 — Planetary Ring Systems Edited by Matthew S. Tiscareno , Carl D. Murray Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge Planetary Science

Series Editors: Fran Bagenal, David Jewitt, Carl Murray, Jim Bell, Ralph Lorenz, Francis Nimmo, Sara Russell

Books in the series: 1. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere† Edited by Bagenal, Dowling and McKinnon 978-0-521-03545-3 2. Meteorites: A Petrologic, Chemical and Isotopic Synthesis† Hutchison 978-0-521-03539-2 3. The Origin of Chondrules and Chondrites† Sears 978-1-107-40285-0 4. Planetary Rings† Esposito 978-1-107-40247-8 5. The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-Based Analogs† Edited by Chapman 978-0-521-20659-4 6. The Surface of Mars Carr 978-0-521-87201-0 7. Volcanism on Io: A Comparison with Earth† Davies 978-1-107-66540-8 8. Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere Barlow 978-0-521-85226-5 9. The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy and Physical Properties Edited by Bell 978-0-521-86698-9 10. Planetary Crusts: Their Composition, Origin and Evolution† Taylor and McLennan 978-0-521-14201-4 11. Planetary Tectonics† Edited by Watters and Schultz 978-0-521-74992-3 12. Protoplanetary Dust: Astrophysical and Cosmochemical Perspectives† Edited by Apai and Lauretta 978-0-521-51772-0 13. Planetary Surface Processes Melosh 978-0-521-51418-7 14. Titan: Interior, Surface, Atmosphere and Space Environment Edited by Müller-Wodarg, Grifﬁth, Lellouch and Cravens 978-0-521-19992-6 15. Planetary Rings: A Post-Equinox View (Second edition) Esposito 978-1-107-02882-1 16. Planetesimals: Early Differentiation and Consequences for Planets Edited by Elkins-Tanton and Weiss 978-1-107-11848-5 17. Asteroids: Astronomical and Geological Bodies Burbine 978-1-107-09684-4 18. The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars Edited by Haberle, Clancy, Forget, Smith and Zurek 978-1-107-01618-7 19. Planetary Ring Systems Edited by Tiscareno and Murray 978-1-107-11382-4

† Reissued as a paperback

PLANETARY RING SYSTEMS Properties, Structure, and Evolution

Edited by

MATTHEW S. TISCARENO SETI Institute

CARL D. MURRAY Queen Mary University of London

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Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107113824 © Cambridge University Press 2018 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2018 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Names: Tiscareno, Matthew S., editor. | Murray, Carl D., editor. Title: Planetary ring systems : properties, structure, and evolution / edited by Matthew S. Tiscareno, SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA, and Carl D. Murray, Queen Mary University of London, London, England. Description: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references. Identiﬁers: LCCN 2017018751 | ISBN 9781107113824 Subjects: LCSH: Planetary rings. | Outer planets. Classiﬁcation: LCC QB603.R55 P528 2017 | DDC 523.9/8–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017018751 ISBN 978-1-107-11382-4 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/planetaryringsystems Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

List of Contributors page vii Acknowledgements x

I Introductory Material 1 1 Space Age Studies of Planetary Rings 3 L . W . ESPOSITO AND M. DE STEFANO 2 An Introduction to Planetary Ring Dynamics 30 M . M . HEDMAN

II Ring Systems by Location 49 3 The Rings of Saturn 51 J . N . CUZZI, G . FILACCHIONE, AND E. A . MAROUF 4 The Rings of Uranus 93 P . D . NICHOLSON, I . DE PATER, R . G . FRENCH, AND M. R . SHOWALTER 5 The Rings of Neptune 112 I . DE PATER, S . RENNER, M . R . SHOWALTER, AND B. SICARDY 6 The Rings of Jupiter 125 I . DE PATER, D . P . HAMILTON, M . R . SHOWALTER, H . B . THROOP, AND J. A . BURNS 7 Rings Beyond the Giant Planets 135 B . SICARDY, M . EL MOUTAMID, A . C . QUILLEN, P . M . SCHENK, M . R . SHOWALTER, AND K. WALSH

III Ring Systems by Type and Topic 155 8 Moonlets in Dense Planetary Rings 157 F . SPAHN, H . HOFFMANN, H . REIN, M . SEISS, M . SREMCEVIˇ C´ , AND M. S . TISCARENO 9 Meteoroid Bombardment and Ballistic Transport in Planetary Rings 198 P . R . ESTRADA, R . H . DURISEN, AND H. N . LATTER 10 Theory of Narrow Rings and Sharp Edges 225 P .-Y. LONGARETTI 11 Narrow Rings, Gaps, and Sharp Edges 276 P . D . NICHOLSON, R . G . FRENCH, AND J. N . SPITALE

vi Contents

12 Dusty Rings 308 M . M . HEDMAN, F . POSTBERG, D . P . HAMILTON, S . RENNER, AND H.-W . HSU 13 The F Ring of Saturn 338 C . D . MURRAY AND R. S . FRENCH 14 Plasma, Neutral Atmosphere, and Energetic Radiation Environments of Planetary Rings 363 J . F . COOPER, R . E . JOHNSON, P . KOLLMANN, E . ROUSSOS, AND E . C . SITTLER 15 Thermal Properties of Rings and Ring Particles 399 L . J . SPILKER, C . FERRARI, N . ALTOBELLI, S . PILORZ, AND R . MORISHIMA 16 Computer Simulations of Planetary Rings 434 H . SALO, K . OHTSUKI, AND M. C . LEWIS 17 Laboratory Studies of Planetary Ring Systems 494 J . E . COLWELL, J . BLUM, R . N . CLARK, S . KEMPF, AND R . M . NELSON 18 The Origin of Planetary Ring Systems 517 S . CHARNOZ, R . M . CANUP, A . CRIDA, AND L. DONES

IV Concluding Material 539 19 Future Missions to Planetary Rings 541 T . R . SPILKER 20 Planetary Rings and Other Astrophysical Disks 549 H . N . LATTER, G . I . OGILVIE, AND H. REIN 21 The Future of Planetary Rings Studies 577 M . S . TISCARENO AND C. D . MURRAY

Index 580

Color plates section can be found between pages 182 and 183.

CONTRIBUTORS

NICOLAS ALTOBELLI MARTINA DE STEFANO European Space Agency Queen Mary University of London Madrid, SPAIN London, ENGLAND

JÜRGEN BLUM LUKE DONES Technische Universität Braunschweig Southwest Research Institute Braunschweig, GERMANY Boulder, Colorado, USA

JOSEPH A. BURNS RICHARD H. DURISEN Cornell University Indiana University Ithaca, New York, USA Bloomington, Indiana, USA

ROBIN M. CANUP MARYAME EL MOUTAMID Southwest Research Institute Cornell University Boulder, Colorado, USA Ithaca, New York, USA

SÉBASTIEN CHARNOZ LARRY W. ESPOSITO Université Paris-Diderot and Institut University of Colorado de Physique du Globe Boulder, Colorado, USA Paris, FRANCE PAUL R. ESTRADA ROGER N. CLARK SETI Institute Planetary Science Institute Mountain View, California, USA Tucson, Arizona, USA CECILE FERRARI JOSHUA E. COLWELL Université Paris-Diderot University of Central Florida Paris, FRANCE Orlando, Florida, USA GIANRICO FILACCHIONE JOHN F. COOPER INAF-IAPS Institute for Space NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Astrophysics and Planetology Greenbelt, Maryland, USA Rome, ITALY

AURÉLIEN CRIDA RICHARD G. FRENCH Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur Wellesley College Nice, FRANCE Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA

JEFFREY N. CUZZI ROBERT S. FRENCH NASA Ames Research Center SETI Institute Moffett Field, California, USA Mountain View, California, USA

IMKE DE PATER DOUGLAS P. HAMILTON University of California, Berkeley University of Maryland Berkeley, California, USA College Park, Maryland, USA

viii Contributors

MATTHEW M. HEDMAN KEIJI OHTSUKI University of Idaho Kobe University Moscow, Idaho, USA Kobe, JAPAN

HOLGER HOFFMANN STUART PILORZ University of Potsdam SETI Institute Potsdam, GERMANY Mountain View, California, USA

HSIANG- WEN HSU FRANK POSTBERG University of Colorado University of Heidelberg Boulder, Colorado, USA Heidelberg, GERMANY

ROBERT E. JOHNSON ALICE C. QUILLEN University of Virginia University of Rochester Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Rochester, New York, USA

SASCHA KEMPF HANNO REIN University of Colorado University of Toronto Boulder, Colorado, USA Toronto, Ontario, CANADA

PETER KOLLMANN STÉFAN RENNER Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory University of Lille Laurel, Maryland, USA Lille, FRANCE

HENRIK N. LATTER ELIAS ROUSSOS Cambridge University Max Planck Institute for Solar System Studies Cambridge, ENGLAND Göttingen, GERMANY

MARK C. LEWIS HEIKKI SALO Trinity University University of Oulu San Antonio, Texas, USA Oulu, FINLAND

PIERRE- YVES LONGARETTI PAUL M. SCHENK Université Grenoble Alpes Lunar and Planetary Institute Grenoble, FRANCE Houston, Texas, USA

ESSAM A. MAROUF MARTIN SEISS San Jose State University University of Potsdam San Jose, California, USA Potsdam, GERMANY

RYUJI MORISHIMA MARK R. SHOWALTER University of California, Los Angeles SETI Institute Los Angeles, California, USA Mountain View, California, USA

CARL D. MURRAY BRUNO SICARDY Queen Mary University of London Observatoire de Paris and University Pierre et Marie Curie London, ENGLAND Paris, FRANCE

ROBERT M. NELSON EDWARD C. SITTLER Planetary Science Institute NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Tucson, Arizona, USA Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

PHILIP D. NICHOLSON FRANK SPAHN Cornell University University of Potsdam Ithaca, New York, USA Potsdam, GERMANY

GORDON I. OGILVIE LINDA J. SPILKER Cambridge University NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cambridge, ENGLAND Pasadena, California, USA

Contributors ix

THOMAS R. SPILKER HENRY B. THROOP NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) Planetary Science Institute Pasadena, California, USA Tucson, Arizona, USA

JOSEPH N. SPITALE MATTHEW S. TISCARENO Planetary Science Institute SETI Institute Tucson, Arizona, USA Mountain View, California, USA

MIODRAG SREMCEVIˇ C´ KEVIN WALSH University of Colorado Southwest Research Institute Boulder, Colorado, USA Boulder, Colorado, USA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The field of research on planetary ring systems has progressed Matt Hedman, and Phil Nicholson for leading two chapters tremendously since the magisterial 1984 book Planetary Rings, apiece. We also acknowledge (though we will keep their names edited by Rick Greenberg and André Brahic, was published by anonymous) those who provided external peer reviews for the the University of Arizona Press. That book was based primarily chapters in this book, helping to ensure that the views rep- on the then-recent flybys of Jupiter and Saturn by four space- resented are scientifically responsible. This is an important craft, first Pioneer 10 and 11 and then the blockbusters Voyager service to the community, and we are grateful. 1 and 2, which brought the first sophisticated scientific equip- We benefited greatly from the advice and support of the Sci- ment to those planets and revolutionized our understanding of entific Advisory Team for this book, which consisted of Joe ring systems. Since that time, not only did Voyager 2 proceed Burns, Jeff Cuzzi, Larry Esposito, and Phil Nicholson. They on from Jupiter and Saturn to also visit Uranus and Neptune, helped us to develop our ideas for the chapters and their authors, but the Galileo mission spent nearly 8 years at Jupiter (1995– and offered us encouragement when it was needed. 2003), several other spacecraft flew past targets in the outer M.S.T. specifically acknowledges the financial support of solar system, and the capabilities of Earth-based telescopes, the Cassini Project, led by Project Scientist Linda Spilker, for laboratory experiments, and computer simulations dramatically enabling him to complete his portion of the editorial work for increased. Most spectacularly, the Cassini spacecraft arrived at this book. He also acknowledges support from NASA’s Cassini Saturn in 2004 and continues its work of revolutionizing our Data Analysis Program (NNX16AH91 and NNX16AI33G), understanding of ringed planets for a second time. as well as logistical support from Cornell University and the Despite the volumes of new data and the marked advances in SETI Institute. C.D.M. was supported by the UK Science and understanding over the past 30 years, the 1984 Greenberg and Technology Facilities Council (Grant No. ST/F007566/1) and Brahic book remains a classic, such that nearly every planetary is grateful to them for financial assistance. rings researcher has it on her or his bookshelf and consults it We thank Vince Higgs and his colleagues at Cambridge Uni- periodically. We gladly take this opportunity to pay tribute to versity Press for working with us to develop a plan for the book Rick and André (and to sadly acknowledge André’s passing last and for patiently awaiting its completion, providing information year), along with their team of authors, for producing a piece of and help as needed along the way. scholarship that has stood the test of time. We earnestly hope Finally, we thank our families for their abiding love and that the present volume will live up to their example. support. This book has been a tremendous team effort, and we warmly thank the planetary rings research community for pulling together to bring it to pass. Of the 58 authors listed Matthew S. Tiscareno Carl D. Murray on the preceding pages, we particularly thank Imke de Pater, Sunnyvale, California London, England