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UNIVERSITY OF ARTS IN BELGRADE Center for Interdisciplinary studies UNIVERSITE LUMIERE LYON 2 Faculté d'Anthropologie et de Sociologie UNESCO Chair in Cultural Policy and Management Master thesis: REDEFINED SILK ROADS: POTENTIALS OF CULTURAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN SERBIA AND PR CHINA by: Ivana Elezović Supervisor: Milena Dragićević-Šešić, PhD Co-Supervisor: Radosav Pušić, PhD Belgrade, August 2009 CONTENTS: Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 6 Credits ................................................................................................................................ 6 Ré s u mé .............................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 13 I HISTORICAL PREVIEW ..................................................................... 15 1.1. First cultural contacts: The value of itinerary literature .......................................... 15 1.2. History of political relations .................................................................................... 16 1.3. History of cultural relations ..................................................................................... 21 1.3.1. Diagram of interdependence of political and cultural relations through history .......................................................................................................... 25 1.3.2. Recent cultural exchanges: Content analysis ............................................... 27 1.4. Cultural exchange in the field of cinematography ................................................... 30 1.4.1. “Valter defends Sarajevo”, a phenomenon of culture ................................ 33 II CURENT SITUATION ANALYSIS ................................................... 35 2.1. Contemporary cultural system of PR China ........................................................... 35 2.1.1. China’s legislative system ........................................................................ 35 2.1.2. Cultural laws and regulations in China ..................................................... 37 2.1.3. Laws and regulations on cultural exchanges with foreign countries ........ 38 2 2.1.4. Cultural institutions in China .................................................................... 41 2.2. Contemporary cultural system of Serbia ................................................................. 43 2.2.1. Cultural legislation ..................................................................................... 43 2.2.2. Main governmental body in the field of culture ......................................... 47 2.2.3. Inter-ministerial or intergovernmental co-operation .................................. 49 2.2.4. International cultural cooperation ............................................................... 49 2.3. NGO sector in China ................................................................................................ 50 2.4. NGO sector in Serbia ............................................................................................... 54 2.5. Cultural diplomacy ................................................................................................... 55 2.5.1. Chinese “Soft Power” cultural diplomacy .................................................. 57 2.5.2. Cultural diplomacy in Serbia ...................................................................... 59 2.5.3. Language as a tool of cultural diplomacy ................................................... 60 2.5.4. Academic exchange as cultural diplomacy act ............................................ 63 2.5.5. “Summer palace” film case study, cultural diplomacy in action .................. 64 III CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL RELATIONS .............................................. 67 3.1. Multilateral cooperation ........................................................................................... 67 3.1.1. UNESCO............................................................................................................. 67 3.1.2. Asia- European Foundation ................................................................................ 68 3.2. Bilateral cooperation: Main public institutions in the cultural exchange process ... 70 3.2.1. Agreement on Cultural Cooperation for 2008-2012 .................................. 73 3.2.2. Confucius Institute Belgrade ...................................................................... 74 3.2.3. Collaboration of Serbian and Chinese Academy of Art and Science ........ 77 3 3.3. Cooperation in the civil sector: Non-governmental organizations ........................ 79 3.3.1. NGOs “Far East” and “Artnet Huohua” ..................................................... 79 3.3.2. Serbia-China Friendship Society Club........................................................ 80 3.3.3. Chinese Culture Promotion Society and Chinese European Art Center ......................... 81 IV. CULTURE, POLITICS AND ECONOMY: THE PRODUCTIVE RELATION OF THE THREE IN AN INTERNATIONAL SCOPE ...................... 83 4.1 Cultural exchange and politics: international scope ................................................ 83 4.1.1. Public diplomacy and soft power ................................................................ 84 4.1.2. Art and culture as tools of international politics .......................................... 86 4.1.3. Ping pong diplomacy ................................................................................... 87 4.2. Cultural exchange and economy: international scope ............................................. 89 4.2.1. Bilateral economical cooperation between China and Serbia .................... 89 4.2.2. Chinese policy on cultural economy .......................................................... 92 4.2.3. Cultural economy in Serbia ........................................................................ 94 . 4.2.4. Corporate support to cultural projects ........................................................ 97 4.2.5. Internationally operating companies in culture sponsorship ...................... 99 4.3. Diagram of mutual sustainability of Sino-Serbian cultural, political and economic relations ............................................................................................................. 101 V PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIALS FOR FUTURE ........................... 102 5.1. Interests for development and deepening of Sino-Serbian cultural relations ......... 102 5.2 Main potential contents of cultural exchange ......................................................... 106 5.3. Confucius Institute Belgrade SWOT analysis ........................................................ 110 4 5.4 Proposed strategies of development ....................................................................... 113 5.4.1. Strategic partnership in culture ................................................................... 113 5.4.2. Cooperation in the NGO sector .................................................................. 116 5.4.3. Corporate support of cultural exchange ..................................................... 118 5.4.4. Building institutional capacity .................................................................... 118 5.4.5 The world of contemporary art .................................................................... 120 5.5. Challenges of the near future ................................................................................... 121 5.5.1 EXPO 2010 ..................................................................................................... 121 5.5.2 Week of Serbian Culture in China 2010 ......................................................... 124 VI CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 126 VII BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 128 VIII AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY ................................................................... 133 5 Abstract The present moment of late 2009 is marked by some crucial events in the development of culural relations between Serbia and China..The signing of general Agreement on Strategic Partnership between PR China and Republic of Serbia in 2009, the new Law in Culture introduced in Serbia also in 2009, Festival of Chinese Culture organized in Serbia in the same year and emerging activities of Confucius Institute Belgrade, together create a sum of favorable factors for amelioration of cultural exchange processes between the two countries. As political relations are estimated to be on the highest historical level of achievement and the economical relations estimated as underdeveloped but with a high potential and importance, this thesis researches the possibilities of development of cultural relations in the mutually sustainable and supportive relation of culture, politics and economy. Civil sector is estimated to be the future important carrier of diversified cultural exchanges of these two countries through exploring variety of possibilities of financing by cooperating with the business sector. Also, necessity for strategic planning in developments of cultural exchange programs and evaluation of program contents are the deducted priorities of this issue. Credits I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the individuals and institutions that have
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