2015 ILOILO CITY GHG INVENTORY REPORT
A PROJECT OF THE CITY OF ILOILO, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS, UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN, AND CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY WITH SUPPORT FROM USAID B-LEADERS PROJECT
2015 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. This document is intended to comply with Section 508 Standard of the Federal Acquistion Regulation. If you have any difficulties accessing this document, please contact [email protected].
2015 ILOILO CITY GHG INVENTORY REPORT 1
2015 ILOILO CITY GHG INVENTORY REPORT
A PROJECT OF THE CITY OF ILOILO, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS, UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN, AND CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ················································································· 1 LIST OF TABLES ·························································································· 4 LIST OF FIGURES ························································································· 6 ACRONYMS ································································································· 7 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ············································································· 9 2 INTRODUCTION ······················································································ 12 2.1 Background ...... 12 3 ILOILO CITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT ····················································· 14 3.1 Location & Physical Features ...... 14 3.2 Land Use ...... 15 3.3 Population ...... 18 3.4 Economy ...... 18 4 THE 2015 GHG INVENTORY ···································································· 21 4.1 Objectives of the 2nd GHG Emission Inventory ...... 21 4.2 GHG Inventory Mandates ...... 22 5 GHG INVENTORY COVERAGE, BOUNDARIES AND PROTOCOLS ············· 23 6 GHG INVENTORY BASE YEAR AND QUANTIFICATION ···························· 27 7 GHG EMISSION RESULTS ········································································· 29 7.1 Stationary Energy ...... 29 7.1.1 Methodology – Stationary Energy ...... 30 7.1.2 Activity Data – Stationary Energy ...... 32 7.1.3 Emission Factors –Stationary Energy ...... 34 7.1.4 Calculation Results – Stationary Energy ...... 35 7.1.5 Discussion – Stationary Energy ...... 35 7.2 Scope 1 Power Plants ...... 36 7.2.1 Methodology - Scope 1 Electricity Consumption ...... 37 7.2.2 Activity Data – Scope 1 Electricity Consumption ...... 37 7.2.3 Emission Factor - Scope 1 Electricity Consumption ...... 38 7.2.4 Scope 2 Purchased Electricity ...... 39 7.2.5 Discussion – Electricity Generation and Consumption ...... 40
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7.3 Mobile Combustion ...... 40 7.3.1 Land Transportation ...... 40 7.3.2 Ports and Harbors ...... 42 7.3.1. Methodology - Transportation ...... 43 7.3.2 Activity Data - Transportation ...... 44 7.3.2.1 Land Transportation ...... 44 7.3.2.2 Ports and Harbor ...... 45 7.3.3 Emission Factors - Transportation ...... 45 7.3.4 Calculation Results –Transportation Emissions ...... 46 7.3.5 Discussion - Transportation ...... 46 7.4 Waste ...... 48 7.4.1 Solid Waste ...... 49 7.4.1.1 Methodology – Solid Waste ...... 50 7.4.1.2 Activity Data – Solid Waste ...... 51 7.4.1.3 Emission Factors – Solid Waste ...... 52 7.4.1.4 Calculation Results – Solid Waste ...... 55 7.4.1.5 Discussion – Solid Waste ...... 56 7.4.2 Wastewater...... 56 7.4.2.1 Methodology-Wastewater ...... 57 7.4.2.2 Activity Data – Wastewater ...... 58 7.4.2.3 Emission Factors –Wastewater ...... 59 7.4.2.4 Calculation Results – Wastewater ...... 61 7.4.2.5 Discussion –Wastewater ...... 62 7.5 GHG Emissions from Agriculture ...... 62 7.5.1 Methodology - Agriculture ...... 63 7.5.2 Activity Data - Agriculture ...... 65 7.5.3 Emission Factors - Agriculture ...... 66 7.5.4 Calculation Results ...... 67 7.5.5 Discussion - Agriculture...... 69 7.6 GHG Emissions from Forestry ...... 69 7.6.1 Methodology - Forestry ...... 70 7.6.2 Activity Data and Quantification – Forestry ...... 71 7.6.3 Discussion - Forestry ...... 72 8 SUMMARY OF INVENTORY RESULTS ······················································· 73 8.1 On Stationary Energy Sources ...... 76
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8.2 On Electricity Consumption ...... 77 8.3 On Transportation ...... 77 8.3 On Waste ...... 78 8.4 On Agriculture ...... 79 8.5 On Forestry...... 79 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ··············································· 81 9.1 On Stationary Energy ...... 81 9.2 On Electricity Consumption ...... 81 9.3 On Transportation ...... 81 9.4 On Waste ...... 82 9.5 On Agriculture ...... 82 9.6 On Forestry...... 82 9.7 On GHG Emissions Inventory Procedure ...... 83 9.7.1 Challenges ...... 83 9.7.2 Recommendations ...... 83 10 REFERENCES ·························································································· 85 11 ANNEXES······························································································· 87 11.1 ANNEX A ...... 88 11.2 ANNEX B ...... 100 11.3 ANNEX C ...... 104 11.4 ANNEX D ...... 105 11.5 ANNEX E ...... 107
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of Results for 2015 Iloilo City GHG Inventory ...... 9
Table 2. Comparatve Results of 2012 and 2015 GHG Emissions Inventory ...... 10
Table 3. Iloilo City’s Political Subdivision, 2015 ...... 15
Table 4. Land Distribution by District, Iloilo City ...... 15
Table 5. Land Use Plan: 2011-2020, Iloilo City ...... 16
Table 6. Population and Density, by District ...... 18
Table 7. Business Classifications, by District and by Capitalization, 2015 ...... 19
Table 8. Number of Business Establishments (Old and New Entrants), 2011 -2015 ...... 20
Table 9. Greenhouse Gases Listed Under the Kyoto Protocol ...... 24
Table 10. List of GHG Emissions by Subsector ...... 28
Table 11. An Example of Conversion and Emission Factor Calculations, by Fuel Type ...... 31
Table 12. Data on Fuel Collected for Stationary Combustion, Iloilo City, 2015 ...... 33
Table 13. Types of Charcoal Sacks Sold in Iloilo City ...... 33
Table 14. Emission Factors by Fuel Type - Stationary Combustion ...... 34
Table 15. Total Estimated GHG Emissions - Stationary Energy ...... 35
Table 16. Estimated GHG Emissions by Fuel Type – Scope 1 Power Plants ...... 37
Table 17. Electricity Consumption by Type of Consumer, Iloilo City, 2015 ...... 38
Table 18. Scope 1 -Emissions from Electricity Consumption, 2015 ...... 39
Table 19. Scope 2 - Purchased Electricity...... 39
Table 20. Total Nuber of Registered Motor Vehicles in Iloilo City, 2015 ...... 41
Table 21. Land Transportation Terminals within Iloilo City ...... 42
Table 22. Passenger Seaport Terminals within Iloilo City ...... 42
Table 23. Summary of Fuel Sales Volume Used in Iloilo City, 2015 ...... 44
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Table 24. International Emission Factors for Mobile Fuel Consumption ...... 45
Table 25. Total GHG Emissions from Mobile Sources by Fuel Type, Iloilo City, 2015 ...... 46
Table 26. Summary of 2009 WACS ...... 49
Table 27. Solid Waste Data, ICLEI Method ...... 51
Table 28. Solid Waste Data, IPCC-FOD Method ...... 51
Table 29. 2006 IPCC Default Emission Factors for Solid Waste Disposal Sites ...... 52
Table 30. 2006 IPCC Default Values on Incineration ...... 54
Table 31. 2006 IPCC Values on Emissions from Incineration ...... 55
Table 32. Total GHG Emissions from the Solid Waste Sector, 2015 ...... 55
Table 33. Number of Establishments by Classification with Discharging Permits into Iloilo River ...... 57
Table 34. Waste Water Data – Scope 1 ...... 58
Table 35. 2006 IPCC Default Emissions Factors on Wastewater ...... 60
Table 36. Key Parameters and Emission Factors for GHG Emissions from Wastewater ...... 60
Table 37. Total GHG Emissions from the Wastewater Sector, 2015 ...... 61
Table 38. Animal Related Emissions from Agriculture Sector ...... 64
Table 39. Rice Paddy Cultivation ...... 65
Table 40. List of Animals...... 65
Table 41. Methane Emission Factors per Hectare of Rice Land in the Philippines ...... 66
Table 42. Animal Related Emissions ...... 66
Table 43. Total Emissions from Agriculture Sector, 2015 ...... 68
Table 44. Summary of Iloilo City GHG Inventory Results, 2015 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 45. Comparative Summary of 2012 and 2015 GHG Inventory, Iloilo City ...... 74
Table 46. Iloilo City’s Fuel Consumption, 2012 and 2015 ...... 76
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of Iloilo City ...... 14
Figure 2. Framework of Inventory Boundaries (Scopes) for Community-Level GHG Inventory ...... 23
Figure 3. Sectors Covered in the 2015 GHG Inventory ...... 26
Figure 4. Percentage of Registered Motor Vehicles for Land Transportation, 2015 ...... 41
Figure 5. Percentage of GHG Emissions per Fuel Type ...... 46
Figure 6. Solid Waste Management Practices in Iloilo City, 2015...... 50
Figure 7. Wastewater Management in Iloilo City, 2015 ...... 56
Figure 8. Disaggregation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide in the Waster Water Sector’s Emissions, 2015 62
Figure 9. Distribution and Area Covered by Mangrove Forest in Iloilo City ...... 70
Figure 10. Percentage Distribution of GHG Emissions by Sector, 2012 and 2015 ...... 75
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ACRONYMS
BAS Bureau of Agricultural Statistics BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BPLO Business Permit and Licensing Office BTU British Thermal Unit CAAP Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines CAO City Agriculturist Office
CH4 Methane City ENRO City Environment and Natural Resources Office CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CO2 Carbon Dioxide CPDO City Planning and Development Office DA Department of Agriculture DOE Department of Energy DOTC Department of Transportation and Communication EF Emission Factor EPA Environmental Protection Agency GHG Greenhouse Gas IEA International Energy Agencies IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change J Joules Kg Kilograms kWh Kilowatt-hours LGU Local Government Unit LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas LTFRB Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board LTO Land Transportation Office Mg Megagrams MIWD Metro Iloilo Water District MJ Mega Joules
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MWh Megawatt-hours
N2O Nitrous Oxide NTC National Telecommunication Commission PECO Panay Electric Company PEDC Panay Energy Development Corp PENRO Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office PPA Philippine Ports Authority PPC Panay Power Corp
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The City of Iloilo is committed to provide its constituents information on mitigation actions relative to climate change protection, as part of the overall campaign to help them understand adaptation and resilience. In this regard, the tracking of greenhouse gas emissions serves as an important tool for understanding the pattern and trends in which mitigation action plan can be instituted. The 2nd GHG Emission Inventory report updated the inventory undertaken in 2012. In this latest report, data collection has improved and new insights have been gathered, particularly on the study of the potential carbon capture provided by the mangroves of Iloilo City (Sadaba et al., 2015). Moreover, the use of a Microsoft Excel Quantification Toolkit developed with support from USAID B-LEADERS Project made the calculations easier and more efficient for the researchers. The results of the 2015 GHG Inventory showed that the total gross and net GHG emissions increased by 438,053 tCO2e or 43.46 percent (%) and 427,133 tCO2e or 42.45% as compared to those reported in 2012. More robust and disaggregated data that became available during the inventory update reflected much of the significant changes, primarily in the energy sector. The details of the GHG emissions distribution by sector are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The 2015 inventory indicated that electricity consumption and mobile combustion almost tied up as the city’s highest generators of GHG, with the former having generated a share of 44% and the latter with a 43% share. Then and now the lowest GHG emissions came from agriculture with less than 1 percent. Wastes (solid and wastewater) comprised about 6% combined. The 2012 GHG inventory results, on the other hand, showed mobile combustion registering the highest level of emissions (51%) and electricity consumption (39%) coming second. The rest of the sectors covered accounts for the remaining 9% share of tCO2 equivalent emissions.
Table 1. Summary of Results for 2015 Iloilo City GHG Inventory
2015
Emission Source Emissions Percent (tCO2e) Stationary Energy 102,914 7.12 Scope 1 Electricity Consumption 634,511 43.88 Scope 2 Electricity Consumption 0 Solid waste 43,569 3.01 Waste water 40,889 2.83 Mobile Combustion 617,396 42.70 Agriculture 6,761 0.47 Total Emissions 1,446,040 100 Forest and Land Use -12,783 -.09 Net Emissions 1,433,257
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Table 2. Comparatve Results of 2012 and 2015 GHG Emissions Inventory
2012 2015
Sector Emissions % Emissions %
(tCO2e) (tCO2e)
Stationary Energy 37,810 3.76 102,914 7.12
Scope 1 Electricity 389,722 38.73 634,511 43.88 Consumption
Scope 2 Electricity 8,955 0.89 Consumption
Waste
Solid waste 16,711 1.66 43,569 3.01
Waste water 33,413 3.32 40,889 2.83
Mobile Combustion 515,188 51.20 617,396 42.70
Agriculture 6,188 0.62 6,761 0.47
Total Gross Emissions 1,007,987 100 1,446,040 100
Forestry -1,854 -0.18 -12,783* -0.88
Net Emissions 1,006,133 1,433,257
*Based on the studies on Iloilo City mangroves in coastal areas plus Iloilo and Batiano River Sytems (Sadaba, 2015 and 2017)
Relative to the 2012 GHG inventory, the results of the 2015 GHG inventory also suggest an increase generally in the level of consumption activities in the City of Iloilo due to an upsurge of economic activities brought about by infrastructure development and increased investment oppportunities. Significant increases in tCO2 e emissions were observed from electricity consumption (63%), stationary energy (172%), and solid waste (160%). Wastewater registered an increase of 24% while mobile combustion increased by 20%. Emissions from agriculture posted a slight increase of 9%. This increase in total tCO2 e emissions in 2015 can be attributed to increasing daytime population and to rapid urbanization that Iloilo City is currently experiencing. In 2015, the amount of carbon sequestered due to the presence of mangroves was determined at 12,783 tCO2e, which results in the city’s net emissions of 1,433,257 tCO2e. These estimates are based on the recent work undertaken on mangroves by Sadaba et al. (2015, 2017) with the support of USAID B- LEADERS. As will be explained in the subsequent sections, their researches are comprehensive and
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entailed laboratory analysis of carbon capture covering above and below ground biomass including the carbon found in soil/sediment. Thus, incorporating their 2015 findings in which the the total accumulated amout of carbon sequestered by mangroves was determined at 255,663.54 tCO2e, is more appropriate. This figure is based on the sequestration potential equivalent to 60,981.32 tCO2e from the fringing mangroves in Iloilo City’s coastal areas along Iloilo Strait and the 194,682 tCO2e from the mangrove forests in Batiano and Iloilo Rivers. Assuming that the average age of mangroves in the study to be 20 years, carbon capture for 2015 was estimated at 12,783 tCO2e . In effect, the city has benefited from the presence of fringing mangroves in coastal areas and along the Iloilo-Batiano river system in reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As can be gleaned from Table 2, mangrove capacity to absorb carbon has greatly affected the emission distribution, making the forest sector an important aspect in the analysis of carbon emission. The improvement and recalculation of emission estimates due to the findings of Sadaba et al. study provides promising ideas on how to reduce atmospheric CO2 through carbon sink.
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2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND
This report endeavors to present Iloilo City’s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, covering both natural and anthropogenic sources. This is an updated version of the 2012 Community-Level GHG Emissions Report which was then an undertaking of the Climate Change and Clean Energy Project (CEnergy) of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in partnership with the Philippine League of Local Environmental and Natural Resources Officers (PLLENRO). Since 2011, USAID had been assisting second-tier cities outside of Metro Manila through the Cities Development Initiative (CDI). CDI seeks to advance the development of second-tier cities as engines of growth that engender inclusive development, environmentally sustainable and resilient communities. The CDI partners are composed of the cities of Iloilo, Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Zamboanga, Tagbilaran, Puerto Princesa and USAID. Working to support CDI’s Environment & Energy program is the Building Low Emission Alternatives to Develop Economic Resilience and Sustainability Project (B-LEADERS). B- LEADERS promotes the U.S. government’s Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies (EC-LEDS) program in the Philippines. The B-LEADERS Project aims to contribute to increasing climate change resilience and mitigation capacity in the Philippines. The goal of this project is to capacitate the Government of the Philippines and its partners in planning and implementing low emission development strategies (LEDS). The project objectives are as follows:
• Improve institutional capacity on National Greenhouse Gas Inventory; • Develop analytical tools for decision-making on climate-resilient, low emission policies, plans, and projects; and • Promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable landscape strategies.
The updating of the 2012 Inventory Report is an initiative of the City Government of Iloilo with the assistance of B-LEADERS. As it was in the first inventory reporting, the updating of Iloilo City’ GHG Inventory was led by the Office of the Iloilo City ENRO and assisted by three of the premier universities in the City, namely; the University of the Philippines (UPV), University of San Agustin (USA) and the Central Philippine University (CPU). The 2012 GHG Inventory paved the way for formulation of the City’s first ever Greenhouse Gas Management Framework Plan. The Plan provided focused areas with which the City ENRO could widen, expand its existing programs and initiatives, to wit: • Establishing a sustainable City GHG management function • Strengthening governance and competencies for GHG emissions • Strengthening community participation on existing development initiatives
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The realization of this GHG Management Plan achieved the following milestones for Iloilo City: • Expansion of the city’s energy efficiency program that covered new stakeholders (important commercial and institutional establishments) and new advocacy campaign on renewable energy (solar energy) • Updating of the City’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory • Strengthening the skills and knowledge of the three Universities in the conduct of Greenhouse Gas Accounting • Upscaling and institutionalization of the Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Energy Audit • Conduct of the first ever study on carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in Iloilo –Batiano River system and coastal areas • Conduct of a supply chain study on charcoal in Iloilo City, tracing the flow of the product from source to consumption • Drafting of the Iloilo City’s Green Building Code
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3 ILOILO CITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
3.1 LOCATION & PHYSICAL FEATURES Located about 337.6 nautical miles from Manila, on the southern portion of the Island of Panay, Iloilo City is centrally located in the Philippines, accessible by various modes of transportation. Its land area consists of 7,834 hectares. Located in a floodplain, the land features of Iloilo city are characterized as generally flat. Traversing the city, are Jaro River, Dungon Creek and two estuaries - Iloilo River & Batiano River. Refer to Figure 1 for the detailed map of Iloilo.
Figure 1. Map of Iloilo City
Iloilo City serves as the regional hub of Western Visayas (Region VI) and plays a vital role in the region’s economic growth and development. It leads the governance of Metro Iloilo Guimaras Economic Development Council (MIGEDC) comprised of the neighboring municipalities of Oton, San Miguel, Sta. Barbara, Cabatuan, Leganes, Pavia, and the Island Province of Guimaras. The City is divided into seven geographical districts, all of which were once individual towns, except for Lapuz, which was a sub-district of La Paz until 2008. They were merged into one city on August 25, 1937, when Iloilo City became a charter city. The districts are further subdivided into 180 barangays (villages), all of which are considered urban. Iloilo City’s political subdivisions are shown in Table 1.
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The City’s climate consists of wet and dry, with pronounced wet season from June throughout November; then dry season from December to May.
Table 3. Iloilo City’s Political Subdivision, 2015
District Number of Barangays Arevalo 13 City Proper 45 Jaro 42 La Paz 25 Mandurriao 18 Molo 25 Lapuz* 12 Total 180 barangays * Lapuz is often treated as part of La Paz district in this report.
3.2 LAND USE The Land Distribution and Land Use of Iloilo City, as of November 2007, are shown in Table 4 &Table 5.
Table 4. Land Distribution by District, Iloilo City
DISTRICT AREA (hectares) AREA (sq. m.) ILOILO CITY 7,834.00 78.3400 AREVALO 664.17 6.6417 CITY PROPER 439.77 4.3977 JARO 3,040.37 30.4037 LA PAZ 1,553.03 15.5303 MANDURRIAO 1,522.95 15.2295 MOLO 613.71 6.1371
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Table 5. Land Use Plan: 2011-2020, Iloilo City
PROPOSED 1998-2010 LAND USE EXISTING LAND USE LAND USE 2011-2020 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION Area Area Area Percentage Percentage Percentage (sq km) (sq km) (sq km) Residential 40.28 57.35% 22.82 28.07% 40.26 49.10% Agricultural 3.07 4.37% 22.24 23.70% 0.90 1.10% Commercial 5.76 8.21% 5.21 6.41% 9.96 12.15% Industrial 2.36 3.36% 0.66 0.82% 3.80 4.64% Institutional 3.35 4.78% 2.76 3.40% 3.12 3.81% Park and Open 3.86 5.50% 2.12 2.61% 2.59 3.16% Space Fishponds and Salt 2.82 4.01% 7.51 9.24% 2.88 3.51% beds Planned Unit 2.61 3.72% 0.54 0.55% 0.54 0.66% Development Infrastructure 2.59 3.70% 2.59 3.70% 3.71 4.53% Transportation and 1.53 2.03% 0.46 0.58% 0.47 0.57% Utilities Mangrove 0.95 1.36% 0.68 0.88% 1.59 1.94% Floodway 0.42 0.60% 0.67 0.84% 0.67 0.82% Cemetery 0.40 0.57% 0.42 0.51% 0.42 0.51% Sanitary Landfill 0.20 0.29% 0.21 0.26% 0.21 0.26% S-I (Special 9.88 0.14% 0.08 0.10% 0.15 0.18% Institutional) I/U (Infra and 1.68 0.02% 3.71 4.57% 3.17 4.57% Utilities) Water Zone 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 2.60 3.17% (creeks, rivers) Foreshore Land 0.00 8.11 10.61% 8.11 9.89% Delimitation TOTAL 70.23 100.00% 81.98 100.00% 81.98 100.00% Source: City Planning and Development Office -Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Iloilo City: 2011-2020
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As shown in Table 3, the current predominant use of the city’s land area are for residential and agricultural activities. In its projections, the 2011-2020 Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) provided a bigger and wider area for residential use (49 %) and commercial use (12.15%) in anticipation of the population increase that may come about during the planned period due to the city’s rapid urbanization. The Land Use Plan of Iloilo City also indicates a large area of foreshore land delimitation zone which were not reflected in the previous Land Use Plan. As surveyed and defined by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in 2004, this was the portion of the city’s coastline that were made up of tidal flats and wetlands as a result of years of erosion and siltation from the city’s beaches and foreshore lands. Adoption of the foreshore delimitation zone will expand easement for the city’s coastlines. The Jaro District is envisioned to be the City’s residential district with a planned area of 1,847 hectares. More than half (719 hectares) of the land area of the District of Mandurriao is also zoned as residential area, while in La Paz District the share of the residential area is 36% (516 hectares) of its total area. These three districts will cater to majority of the city residents, with their combined area of 3,082 hectares constituting 84% of the total planned residential area designated in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2011-2020 (Annex A). Other notable features of the 2011-2020 CLUP which will impact on the development plan of the City have been identified as: • the average commercial area per district is 166 hectares • the Jaro District will be the only district provided with agricultural area – 90 hectares • only La Paz district is provided with an industrial area – 266 hectares • the majority of mangroves are found in La Paz – 133 hectares • the area of the floodway, one of the city’s major infrastructures, is provided in the Land Use Plan - 67 hectares The development thrusts and spatial strategies of the City that were duly provided for in the 2011-2020 CLUP are hereby defined: • develop the area along its traditional growth pattern where churches are the district centers while developing its abundant waterfronts for commercial purposes • adopt a mixed-use development strategy and optimize the use of available land for residential expansion • protect productive agricultural lands • preserve the remaining green open spaces of the city • promote a more compact type of development for Iloilo City which entails efficient use of land resources Three priority development projects were proposed in conjunction with the above thrusts: • construction of park-and-ride facilities to be able to reduce the motorist’s reliance on private vehicles and make the public transport system more efficient; • improvement of district parks and plazas which will reestablish the districts’ former role as town centers, and encourage businesses to locate nearby; and • Improvement of waterfronts through the establishment of no-build zones and enacting enabling policies to encourage investment in waterfront development.
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3.3 POPULATION Iloilo City, the only highly urbanized city in Region VI (Western Visayas), posted a total population of 448,000, with an average growth rate of 1.02 % relative to 2010 population (2015 Census on Population). The floating population of the City is estimated at more than 200,000, mostly made up of students. Population density is about 5,776 persons/sq. km. or 57.76 persons/hectare. The projected number of households is 103,937, with an average size of 4.7 per household. Based on the 2010 survey: the projected population below 20 years old is 35.58% of the total population • the projected potential labor force is 68.48% (ages 15-64)
Table 6. Population and Density, by District
Average Annual Growth Population Density /sq. km. Rate District 2000- 2000- 2010- 2000 2010 2015 2000 2010 2015 2010 2015 2015 Iloilo City 366,391 424,619 447,992 4,677 5,420 5,719 1.49 1.33 1.02 Arevalo 36,449 49,776 56,878 5,488 7,494 8,564 3.17 2.96 2.57 City Proper 51,663 55,135 51,155 11,748 12,537 11,632 0.65 -0.06 -1.42 Jaro 97,179 113,039 121,241 3,196 3,718 3,988 1.52 1.46 1.34 La Paz 73,273 81,972 83,990 4,718 5,278 5,408 1.13 0.90 0.46 Mandurriao 44,615 54,379 58,762 2,929 3,570 3,858 2.00 1.82 1.49 Molo 63,212 70,318 75,966 10,300 11,457 12,378 1.07 1.21 1.48 Source: City Planning and Development Office Among the 180 barangays, Barangay Lanit in Jaro registered the fastest population growth rate (14.79%), followed by San Isidro, Jaro (10.54%). One of the major reasons for this is the presence of relocation sites in the area. On the other hand, 77 barangays registered negative growth rates. Ironically, this also due to the relocation of some informal settlers affected by government projects (including those removed from danger zones) and ejectment from private properties.
3.4 ECONOMY Since colonial times, Iloilo City has been the center of commerce and trade, governance and education in the region. The development of large-scale weaving in the late 18th Century provided impetus to Iloilo’s surge in trade and commerce. At that time Iloilo became to be known as the "Textile Capital of the Philippines". Sinamay, piña, and jusi products were exported to Manila and other foreign places. The textile industry, however, declined in the mid-19th century with the introduction of cheap textiles from the United Kingdom and the emergence of the sugar economy.
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The development of the sugar industry came about after the opening of the Port of Iloilo along Iloilo River in 1855. The river provided safe anchorage and storage for sugar, which were subsequently loaded in ocean-going vessels bound for other countries. During this time, trading activities expanded as foreign traders filled their warehouses at the Iloilo waterfront with bags of sugar from hundreds of sugar mills located in Negros and Panay leading to the emergence of foreign shops and offices along the banks of Iloilo River. Foreign freighters docked at the pier to unload farm equipment for the sugar plantation and luxury goods for the sugar planters and businessmen of Iloilo and Bacolod. Subsequently, there was an increase in the population of Iloilo City. It reached more than 75,000, a population size equivalent to that of Sydney and Chicago at that time. Soon Iloilo became an important economic center in the Philippines, second only to Manila accordingly earning the name the “Queen’s City of the South” during the Spanish era. Today, Iloilo City is one of the country’s important economic centers. Still anchored on the agricultural activities of Panay, the City serves as the center of governance, culture, commerce and education for Region VI. Iloilo City also maintains its role as the commercial and trading hub for agricultural and fisheries products in the region. Iloilo City also maintains a robust economy that competes not only with the rest of the country’s other emerging economic centers, but also with the rest of ASEAN cities in terms of business process outsourcing and call center industries. In 2015, there are more than 13,000 registered businesses in the City. The types of business that registered with the Business Permit and Licensing Office (BPLO) of the City is shown in Table 7. Table 8 reflects the pattern of business registration in recent years indicating the economic growth of Iloilo City.
Table 7. Business Classifications, by District and by Capitalization, 2015
Major D I S T R I C T Classification Total City Jaro La Mandurriao Molo Arevalo % Total Proper Paz Capitalization Agriculture, 5 4 2 1 1 13 11 13,947,814 Fishery and Forestry Manufacturing 90 54 43 35 32 25 279 2.31 377,546,958
Electricity, Gas 33 75 38 35 35 24 240 1.98 20,289,769,120 and Water Construction 23 26 13 27 7 10 106 0.88 363,747,2345 Wholesale and Retail 2,076 902 593 532 310 246 4,659 38.5 2,298,387,945 Transportation, 44 18 22 12 4 1 101 0.83 267,654,024 Communication and Storage
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Financing, 796 517 200 190 146 78 1,927 15.92 15,136,117,496 Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services Community, 1,719 1,096 787 585 364 228 4,779 39.48 5,769,747,350 Social and Personal Services
Total 4,786 2,692 1,698 1,416 899 613 12,104 100 44,516,917,942
Source: Business Permit and Licensing Office
Table 8. Number of Business Establishments (Old and New Entrants), 2011 -2015
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
TOTAL 8,724 9,070 13,965 13,041 13,787
Source: Business Permit and Licensing Office
Majority of the registered businesses as shown in Table 7 are from the Wholesale, Retail and Service Sectors. These represent 78% of the total number of businesses. The Gas, Electricity and Water Sector, although representing only 2% of the total number of businesses, posted the largest investment in 2015 in the amount PhP20.3 billion. This is followed by the Banking and Financing Sector whose aggregate capitalization are more than PhP15 billion. In Table 8, it can be noted that the number of new businesses in Iloilo City increased significantly in 2013 and continued to remain at this high level in 2015. Other economic indicators that are reflective of the increased level of economic growth and development in 2015 can be gleaned from Annexes A, B, C, D, E. The improvement in the City’s business climate and the economic gains that ensued in terms of increased investment, employment and infrastructure, not to mention the corresponding change in lifestyle and quality of life of the people, would have consequent effect on the community-level GHG emissions of the City of Iloilo due to increase in production, distribution, and consumption activities.
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4 THE 2015 GHG INVENTORY
4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE 2ND GHG EMISSION INVENTORY This report, which we refer to as Iloilo City’s 2nd GHG Emission Inventory or as the 2015 GHG Inventory, is an updated version of the 2012 GHG Emission Inventory. An updated inventory is considered necessary to reflect the upsurge in the socio-economic growth and development of Iloilo City in recent years. Trends in GHG emissions in the light of this changing economic landscape of the City need to be understood and disclosed to the stakeholders to increase public awareness and widen participation in the city’s emission reduction programs. For many years, climate change mitigation measures had very little role in the city’s Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program (DRRMP). The DRRM Council’s focus was more on climate change adaptation, particularly in adjusting and coping with climate change induced disaster such as typhoon and drought. In recent years, however, the City of Iloilo came to recognize mitigation as an integral part of the city’s disaster risk reduction program and that it should be implemented together with adaptation measures. It has been argued and adopted that the concept of adaptation is better understood by the city’s constituents if mitigation would form part of the city’s preparation for climate change; for after all the cost of mitigation is less expensive than the cost of damages brought about by climate change induced disasters. Thus, the Iloilo City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Council created the Mitigation Committee, which is chaired by the Head of the City Environment and Natural Resources Office. The Committee is tasked to prepare climate change mitigation strategies and action plans to reduce the city’s GHG emissions and other programs to prevent the occurrence of disaster. One of the prerequisites to mitigation planning is the preparation of a GHG Inventory or in this case the updating of the 2012 GHG Emission Inventory. The updated results will provide trends in the city’s fuel consumption and purchased electricity as well as in waste generation and carbon capture, all of which are necessary inputs in updating the Iloilo Framework GHG Management Plan. The GHG Management Plan forms part of the required Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP). Moreover, the results will help point out new areas where greenhouse gas reduction intervention could be implemented. The updating of the 2012 GHG Emission Inventory provided the opportunity for the City, the University of the Philippines Visayas, University of San Agustin and Central Philippine University to work as a team once again in preparation for the much awaited institutionalization of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory procedures. Needless to say, the target activities for this project contained mentoring and coaching workshops that benefitted not only the three universities but also the other LGUs of the Province of Iloilo that are intending to engage in the same undertaking. An opportunity to practice what the GHG Team learned came when the City of Iloilo was requested by the Iloilo Provincial Government to replicate the GHG Inventory procedure to other LGUs, particularly the member LGUs of the Metro Iloilo - Guimaras Development Council (MIGEDC) and other municipalities of the province of Iloilo. Together with the City ENRO, the faculty of the three Universities served as resource persons/mentors in seminar-workshops to promote Greenhouse Gas Inventory Accounting as a tool in developing the LGU’s climate change action plans.
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4.2 GHG INVENTORY MANDATES
The City of Iloilo is guided in the conduct of GHG Inventory by various national policies that cover climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and sustainable development. Among others,
• Climate Change Act as Amended (RA 10174) declares that it is the policy of the Philippine Government to strengthen, integrate, consolidate and institutionalize government initiatives to achieve coordination of plans and programs to address climate change. • Section 14 of the said act recognizes the role of the LGU in climate change mitigation and encourages the preparation of a Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP) that is consistent with local and national policies and frameworks. DILG Circular No. 2014-135 (on the guidelines for the formulation of LCCAP) strongly suggests that LGUs identify mitigation options to help reduce their carbon emissions.
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5 GHG INVENTORY COVERAGE, BOUNDARIES AND PROTOCOLS
The approach and coverage of the 2015 GHG Inventory utilized the Geogaphic Plus Approach as framework following the definitions of the scope framework by the World Resources Institute/ World Business Council for Sustainable Development ( 2001), to wit: Scope 1: All direct emissions from sources within the geopolitical boundary of the community. Scope 2: Energy-related indirect emissions that occur outside the community boundary as a consequence of consumption/use of grid-supplied electricity. Scope 3: All other indirect emissions that occur outside the boundary as a result of activities within the community’s geopolitical boundary, including trans-boundary emissions due to exchange/use/consumption of goods and services.
For this particular study, however, only Scope 1 and Scope 2 were applicable.
Figure 2. Framework of Inventory Boundaries (Scopes) for Community-Level GHG Inventory
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The different groups of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that have been identified and are being tracked internationally in GHG inventories are presented in Table 9. It also explains the relevance of the GHGs to overall global anthropogenic emissions, as well as the global warming potentials (GWP) of each (where it applies). The GWP is a measure of how much heat is trapped by a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide (CO2), and is used to convert the various GHG values into comparable CO2 equivalents.
. The greenhouse gases covered and computed in this inventory report are – Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N20). A description of these major gases are found in Annex C.
Table 9. Greenhouse Gases Listed Under the Kyoto Protocol
Name Symbol Global Warming Relevance in global GHG Potential (GWP) Emissions
Carbon dioxide CO2 1 About 77% of the global anthropogenic emissions
Methane CH4 21 About 14% of global anthropogenic emissions
Nitrous Oxide N2O 310 About 8% of global anthropogenic emissions
Substances 19 different Were widely used in the controlled by the compounds past but are currently Montreal Protocol phased out
Hydrofluorocarbons 11 different 140 – 11700 Small portion of the global (HFCs) compounds emissions (less than 1%)
Perfluorocarbons 10 different 6500 – 9200 Small portion of the global (PFCs) compounds emissions (less than 1%)
e.g.,CF4
Fluorinated ethers, 19 different Small portion of the global hydrocarbons, compounds emissions (less than 1%) perfluoropolyethers,
and other compounds
Short lived gasses Water, NOx, Water is the greenhouse CO, SO2, gas that affects the Earth’s
Aerosols climate the most
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• The different categories of emission sources and the corresponding activity /input data gathered are categorized into:
a. Mobile sources – these are emissions due to combusted fuels used by on-road transportation and other mobile sources, such as diesel and gasoline as indicated by the volume sold or purchased from gasoline stations b. Purchased electricity (residential, commercial and industrial sources) – these are emissions due to electricity purchased/consumed by residential, commercial, industrial and public sector c. Stationary combustion - emissions from fuels (charcoal, diesel, gasoline or kerosene) used by residential and commercial sectors for cooking, lighting, cooling and in running generating sets d. Solid waste – emissions from solid waste generated by Iloilo City (food waste, garden waste, paper, wood, textile, sanitary napkin, sludge, plastics and others) e. Wastewater – emissions from wastewater and sewage generated within Iloilo City f. Agriculture – emissions generated by agricultural activities like crop production (mainly rice production) and raising of livestock, as indicated by harvested areas and livestock population g. Forestry – negative emissions due to removal of carbon from atmosphere by vegetation and forest; mangrove forest in the case of Iloilo City due to the presence of highly diversified mangroves in Iloilo-Batiano River system and the City’s coastal areas
The Industry Sector was not included in the report because there is no significant presence of industries in Iloilo City
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PURE GEOGRAPHIC (All within the LGU Boundary or Scope 1)
Figure 3. Sectors Covered in the 2015 GHG Inventory
The accounting protocols and principles observed in the study are guided by the IPCC Guidelines for National GHG inventories and the Global Protocol Community-Scale GHG Emissions. The following principles are observed in the gathering of data, analysis, and reporing of GHG inventory:
• Transparency - data gathered, emission factors used should be adequately documented, disclosed to enable verification. • Accuracy - calculations of emissions should not be over or understated. • Completeness - all emission sources within the boundary should be accounted. • Comparability - inventory should be reported in a way that allows comparison with other LGU reports . • Relevance - report should reflect emissions occurring within the boundaries.
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6 GHG INVENTORY BASE YEAR AND QUANTIFICATION
The base year adopted for this year’s GHG inventory is 2015 following the practice of updating the GHG inventory report every 3 years. The GHG Quantification follows the same equation adopted in the 2012 GHG Inventory:
Activity Data (or Input Data) x Emission Factor = GHG Emissions
Where: • Activity or Input Data - is the magnitude of human activity resulting to GHG emissions, e.g., volume of fuel use in liters or tons • Emission Factor – average emission rate of a GHG of given source relative to the unit of input data, e.g., 2.68 kg of CO2 per liter of diesel
Unlike in the previous GHG Emission Inventory, the 2nd GHG Emission benefited from the use of a standard toolkit given to the GHG Inventory Team. The toolkit consists of predetermined templates which were used in quantifying the different GHG Emissions reported in the study. It has predetermined emission factors and once the raw data are inputted, the toolkit automatically calculates. The toolkit was developed by the Climate Change Commission in collaboration with the USAID B-LEADERS Project to be used by LGUs in preparing Local Climate Change Action Plans. Some of the emission factors used by the toolkit, however, differed from what were used in the 2012 GHG Emission Inventory, since local emission factors have already been determined and are now available. The following table provides the list of sectors and subsectors that were considered in the GHG Inventory for Iloilo City and the corresponding greenhouse gases that were calculated covering the year 2015.
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Table 10. List of GHG Emissions by Subsector
Emission Sources Per Sector CO2 CH4 N20 SF6 PFCs HFCs 1. Stationary Combustion Energy Solid Fuels and Other Energy √ √ √ Consumer Sectors Commercial/Institutional √ √ √ Residential √ √ √ Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, & Fish Farms √ √ √ (Stationary Only) 2. Waste Solid Waste √ √ Waste Water √ √ 3. Transportation Road transport (cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, √ √ √ etc.) Water-borne Navigation (international and √ √ √ domestic) Fishing (mobile combustion) √ √ √ 4. Agriculture Rice Paddy Cultivation √ Agricultural Soils √ √ Enteric Fermentation √ Manure Management √ √ 5. Forestry and Land Use Mangrove plantation √
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7 GHG EMISSION RESULTS
The sections that follow will present Iloilo City’s estimated GHG emissions for the period covering 2015 for the following sectors: • Stationary energy • Scope 1 electricity • Transportation • Waste (solid and waste water) • Agriculture • Forestry and Land Use
Each section starts with a brief description of the sector under consideration, followed by an explanation of the methodology adopted by the Iloilo City GHG Team to estimate the GHG emissions. The sub- sections: Activity data and Emission factors illustrate how the Iloilo City GHG Team collected relevant activity data and selected emissions factors for the calculations. The two final parts of each section/chapter focus on presenting the GHG emission estimates and on interpreting and discussing the results obtained.
7.1 STATIONARY ENERGY Stationary sources are energy systems that are fixed in place and GHG emissions are caused by the combustion of fossil fuels or biomass. They can be deployed in power plants (e.g., gas powered turbines), manufacturing industries (e.g. gas powered boilers), residential households (e.g. gas stoves) and commercial establishments (e.g. small scale diesel generators). This section on stationary energy focuses on the usage of fuel by residential and commercial establishments. The usage of charcoal, fuel wood, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene and butane for cooking and lighting, and diesel and gasoline for fuel in generator sets are all considered relevant for the GHG emissions under this sector. Majority of Iloilo residents uses LPG for cooking; the middle- income residents use a combination of LPG and charcoal for cooking, and the low income households utilize charcoal and fuel wood for cooking and kerosene for lighting. Butane is considered a new energy source in the City especially for some households, boarding houses for students and street food vendors selling different food stuff along the city streets. There are about 190 generator sets owned by commercial establishments in Iloilo City in 2015. The generator sets were used during brown-outs or black-outs in shopping malls, schools, restaurants, bus stations, telecommunications, meat processing plants, hotels, hospitals, techno hub, cold storage, corn mill, banks, bakeshops, oil depots, power barge, electricity provider, and gas refilling stations. The number were taken from the records of the Environmental Management Bureau- Department of Environment and Natural Resources (EMB-DENR) office Region VI. Diesel is the fuel used in the generator sets of these commercial establishments. There is no record, however, registered at EMB- DENR for residences in the City owning a generator set.
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Of all the government offices in the City of Iloilo, the Iloilo City Hall building was designed as one of the first government green building in the Philippines because of the presence of the solar panels that are being used to light and provide air-conditioning systems to the whole seventh and eights floors of the building. This practice was believed to bring in a lot of savings to the city since it allows the city to save as much as 50% to 60% of its electrical cost due to the presence of the solar panels on the rooftop of the building.
7.1.1 Methodology – Stationary Energy
The methodology adopted to estimate emissions from stationary combustion is based on the approach recommended in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. Due to current limitations in data availability, the methodology is modeled after IPCC’s ‘tier 1’ approach, which provides guidance on how to estimate GHG emissions using relatively aggregated input data on fuel usage, combined with default emission factors by fuel. Thus, the estimate is based on: • Estimated total amount of fuel combusted by stationary energy sources, considering separately the following fuels: charcoal, LPG etc. • A default emission factor for each fuel.
Specifically, the following equations is used:
Equation 1
Fuel Sold X Emissions Factor = GHG Emissions Where: • Fuel sold is the amount of fuel sold within the LGU in the source category, typically measured in liters, kg or m31 • Emission factor is a default emission factor typically obtained by IPCC or other international sources and generally provided in terms of kg of GHG emitted per unit of energy contained by the fuel (e.g. kgCO2/TJ)
In cases where the data collected are not in the same units as the emissions factors, conversion is necessary typically performed by using the energy densities of the various energy types. An example of basic formula for conversion is provided below:
1Actual GHG emissions are the result of fuel combustion and this would be a more accurate variable to use in the calculation. However, data on fuel combustion were not available for the analysis. Data on fuel sold and fuel combusted are different when: (1) fuels sold in the LGU are combusted outside the LGU (or vice versa) (2) fuels sold during year x are combusted during following years. The Iloilo City GHG Team estimates that, on a yearly basis, the combined impact of these effects is small, when compared to total fuel sales. Total fuel sales are therefore considered a good proxy for fuel combustion.
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Equation 2
Emission Factor (kg CO2/TJ of energy) X Energy Density (MJ/L)/1,000,000 = Converted Emission Factor (kgCO2/L)
An example of conversion and emission factor calculations undertaken for the inventory is provided below.2
Table 11. An Example of Conversion and Emission Factor Calculations, by Fuel Type
A B C D E F G H I
Net Energy Emission Fuel Activity Density Calorific Energy Density Emission Emission Factor Type Metric<1> <1> Value Density Units Factor<2> Factor Units
Kg/liter MJ/Kg C * D kg CO2/TJ E*G/106
LPG Kg na 49.265 49.27 MJ/kg 63,100 3.11 kg CO2/kg l
Charcoal kg na 29.50 29.50 MJ/kg 0 0.00 kg CO2/kg l
kg Diesel liters 0.8439 43.38 36.61 MJ/liter 74,100 2.71 CO2/liter
kg Gasoline liters 0.7407 44.75 33.15 MJ/liter 69,300 2.30 CO2/liter
kg Kerosene liters 0.8026 43.92 35.25 MJ/liter 71,900 2.53 CO2/liter
Fuel wood kg na 15.60 15.60 MJ/kg 0 0.00 kg CO2/kg
kg Fuel Oil liters 0.9251 42.18 39.02 MJ/liter 77,400 3.02 CO2/liter
kg Coal tonners na 24.05 24.05 MJ/kg 94,600 2.28 CO2/tonne Source: <1> International Energy Agency, Energy Statistics Manual, Tables A3.5 and A3.8 <2> 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2, default values from Tables 2.2
2 The example shows conversions and emission factor calculations for CO2 emissions from fuels. A similar approach can be used for CH4 and N20 emissions.
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7.1.2 Activity Data – Stationary Energy Wholesalers/retailers of the six (6) district markets selling charcoal and fuel wood in the City of Iloilo were interviewed including those at the Iloilo Food Terminal Market where bulk of the charcoal and fuel wood are delivered. Restaurants small and large from the north to the south were also visited along the coastal area of the city for charcoal and fuel wood they consumed in their operations. Restaurants in malls that uses charcoal in grilling and LPG in cooking were also surveyed. Whereas, kerosene, diesel and gasoline data were taken from the numerous number of gas refilling stations scattered all over in the six (6) districts of City of Iloilo. For the generator sets consumption of fuel, the data were taken from the Environmental Management Bureau- Department of Environment and Natural Resources (EMB- DENR) Region VI. The volume in liters taken during the survey for kerosene, diesel and gasoline were converted into kilograms using conversion factors, i.e. density of the fuels. Charcoal which is solid, was counted first in number of sacks and converted into kilogram. The fuel wood was weighed and multiplied to the number of bundles recorded. Butane count is based on the cylinder can sold at 220g per can. Butane information was gathered since it is now a knowledge that butane usage is not only limited in picnic activity but also used in cooking foods in households and in food carts selling street foods along the streets of Iloilo City. It is less expensive than LPG and the cooking stove is available at the houseware section of malls. Refilling station can be found at the Iloilo City Food Terminal Market. No secondary data were collected for other sources of energy except for charcoal. Sacks of charcoal from Guimaras were taken from the DENR-PENRO report for the year 2015. The data from DENR-PENRO supports our surveyed data taken at the Iloilo City Food Terminal Market. The data were gathered using a survey form or questionnaire which was designed and printed for the client to answer. The questionnaire includes number of sacks delivered, frequency of delivery, consumption, source/place and species of trees used. Butane inventory were taken from the commercial establishments that sold 220g/can of butane and also from the district markets. Sample of survey questionnaire used can be found in Annex E. The survey form was designed based on the need to account for the tonnes of CO2e, N2O and CH4 in the atmosphere. Almost all of the data we need for the computation of metric tons CO2e, N2O and CH4 were extracted from the sources. The survey was done from May to June 2017. The field survey was conducted by five (5) faculty members of the University of San Agustin who were tasked to carry out the survey for stationary energy combustion. The B-LEADERS project provided financial support during the survey and for the encoding of the data. The Iloilo City GHG Inventory Team oversaw the process of gathering and encoding of the data. A summary of the data collected, sources of data and/or manner of collection for the stationary combustion are found in Table 12.
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Table 12. Data on Fuel Collected for Stationary Combustion, Iloilo City, 2015
Data Annual Unit Sources/Manner of collection Volume Residential Fuel Usage LPG 5,647,138.9 Kg LPG retailers/survey/interview Charcoal 2,559,651.5 Kg Survey/ district markets) Kerosene 55,514.0 Liters Survey (household/gas Wood Fuel 220,441.0 Kg stations) Commercial Buildings Generators Fuel Usage Survey/interview (gas stations) Diesel 33,630,573.0 Liters Gasoline 9,485.5 Liters Other fuels Commercial Fuel Usage LPG 2,459,183.0 Kg LPG retailers/survey/interview Charcoal 854,418.8 Kg Survey/interview Wood Fuel 47,654.5 Kg Survey/interview
For this inventory report, it was assumed that: one sack of charcoal is equivalent to fifteen (15) kilograms of charcoal for four (4) cans of charcoal per sack; and twenty-two and one-half (22.5) kilograms for six (6) cans per sack; and one bundle of fuel wood is equivalent to three and one-fourth (3.25) kilograms. To arrive at these figures, actual sampling of sacks was conducted using the commercial weighing scale. It was found out that exact weight of charcoal per sack depends on the number of cans used (4 or 6) and the species of trees used as raw materials in production (Analysis of Charcoal Value Chain in Iloilo City, Jamandre, 2017). Combustion of charcoal contributes to GHG emission; hence, it is necessary to understand the properties of charcoal.
Table 13. Types of Charcoal Sacks Sold in Iloilo City
Sacks used for Charcoal Packaging There are two types of sacks considered in the study:
1. Small sack equivalent to 4 cans of charcoal (15 -18* Kg)
2. Large sack equivalent to 6 cans of charcoal (22.5 -28* kg)
Source: Analy sis of Supply Chain of Charcoal in Iloilo City, Jamandre 2017
In Table 12, the annual diesel and gasoline consumption of the generator sets are shown. For this inventory report, the Iloilo City GHG Inventory Team assumed that these fuels are purchased in the gas refilling stations inside Iloilo City, and are therefore reported under their fuel sales.
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7.1.3 Emission Factors –Stationary Energy
The emission factors used in the computation of GHG emissions from the stationary combustions in the commercial, institutional, residential and agricultural categories are shown in Table 14.
Table 14. Emission Factors by Fuel Type - Stationary Combustion
Fuel Emission Factor Emission Factor Emission Factor (kg CO2/TJ of energy)<1> (kg CH4/TJ of energy)< (kg N2O/TJ of energy) Commercial and residential Fossil Fuels 63,100 5 0.1 LPG 74,100 10 0.6 Diesel 71,900 10 0.6 Kerosene 77,400 10 0.6 Fuel Oil Biofuels 0 (biogenic) 200 1 Charcoal 0 (biogenic) 300 4 Fuel Wood Industrial Fossil Fuels LPG 63,100 1 0.1 Diesel 74,100 3 0.6 Fuel Oil 77,400 3 0.6 Coal 94,600 10 1.5
Electricity generation Fossil Fuels Fuel Oil 77,400 3 0,6 Coal 94,600 1 1.5 Biofuels Biomass 0 (biogenic) Biomass type specific Biomass type specific Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2, default values from Tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5
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7.1.4 Calculation Results – Stationary Energy
The total estimated GHG emissions derived from the different types of fuel utilized are shown below.
Table 15. Total Estimated GHG Emissions - Stationary Energy
Sources/type of fuel Annual Units CO2 CH4 N20 Total Volume tonsCO2e tonsCO2e tonsCO2e tonsCO2e Residential Fuel Cooking (LPG) 5,647,138.9 Kg 16.85 0.028 0.0083 16.89 Cooking (charcoal) 2,559,651.5 Kg 8,457.09 317.14 23.41 8,797.64 Cooking (fuel wood) 220,441.0 Kg 385.15 21.63 4.28 411.08 Lighting and cooking 55,514.0 L 139.86 0.41 0.36 140.63 (kerosene) Commercial Fuel Cooking (LPG) 2,459,183.0 kg 7.34 0.012 0.0036 7.36 Cooking (charcoal) 854,418.8 kg 2,823.00 105.84 7.81 2,936.68 Cooking (fuel wood) 47,654.5 kg 83.26 4.68 0.92 88.87 Generators (diesel) 33,630,573.0 l 90,011.96 254.10 225.99 90,493.00 Generators (gasoline) 9,485.5 l 19.61 0.064 0.56 20.23
7.1.5 Discussion – Stationary Energy The Iloilo City stationary energy sector emissions are attributed to diesel use in generator sets (70.26%), followed by LPG (20.35%) and charcoal (8.57%) used for cooking. Traditional fuels such as kerosene (0.11%) and fuel wood (0.67%) also contribute a little to Iloilo City GHG emissions. Stationary gasoline use is deemed insignificant (0.02%).
For this 2nd GHG inventory for the City of Iloilo, the quality of data is very important to the GHG Inventory team. A survey method was used to capture the consumption of the households within the City of Iloilo. This time the big commercial establishments engaged in grilling inside and outside the malls are considered in the survey which were not part of the first GHG inventory. Similarly, in this survey a complete and factual usage of fossil fuels used in generator sets for commercial establishments are given emphasis which were given little attention in the first survey.
Although this inventory has been done for the second time, there are still much more to learn and to consider in the next inventory. For example, users from commercial establishments were the only established users of generator sets. Lack of data from households must be given attention, too.
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7.2 SCOPE 1 POWER PLANTS
The electricity sector in the Philippines provides electricity through power generation, transmission, and distribution to many parts of the Philippines. Transmission and distribution are made through the three electrical grids connecting Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. In the City of Iloilo, Global Business Power Corporation (GBC), a leading energy company in the Visayas and Mindoro Island, operates two power plants through its subsidiaries: Panay Energy Development Corporation (PEDC) and Panay Power Corporation (PPC). PEDC, a coal-fired power plant utilizing circulating fluidized bed combustion technology, is comprised of two Units with a combined capacity of 164 megawatts (MW). Each unit has a capacity of 82 MW. On the other hand, PPC is a diesel-fired power facility consisting of Unit 1 (72 MW ) and Unit 2 (20 MW). The diesel-fired power plants supplement the coal-fired power plants during peak hours. On the aggregate, the coal-fired and diesel- fired power plants can generate a total of 256 MW of electricity, more than sufficient to meet the energy demands of Iloilo City. In 2015, about 88 % of the generated electricity came from the coal-fired power plants and only around 12% from the diesel-fired power plants. For the 2015 Inventory Report), the greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption are classified and calculated given the existing conditions in Iloilo City: Scope 1 - direct emissions arising from the presence of power plants within the geographic boundaries of the City, and Scope 2 - indirect emissions because some companies in the City are sourcing out their power needs outside the geographic boundaries of Iloilo City. Only the GHG emissions from electricity consumption within Iloilo City (Scope 1) were estimated using the recommended toolkit (User’s Manual for Community-Level GHG Inventory for the Use of Local Government Units in the Philippines and the GHG Inventory Quantification Support Spreadsheet, B-LEADERS Project, August 2015).
The fuel consumption of the power plants are summarized below:
SOURCE OF POWER PLANTS FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA
Panay Energy Development Corporation Coal 602,866 tonnes (PEDC) PEDC Diesel 565,180 liters Coal- fired power plant
Panay Power Corporation (PPC) Bunker Fuel Oil 31,442,179 liters PPC Diesel Power Plant Diesel Fuel Oil 1,169,676 liters
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Table 16. Estimated GHG Emissions by Fuel Type – Scope 1 Power Plants
Sources/Type of Fuel Annual Units CO2 CH4 N20 Total Volume/Mass
Consumption of Power tonsCO2e tonsCO2e tonsCO2e tonsCO2e Plants
Coal 602,866,000 Kg 1,023,063.60 2,658.64 5,793.54 1,031,515.78 Diesel 1,734,856 L 4,614.72 14.57 11.72 4,641.01 Fuel Oil (Bunker) 31,442,179 L 83,636.20 68.67 212.49 83,917.36
Total 1,120,074.15
Sources: Energy Information Administration; Environmental Protection Agency
Note that emissions from these power plants are reported for inventory purposes, but will not be attributed as part of the City’s emissions. Consumption-based electricity calculations were accounted for as the emissions of the City.
7.2.1 Methodology - Scope 1 Electricity Consumption Scope 1 emissions as defined cover all direct emissions from sources within the geopolitical boundary of the community. Emissions from electicity consumption is calculated based on this equation:
Electricity Consumed * Average Electricity-Grid Emission Factor = GHG Emissions
Where: Electricity consumed: Total amount of electricity consumed in the community by residential, commercial, industrial and government users, typically expressed in kWh or MWh Electricity grid emission factor: Average volume of GHG emissions associated with the generation of one unit of energy, typically expressed in kgCO2e/kWh or tCO2e/MWh
7.2.2 Activity Data – Scope 1 Electricity Consumption The production and consumption data on electricity were collected from Panay Energy Development Corporation, Panay Power Company and from the distribution utility Panay Electric Company (PECO). Monthly electricity production and consumption from January to December 2015 were provided by
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these companies. The consumption data were categorized by type of consumer: residential, commercial, industrial, and others (e.g., streetlights, government institutions). Annual electricity consumption for 2015 was then computed on the aggregate for Iloilo City. Panay Electric Company purchased all its power needs from GBC -PEDC (coal) and PPC (diesel). The electric power needs of Iloilo City is distributed by PECO 24 hours daily.
The data for 2015 electricity consumption segregated by type of consumer is summarized in Table 17.
Table 17. Electricity Consumption by Type of Consumer, Iloilo City, 2015
Type of Consumer Annual Unit Data Source Consumption
Residential 168,797,168 kWh PECO
Commercial 450,105,091 kWh PECO, PEDC
Others (e.g., street lights, 49, 004,436 kWh PECO city gov’t/institutions, schools)
TOTAL 667,906,695 kWh
In 2015, the commercial sector (67 %) appeared to be the major driver of electricity consumption in Iloilo City followed by the residential sector (25%). About 8% of the total electricity consumption came from other sources such as street lights, city government or institutions and schools.
7.2.3 Emission Factor - Scope 1 Electricity Consumption Iloilo city energy consumption is connected to the Luzon–Visayas grid. PECO purchased all its power from Global Power Corporation (PEDC and PPC) that is utilizing both coal and diesel as fuel. The emission factor used in the GHG calculation is computed at 0.95 kg CO2 /kWh, which is based on the Department of Energy Default Data on specific electricity consumption. The total GHG emissions from the annual electricity consumption of Iloilo City amounted to 634,511.36 tonnes CO2e as calculated below.
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Table 18. Scope 1 -Emissions from Electricity Consumption, 2015
Annual Units Emission Factor Total Consumption Consumption Emissions
kgCO2/kWh tonsCO2e
Total Electricity Consumption 667,906,695 kWh 0.95 634,511.36
Detailed computation pertaining to electricity consumption is found in the electricity spreadsheet attached to this inventory report.
7.2.4 Scope 2 Purchased Electricity Scope 2 emissions refer to energy-related indirect emissions that occur outside the LGU community boundary (Iloilo City) as a consequence of consumption/use of grid supplied electricity.
Table 19. Scope 2 - Purchased Electricity
Consumer Annual Consumption Unit Data Source
Philippine Foremost Milling 200,038,421.88 kWh PFMC Corporation
La Filipina Uygongco Corporation 109,779.75 kWh LFUGC
TOTAL 20,148,201.63 kWh
Philippine Foremost Milling Corporation (PFMC) operates a flour milling company in Iloilo City and sells pollard or wheat bran and feeds as well. La Filipina Uygongco Corporation is engaged in trading of agricultural products which includes fertilizers and feeds, and the sale of flour and bakery supplies around the country. These companies sourced out their power needs from Green Core Geothermal, Inc. (formerly Palinpinon) located in Leyte and Negros Occidental. Green Core Geothermal, Inc. is an independent power producer that is an affiliate of Energy Development Corporation. Power is supplied from a mix of sustainable renewable (natural) power sources. It is generally known that geothermal energy is an environmentally friendly, renewable, and sustainable source of electricity with great potential in mitigating global climate change. Most published data on emissions associated with geothermal power plants are much lower than emissions from fossil fuel, coal or natural gas-fired power plants. It has been estimated, however, that geothermal plants emit about 5% of the carbon dioxide and less than 1% of the nitrous oxide emitted by a coal-fired plant of equal size, and certain types of geothermal plants produce near-zero emissions. (Alison, Holm, et al., 2012;
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Fridriksson, Thrainn, et al., 2016). The emission factor therefore from geothermal source of energy is assumed to be nearly zero.
7.2.5 Discussion – Electricity Generation and Consumption The total volume of electricity generated by Global Power Corporation (PEDC and PPC) for 2015 was approximately 1,246 million kilowatt hours. About 57% of this generated electricity were consumed locally within the geographical boundaries of Iloilo City communities and roughly 43% were sold outside of Iloilo City. The total amount of fuel consumed for power generation were estimated at 602,866 tons of coal, 31,442,179 liters of bunker fuel and 1,734, 856 liters of diesel fuel. Emissions per type of fuel used by the power plants were also estimated for inventory puposes, but were not counted as part of the City’s emissions.
7.3 MOBILE COMBUSTION GHG emissions from transportation activities are based on the fuel consumption and consequent GHG emissions associated to transportation. Road transportation emissions as well as emissions from port and harbors are included in the GHG inventory.
7.3.1 Land Transportation Iloilo City has a total 227.48 km of road network, 90.7km of which are national roads, 48.6 km are city roads and 89.18km are barangay roads. The road surfaces are concrete, asphalt or gravel. The road network consists of linear and circumferential roads that provide linkages between the city’s 180 barangays, reaching over an area of 78.34 sq.km. The recently completed road projects since 2013 include the Metro Iloilo Radial Road, the Iloilo River Esplanade, the Iloilo Flood Control, and the widening of some major roads especially at the area of the Old Iloilo Airport where new infrastructure development are currently taking place.
The different modes of transportation for land travel within Iloilo City consist mainly of passenger cars including taxis, public utility vehicles or jeepneys, and motorcycles or tricycles. Service utility vehicles, buses, passenger vans, trucks and trailers are also seen in the city. These road vehicles use primarily diesel, gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. In 2015, the following modes are available for public use according to the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB): tricycles (987), public utility jeepneys (3,827), and taxis (1,905). The land transport motor vehicles registered at LTFRB according to type are shown in Table 20.
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Table 20. Total Nuber of Registered Motor Vehicles in Iloilo City, 2015
PRIVATE GOVERNMENT FOR-HIRE TOTAL
Cars 11,210 29 713 11,952 UV 22,898 597 5,132 28,627 SUVs 6,158 13 2 6,173 Trucks 4,876 137 613 5,626 Buses 40 4 35 79 Passenger Vans 0 0 4,695 4,695 Trailers 238 2 19 259 MC/TC 71,022 216 0 71,238 Total 116,442 998 11,209 128,649 Source: LTFRB - Region VI, Iloilo City
Figure 4. Percentage of Registered Motor Vehicles for Land Transportation, 2015
Iloilo City serves as a popular transit point for several destinations in Iloilo and other provinces in Panay Island or even Manila. The seven (7) land transportation terminals located within and in the boundaries of Iloilo City offer transportation mode choices such as buses, shuttle vans and jeepneys. These terminals can be reached by taxi or jeepneys navigating within the city.
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Table 21. Land Transportation Terminals within Iloilo City
Name of Terminal Address Destination Routes Tagbac Terminal McArthur Highway in Jaro, Iloilo Central and Northern Iloilo, City Boracay, Aklan, Capiz and Antique, Manila Molo Terminal San Pedro St. in Molo, Iloilo City Antique Mohon Terminal Osmeña St, near the boundary of Southern Iloilo Arevalo, Iloilo City and Oton Iloilo Terminal Market De Leon St. in City Proper Iloilo Southern Iloilo Terminal Market Ungka Terminal & Near the boundary of Jaro, Iloilo Central Iloilo and Capiz Pavia People’s City and Pavia Terminal Hibao-an Terminal Jaro Big Market in Jaro, Iloilo City Central Iloilo Baldoza Terminal Baldoza St. in Lapaz, Iloilo City Dumangas, Iloilo Source: http://www.exploreiloilo.com/guide/iloilo-land-transport/
The entry of public utility vehicles from neighboring towns has been limited due to the implementation of the city’s perimeter boundary ordinance. Tricycles, on the other hand, has shifted from 2-stroke to 4- stroke engines. Some taxis as a mode of transport use LPG as fuel. These policies and practices are done in order to reduce emissions within the city. 7.3.2 Ports and Harbors Iloilo City became the regional center of Western Visayas in the 1960’s with the rise in the construction of commercial establishments along with increased inter-island accessibility through its ports. The international deep sea port known as Iloilo Commercial Port Complex caters to foreign vessels as well as containerized vessels. The Iloilo Fishing Port Complex is considered as the center of fish trading and marine products processing in the region. Passenger seaports include fast craft and Roro (roll-on, roll- off) terminal facilities for Iloilo-Negros routes and also wharves to access the province of Guimaras. Major passenger seaports located in Iloilo City are listed in the table below including the trips made to and from Iloilo City. The modes of transport include fast craft ferries, small motorized boats, and other shipping vessels. These ports are easily accessible by taxi or jeepney.
Table 22. Passenger Seaport Terminals within Iloilo City
Name of Terminal Address Destination Routes Iloilo Domestic Port Fort San Pedro, City Proper Manila, Cebu and Cagayan de Oro Iloilo River Wharf Lapuz, Iloilo City Bacolod, Guimaras, Palawan Ortiz Wharf Ortiz St., City Proper Jordan Wharf, Guimaras Parola Wharf Fort San Pedro, City Proper Buenavista Wharf, Guimaras Source: http://www.exploreiloilo.com/guide/iloilo-ferry/
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Table 23. List of Ship/Vessel Operators and No. of Trips to and from Iloilo City, 2015
Name of Terminal Operators Ships Travelling No. of Trips to and from Iloilo City Iloilo Domestic Port 2Go Group Inc. (2Go) 2 ships 4 times a week (Iloilo- Manila) Cokaliong Once a week (Iloilo- Trans Asia Shipping 1 ship Cagayan de Oro) 1 ship 4 times a week (Iloilo-Cebu) 3 times a week (Iloilo-Cebu) Iloilo River Wharf Ocean Fast Ferries (Ocean 3 Fast Crafts 8 trips per day (Iloilo- Jet) Bacolod)
Supercat Fast Ferries Corp 2 Fast Crafts 4 trips per day (Iloilo- (Supercat) Bacolod) SRN Fast Sea Craft (Weesam Express) 2 fast crafts 6 trips per day (Iloilo- Bacolod) Ortiz Wharf Jordan Motorbanca 55 Trips every 15min from Cooperative motorbancas 5:30am to 7:30pm (Iloilo- (small pump Jordan) boats) Parola Wharf Association of Buenavista 38 ferry boats Trips every 15min from Ferry Service Providers 5:30am to 7:30pm (Iloilo- Buenavista Motorbanca Buenavista) Owner Association 15 motor bancas Iloilo Fish Port Data not acquired Variable Undetermined Complex
Currently, ferries and ships berthing at the Iloilo River Wharf have on-shore access to electricity during night time for their lighting needs only. The small motorized boats in the Ortiz and Parola wharves utilize diesel fuel while the other ships/vessels use diesel or bunker fuel during their stay in Iloilo City.
7.3.1. Methodology - Transportation The methodology adopted to estimate emissions from transportation is based on the approach recommended in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. As for stationary energy emissions, also for transportation related emissions the methodology is modeled after IPCC’s ‘tier 1’ approach due to current limitations in data availability. GHG emissions are therefore estimated using relatively aggregated input data on fuel sold combined with default emission factors by fuel.
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The GHG estimates are based on the following equation:
Fuel Sold X Fuel Emission Factor = GHG Emissions
Where: • Fuel sold is the total volume of fuel sold within the geographic boundaries of the LGU and used for road transportation3. • Emission factor is a default emission factor typically obtained by IPCC or other international sources and generally provided in terms of kg of GHG emitted per unit of energy contained by the fuel (e.g., kgCO2e/TJ)
The approach above was used for the quantification of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions. CO2 emissions are typically a function of the volume of fuel combusted and therefore the formula above mirrors well the physical processes involved.
CH4 and N2O emissions for road transport, on the other hand, typically depend on a number of additional variables such as vehicle (exhaust) technology, fuel type, vehicle operating characteristics, and kilometers travelled. While ‘tier 2’ methodologies that take into consideration such variables are available, this GHG inventory is based on the simpler ‘tier 1’ approach.
7.3.2 Activity Data - Transportation 7.3.2.1 Land Transportation The fuel sales data were sourced from the fifty four (54) fuel suppliers in Iloilo City. Two (2) of these fuels suppliers are taxi operators who provide LPG fuel to their own vehicles. The Iloilo City GHG team distributed survey forms to about 54 gasoline stations visible when passing through the city’s road network. These fuel suppliers provided their respective monthly and/or annual fuel sales volume in liters for gasoline and diesel and in kilograms for LPG. Fuel data on LPG has been supplied by two taxi operators who have significant number of LPG- fueled vehicles. The data gathering for fuel consumption was conducted in the second week of June up to the last week of August 2017. The table below summarizes the data collected, sources of data and/or manner of collection for the computation of the mobile combustion:
Table 23. Summary of Fuel Sales Volume Used in Iloilo City, 2015
Category of Fuel Annual Volume Unit Sources/Manner of Collection Gasoline 76, 903, 044.90 Liters Gasoline Stations/Survey
3In the tier 1 approach used for the calculation, total volume of fuel sold in Iloilo City is used as proxy for fuel combusted by road vehicles travelling within the city. The latter would deliver a more accurate estimate of the transportation related GHG emissions in the LGU. However, actual fuel combustion data is unavailable. Fuel sales were used because they provide a good estimate of combustion/consumption, since no factors indicate that significant volumes of fuels sold in the city are consumed outside the city and that significant smaller volumes of fuels purchased outside the LGU are used within.
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Diesel 163,878,020.84 Liters Gasoline Stations/Survey LPG* 2,554,128.07 Liters Taxi Operators/Survey *LPG data initially given in kilograms but converted to liters using a conversion factor of 1.82 liters/kg (EPA)
7.3.2.2 Ports and Harbor Since the fast craft ferries and ships berthing at the Iloilo River Wharf in Lapuz District have on-shore access to electricity in the grid at nighttime, the fuel for electricity has already been accounted for in the stationary energy sources. The small motorized boats in the Ortiz and Parola wharves going to and from Guimaras and Iloilo City utilized diesel fuel and may have bought their fuel supply in the gasoline stations in Iloilo City. Thus, the fuel consumed is accounted for in the gasoline stations’ survey. However, the type of fuel, volume used and fuel suppliers of the other ships/vessels are not determined.
7.3.3 Emission Factors - Transportation
The following CO2 emission factors are derived from WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Emission Factors from Cross-Sector Tools, Table 10 “CO2 Emission Factors by Fuel,” Version 1.3. August, 2012. See tab entitled "Transport Fuel Use”. Emissions factors for CO2 combustion are based on stoichiometric ratios and thus have very low uncertainties (5%).
Table 24. International Emission Factors for Mobile Fuel Consumption
Fuel Type Emission Factors (EF) Units CO2 CH4 N2O
100% Biodiesel 2.499 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
Aviation Gasoline 2.201 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
B20 Biodiesel/Diesel 2.141 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter 2 CNG 0.053 n/a n/a kg CO2 / ft
E85 Ethanol/Gasoline 0.341 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
Ethanol 1.469 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
Gasoline/Petrol 2.272 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
Jet Fuel 2.491 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
LNG 1.178 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
LPG 1.611 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
On-Road Diesel Fuel 2.676 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter
Residual Fuel Oil (3s 5 and 6) 2.939 n/a n/a kg CO2 / liter Note: The types of fuel assumed to be utilized in the city are gasoline, on-road diesel fuel and LPG because of the uncertainties in the biofuel and diesel blends and also in the octane rating of gasoline.
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7.3.4 Calculation Results –Transportation Emissions The total emissions from road transport in Iloilo City using fuel sales volume data from 2015 is estimated at 116,785.46 tonnes CO2e. A summary of the GHG emissions per fuel type is presented below:
Table 25. Total GHG Emissions from Mobile Sources by Fuel Type, Iloio City, 2015
Fuel Type Annual fuel CO2 Units CO2 GHG Proportion consumption Emission Emissions Emissions of (Liters) Factor (tonnes CO2) (tonnes Emissions CO2e)
On-Road Diesel Fuel 163,878,020.84 2.676 kg CO2 / liter 438,591.4 438,591.4 71.04%
Gasoline/Petrol 76,903,044.90 2.272 kg CO2 / liter 174,688.8 174,688.8 28.29%
LPG 2,554,128 1.611 kg CO2 / liter 4,115.8 4,115.85 .67%
TOTAL 116,785.46 116,785.46 100.00%
The results indicate that most mobile sources from road transportation utilized diesel as fuel. It also showed that diesel produces almost two-thirds of the GHG emissions of the three fuel types. However, these results may have included fuel bought by the shipping vessels in the city.
7.3.5 Discussion - Transportation The figure below presents the proportions of the GHG emissions of the transportation sector in Iloilo City based on fuel sales data given by the gasoline stations within the city.
LPG 1%
Gasoline 28%
On-Road Diesel Fuel 71%
Figure 5. Percentage of GHG Emissions per Fuel Type
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It can be seen from Figure 4, that diesel-fed vehicles (motorcycles/tricycles, SUVs, UVs, passenger vans, buses, trucks and trailers) comprised about 91% of the vehicles registered in the city. Although reflective of diesel as the highest proportion of fuel type used, the following uncertainties are still worth mentioning: • The registered vehicles in the LTFRB, Region VI, Iloilo City District office in 2015 may or may not be purchasing fuel from the suppliers within the city. Also, these vehicles may or may not be travelling within the city’s road network even if they purchase their fuel in the city. • While most public utility vehicles such as jeepneys and tricycles purchase fuel within the city, the privately owned vehicles may have purchased their fuel from fuel stations outside of the city. • Fuels purchased in the city but delivered in areas outside of the city are not subtracted since the fuel suppliers cannot disaggregate their data. • Although provincial public utility vehicles have limited entry, they may have purchased fuel within the city but a large part of this fuel is combusted outside the boundaries of the city. • The fuel sales data may also include non-road transport usage such as generator sets or shipping vessels and motorized boats. Again, these data were not disaggregated by the fuel suppliers.
On the other hand, the GHG team has determined that the following road users buy fuel within the city: • Private vehicles such as cars and motorcycles of the residents of the city • Local government-owned vehicles such as motorcycles, garbage trucks and service utility vehicles • Taxi cabs • Public utility vehicles, such as jeepneys and tricycles
Prior to the actual data gathering of the fuel volume sales, a master list of the gasoline stations was obtained from the City Treasurer’s office. This document contains the names of the establishment, proprietor, business address, kind of business, capitalization and annual sales. It was helpful but challenging to use this master list. The problems encountered included: incorrect address, business not in operation anymore and wrong declaration of the kind of business (e.g. declared LPG supplier but actually sells gasoline and diesel). Even with the endorsement of the city mayor and confidentially agreement, some fuel suppliers are uncooperative and do not support the GHG accounting activity for the city. The annual average daily traffic data from the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) that can be used as an alternative method to solve for fuel consumption was made available. However, it was not utilized in this report since the traffic survey was conducted in 2016 and only covers the national roads located within the city which are managed by the DPWH-Iloilo City District. It has been most challenging to have fuel data for ships and other vessels using the city’s ports and harbors. The GHG Inventory Team has no experience yet in gathering data for this sector. To address the problems mentioned, the following measures are recommended: (a) Fuel sales volume method This is method has a simple approach. However, it still requires disaggregation of fuel sales data from the suppliers because of the different GHG emission factors. In order to
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eliminate untrue declaration of the kind of business and promote cooperation of fuel suppliers, the data requirements for GHG emissions inventory should be included in the renewal of business permits of these fuel suppliers. A template or form must be developed for this purpose.
(b) Distance Method Another recommended method to more accurately measure the GHG emissions is by the distance or vehicle-kilometer travelled (VKT) method wherein fuel combusted by transport vehicles within the community is computed by multiplying the number of vehicles and the length of the road. Each vehicle type has corresponding fuel consumption. Data needed for this method would be the annual average daily traffic for each road length within the city. Data can be collected from the Iloilo City District of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) for national roads. For the city and barangay roads, the City government through its City Planning and/or the City Engineer’s Office can include vehicle traffic counting activities within the local jurisdiction. This method can be compared with the fuel sales volume method and can be very helpul in the overall assessment and evaluation of the GHG emissions.
(c) Fuel consumption of Ports and Harbors The GHG emissions that must be accounted for includes the fuel and/or electricity consumption during the maneuvering and in-port operations of the ships or vessels. The data gathering for this sector needs attention and expert guidance in the next GHG inventory. Hopefully, efficient data gathering procedures will be established and detailed GHG emissions will be computed with reliable emission factors. A separate research on GHG emissions in ports and harbors is deemed necessary and thus recommended by the GHG inventory team.
Overall, the city’s GHG Emissions Inventory Team has overcome the challenges encountered in this activity and looks forward to improved data collection and computation methodologies that provide more accurate and detailed results to reduce the uncertainties and to truly reflect the transportation sector of Iloilo City.
7.4 WASTE Two major subsectors are measured when tracking GHG emissions from waste: the solid waste and waste water (domestic and commercial/industrial). At the local level, the waste sector is one of the more important areas of focus guided not just by national laws but with local policies as well. As this sector directly affects every day life of the community’s population, local governments implement policies and programs to improve waste disposal and management. In 2015, Iloilo City generated about 98, 112 metric tons of solid waste, of which 91% are collected, 1% are composted, 6% are burned and 2% are unspecified. The solid wastes are dumped in the 23-hectare Calajunan open dumpsite which is located in the district of Iloilo City. In terms of wastewater, the city generates an average of 14.6kg BOD per person per year. Emission from solid waste and from waste water will be treated separately below.
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7.4.1 Solid Waste
In August 2016, the Calajunan dumpsite located in Mandurriao district has allocated 3.3 hectares of its 23-hectare area to a sanitary landfill. However, prior to the operations of a sanitary landfill, the entire area was an open dumpsite managed by the city government. The table below shows the results of the waste analysis and characterization study conducted in 2009.
Table 26. Summary of 2009 WACS
Proportions of the Total Incoming Solid Waste by Source Households 56.47% Commercial Establishments 30.34% Institutions 6.39% Public Markets 4.45% Industries 2.35% Total 100.00%
Waste Categories of Iloilo City Biodegradable 53.00% Non-biodegradable 35.00% Residuals 12.00% Total 100.00%
This study covers only the operations of the open dumpsite since the GHG emissions inventory’s base year is 2015. For several years, the open dumpsite accommodated up to 300 metric tons of solid wastes daily which are collected from the City and the neighboring towns of Oton, Pavia and Sta. Barbara. The solid garbage is expected to increase every year as Iloilo City is fast developing with many commercial buildings and housing subdivisions that certainly produce solid wastes. Currently, the barangays in the city have their own material recovery facility (MRF) for the collection and recycling of garbage at sources.
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Collected (91%)
Solid Waste
Uncollected (9%) • 1 % Composted • 6 % Burned • 2 % Others/Unspecified
Figure 6. Solid Waste Management Practices in Iloilo City, 2015
7.4.1.1 Methodology – Solid Waste
The methodology adopted to estimate GHG emissions from solid waste was based on the approach recommended by the 2006 IPCC guidelines, specifically: • For incineration, the methodology was based on Volume 5, chapter 5, Incineration and open burning • For composting of biological solid waste, the methodology was based on Volume 5, Chapter 4, Biological treatment of solid waste • For solid waste disposed in solid waste disposal sites, the methodology was based on Volume 5, Chapter 3, Solid Waste Disposal. The IPCC approach is based on the First Order Decay (FOD) method. Such method recognizes the process by which CH4 and CO2 are formed in solid waste disposal sites, which is through slow decay throughout a few decades of degradable organic components in waste. Factors affecting the emissions calculation include the climatic zone where the community is located, the types of waste materials generated, and waste management and disposal systems. In particular these GHG emissions were estimated with the calculation tool included with the IPCC guidelines Another method to estimate emissions utilized was the ICLEI approach which is based on the assumption that all potential CH4 is released in the year the waste is disposed of. The ICLEI method gives a reasonable annual estimate of actual emissions since the amount and composition of deposited wastes in Iloilo City are assumed to be constant or slowly varying over a period of several decades.
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7.4.1.2 Activity Data – Solid Waste The following tables summarize some of the data collected for solid waste calculations, providing additional notes on activity data, data sources or data collection activities.
Table 27. Solid Waste Data, ICLEI Method
Data Collected Value Source/Remarks
Total Population 448, 000 Ecological Profile of Iloilo City / actual value is 447, 992 Waste per capita per year 0.256 Ecological Profile of Iloilo City/ Average 0.7kg per capita per day Fraction of Waste sent to the open 91% City Health Office/ government-collected/ dumpsite Wastes coming from outside the city are already subtracted Fraction of Solid Waste sent to 1% City Health Office Composting Fraction of Solid Waste Sent to 0% City Health Office Anaerobic Digestion Fraction of Solid Waste Sent to Open 6% City Health Office Burning Fraction of Solid Waste – 2% City Health Office Others/Unspecified
Table 28. Solid Waste Data, IPCC-FOD Method
Data Description Data Source/Remarks
Population (1950s to date) Censal Ecological Profile of Iloilo City/ in absolute number Year Population 1948 110,122 For data entry in the toolkit, the population was assumed to be 1960 151,266 constant until a new census was 1970 209,738 available. 1975 227,027 1980 244,827 1990 309,505 1995 334,539 2000 336,391 2007 418,710 2010 424,619
2015 447,992
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Waste Generated Ecological Profile of Iloilo City/ 0.7 kg/capita per day estimated range of 0.6-0.8 kg/capita or 0.256 tons /capita per per day year For data entry in the toolkit, an average 0.7kg/capita/day was used as estimated by the supervising personnel of the dumpsite
7.4.1.3 Emission Factors – Solid Waste
Solid Waste Disposal Sites
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories include a tool for calculating GHG emissions from solid waste disposal sites, which is based on the FOD method and reflects a Tier 1 calculation approach. The IPCC tool estimates emissions of methane from solid waste disposal sites, and utilizes readily available national or international statistics in combination with default emissions factors, while providing the flexibility to include LGU specific data, if available. The tool was used to calculate the LGU emissions from solid waste management sites. Some of the default factors included in the tool are reproduced below.
Table 29. 2006 IPCC Default Emission Factors for Solid Waste Disposal Sites
Parameters Default Value
DOC (Degradable Organic Carbon) Paper/Cardboard 0.4
Textile 0.24
Food Waste 0.15
Wood 0.43
Garden/Park 0.2
Nappies/Diaper 0.24
Sewage/Sludge 0.05
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Rubber/Leather 0
All other inerts 0
DOCf(Fraction of Degradable 0.5 Organic Carbon that decomposes)
MCF (Methane Correction Factor) Unmanaged shallow 0.4
Unmanaged deep 0.8
Managed 1
Managed semi- 0.5 aerobic
Categorized 0.6
k Paper/Cardboard 0.06
Textile 0.06
Food Waste 0.185
Wood 0.03
Garden/Park 0.1
Nappies/Diaper 0.1
Sewage/Sludge 0.185
Rubber/Leather 0
All other inerts 0
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventory, Volume 5, Chapter 3 Where: . DOC is the organic carbon waste that is accessible to biochemical decomposition. . DOCf is the estimate of the fraction of carbon that is ultimately degraded and released from SWDS and reflects the fact that some degradable organic carbon does not degrade, or degrades very slowly, under anaerobic conditions in the SWDS. . MCF reflects the way waste is managed and the effect of site structure and management practices on CH4 generation. . K is the time it takes the wastes to decay to half its initial mass.
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Composting Biodegradables management practices at household level include burying the waste for natural decomposition and also placing the decomposed wastes in their gardens to fertilize the plants. The emission factors used for this calculation are reported below.
Category Greenhouse Gas Emission Factor
Composting (wet weight basis) CH4 4 gCH4/kg waste
Composting (wet weight basis) N2O 0.3 gN2O/kg waste
Incineration With incineration GHG emissions are driven by the: • Amount of fossil carbon present in the waste, which is a function of the type of materials in the waste • Type of incineration technology adopted
• CO2 emissions depend on the degree by which the waste is combusted, which is higher in modern incinerator facilities and in open burning operations.
• CH4 and N2O emissions depend on incineration steps (continuous incineration, semi continuous incineration, batch incineration) and combustion technology (stocker vs. fluidized bed)
Some of the default factors provided by IPCC and used in the calculation are summarized below.
Table 30. 2006 IPCC Default Values on Incineration
Dry Matter % Carbon % Fossil % % as % of in Dry Carbon in Oxidation Oxidation Waste type Wet Weight Carbon Factor Factor Weight Incinerator Open Burning
Paper/cardboard 90.00% 46.00% 1.00% 100% 58%
Textiles 80.00% 50.00% 20.00% 100% 58%
Food waste 40.00% 38.00% 0.00% 100% 58%
Wood 85.40% 50.00% 0.00% 100% 58%
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Garden and Park waste 40.00% 49.00% 0.00% 100% 58%
Nappies 40.00% 70.00% 10.00% 100% 58%
Rubber and Leather 84.00% 67.00% 20.00% 100% 58%
Other, inert waste 90.00% 3.00% 100.00% 100% 58%
Table 31. 2006 IPCC Values on Emissions from Incineration
Incineration Method CH4 emissions N2O emissions
Stocker Fluidized bed Stocker Fluidized bed
kg CH4/ton kg CH4/ton gN2O/tonne gN2O/tonne waste waste waste waste
Continuous incineration 0.00 - 50.00 50.00
Semi continuous incineration 0.01 0.18 50.00 50.00
Batch type incineration 0.06 0.24 60.00 60.00
7.4.1.4 Calculation Results – Solid Waste
For Iloilo City, the total estimated GHG emissions from solid wastes in 2015 is 43,559.59 tonnes CO2e, mostly coming from the open dumpsite and a very small proportion from open burning.
Table 32. Total GHG Emissions from the Solid Waste Sector, 2015
Solid Waste Treatment Solid Waste Proportion of Method GHG GHG Emissions Emissions in tonnes Solid Waste Disposal 42,884.05 98.45% (IPCC-FOD) Other Methods 628.41 1.44% (ICLEI) Open Burning 47.14 0.11% (ICLEI) Total 43,559.59 100.00
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7.4.1.5 Discussion – Solid Waste The GHG emissions calculation for the solid waste sector is the most complex since it requires many parameters. Data collected such as WACS 2009 have limited information. It is for this reason that the IPCC default values in the toolkit are mostly used in the computations. Some values inputted in the toolkit were information from the relevant offices of the City Hall. Such data included only the amount and proportions of wastes collected and uncollected and also the estimated waste per capita per day. The data collection and data analysis part of this sector were the most challenging. Thus, the GHG Inventory Team recommends that Iloilo city keeps a more accurate database of records related to wastes and update its WACS according to the data needs in the GHG Inventory.
7.4.2 Wastewater Residential and commercial/industrial wastewater are also significant sources of emissions in LGUs. In quantifying these emissions, the pathways by which waste water is produced need to be determined first. The figure below shows the wastewater pathways in Iloilo City.
*GHG Emissions accounted for in this Inventory
Figure 7. Wastewater Management in Iloilo City, 2015
The government of Iloilo City, in general, does not have a facility to collect water. The wastewater collector systems are mostly owned by commercial/industrial establishments operating within the city. Discharge permits into the Iloilo River are issued by DENR-EMB to commercial/industrial establishments in order to monitor and regulate the quality of water thrown into the river.
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Table 33. Number of Establishments by Classification with Discharging Permits into Iloilo River
Name of Industries by Classification No. Gasoline Station/Fuel Depot/Garage 7 Car Dealers 3 Restaurant 6 Hotels/Pension Houses/Condo/Commercial Bldgs. 17 Large Malls 2 Hospitals/Medical Facilities 9 Food Processing/Commissary 4 Industry 6 Institutions 1 Source: EMB, DENR, Region VI, Iloilo City The Iloilo City GHG Inventory Team gathered data for domestic wastewater from the Iloilo City Health Office. Although there are commercial/industrial establishments that are sources of wastewater, the relevant data from these sources are not ascertained. Thus, only domestic wastewater is accounted for in this inventory.
The GHG emissions calculations reveals that the domestic sector produced 5,625,088 kg BOD/year from the use of septic tanks, 588,672 kg BOD/year from open pits/latrines and 327, 040 kg BOD/year from discharges to the rivers.
7.4.2.1 Methodology-Wastewater The methodology adopted to estimate GHG emissions from waste water is based on the approach recommended by the 2006 IPCC guidelines, specifically, volume 5, chapter 6 on wastewater treatment and discharge.
The general equation to estimate CH4emissions from domestic wastewater is as follows:
Total emissions = Population using septic tanks * Per capita BOD generated * EFseptic tanks +
Population using open pits * Per capita BOD generated * EFopen pits +
Population discharging in rivers * Per capita BOD generated * EFriver discharge +
The general equation to estimate N2O emissions from domestic wastewater is as follows: Total emissions = Population discharging untreated waste water in rivers or lakes * Protein consumption per person per year * Fraction of N in protein * Fraction of non-consumed protein added to water * conversion factor * EF
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7.4.2.2 Activity Data – Wastewater The data for this section was gathered from the Iloilo City Health Office, wherein the status of toilet facilities in 2015 for the city indicated that 86% of the population has sanitary toilets (septic tanks), 9% has unsanitary toilets (open pits/latrines) and 5% has no toilets (discharges to the rivers). A summary of the data collected for the computation of the waste water sector is shown in Table 34.
Table 34. Wastewater Data – Scope 1
Is the system % used in the populatio
LGU? n using Wastewater Management System the system
Yes or No %
Uncollected Septic Yes 86.0% tanks
Open Pits/ dry climate, ground water table lower No than latrine, small family (2-5 people) latrines dry climate, ground water table lower No than latrine, communal
wet climate/flush water use, ground Yes 9.0% water table lower than latrine
regular sediment removal for fertilizer No
River Stagnant oxygen deficient rivers and No Discharge lakes
Rivers, lakes and estuaries No
Collected Untreated River tagnant oxygen deficient rivers Yes 5.0% Discharg and lakes e Rivers, lakes and estuaries No
Sewers (closed and underground) No
Open Sewers No
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Treated Aerobic Centralized aerobic well Yes No data managed
Centralized aerobic not well No managed – overloaded
Sludge anaerobic treatment No in aerobic plant
Aerobic shallow ponds No
Anaerobic Anaerobic Shallow (less No lagoons than 2 m)
Shallow No more than 2 m)
Anaerobic reactors Yes No data
Total 100%
7.4.2.3 Emission Factors –Wastewater The wastewater emission calculations are based on default emission factors provided by IPCC for Tier 1 approaches. Such emission factors are based on readily available national or international statistics in combination with default emissions factors provided by IPCC.
Methane Emissions from Wastewater This inventory uses the IPCC default value for per capita BOD generation of 40 gBOD/person/day. The table below illustrates the emission factors used in the computation of the GHG emissions from the waste water sector, based on maximum CH4 production capacity of 0.6 kgCH4/kgBOD.
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Table 35. 2006 IPCC Default Emissions Factors on Wastewater
Methane Emission Methane Emission Correction Factor BOD Correction Factor BOD Factor, related Factor, IPCC related Activity used by (residential Default (residential) LGU ) Index Index kgCH4/kgBO kgN2O/kgBO D D Uncollected Septic tanks 0.5 0.5 0.30
Open pits/latrines wet climate, ground water table lower 0.1 0.1 0.06 than latrine, small family (2-5 people) wet climate, ground water table lower 0.5 0.30 than latrine, communal wet climate/flush water use, ground 0.7 0.7 0.42 water table than latrine regular sediment removal for fertilizer 0.1 0.1 0.06 River discharge Stagnant oxygen deficient rivers and lakes 0.1 0.1 0.06 Rivers, lakes and estuaries
N2O emissions from wasteswater Some of the key parameters and emission factor used to estimate GHG emissions from wastewater are reported below.
Table 36. Key Parameters and Emission Factors for GHG Emissions from Wastewater
Variable Unit Value Source Annual per capita g/person/DAY 59 2005-2007 Data, source FAO protein consumption Fraction of nitrogen in kg N / kg 0.16 IPCC default. Source IPCC 2006 protein protein guidelines vol. 5, chapter 6, page 6.25 Factor for non-consumed Index 1.1 IPCC default. Source IPCC 2006 protein added to waste guidelines vol. 5, chapter 6, page 6.25 water Factor for industrial and Index 1.25 IPCC default. Source IPCC 2006 commercial co- guidelines vol. 5, chapter 6, page 6.25 discharged protein into the sewer system
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Nitrogen removed with kg N / 0 IPCC default. Source IPCC 2006 sludge year guidelines vol. 5, chapter 6, page 6.25 EF effluent kgN2O-N/ 0.005 IPCC default. Source IPCC 2006 kgN guidelines vol. 5, chapter 6, page 6.25 Conversion factor kgN2O/ 1.571428571 Source IPCC 2006 guidelines vol. 5, kgN2O-N to kg N2O kgN2O-N chapter 6, page 6.25
7.4.2.4 Calculation Results – Wastewater For Iloilo City the total estimated GHG emissions from domestic wastewater in 2015 is 40,888.63 tonnes CO2e mostly emitted by septic tanks. The breakdown of the CH4 and N2O are shown herein:
Table 37. Total GHG Emissions from the Waste Water Sector, 2015
Domestic CH4 emitted in N2O emitted in tons CO2e tons CO2e Wastewater Sources
Septic Tanks 35,438.05 0.00
Open Latrines 5,192.09 0.00
River Discharges 0.00 258.49
Total = 40883.63 40,630.14 258.49
As expected, the main contributor to methane emissions are from septic tanks since 86% of the population in 2015 owns sanitary toilets.
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Figure 8. Disaggregation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide in the Waster Water Sector’s Emissions, 2015
7.4.2.5 Discussion –Wastewater The process for the collection of data for domestic sources is entirely different from that of commercial/industrial sources of wastewater. An attempt was made to gather data from known establishments but it was difficult to ascertain data on the population served by these establishments. With the multitude of establishments in the city, the GHG Inventory team recommends a separate and thorough study on these sources. The wastewater GHG emissions were computed using default values from international sources, particularly the IPCC. On this regard, localized values through laboratory tests can be performed by authorities to analyze actual BOD levels of the septic tanks and the rivers in the community. The Iloilo City GHG Inventory team looks forward to a more comprehensive data collection and analysis of the wastewater sector of its community.
7.5 GHG EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE
The emissions accounted for from the agricultural sector is from the interaction of plants and animals with the soil and the atmosphere, and not the energy consumed by agricultural equipment such as mobile and stationary farm machineries. The agricultural sector plays a strategic role in the process of economic development of local government unit’s economy. For the past years, agricultural production has made a significant contribution to the economic growth of the City. There were 22 farming barangays in the City of Iloilo with a total agricultural area of 466.05 hectares. Rice production as of 2015 amounted to 2457.25 MT. Five of the biggest rice producing barangays are Barangays Lanit, Buntatala, Tacas, Balabago, and Hibao- an. These barangays have helped stabilized the rice supply for consumption in the City of Iloilo. Farm
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animals such as chicken, hogs and cattle in the rural parts of the City have contributed to the steady supply of poultry products and meat in the market. But the post-harvest activities from rice production emit significant methane gas (CH4) into the atmosphere. The manure from the livestock also release primary greenhouse gases in the form of methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). Iloilo City has a total land area of 78.32 square kilometers, with seven (7) political districts and 180 barangays (Ecological Profile, 2015). The land covers fishponds, whose main product is milkfish, and agricultural land producing mainly vegetables and rice. Poultry products, hogs and cattle are raised in farms in the rural areas of the City. The Iloilo Council passed Regulation Ordinance (RO) No. 2014-516, an ordinance establishing the Highly Urbanized City Agricultural and Fishery Council of Iloilo City (HUCAFC-IC) and other related provisions. This regulation ordinance is geared towards self-sufficiency in food production and encourage people’s participation. The empowerment of the people in agriculture and fishery development is through sectoral representation in agricultural policy making bodies. Policies, plans and programs are formulated and executed to satisfy the needs of its clientele and to use bottom-up, self-reliant farm systems approach that will emphasize social justice, equity productivity and sustainability in the use of agriculture and fishery resource. Another regulation ordinance passed by the Iloilo Council is RO no. 2014-425. This ordinance creating the Iloilo City Technical Committee on organic agricultural program and for other purposes encourages the practice of organic farming in the City in order to reduce emissions. These two ordinances focus on improving farm income and in generating work opportunities for farmers, create jobs, alleviate poverty, and increase income and food security.
7.5.1 Methodology - Agriculture The emissions accounted for from the agricultural sector are emissions that result from management of the livestock (i.e., methane and nitrous oxide emissions from manure production and use) and from soil management (i.e., nitrous oxide emissions from crop management practices). The energy consumed by agricultural equipment such as mobile and stationary farm machineries are not included in the computations. The overall strategy adopted for estimating GHG emissions for the agriculture sector is to capture the vast majority of emissions by focusing on activities causing the majority of agriculture emissions nationwide. Activities comprising 93% of the total nationwide agriculture sector emissions of the Philippines are targeted in this community-level inventory. The activity data used are hectares of rice cultivation, livestock population, and volume of crop production. These activities were chosen because data was either readily available or could be collected by the LGU within the timeframe provided for the inventory. Emission factors are based on IPCC inventory guidelines and/or derived from the publication, Tracking Greenhouse Gases: An Inventory Manual.
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The following equation is used to compute for GHG Emissions:
GHG Emissions (CO2e) = Activity Data X Emission Factor X GWP
Where: Activity data - are typically expressed in hectares (ha) of land cultivated with a GHG emitting crop (e.g., ha of rice) or headcount of GHG emitting animals (e.g., number of swine) Emission Factor - are the average GHG emissions associated with the cultivation of a ha or GHG emitting crop (e.g., kgCH4/ha rice) or with a headcount of anima (e.g., kgN2O/swine)
GWP - is the Global Warming Potential of the emitted greenhouse gas (21 for CH4 and 310 for N2O)
CH4 and N2O are the important GHGs, comprising 98% of agricultural GHG emissions. Emissions of these two gases predominantly occur from the following major agricultural activities:
• Rice paddy cultivation because rice paddies release CH4 from anaerobic decomposition when flooded • Enteric fermentation releases CH4, mainly from cattle and buffalo digestion • Manure management releases CH4 and N2O from collected manure • Agricultural soils release N2O from manure and crops added to the soil
The disposition of animal wastes affects where the GHGs are emitted and accounted. Animal wastes are either collected or uncollected. Collected animal wastes are either subject to manure management or used as manure fertilizer. Uncollected animal wastes are left where they are excreted. In this inventory, accounting for GHG emissions from animal related activities is driven by type and head count of animals.
Table 38. Animal Related Emissions from Agriculture Sector
Animal Digestion Waste Collected Uncollected Enteric Manure Management Manure Grazing Fermentation Fertilizer Animals GHG Type CH4 CH4 N2O N2O N2O Cattle Buffalo NA Brute NA Poultry NA NA
The assumption that national average conditions apply at the local level might introduce some uncertainty into the results. It was decided that relying on data that was either readily available or
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reasonable to collect at the local level, along with the simpler set of calculations, was appropriate for this community GHG inventory.
7.5.2 Activity Data - Agriculture
The strategy for accounting GHG emissions from the abovementioned approach is to collect the following data: Rice Paddy Cultivation
Table 39. Rice Paddy Cultivation
Data Needed Area (hectares) Source of data/ manner of Collection
Wet season – Irrigated 447 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Wet season – Rainfed 1 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Dry season – Irrigated 0
Dry season – Rainfed 0
Animals
Table 40. List of Animals
Data Needed Population (heads) Source of Data/ Manner of Collection
Buffalo 47 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Cattle 638 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Swine 5,464 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Poultry/Duck 20,112 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Goat 1,326 City Agriculturist Office/Ecological Profile
Crop Residues
The calculations for N2O emission from agricultural crop residues for this inventory are based upon the national average amount of N2O emitted per ton of crop production. This calculation is done on a dry weight basis. The Iloilo City Agriculturist Office, however, did not provide us with crop production
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data necessary for the 2015 GHG inventory. The only assumption that we have are the calculation for the crop residues emission factor value.
7.5.3 Emission Factors - Agriculture The emission factors used in the computation are based on the 2006 IPCC inventory guidelines and/or derived from Tracking Greenhouse Gases: An Inventory Manual for the Philippines. Rice Cultivation Emission Factors
Table 41. Methane emission factors per hectare of rice land in the Philippines
Data Needed Emission Factors (CH4/hectare)
Wet season – irrigated 326.0
Wet season – rainfed 139.0
Dry season – irrigated 120.0
Dry season – rainfed 52.0
Source: These are country-specific to the Philippines derived from Philippines 2000 inventory.
Animal-Related Emission Factors
Table 42. Animal Related Emissions
Animal Digestion Waste Combined Emission Factor for Collected Uncollected Enteric Fermentation Enteric Manure Manure Grazing (CH4), Manure Fermentation Management Fertilizer Animals Management (CH4), Manure Fertilizer Use (N2O), and Animal Grazing (N2O)
GHG Type kg CH4/ kg CH4/ kg N2O/ kg N2O/ kg N2O/ kg CH4/ kg N2O/ head<1> head<2> head<3> head<4> head<5> head head
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Non-dairy 47 1.00 0.25 0.21 1.01 48 1.47 Cattle
Non-dairy 55 2.00 N/I 0.01 1.24 57.00 1.25 Buffalo
Swine 1 7.00 0.43 0.33 N/I 800 0.76
Poultry/Ducks N/I 0.02 0.02 0.01 N/I 0.02 0.03
Horses 18 2.19 N/I N/I N/I 20.19 N/I
Goats 5 0.22 0.19 0.16 N/I 5.22 0.35
N/A – not included
IPCC, volume 4, Table 10.10 and Table 10.11 <1>
<2> Table 39. Comparison of the IPCC default Emissions Factors on Methane Emissions from Manure Management, Tracking Greenhouse Gas, An Inventory Manual, page 86
<3> Derived from Philippines 2000 Inventory
- Computed national averages for each animal type <4> - Based on IPCC defaults and Philippine-specific assumptions <5>
Sources: Emission Factor for Nitrous Oxide Emissions due to Crop Residues
7.5.4 Calculation Results
The total emissions from the agriculture sector of Iloilo City is estimated at 6,761.38 metric tons CO2e. A more detailed breakdown of the emissions is shown in Table 43:
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Table 43. Total Emissions from Agriculture Sector, 2015
Activity GHG Data Input Activity Metric Emissions (metric tons CO2e) Rice Cultivation CH4
Dry Season – Irrigated in ha of cropland Dry Season – Rain fed in ha of cropland Wet Season – 447 in ha of cropland 3,060.20 Irrigated 1 in ha of cropland 2.90 Wet Season – Rain fed Enteric Fermentation CH4
Swine 5,464 in number of heads Buffalo 47 in number of heads 114.74 Cattle 638 in number of heads 54.29 Goat 1,326 in number of heads 629.71 139.23 Manure Management CH4 CH4
Swine 5,464 in number of heads 803.21 Buffalo 47 in number of heads 1.97 Cattle 638 in number of heads 13.40 Poultry 20,112 in number of heads 8.45 Goat 1,326 in number of heads 6.13 Manure Management N2O N2O
Swine 5,464 in number of heads 728.35 Poultry 20,112 in number of heads 124.69 Cattle 638 in number of heads 49.45 Goat 1,326 in number of heads 78.10 Animal Manure N2O Fertilizer 5,464 in number of heads 558.97 Swine 20,112 in number of heads 62.35 Poultry 638 in number of heads 41.53 Cattle 47 in number of heads 0.15 Buffalo 1,326 in number of heads 65.77 Goat Grazing Animals N2O Buffalo 47 in number of heads 18.07 Cattle 638 in number of heads 199.76 TOTAL EMISSIONS 6,761.38
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The inventory results showed total emissions from this sector to be 6,761.38 metric tons of CO2e. Rice
production posted the highest emissions at 3,063.10 metric tons of CO2e followed by swine with
2,205.27 metric tons of CO2e. The lowest emissions came from buffalo with 74.48 CO2e.
7.5.5 Discussion - Agriculture Enabling policies and programs intended to improve production and income of farmers should be given more attention by the LGU. In balancing the economic needs of the City of Iloilo for growth and development, it is best to address the problems of the agriculture sector and come up with strategies on how to sustain good agricultural practices that will lessen emissions as well. It is here where the role of the Iloilo City Agriculturist Office comes in. Traditional practices must be changed or updated and innovative technology adopted to improve farm income and generate livelihood and work opportunities without compromising the impacts to the environment due to emissions.
7.6 GHG EMISSIONS FROM FORESTRY Iloilo City is a highly urbanized city subdivided into seven political districts. About 25% of its total land area are utilized for residential and commercial purposes and this is projected to increase to almost 50% by 2020 (Table 5). The land classification pertaining to forest consists only of mangroves. These are sporadically located in the Iloilo-Batiano River system and the city’s coastal areas. This is the only forest resources of the city and although they occupy just a small fraction of the city’s area (1.94 %), mangrove forests is the most carbon-rich habitats in Iloilo City (CLUP 2011-2020). Figure 9 shows the distribution and area covered by mangrove forest in Iloilo City as provided by DENR. The mangrove forest has an aggregate area of about 133 hectares.
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ESTIMATED AREA OF MANGROVES: BATIANO RIVER – 17.860 ha ILOILO RIVER – 37.837 ha COASTAL BARANGAYS- 77.420 ha
Figure 9. Distribution and Area Covered by Mangrove Forest in Iloilo City
7.6.1 Methodology - Forestry A study by Sadaba et al. (2015), the first ever conducted in an urban area, provided new insights on the mangrove’s capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In the 2012 GHG Inventory, the city’s carbon sequestration attributed to mangroves was estimated at 1,854 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. This amount was derived based on the guidelines provided by the inventory manual used by DENR in tracking greenhouse gases (Philippine Government and UNDP, 2011). The method employed focused on the carbon absorbed from the atmosphere resulting from changes only in the above ground stock of biomass/carbon. The inventory manual also includes information about factors used for the national GHG inventory that were used as default factors for this calculation. The amount of carbon captured according to the Sadaba study is hundred folds over what was reflected in the first GHG Inventory report. His study reflected the natural carbon capture and storage provided by mangroves. It detailed not only changes above ground biomass but also changes in carbon stocks in below ground biomass, and soil sediment carbon from dead organic matter or from biomass burning or decay. The method of Sadaba et al. for all intent and purposes of this report is considered more appropriate and provided a more accurate estimates of the total carbon emission sequestration potentials from the three carbon pools found in mangrove forest. The results of the 2015 study covering an area of 87.68 hectares of fringing mangroves in the coastal zone of the City is reported in the subsequent section. As of this writing, a 2017 study was made available by Sadaba et al. covering an additional 44.56 hectares of mangroves along the Iloilo River and Batiano River. The results are also presented in the next section.
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7.6.2 Activity Data and Quantification – Forestry The Department of Environment and Natural Resources reported 133.117 hectares of mangroves sporadically located along Iloilo River, Batiano River, and the coastal areas of Iloilo City. Sadaba’s field verification, however, indicated that the aggregate area of mangroves totaled 132.2 hectares due to overlapping in some areas. The area of the mangrove forest was measured with the use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, and difficult to reach areas were mapped out using remote sensing techniques. To quantify the accumulated carbon sequestered in these mangroves, the study used the following formula in determining the absorbed or captured CO2: (1) ABG+BG+Soil = Carbon Stock in MgC Where: ABG - above ground biomass BG - below ground biomass Soil - soil sedimentation MgC - carbon stock unit The details of how biomass is determined in the three carbon pools are found in Sadaba study (2015). (2) Emission Factor (3.67) * Carbon Stock (Megagram/hectare) * Total Area (hectare)
= Emissions in tonnesCO2
Using this formula, the carbon removals from the fringing mangroves in the coastal zone and along the Iloilo-Batiano River System were determined as follows: The 2015 study in the coastal zone areas covering 87.68 hectares resulted in the following carbon sequestration potentials of mangroves: From coastal areas Mangrove biomass - 16,255.32 tCO2e Mangrove soil/sediment - 44,726.00 tCO2e Sub-Total = 60,981.32 tCO2e On the other hand, the 2017 study covering 44.56 hectares of mangroves along Iloilo and Batiano Rivers had the following results: From Iloilo River Mangrove biomass - 16,914.16 tCO2e Mangrove soil/sediment - 109,903.00 tCO2e From Batiano River Mangrove biomass - 10,140.06 tCO2e Mangrove soil/sediment - 57,725.00 tCO2e
Sub-Total = 194,682.22 tCO2e GRAND TOTAL = 255,663.54 tCO2e
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The results of both studies indicate that the total carbon dioxide captured by mangroves amounted to 255,663.54 tCO2e. For purposes of this inventory, only the 2015 study will be used to determine the city’s net carbon emissions. But since the study accounts for accumulated carbon dioxide over the years, the total carbon dioxide captured for 2015 can be determined by dividing the total carbon captured by the average age of the mangroves in the study area, which is assumed to be 20 years thus giving us an estimated carbon capture of 12,783 tCO2e. Another important insight that can be gleaned from the results of the study is the observation that although the area covered (87.68 hectares) in 2015 is much wider, the carbon captured turned out to be much less compared to the 2017 study covering only 44.56 hectares along the Iloilo-Batiano river system. The mangroves along the Iloilo-Batiano river system are found to be relatively older than those in the coastal areas, which suggests that the older the mangrove, the higher is the amount of carbon storage.
7.6.3 Discussion - Forestry
A big disparity in the results has been noted when the above CO2 emissions equivalent was compared to the emissions estimated from the Spreadsheet for Community-Level Greenhouse Gas Inventory Quantification in the Philippines (2015). The latter toolkit provided only an estimate of CO2 absorbed by the atmosphere at 1,387 tonnes C02e. The amount of CO2 sequestered in the mangrove biomass was computed using the conversion values for secondary forest and this generated a more conservative estimate.
Recent studies of Sadaba (2015,2017), however, provides a better estimate of CO2 removal because it incorporates the above and below ground biomass including the ground soil /sediment potential for carbon sequestration. It is important to note that majority of the mangroves studied are located in coastal environments and such fringing mangrove forests interfaced with intertidal salt marshes and seagrass beds, often referred to as “blue carbon” capture (Nellemann et al., 2009). These mangroves have a capacity to store large amounts of carbon, in addition to their function of sustaining the well- recognized ecosystem services of coastal habitats. Although mangroves are not widespread, they are potentially able to give greater return on investment than any other mitigation efforts (Spalding, 2013). All these additional information about the carbon sequestration potential of mangroves are helpful in raising the level of awareness of the government and the general public as well on the importance of planting mangroves. More importantly, it provides a more accurate representation of the GHG emission estimates in future GHG inventory accounting that can serve as basis for policy decisions in mitigating the effects of climate change.
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8 SUMMARY OF INVENTORY RESULTS
The City of Iloilo is committed to provide its constituents information on mitigation actions relative to climate change protection, as part of the overall campaign to help them understand adaptation and resilience. In this regard, the tracking of greenhouse gas emissions serves as an important tool for understanding the pattern and trends in which mitigation action plan can be instituted. The 2nd GHG Emission Inventory report updated the inventory undertaken in 2012. In this latest report, data collection has improved and new insights have been gathered, particularly on the study of the potential carbon capture provided by the mangroves of Iloilo City (Sadaba et al., 2015). Moreover, the use of a Microsoft Excel Quantification Toolkit developed with support from USAID B-LEADERS Project made the calculations easier and more efficient for the researchers. The results of the 2015 GHG Inventory showed that the total gross and net GHG emissions increased by 438,053 tCO2e (43.46 %) and 427,133 tCO2e (42.45%), respectively, as compared to those reported in 2012. More robust and disaggregated data that became available during the inventory update reflected much of the significant changes, primarily in the energy sector. The details of the GHG emissions distribution by sector are shown in Table 44 and Table 45. The results are elucidated further in Fig. 10. The 2015 inventory indicated that electricity consumption and mobile combustion almost tied up as the city’s highest generators of GHG, with the former having generated a share of 44% and the latter with a 43% share. Then and now the lowest GHG emissions came from agriculture with less than 1 percent. Wastes (solid and wastewater) comprised about 6% combined. The 2012 results, on the other hand, showed mobile combustion registering the highest level of emissions (51%) and electricity consumption (39%) coming second. The rest accounts for the remaining 9% share of tCO2 equivalent emissions.
Table 44. Summary of Iloilo City GHG Inventory Results, 2015
2015
Emission Source Emissions Percent (tCO2e) Stationary Energy 102,914 7.12 Scope 1 Electricity Consumption 634,511 43.88 Scope 2 Electricity Consumption 0 Solid waste 43,569 3.01 Waste water 40,889 2.83 Mobile Combustion 617,396 42.70 Agriculture 6,761 0.47 Total Emissions 1,446,040 100 Forest and Land Use -12,783 -.09 Net Emissions 1,433,257
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Relative to the 2012 GHG inventory, the results of the 2015 GHG inventory also suggest an increase generally in the level of consumption activities in the City of Iloilo due to an upsurge of economic activities brought about by infrastructure development and increased investment oppportunities. Significant increases in tCO2 e emissions were observed from electricity consumption (63%), stationary energy (172%), and solid waste (160%). Wastewater registered an increase of 24% while mobile combustion increased by 20%. Emissions from agriculture posted a slight increase of 9%. This increase in total tCO2 e emissions in 2015 can be attributed to increasing daytime population and to the rapid urbanization of Iloilo City.
Table 45. Comparative Summary of 2012 and 2015 GHG Inventory, Iloilo City
2012 2015
Sector Emissions % Emissions %
(tCO2e) (tCO2e)
Stationary Energy 37,810 3.76 102,914 7.12
Scope 1 Electricity 389,722 38.73 634,511 43.88 Consumption
Scope 2 Electricity 8,955 0.89 Consumption
Waste
Solid waste 16,711 1.66 43,569 3.01
Waste water 33,413 3.32 40,889 2.83
Mobile Combustion 515,188 51.20 617,396 42.70
Agriculture 6,188 0.62 6,761 0.47
Total Gross Emissions 1,007,987 100 1,446,040 100
Forestry -1,854 -0.18 -12,783* -0.88
Net Emissions 1,006,133 1,433,257 *Based on the studies on Iloilo City mangroves in coastal areas plus Iloilo and Batiano River Sytems (Sadaba, 2015 and 2017).
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2012 GHG EMISSIONS Stationary Agriculture, Energy , 0.61% 3.75%
Scope 1 Electricity Mobile Consumption, Combustion, 38.66% 51.11%
Scope 2 Electricity Consumption, Waste Solid 0.89% water, 3.31% waste, 1.66%
Agriculture, 2015 GHG EMISSIONS Stationary 0.47% Energy , 7.12%
Mobile Combustion, 42.70% Scope 1 Electricity Consumption, 43.88%
Waste Solid water, 2.83% waste, 3.01%
Figure 10. Percentage Distribution of GHG Emissions by Sector, 2012 and 2015
In 2015, the amount of carbon sequestered due to the presence of mangroves was determined at 12,783 tCO2e, which results in the city’s net emissions of 1,433,257 tCO2e. These estimates are based on the recent work undertaken on mangroves by Sadaba et al. (2015, 2017) with the support of USAID B- LEADERS. As will be explained in subsequent sections, their researches are comprehensive and entailed laboratory analysis of carbon capture covering above and below ground biomass including the carbon found in soil/sediment. Thus, incorporating their 2015 findings in which the the total accumulated amout of carbon sequestered by mangroves was determined at 255,663.54 tCO2e is more appropriate. This figure is based on the sequestration potential equivalent to 60,981.32 tCO2e from the fringing mangroves in Iloilo City’s coastal areas along Iloilo Strait and the 194,682 tCO2e from the mangrove forests in Batiano and Iloilo Rivers. Assuming that the average age of mangroves in the study to be 20 years, carbon capture for 2015 was estimated at 12,783 tCO2e.
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As can be gleaned from the above tables, mangrove carbon sequestration has greatly affected the emission distribution, making the forest sector an important aspect in the analysis of carbon emissions. The improvement in the data and its calculations provides promising ideas on how to reduce atmospheric CO2 through carbon sink.
8.1 ON STATIONARY ENERGY SOURCES
Fuel wood, LPG and charcoal are the top three popular types of fuel in the Philippines. In a comparative survey of greenhouse gas inventory for Iloilo City there appeared to be uncertainty in data gathered for 2012 considering the limitations at that time. The use of charcoal and kerosene drop drastically in 2015. Meanwhile, LPG also dropped, when in fact the Philippines reported a growing demand for it nationwide. Please refer to table below for the results obtained in 2012 GHG Inventory relative to 2015 GHG Inventory for the stationary energy sector.
Table 46. Iloilo City’s Fuel Consumption, 2012 and 2015
Fuel Type 2012 2015 LPG 9.5 Million Kg 8.0 Million Kg Charcoal 10.8 Million Kg 3.4 Million Kg Wood 185.6 Thousand Kg 268.1 Thousand Kg Kerosene 2.6 Million Liters 55.5 Thousand Liters Generating set Covered under Transport 9.5 Thousand Liters Diesel Covered under Transport 33.6 Million Liters
The decline in the consumption of kerosene and charcoal could be explained by the following observations:
• The 2012 supply data for kerosene and charcoal were gathered from local petroleum depot (e.g., Shell & Petron) and the DENR PENRO. This source provided a much bigger value for what was really consumed by Iloilo City; the excess supply of which was intended for use outside the City. On the other hand, data for 2015 GHG Inventory were obtained direct from gasoline stations, which cooperated with the city government’s request.
• The 2015 inventory identified gasoline and diesel fuel consumption of stand-by generating sets as separate category under stationary sources of GHG. In the 2012 inventory, these data were considered part of the total fuel purchased from depot/gasoline stations, which are actually input data for the transport sector. Thus stationary fuel for generating sets were accounted for in the transport sector in 2012 while in 2015 inventory these were considered under stationary fuel. This would explain the increase in the level of emissions for stationary fuel in 2015. Better quality of data for wood, charcoal, kerosene and LPG were collected for stationary energy sector.
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• The data on charcoal was collected direct from the markets. USAID B- LEADERS Project commissioned a separate study on charcoal supply chain to determine the different sources of charcoal and its distribution channel, hence the data obtained on charcoal and related fuel are deemed more encompassing.
8.2 ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION The consumption of electricity in the Philippines has increased steadily since the early 1990’s up to the present. This is also true of for Iloilo City. In 2012, the Panay Energy Development Corporation began commercial operation of its 164 MW coal-fired power plant in La Paz. In 2014, the company’s expansion program included the 150 MW (Unit 3), which was formally switched on in 2017, two years after the beginning of operation of Units 1 and 2 indicating a bigger demand for energy in the City and other LGU’s. The Daily Guardian, a local newspaper, reported on April 14, 2014 that Iloilo City’s electricity consumption is expected to hit 100 megawatts in 2015 as numerous developments in the city are expected to start operating. Sufficient and cheap power supply are critical to business operation prompting the city’s major commercial malls to start planning for alternative energy sources as early as 2015. Higher energy consumption is reflective of increasing growth and development, and suggestive of improved human welfare (Electricity Consumption and Development Indicators, Center for Global Development, March 2016). This explains the increase in electricity consumption in Iloilo City, where energy played an important role in the city’s fast changing economic landscape. In 2012 the demand for purchased power in Iloilo City reached 411,043,000 kWh. This increased to 62% (667,906,695 kWh) in 2015. Consequently. the equivalent CO2 emissions increased by 63% from 389,722 to 634,511 tonnes. The increase has a significance in the overall GHG emissions of the City since purchased energy has taken over the lead from the transport sector in terms of GHG Emissions.
8.3 ON TRANSPORTATION The total on-road vehicles registered in Iloilo City in 2015 totaled 128,649, of which 55% are motorcycles and tricycles, 22% are utility vehicles, 9% are cars and 14% are trucks, bus and SUV’s (LTFRB). The population of motor vehicles appeared to be increasing; history of motor vehicle registration for Region VI and for Iloilo City and vicinity (including other towns nearby) are given below.
Table 46. Regional Trend Transport Registration
Interim Period Average Annual Increase, Region VI 2010-2011-2012 7% 2011-2012-2013 3 % 2014-2015 9% Source: LTO, Region VI
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Table 47. Vehicle Population, Iloilo City and Vicinity
Year Vehicle Registration (City % and Towns Nearby) 2012 397,865 2013 395,677 0.55% Decrease 2014 414,655 5% Increase 2015 464,506 12% Increase Source: LTO, Region VI
The increasing number of registered vehicles, both in the regional and city levels indicates the booming economy of the region, and in particular that of Iloilo City which is the regional hub. The high percentage of private vehicles is indicative of the rising purchasing power of the city’s constituents and the availability of affordable car loans from many banks and financing institutions which are taking advantage of the changing economic landscape of the City. Meanwhile the growing population of motorcycles, which accounted for 55% of the total vehicle registered in Iloilo City LTO Office is indicative of the vehicles affordability and popularity among the City’s lower and middle income bracket. The preference for this type of vehicle is also due to the availability of affordable financing and motorcycles are more convenient to operate than bulky vehicles. It is projected that the Philippines in general will outpace its ASEAN neighbor in terms of motorcycle production and sales by 2020. The carbon dioxide equivalent emitted by all motor vehicles in 2015 was computed on the basis of fuel consumption as indicated by the volume of fuel sold in 2015 by all gasoline stations operating within the City. The combined volume of gasoline, diesel and LPG sold increased from 194 million liters in 2012 to 243 million liters in 2015 inspite of the fact that the 2012 data reflected fuel used by generating sets. The increase in CO2 emissions relative to the volume increment was calculated at 20%.
8.3 ON WASTE The volume of solid waste increased by 10%, from 88,556 metric tons in 2012 to 98,112 tons in 2015. In 2015, the population of Iloilo City was estimated at 447,999. This is expected to rise at a rate faster than the City’s own growth rate of 1% if the daytime population is included. The estimated number of visitors, students, workers, businessmen entering Iloilo City was estimated at 300,000. As the center of commerce in the region, Iloilo City’s daytime population is projected to rise rapidly. The commensurate increase in solid waste to be generated as a consequence of this rapid urbanization that is happening in the City is to be expected. Greenhouse gas emissions will follow that trend, not unless the city implements a serious citywide waste reduction program.
Greenhouse gas was estimated at 16,711 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2012. This significant increase to 43,569 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2015 may be attributed to the following: a. The methodology employed in 2012, which is considered more conservative, assumed that the landfill life was estimated only for 5 years old (FOD method). The present toolkit used
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for 2015 considered population, waste decomposition and waste characterization that dates back 15 years. b. The increase of solid waste generated, from 57, 600 tonness in 2012 to 114,685 tonnes in 2015; the drastic increase being brought about by the increasing number of visitors in the City. On the other hand, greenhouse gas emissions due to wastewater generation increased from 33,413 (2012) to 40,888 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2015. Methane and carbon dioxide are the primary GHG found in septic tank emissions.
8.4 ON AGRICULTURE The City has 22 rice producing barangays. In 2015, the 2,457.25 metric tons that were produced formed part of the city’s rice consumption, which was estimated to be no less than 50,000 metric tons for that year. Though not a significant contribution, the production of rice in these areas help stabilized rice supply in Iloilo City. While the city government strives to ensure agricultural efficiency and productivity to assure local food security, rice production is continually threatened by typhoon, flood and drought. Because of this, it is also inevitable for landowners to seek profitable alternatives such as conversion of their rice land to real estate development. Hence, rice production is expected to decline in the near future. On the other hand, livestock population is also expected to fall-off due to the increasing number of complaints and cases filed in the City ENRO and City Health Office by various stakeholders regarding odor and water pollution emanating from manure.
The GHG emissions from the agricultural sector in 2012 was reported at 6,188 tonnes CO2 equivalent. This increased to 7,671 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2015. Due to the reasons cited above, the increase in GHG emissions from this sector is not expected to be significant in the near future.
8.5 ON FORESTRY The role of mangroves in carbon sequestration is often overlooked. The carbon sequestration provided by the mangroves of Iloilo City was first documented in the 2012 GHG Emission Inventory, in the amount of 1,854 tonnes CO2 equivalent. This pertains to 133-hectare mangrove forest that are sporadically located in the city’s river system and coastal zone. The amount which represents 0.18% deduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is not convincing. Studies on the carbon potential sequestration of fringing mangroves in coastal areas (Sadaba et al. 2015) provided new insights about the carbon capture potential of mangroves. Their study covered above and below ground research, including soil/sediment. In the study, the authors revealed an accumulated 60,981.32 tonnes CO2 equivalent carbon capture of mangrove forests in an aggregate area of 87 hectares. The figure does not include carbon capture potentials of mangroves found in Iloilo-Batiano River System where the mangroves are older with larger trees; thus having more stored carbon in the amount of 194,682.22 tonnes CO2e (67,865.06 Batiano River +126,817.16 Iloilo River). This brings to a total estimate of 255,663.54 tonnes CO2 equivalent captured by all of the City’s mangrove forest area of about 132.2 hectares.
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These findings demonstrate that: • mangroves have the ability to provide immense carbon storage as shown by the significant cut in carbon dioxide emissions.
• mangroves are valuable resources for the city’s future GHG emission reduction program .
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9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are being considered on each sector given the performance and results of the 2015 GHG inventory results.
9.1 ON STATIONARY ENERGY
A comparative analysis of the different emission sources has to be treated with caution due to varying assumptions and differences in the methods employed in gathering the needed data. In the 2015 inventory, fuel for generating sets were accounted for in the transport sector in 2012 while in 2015 inventory these were considered under stationary fuel. This would explain the increase in the level of emissions for stationary fuel in 2015. Whether generating sets were a source of the increase of GHG emissions or not, it is recommended that alternative source of energy should be explored in the next round of GHG emission reduction planning. In the same token green cookstove as alternative to charcoal and wood should be included in the mitigation program.
9.2 ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
• The solar energy technology made advancement in recent years that will enable the city to promote and replicate renewable energy to a wider range of stakeholders and allow renewable energy to play a major role in meeting the city’s energy demand. Already, the City’s energy distributor is partnering with solar energy providers. The City should take advantage of this development, support the initiative and take the lead in implementing GHG reduction initiatives. • The City should adopt policies that reduce energy usage, such as Green Building Codes that will stimulate full potential of energy efficiency in concert with the program to promote solar energy. • Strengthen the programs on energy efficiency of the City Environment Office.
9.3 ON TRANSPORTATION
The improved data for 2015 could be a fine start as an important baseline data for any emission program that the City could undertake in the future. The City has been actively pursuing such programs for vehicles, which could be improved and further strengthened:
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• A program to reduce the number of vehicles in the street through the implementation of odd-even number scheme by the traffic enforcement office of the City. Earlier, there were objections to this proposal because many families could afford two or three units and that the program would eventually fail. However, with the eminent implementation of a higher excise tax, the prices of private cars would rise and discourage the purchase of additional units that is intended to circumvent the odd-even scheme. • Revive and strengthened the advocacy on LPG retrofitting program. • Explore new strategies for pedestrianization, walking and cycling program.
9.4 ON WASTE
In Iloilo City, 80-90 % of wastewater generated are from domestic sources. IPCC estimates that septic tanks emit 25.5 grams of methane per user per day. A city ordinance that will obligate households to regularly siphon off wastewater from septic tank will certainly help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the future.
9.5 ON AGRICULTURE
Enabling policies and programs intended to improve production and income of farmers should be given more attention by the LGU. In balancing the economic needs of the City of Iloilo for growth and development, it is best to address the problems of the agriculture sector and come up with strategies on how to sustain good agricultural practices that will lessen emissions as well. It is here where the role of the Iloilo City Agriculturist Office comes in. Traditional practices must be changed or updated and innovative technology adopted to improve farm income and generate livelihood and work opportunities without compromising the impacts on the environment due to carbon emissions.
The GHG emissions from the agricultural sector in 2012 was reported at 6,188 tonnes CO2 equivalent. This increased to 6,761 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2015. Due to the reasons cited above, the increase in GHG emissions from this sector is not expected to be significant in the near future.
9.6 ON FORESTRY
With the remarkable findings and new insights gained, where the determination of CO2 capture is more accurate, the amount of 255,663 tonnes CO2e representing carbon captured is hereby adopted. We have noted the significant bio-sequestration services provided by the fringing mangroves in the coastal areas alone of the City. This figure represents accumulated carbon for the duration of the life of the tree. To derive the carbon capture for 2015 one has to divide the figure by the average age of the tree.
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Assuming an average age of the mangroves to be 20 years, this amounts to 12,783 tCO2e, which represents 0.9% reduction in the total GHG emissions of the City.
9.7 ON GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORY PROCEDURE
9.7.1 Challenges
The GHG Team encountered a number of challenges in the process of updating the community-level GHG Inventory of Iloilo City covering the period January to December 2015. Among others, a. On Data Gathering and Management
. The challenge is always on timely access to accurate, consistent and complete data because most of the time during the survey work the data needed for GHG inventory are not readily available from the suppliers, companies, LGU and other institutions.
. In certain instances, the data provided by businesses when they apply/renew their business permits are not always true and accurate upon field validation. For example, there are some wrong declarations in the application for business permits from the data gathered from the LGU’s master list, thus the GHG Inventory team had to use their better judgment on how they will report the data or spend more time reaching out to owners of these businesses to validate the data.
. Attendant to the availability of data is the quality of the available data collected or quality assurance to make sure that the GHG inventory results adhered to the principles of transparency, accuracy, relevance, consistency, completeness, and comparability (IPCC Guidelines for National GHG inventories, Global Protocol for Community- Scale GHG Emissions).
b. The proliferation of informal markets in the retail industry, in this particular case small-scale retailer of fuel, such as butane and charcoal, and the rampant selling in refilling stations at a cheap price, may underestimate the annual consumption of such fuel.
c. There are no standards usually observed in informal markets like in the market for charcoal, e.g., size, weight of the products is not uniform. Standards are needed for ease of computation and for consistency in data collection. 9.7.2 Recommendations Relative to the issues raised and difficulties encountered by the GHG Inventory Team during their field survey, the following strategies may be recommended to the LGU that will form part of policy recommendations:
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a. Improve the management information system of LGUs, particularly in the business permit and licensing division by regularly updating their database and adding to the application form for business permits the relevant data necessary for GHG accounting. Greater coordination is also needed among the different departments (e.g., Planning, CENRO, Business Permit and Licensing Division) to be able to come up with a more accurate, comprehensive and integrated database system that can be used for planning and formulation of local climate change action plans, among others.
b. Strictly monitor the presence of informal markets by requiring every distributor or retailer of goods and services in the market, no matter how small is the scale, with appropriate licenses to operate or do business.
c. Work towards improved data collection and computation methodologies in all sectors covered by the GHG Inventory that can provide more accurate and consistent results to reduce the uncertainties and to truly reflect the realities of the Iloilo City situation in the different sectors covered in the GHG inventory scope framework, e.g., stationary energy, purchased electricity, agriculture, transportation, waste, and forestry.
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10 REFERENCES
Allison, Holm, et al., “Geothermal Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” Geothermal Energy Association, 2012.
Climate Change Commission, USER’S MANUAL “Community-Level GHG Inventory for Local Government Units (LGUs) in the Philippines,” USAID, August 31, 2015.
City Planning and Development Office, Iloilo City, “Ecological Profile,” 2015.
Excel Inventory Toolkit: GHG Quantification Spreadsheet Community-Level GHG Inventory for Local Government Units in the Philippines developed with support from the USAID B-LEADERS Project, 2015.
Fridriksson, Thrainn, et al., “Gases in Geothermal Fluids and Gas Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants,” Global Geothermal Roundtable III: Reykjavík, April 26, 2016, World Bank Group Energy and Extractives, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.
Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) Pilot Version 1.0, May 2012, C40 Climate Leadership Group, ICLEI, World Resources Institute.
Government of the Philippines and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Tracking Greenhouse Gas: An Inventory Manual,” 2011. Published under the Philippines: Enabling Activities for the Preparation of the Second National Communication on Climate Change to the UNFCCC 2011.
Iloilo City Environment and Natural Resources Office, “GHG Inventory Report for Iloilo City 2012,” Prepared for Iloilo City in collaboration with the Central Philippine University, University of the Philippines Visayas, University of San Agustin,with support of the USAID Climate Change and Clean Energy Project, December 2013.
Iloilo City Environment and Natural Resources Office, “Greenhouse Gas Management Framework Plan”, Prepared for Iloilo City in collaboration with Central Philippine University, University of the Philippines Visayas, University of San Agustin and support of the USAID Climate Change and Clean Energy Project, January 2014.
Iloilo City Planning and Development Office, “2015 Ecological Profile of Iloilo City,” January 2015.
Iloilo City Planning and Development Office,” Iloilo City 2011-2020 Comprehensive Land Use Plan,” Palafox Associates, December 2011.
International Energy Agency, Energy Statistics Manual, 2005.
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG inventories and the Global Protocol Community-Scale GHG Emissions, Volumes 1 and 2.
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Jamandre, C. “Analysis of Charcoal Value Chain in Iloilo City,” Terminal Report, supported by USAID B- LEADERS Project, 2017.
Nellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte CM, Valdes L, DeYoung C, et al., “Carbon Sequestration by Coastal Marine Habitats: Important Missing Sinks.” Pidgeon E (2009).
PROCEEDINGS, 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 13-15, 2017 SGP-TR-212 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Geothermal Power Production Thráinn Fridriksson, Almudena Mateos Merino, A. Yasemin Orucu, Pierre Audinet The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, I 10-1002, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, Sifleet S, et al. (2012): “Estimating Global “Blue Carbon” Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems,” PLoS ONE 7(9): e43542.
Sadaba, R. et al., “Mangroves in Iloilo City,” with support from USAID B-LEADERS Project, ppt. 2015.
Sadaba, R. et al., “Species Diversity, Above and Below Ground Biomass, and Carbon Stock Assessments of Mangroves in Iloilo - Batiano River,” IIoilo City, Philippines, with support from USAID B-LEADERS Project, ppt. 2017.
Spalding, Mark. “Mangrove Forests as Incredible Carbon Stores,” Science, October 11, 2013.
World Resources Institute (WRI)/ World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) GHG Protocol Emission Factors from Cross-Sector Tools (Excel Workbook). Version 1.3, August 2012.
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11 ANNEXES
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11.1 ANNEX A
Selected Economic Indicators, Iloilo City Land Use Per District
CITY MOLO AREVALO JARO LA PAZ MADURRIAO TOTAL PROPER Commercial 192.00 87.08 118.85 192.59 113.58 292.56 996.6 Residential 4.67 282.05 317.80 1,847.81 516.09 719.12 3,687.5 Institutional 55.47 50.60 11.14 140.33 11.54 269.0 Industrial 265.58 265.58 Waste Landfill 21.11 21.11 Agricultural 90.15 90.15 Mangrove 0.69 20.29 5.10 132.59 158.67 5 Park & Open 10.40 44.75 47.78 36.05 59.24 28.96 227.17 Space Fishpond 90.78 80.84 112.59 284.21 Cemetery 3.23 0.84 2.32 17.47 0.72 17.18 41.76 FOD 0.70 2.91 3.61 FLD 8.31 111.45 150.20 384.39 155.01 809.36 Transport Facility 2.36 0.32 1.66 7.43 33.36 45.13 Floodway 67.13 67.13 PUD 53.23 45.06 98.29 SHZ 24.44 16.08 49.61 79.00 82.24 87.07 338.43 TOTAL 354.80 6,143.5 790.84 2,867.45 1,439.3 1,338.10 7,403.9 6 Percentage Share 4.79% 8.29% 10.68% 38.73% 19.44% 18.07%
*Based on the approved Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Iloilo City: 2011-2020.
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Selected Economic Indicators, Iloilo City Classification of Financial Institutions, 2015
Number of Finance Cooperatives 22
Number of Savings and Loans Associations with Qualified 13 Banking Functions
Number of Pawnshops 168
Number of Money Changers/Foreign exchange dealers 124
Number of Remittance Centers 163
Number of Microfinance Institutions 168
Number of Banks 123
Source: BPLO
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Shipping Activities, 2015
Gov’t Port Private Port SHIPCALLS
Foreign 95 112
Domestic 26,120 817
GROSS REGISTERED TONNAGE
Foreign 1,013,390.00 2,200,692
Domestic 14,642,806.60 1,043,120
PASSENGERS TRAFFIC
Disembarked 1,683,876 12,071
Embarked 1,443,502 11,123
CARGO THROUGHPUT (METRIC TONS)
Foreign
Import 450,605 360,000
Export - 2,883,047
Domestic
Inbound 3,213,415 887,633
Outbound 598,231 71,947
CONTAINER TRAFFIC (TEUS)
Domestic
Inbound 75,059 48
Outbound 25,391 46
Source: Philippine Port Authority (PPA)
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Rice Production Harvesting, 2015
Total No. of Total Total no. of Total Total Total Volume of Product Market Farming farmers who number of Major No. of Planted Harvested/ Production farming Barangays are members Local Export Crops Farmers Area Production (M.T.) households please of (Has.) (within the Area (Has.) cooperative benefitting city) specify or other from the place collective Agricultural within the organizations extension & region, on-site the place research outside the services or region) facilities
Rice 22 321 321 321 466.05 607.0 2457.25 Public Kalibo, Market and Antique and Supermarts neighboring towns
Source: City Planning and BPLO of Iloilo City
Vegetable Production, 2015
Total No. Total Total no. of Total Total Total Volume of Product Market of farmers who number of Major No. of Planted Harvested/ Production Farming farming are members Crops Brgys. Farmers Area Production (M.T.) households of (Has.) Area benefitting cooperative from (Has.) or other Agricultural collective extension organizations & on-site
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research Local Export services or place (within the facilities city) specify the place within the region, the place outside the region)
Leafy 22 248 248 248 27.43 27.43 1447.24 Public Kalibo, Markets & Antique & Supermart Neighboring Town
Fruit & Vegs. 22 178 178 178 26.80 26.80 875.4
Root Vegs. 22 12 12 12 0.39 0.39 4.42
Legumes 22 16 16 16 7.0 7.0 336.00
Water 5 12 12 12 15 15 400 m.t. Melon
Source: DA Region VI
Annual Fish Production & Yield/Hectare, 2015
Total Cultivated Total Harvested Production Area (ha) Area (ha) (M.T.)/ Catch
Fishpond Aquaculture 302.5 302.5 255.07
Source: City Agriculturist Office
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Livestock and Poultry Population in Iloilo City, 2015
Species No. of Heads
Carabao 163
Cattle 315
Swine 5,154
Goat/Sheep 1,527
Poultry 19,265
Source: City Agriculturist Office
Animals Slaughtered in Iloilo City, 2015
ANIMAL TYPE MONTH CARABAO CATTLE HOG
No. of Heads Carcass Weight No. of Heads Carcass Weight No. of Carcass Weight kg Heads kg kg
January 673 132,430 137 1,697 5,700 390,735
February 717 116,315 123 14,636 4,901 348,050
March 673 124,415 148 17,635 5,600 333,705
April 615 113,160 124 14,580 5,265 344,630
May 732 136,365 125 14,180 6,309 394,100
June 673 125,630 148 16,685 5,857 383,380
July 918 136,320 229 17,640 6,078 392,515
August 708 131,320 145 16,220 5,360 352,615
September 627 125,197 193 29,301 5,917 407,425
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October 634 125,635 229 33,677 5,913 422,975
November 594 118,279 229 33,427 5,218 360,060
December 768 148,315 162 17,070 3,533 231,068
Source: BAS, Region VI, Iloilo City
Registered Motor Vehicles Iloilo City, 2015
PRIVATE GOVERNMENT FOR-HIRE TOTAL
Cars 11,210 29 713 11,952
UV 22,898 597 5,132 28,627
SUVs 6,158 13 2 6,173
Trucks 4,876 137 613 5,626
Buses 40 4 35 79
Passenger Vans 0 0 4,695 4,695
Trailers 238 2 19 259
MC/TC 71,022 216 0 71,238
Total 116,442 998 11,209 128,649
Source: Land Transportation Office, Iloilo City District Office
Total Number of Registered Tricycle and Trisikad, 2015
Number DISTRICTS TRICYCLE TRISIKAD
Jaro 210 37
Arevalo 106 494
Molo 604
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Mandurriao 250 382
La Paz 285 492
City Proper 136 986
Total 987 2,995
Source: CPDO
Total Number of Jeepneys, Iloilo City, 2015
NO. OF AUTHORIZED INTRAROUTE UNITS OF PUJ
ILOILO CITY – BO. OBRERO 107
ILOILO CITY – CALUMPANG – VILLA BEACH 171
ILOILO CITY – JARO CPU 412
ILOILO CITY – JARO LIKO- NFA 187
ILOILO CITY – JARO LIKO – TAGBAK TERMINAL 229
ILOILO CITY- LAPAZ – LA GRANJA 180
ILOILO CITY – LAPAZ – TICUD TERMINAL 49
ILOILO CITY – LA PUZ 64
ILOILO CITY – MANDURRIAO via AIRPORT-AQUINO AVENUE 92
ILOILO CITY – HIBAOAN MANDURRIAO via TABUCAN-SAN 2 RAFAEL
ILOILO CITY-HIBAO-AN(Pavia) via MANDURRIAO 24
ILOILO CITY –HIBAO-AN MANDURRIAO VIA TABUCAN 106
ILOILO CITY – MANDURRIAO VIA SM CITY 3
ILOILO CITY- MANDURRIAO VIA TABUCAN 106
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ILOILO CITY-HIBAO-AN via MANDURRIAO 24
ILOILO- CITY – HIBAO-AN- MANDURRIAO PAVIA VIA TABUCAN- 7 EXTENSION SAVANNAH
ILOILO- CITY – MANDURRIAO-HIBAO-AN-PAVIA VIA TABUCAN 4
ILOILO CITY – MOLO VIA BALUARTE 198
ILOILO CITY – MOLO VIA CITY HIGH 1
ILOILO CITY – MOLO VIA TIMAWA 101
ILOILO CITY – MOLO- TIMAWA- COMPANIA FUNDIDOR 72
ILOILO CITY – PAROLA –SUPERMARKET 19
ILOILO CITY- UNGKA(ITGSI) via CPU 271
ILOILO CITY- UNGKA UI (PAVIA TERMINAL) via CPU 24
ILOILO CITY- UNGKA UI (PAVIA TERMINAL) VIA AQUINO AVENUE 8
ILOILO CITY- UNGKA- (ITGSI) VIA AQUINO AVENUE 25
ILOILO CITY- UNGKA- (ITGSI) 52
ILOILO CITY- UNGKA- (PAVIA TERMINAL) 4
ILOILO CITY – VILLA (AREVALO) 305
ILOILO CITY- (VILLA) AREVALO-MOHON TERMINAL 91
JARO PLAZA – BALABAGO – BITO-ON 27
JARO PLAZA – MANDURRIAO 37
Source: LTFRB, Iloilo City
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Total Number of Jeepneys Intraroute, Iloilo City, 2015
NO. OF AUTHORIZED INTRAROUTE UNITS OF PUJ
JARO PLAZA – MANDURIAO- HIBAO-AN TERMINAL 24
JARO PLAZA – MANDURIAO (ALEOSAN TERMINAL) via SM CITY 1
SM CITY – CITY PROPER PLAZA LIBERTAD 87
UNGKA (ITGSI) – AQUINO AVENUE-TANZA 37
UNGKA (PAVIA) AQUINO AVENUE – TANZA 14
ILOILO CITY- LEGANES-AQUINO AVENUE 326
ILOILO CITY–LEGANES – LAPAZ 98
ILOILO CITY – OTON- DERECHO 98
ILOILO CITY – OTON- ANHAWAN 137
TOTAL 3,827
Source: LTFRB, Reg. 6, Iloilo City TOTAL NUMBER OF TAXIS ILOILO CITY TO ANY POINT IN PANAY - 1,905 Source: LTFRB, Iloilo City
TOTAL NUMBER OF FLIGHTS, ILOILO AIRPORT, 2015 (CABATUAN ILOILO) DAILY ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE (MLA-ILO-MLA, CEB-ILO-CEB) - 28 FLIGHTS VOLUME OF INCOMING PASSENGERS, 2015 – 940,260 VOLUME OF OUTGOING PASSENGERS, 2015 – 975,262 Source: DOTC, CAAP, Iloilo
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Water Connections, 2015
QUICK FACTS
Capacity of water per day (MIWD) 20,043 m3/ day
Water demand of Iloilo (in cu.m./day) 82,296 m3/day
Number of water consumers, Iloilo City (connections/ concessionaire) 22,437
Percent of household w/ access to piped water 24.55%
Amount of tap water supplied per person (liter) 148.88 Iiters/day
Source: Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD)
Power Connections, 2015
QUICK FACTS
PECO’s contracted capacity 85,000 kilowatts
Number of electric consumers 58,672
Power demand of Iloilo City 97,000 kilowatts
Percentage of households with access to power 100%
No. of barangays energized by PECO 180
Estimated population served by PECO 100%
Source: Panay Electric Company (PECO)
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Communications, 2015
QUICK FACTS
BROADCAST MEDIA
Total Number of A.M Broadcasting Stations 7
Total Number of F.M Broadcasting Stations 16
Total Number of TV Stations (Includes VHF TV) 8
Total Number of CATV (Cable Stations, Iloilo City) - 3
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Number of Telephone Exchange (Iloilo City) 3
Total Number of Cellular Mobile Telephone System (CMTS) 102 Stations, Iloilo City
MAILING OFFICE
Number of Mailing Centers (Private) 1
Number of Post Office/ Postal Stations/Post Shops 7
Number of Mail/Letter Carriers Iloilo City 31
Source: National Telecommunication Commission (NTC), Reg. VI, Iloilo City
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11.2 ANNEX B 2012 Emission Inventory - Converted Emission Factor for Diff. Types of Fuel (in kg CO2 /unit)
A B C D E F G H I Activity Net Energy Emission Density Energy Emission Emission Fuel Type Metric Calorific Density Factor <1> Density Factor Factor Units <1> Value Units <2> kg Kg/liter MJ/Kg C * D E*G/106 CO2/TJ LPG Kg Na 49.265 49.27 MJ/kg 63,100 3.11 kg CO2/kg l Charcoal Kg Na 29.50 29.50 MJ/kg 0 0.00 kg CO2/kg l Diesel liters 0.8439 43.38 36.61 MJ/liter 74,100 2.71 kg CO2/liter Gasoline liters 0.7407 44.75 33.15 MJ/liter 69,300 2.30 kg CO2/liter Kerosene liters 0.8026 43.92 35.25 MJ/liter 71,900 2.53 kg CO2/liter Fuel wood Kg Na 15.60 15.60 MJ/kg 0 0.00 kg CO2/kg Fuel Oil liters 0.9251 42.18 39.02 MJ/liter 77,400 3.02 kg CO2/liter Coal tonnes Na 24.05 24.05 MJ/kg 94,600 2.28 kg CO2/tonne Source: <1> International Energy Agency, Energy Statistics Manual, Tables A3.5and A3.8 <2> 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2, default values from Tables
Note: Scope 2 emission in this report was calculated using DOE’s computed emission grid factor, 0.52 tCO2/MWh
2012 Emission Inventory - Emission Factor per Fuel Type (in kg per TJ of Energy) Emission Factor Emission Factor Emission Factor Fuel (kg CO2/TJ of energy) <1> (kg CH4/TJ of energy) (kg N2O/TJ of energy) Commercial and residential Fossil Fuels 63,100 5 0.1
LPG 74,100 10 0.6
Diesel 71,900 10 0.6
Kerosene 77,400 10 0.6
Fuel Oil
Biofuels 0 (biogenic) 200 1
Charcoal 0 (biogenic) 300 4
Fuel Wood
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2012 Solid Waste Emission Factor (Emission Inventory of 2012)
Parameters Default Value DOC (Degradable Organic Carbon) Paper/Cardboard 0.4 Textile 0.24 Food Waste 0.15 Wood 0.43 Garden/Park 0.2 Nappies/Diaper 0.24 Sewage/Sludge 0.05 Rubber/Leather 0 All other inerts 0
DOCf (Fraction of Degradable Organic 0.5 Carbon that decomposes) MCF (Methane Correction Factor) Unmanaged shallow 0.4 Unmanaged deep 0.8 Managed 1 Managed semi-aerobic 0.5 Categorized 0.6 K Paper/Cardboard 0.06 Textile 0.06 Food Waste 0.185 Wood 0.03 Garden/Park 0.1 Nappies/Diaper 0.1 Sewage/Sludge 0.185 Rubber/Leather 0 All other inerts 0 Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventory, Volume 5, Chapter 3 Where: DOC is the organic carbon waste that is accessible to biochemical decomposition. DOCf is the estimate of the fraction of carbon that is ultimately degraded and released from SWDS and reflects the fact that some degradable organic carbon does not degrade, or degrades very slowly, under anaerobic conditions in the SWDS. MCF reflects the way waste is managed and the effect of site structure and management practices on CH4 generation. K is the time it takes the wastes to decay to half its initial mass. is the time it takes the wastes to decay to half its initial mass.
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Wastewater Emission Factor (Emission Inventory of 2012) Methane Emission Methane Emission Correction Factor BOD Correction Factor BOD Factor, related Factor, IPCC related Activity used by (residential) Default (residential) LGU
Index Index kgCH4/kgBOD kgN2O/kgBOD Uncollected
Septic tanks 0.5 0.5 0.30 Open pits/latrines wet climate, ground water table lower 0.1 0.1 0.06 than latrine, small family (2-5 people) wet climate, ground water table lower 0.5 0.30 than latrine, communal wet climate/flush water use, ground 0.7 0.7 0.42 water table than latrine regular sediment removal for fertilizer 0.1 0.1 0.06 River discharge Stagnant oxygen deficient rivers and 0.1 0.1 0.06 lakes Rivers, lakes and estuaries
Rice Cultivation Emission Factors (Emission Inventory of 2012)
Data Needed Emission Factors (CH4/hectare) Wet season – irrigated 338 kg Wet season – rain fed 139 kg Dry season – irrigated 120 kg Dry season – rain fed 52 kg Source: These are country-specific to the Philippines derived from Philippines 2000 inventory
Animal-related Emission Factors (Emission Inventory of 2012)
Animal Digestion Waste Collected Uncollected Enteric Manure Management Manure Grazing Fermentation Fertilizer Animals
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GHG Type kg CH4/ kg CH4/ kg N2O/ kg N2O/ kg N2O/ head<1> head<2> head<3> head<4> head<5> Non-dairy Cattle 47 1.00 0.25 0.21 1.01 Non-dairy Buffalo 55 2.00 N/I 0.01 1.24 Swine 1 7.00 0.43 0.33 N/I Poultry/Ducks N/I 0.02 0.02 0.01 N/I Horses 18 2.19 N/I N/I N/I Goats 5 0.22 0.19 0.16 N/I N/I – not included Sources: Tracking Greenhouse Gases: An Inventory Manual for the Philippines. Emission Factor for Nitrous Oxide Emissions, Crop Residues (2012 Emission Inventory)
Activity data kg N2O/metric ton of dry weight Crop production (in metric tons of dry weight) 0.20 Source: Derived from Philippines 2000 inventory, as described in Tracking Greenhouse Gases: An Inventory Manual for The Philippines. Computed from the national average N2O emission per metric ton of dry weight for all crops. Based on IPCC defaults and Philippine-specific assumptions.
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11.3 ANNEX C
Quick Reference: Common Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Along with methane and nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas. It is cycled between various atmospheric, oceanic, land biotic, marine biotic, and mineral reservoirs. However, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have significantly increased since its volume in pre-industrial years that IPCC has definitively stated that “the present atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by human-caused emissions.” According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), burning of fossil fuels (mainly for power generation and transport fuel combustion) and deforestation are the leading contributors to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air. Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO2. (IPCC, 2007)
Methane (CH4): Methane is primarily produced through anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in biological systems. Agricultural processes (e.g. wetland rice cultivation, enteric fermentation in animals), and the decomposition of animal wastes and trash also emit CH4. Methane is also emitted during the production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum and is released as a by-product of coal mining, and incomplete fossil fuel combustion.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Anthropogenic sources of N2O emissions include agricultural soils, especially the use of fertilizers; fossil fuel combustion, especially from mobile combustion; industrial adipic (nylon) and nitric acid production wastewater treatment and waste combustion; and biomass burning. Halofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6): These are powerful greenhouse gases. HFCs – primarily used as replacements for ozone depleting substances but also emitted as a by-product of the HCFC-22 manufacturing process – currently have a small global impact; however it is anticipated that their emissions will increase in the future. PFCs ad SF6 are predominantly emitted from various industrial processes including aluminum smelting, semiconductor manufacturing, electric power transmission and distribution, and magnesium casting. Their global impact is also small, but they have a significant growth rate, extremely long atmospheric lifetimes and are strong absorbers of infrared radiation and therefore have the potential to influence climate far into the future (IPCC 2001).
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11.4 ANNEX D
CONDUCT OF COMMUNITY LEVEL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY OF ILOILO CITY
CHARCOAL AND FUELWOOD INVENTORY IN ILOILO CITY
A. Business/Trading/Whole selling A. Business/Trading/Whole selling 1. District/Brgy______1. District/Brgy______Name______Name______Address______Address ______Source of Charcoal/Fuelwood______Source of Charcoal/Fuelwood______Name of Agent______Name of Agent______
No. of sacks delivered No. of sacks delivered
Species of Wood Used Species of Wood Used
No. of can/sack No. of can/sack
Frequency of Delivery Frequency of Delivery
Client Client
Bundles of Fuelwood Bundles of Fuelwood
Species Species
Client Client Remarks______Remarks ______Clsdj/2017
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CONDUCT OF COMMUNITY LEVEL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY OF ILOILO CITY
CHARCOAL AND FUELWOOD INVENTORY IN ILOILO CITY B. Commercial Establishment B. Commercial Establishment 1. District/Brgy______1. District/Brgy______Name of Establishment______Name of Establishment______Address______Address______Source of Charcoal/Fuelwood______Source of Charcoal/Fuelwood______Name of Agent______Name of Agent______
No. of sacks delivered No. of sacks delivered
Species of Wood Used Species of Wood Used
No. of can/sack No. of can/sack
Frequency of Delivery Frequency of Delivery
Client Client
Bundles of Fuelwood Bundles of Fuelwood
Species Species Client Client Remarks______Remarks ______Clsdj/2017
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11.5 ANNEX E
Refer to the copy of Excel Inventory Toolkit: GHG Quantification Spreadsheet Community-Level GHG Inventory for Local Government Units in the Philippines developed with support from the USAID B- LEADERS Project, 2015.
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U.S. Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20523 Tel: (202) 712-0000 Fax: (202) 216-3524 www.usaid.gov
2015 ILOILO CITY GHG INVENTORY REPORT 2