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Perkembangan Angklung Gubrag: Dari Tradisi Ritual Hingga Hiburan (1983-2013) Perkembangan Angklung Gubrag: Dari Tradisi Ritual Hingga Hiburan (1983-2013)

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Perkembangan Angklung Gubrag: Dari Tradisi Ritual Hingga Hiburan (1983-2013) Perkembangan Angklung Gubrag: Dari Tradisi Ritual Hingga Hiburan (1983-2013) ALIN NOVANDINI PERKEMBANGAN ANGKLUNG GUBRAG: DARI TRADISI RITUAL HINGGA HIBURAN (1983-2013) PERKEMBANGAN ANGKLUNG GUBRAG: DARI TRADISI RITUAL HINGGA HIBURAN (1983-2013) Oleh: Alin Novandini dan Ayi Budi Santosa1 ABSTRACT This article entitled “The Development of Angklung Gubrag from Ritual Tradition to Entertainment. The main problem of this article is how the development of Angklung Gubrag art in Kecamatan Cigudeg, Kabupaten Bogor since 1983-2013. This research has target to describe the backround of the beginning of Angklung Gubrag arts, the development of Angklung Gubrag arts, the efforts of artist do to converst this art, and the efforts of government to push and keep the art of Angklung Gubrag. The method which used in this research is historical method which consist of heuristic, critics, interpretation, and historiography. Angklung Gubrag is one of the art which comes from Kecamatan Cigudeg Kabupaten Bogor. Arts of Angklung Gubrag growth on society that has system of animism and dinamism. Firstly, it is shown as ritual media on the ceremony of Seren Taun which held to respect Nyi Pohaci. As tradisional arts, it was handed down from one generation to the other, and it has changing a lot. It is caused by changing of thinking society and their believed. After 1983, the artist who come from Padepokan Seni Angklung Gubrag change the tradition of Seren Taun. The purpose of this changed was to make society receive this art again. So that, the Angklung Gubrag art is also changing to be an entertainment. These development gives the changes in instrument, dance, and song to estetic of the Angklung Gubrag show. Beside the artist, the goverment is also act as supporter and protector of Angklung Gubrag art. Keywords: Angklung Gubrag Arts, Seren Taun Ceremony, Padepokan Seni Angklung Gubrag PENDAHULUAN Kebudayaan yang tercipta dalam yang mengalami perkembangan dari masyarakat tidak terlepas dari adanya masa ke masa adalah kesenian. Kesenian interaksi atau aktifitas sesama anggota yang ada di tiap daerah akan berbeda satu masyarakatnya. Keanekaragaman dengan yang lainnya. Beberapa hal yang kehidupan yang dimiliki setiap suku bangsa mempengaruhi ciri khas kesenian masing- menjadikan kebudayaan daerah dapat masing daerah tentunya berkaitan dengan diangkat sebagai jati diri daerah masing- lingkungan geografis, pola interaksi masing. Salah satu unsur kebudayaan masyarakat, hubungan dengan masyarakat 1Alin Novandini adalah mahasiswa pada Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah FPIPS UPI, Ayi Budi Santosa adalah dosen pembimbing I. Penulis dapat dihubungi di nomor 085720064055 / alamat email : [email protected] 155 FACTUM Volume 6, N0.2, April 2017 lain, dan juga kepercayaan yang diyakini meninggalkan semua kegiatan yang masyarakat tersebut. bersangkutan dengan mistis dan adat Salah satu kesenian tradisional yang istiadat karena dianggap kuno. Dalam dikenal oleh sebagian besar masyarakat bidang kesenian, terjadi permasalahan Indonesia adalah Angklung. Angklung yang menyangkut selera masyarakat. merupakan salah alat musik yang berasal Sebagian besar masyarakat mulai beralih dari etnis Sunda. Angklung tersebar di pada seni modern karena kesenian- seluruh wilayah Jawa Barat dengan nama kesenian tradisional yang ada masih dan cara penyajian yang berbeda. Beberapa dirasakan terdapat kekurangan (O.A Yoety, kesenian Angklung yang tersebar pada 1985 hlm. 10). masyarakat Sunda menurut Soepandi Salah satu contoh nyata mengenai (1974, hlm. 12), di antaranya Angklung perubahan zaman tersebut adalah ketika Baduy (Kanekes), Angklung Gubrag tempat-tempat penyimpanan padi (leuit) (Bogor), Angklung Buncis, Angklung yang dahulu dianggap penting dan sakral Dogdog Lojor, dan Angklung Badeng. mulai ditinggalkan. Masyarakat yang Kelima kesenian Angklung ini memiliki mengenal teknologi mengganti leuit keunikan dan ciri khasnya sendiri. dengan tempat penyimpanan yang lebih Pada mulanya, angklung-angklung praktis. Perubahan pemikiran tersebut, tersebut tidak digunakan sebagai seni berpengaruh kepada kesenian Angklung pertunjukkan, melainkan hanya dimainkan sendiri. Semenjak leuit kehilangan pada upacara-upacara ritual. Salah satu fungsinya di tengah masyarakat, maka hal Angklung yang masih bertahan sampai saat tersebut menyebabkan upacara ritual untuk ini adalah Angklung Gubrag yang berasal menghormati padi mulai ditinggalkan dari Kecamatan Cigudeg, Kabupaten karena dianggap tidak terlalu penting dan Bogor. Angklung yang digunakan dalam berpengaruh terhadap hasil panen. media ritual merupakan angklung buhun Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, atau angklung tua pada masyarakat Sunda. penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji mengenai Angklung yang termasuk tua mempunyai perkembangan Angklung Gubrag. Alasan ciri-ciri yaitu mempunyai ukuran yang pertama yakni kesenian tradisional besar sekitar setengah sampai satu Angklung pada umumnya tumbuh pada meter, instrumen yang digunakan hanya masyarakat kampung adat. Berbeda dengan enam buah angklung dan dogdog, tidak kesenian Angklung lainnya, Angklung menampilkan tarian, serta bahan bambu Gubrag tumbuh pada masyarakat yang tidak yang digunakan harus melalui proses menganut sistem adat. Berdasarkan hal pemilihan yang sesuai dengan tradisi. tersebut, perkembangan Angklung Gubrag Berdasarkan ciri tersebut, Angklung di tengah masyarakat akan berbeda dan Gubrag termasuk ke dalam salah satu menarik untuk dikaji. Kesenian Angklung angklung buhun. Gubrag telah mengalami pasang surut, Perkembangan Angklung Gubrag berbagai generasi telah berupaya terus sebagai seni tradisional mengalami menerus untuk menghidupkan kesenian tantangan perubahan zaman. Masyarakat Angklung Gubrag agar tetap bertahan. yang sudah berpikir modern mulai Kesenian Angklung Gubrag yang sekarang 156 ALIN NOVANDINI PERKEMBANGAN ANGKLUNG GUBRAG: DARI TRADISI RITUAL HINGGA HIBURAN (1983-2013) masih ada dan berkembang belum begitu faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan dikenal oleh masyarakat setempat pada sosial budaya yang terjadi pada masyarakat umumnya. Selain itu penulis tertarik untuk pendukung kesenian ini3 3 Soekanto mengkaji peran seniman, dan pemerintah “Sosiologi suatu pengantar” 2007, hlm dalam mempertahankan kesenian asal 283. daerahnya. METODE PENELITIAN Masalah utama yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yakni bagaimana Penelitian ini dikaji dengan perkembangan kesenian Angklung Gubrag menggunakan metode historis. Metode di Kecamatan Cigudeg Kabupaten Bogor historis sendiri memiliki pengertian yakni pada tahun 1983-2013. Periode tahun suatu proses pengkajian, penjelasan, 1983 diangkat sebagai titik awal kesenian dan penganalisaan secara kritis terhadap Angklung Gubrag dimana kesenian ini rekaman serta peninggalan masa lampau mulai mengalami perubahan ke arah seni (Gottschalk 2008, hlm 39). Metode historis pertunjukan yang bersifat menghibur. merupakan metode yang sesuai untuk Pementasan kesenian Angklung Gubrag digunakan dalam penelitian ini karena ini tentunya tidak lagi dalam rangka data-data yang digunakan menyangkut tradisi ritual, melainkan juga sebagai dengan peristiwa masa lampau. Metode hiburan yang mencerminkan keluhuran historis terdiri dari empat tahap antara lain budaya masyarakat lokal. Kemudian, heuristik, kririk sumber, interpretasi, dan penelitian ini dibatasi sampai tahun 2013 historiografi. Hasil yang diharapkan dari saat beridirinya gedung Padepokan Seni penelitian ini adalah hasil yang objektif Angklung Gubrag yang diresmikan dan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang utuh disahkan oleh pemerintah. berdasarkan pemikiran penulis. Untuk itu, Dalam mengkaji penelitian ini, penulis penulis berusaha melakukan penelitian memilih beberapa konsep yang digunakan sebaik mungkin dengan mengikuti langkah- sebagai acuan dalam menjawab pertanyaan langkah penelitian yang telah dipilih. penelitian. Konsep yang digunakan Langkah pertama yang dilakukan yakni kebudayaan yang digunakan untuk dalam penelitian ini yakni heuristik menganalisis posisi kesenian Angklung atau pengumpulan sumber. Pada tahap Gubrag dalam kebudayaan masyarakatnya. ini, penulis menggunakan tiga teknik Seni tradisional, seni pertunjukan dan alat pengumpulan data yakni studi literatur, musik tradisional Angklung. Kemudian wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Dalam landasan teori yang digunakan yakni penelitian ini, penulis mengumpulkan teori perubahan sosial budaya. Pemilihan dua jenis sumber yakni sumber tertulis landasan teori perubahan sosial budaya (literatur) dan sumber lisan (wawancara). sangat relevan karena kesenian Angklung Hal tersebut dilakukan karena Gubrag, karena merupakan salah satu unsur pembahasan mengenai kesenian Angklung budaya yang mengalami perubahan. Selain Gubrag merupakan kajian sejarah lokal. itu, teori ini sesuai dengan permasalahan Oleh sebab itu, sumber berupa data pada perkembangan Angklung Gubrag lisan berperan sangat penting guna dengan menganalisis berdasakan faktor- membandingkan data yang berupa sumber 157 FACTUM Volume 6, N0.2, April 2017 tertulis. Sumber tertulis dapat ditemukan penulis menyajikan hasil temuannya pada beberapa tempat antara lain pada tiga tahap sebelumnya dengan cara perpustakaan UPI Bandung, perpustakaan menyusun dalam bentuk tulisan dengan Batu Api, perpustakaan ISBI Bandung, dan jelas dengan gaya bahasa yang sederhana sumber dari internet. Sedangkan sumber menggunakan tata bahasa penulisan yang lisan didapatkan dari hasil wawancara baik dan benar. Dalam historiografi penulis anggota Padepokan Seni Angklung Gubrag, memaparkan semua hasil penelitiannya tokoh masyarakat, pegawai pemerintah, berdasarkan data-data dan sumber yang dan masyarakat. telah dikumpulkan
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