DOCSLIB.ORG

Response of the Patagonian Glaciers to Present and Future Atmospheric Changes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Response of the Patagonian Glaciers to Present and Future Atmospheric Changes Response of the Patagonian Glaciers to Present and Future Atmospheric Changes Claudio Andrés Bravo Lechuga Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Geography November, 2020 - ii - The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. The work in Chapter three of the thesis has appeared in publication as follows: Bravo C., D. Quincey, A. Ross, A. Rivera, B. Brock, E. Miles and A. Silva (2019). Air temperature characteristics, distribution and impact on modeled ablation for the South Patagonia Icefield. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124(2), 907–925. doi: org/101029/2018JD028857. C. Bravo designed the study, analysed the data and prepared the paper. E. Miles discussed the results and contributed to the writing. D.J. Quincey, A.N. Ross, A. Rivera, B. Brock and E. Miles oversaw the research and reviewed the manuscript. C. Bravo, A. Silva and A. Rivera participated in the field campaigns preparing logistic and installing and configuring the Automatic Weather Stations. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. The work in Chapter four of the thesis has appeared in publication as follows: Bravo C., D. Bozkurt, Á. Gonzalez-Reyes, D.J. Quincey, A.N. Ross, D. Farías-Barahona and M. Rojas (2019). Assessing snow accumulation patterns and changes on the Patagonian Icefields. Front. Environ. Sci. 7:30. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2019.00030 C. Bravo, D.J. Quincey, and A.N. Ross designed the study. C. Bravo analysed the data and prepared the first draft of the paper. D. Bozkurt performed the RegCM4.6 simulations in addition to data processing and contributed to the writing. Á. Gonzalez-Reyes and C. Bravo performed the statistical analysis and analysed the results. D. Farías-Barahona compiled and analysed glaciological data. D.J. Quincey, A.N. Ross, and M. Rojas oversaw the research and reviewed the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. The work presented in Chapter five of this thesis is in preparation for resubmission to Journal of Glaciology. - iii - Bravo C., A.N. Ross, D.J. Quincey, S. Cisternas and A. Rivera (In preparation). Drivers of surface ablation on the Southern Patagonian Icefield. Journal of Glaciology. C. Bravo designed the study, analysed the data, prepare figures and wrote the manuscript. S. Cisternas performed the albedo estimations using remote sensing technics and contributed to the writing. D.J. Quincey, A.N. Ross, and A. Rivera oversaw the research, and reviewed and commented on the manuscript. C. Bravo, S. Cisternas and A. Rivera participated in the field campaigns preparing logistic and installing and configuring the Automatic Weather Stations. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. The work presented in Chapter six of this thesis is in preparation for submission to Scientific Reports. Bravo C., D. Bozkurt, A.N. Ross and D.J. Quincey (In preparation). Projected increases in surface melt and ice loss for the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields. Target Journal: Scientific Reports. C. Bravo designed the study, analysed the data, prepare figures and wrote of the Manuscript. D. Bozkurt performed the RegCM4.6 simulations, contributed to the writing, discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. D.J. Quincey and A.N. Ross, collaborated with the design and oversaw the research and reviewed the manuscript. Copyright Declaration This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. Assertion of moral rights: The right of Claudio Andrés Bravo Lechuga to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2020 The University of Leeds and Claudio Andrés Bravo Lechuga - iv - Acknowledgements This work was funded by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program, Doctorado Becas Chile, 2016 – 72170022. During these years, several persons and institutions support me and made it possible to finish this thesis. I am really gratefully to all of them. I am hugely indebted to my supervisors, Duncan J. Quincey and Andrew N. Ross, their constant support, patience and advice were fundamental to improve my research, but in parallel, I appreciate the independence they gave me to conduct this research, this way it felt like a very enjoyable scientific collaboration experience. I appreciate all the time that you gave me during the last four years and I do really hope to continue the collaboration in the incoming years. Ben Brock, Andrés Rivera, Evan Miles, David Farias-Barahona, Deniz Bozkurt, Álvaro González-Reyes, Maisa Rojas, Alejandro Silva and Sebastián Cisternas, researchers that collaborated in my PhD project are thanked for their scientific inputs, advice and precious time dedicated to read, review and discuss my results. Thanks to the support given by the School of Geography, its cleaning, administrative and academic teams. Special thanks to Jonathan Carrivick, Mark Smith (School of Geography) and Piers Forster (School of Earth and Environment), panel members in the RSG meetings. Their recommendations and feedbacks helped to improve this work. I want to thanks to Jacqui Manton for always answer my questions and support me throughout the years as PhD researcher. Also, thanks to my colleagues, PhD researchers of the School of Geography, with whom I shared this path. My gratitude is extended to the River Basin and Processes Management cluster to be an opportunity to listen and learn about other researches and in conjunction with Leeds for Life provided funding to attend to scientific meetings. Thanks to Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Chile, for the continuous supports along these years. I want to take this opportunity to express my huge thanks to my friends in Chile and especially to my family, my parents-in-law, Margarita and Miguel, my sister Carol and my brother Rodrigo, and my parents Estrella and Raúl, despite the distance, all of you were always accompanying us along these years. Lastly, the greatest grateful is to my wife Nataly, my life partner, and to my son Oliver, my hero. This would not have been possible without you both, with your continuous patience, happiness and love; always essential in my life. - v - Abstract Patagonia (40°S-55°S) includes two large icefields, the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields (NPI and SPI). Most of the glaciers within these icefields are shrinking rapidly, raising concerns about their contribution to sea- level rise and the local to regional impacts of glacier shrinking in the face of ongoing climatic change. Empirically based studies that characterize the fundamental glacier conditions are scarce in this region. Consequently, our understanding of how the glaciers are responding to changes in climate, and what the key controls are, is limited. The aim of this project was to describe, estimate and analyse key meteorological and glaciological characteristics using nine months of meteorological observations, gridded-climate products and glacier modelling in a multi-scale approach. In the north of the SPI and between October 2015 and June 2016, humid and warm on-glacier conditions prevailed to the west of the main topographic divide, whereas dry and cold conditions prevailed to the east. Air temperature lapse rates were steeper in the east (−0.0072°C m-1) compared to the west (−0.0055°C m-1). Modelled energy balance fluxes revealed that the controls of ablation differ along the west-east transect, although sensible heat and net shortwave radiation fluxes provided the main sources throughout. Melt was high on both sides of the divide, but at comparable elevations, it was greater on the western side. At glacier-wide scale, this disparity is amplified by the accumulation-area ratio, leading to the west having more melt (8.2. m w.e) than the east (2.1 m w.e.). At the Icefield scale, surface mass balance (SMB) modelling (1976-2050), forced only by climate data, revealed that the NPI is currently losing mass while the SPI is not. Ice mass loss previously detected in the SPI is attributed to frontal ablation of calving glaciers. Glaciers in balance, however, are restricted to areas where snow accumulation has increased during the period 2000–2015. Projections until 2050 suggest a mean reduction in SMB of between 1.5 and 1.9 m w.e. in the NPI and between 1.1 and 1.5 m w.e in the SPI. SMB decrease is associated with melt increase due to projected air temperature increase. SMB is still projected to be positive in the SPI, however, assuming equal frontal ablation of the recent past, both Icefields will continue losing mass and contributing to sea-level rise. Additionally, an increase in meltwater availability could act as positive feedback by affecting ice dynamics and inducing greater frontal ablation for calving glaciers. This multi-scale assessment has increased our knowledge of the meteorological and glaciological characteristics of Patagonian glaciers, and quantified the response of these glaciers to atmospheric changes. - vi - Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South America 2007-08
    1 The Patagonian Adventure – two Tasmanians in South America Dec/Jan 07-08 Keith and Sib Corbett What and where “Patagonia’ is the name given to the southern part of South America, actually shared between Chile and Argentina. It extends roughly from 40° to 56°S latitude, and includes the large island of Tierra del Fuego (the same size as Tasmania) at the bottom. The Andean mountains run down the western side, about 200km wide and up to 4000m high, with two small icecaps, hundreds of glaciers, and thousands of fiords and glacial valleys and lakes. The Andes and west coast are exceptionally wet – 3 to 4 metres of rainfall annually – and are mostly covered by wet forest. But there is an extreme rain shadow effect, and the eastern foothills and the 400-500km wide expanse of semi-flat pampas to the east, in Argentina, are exceptionally dry, with only 200mm of rain or less. This pampas area, which includes the eastern half of Tierra del Fuego, is covered in dry grass and low shrubs, has been developed as grazing land for several centuries, and is divided into numerous large grazing properties called ‘estancias’. It’s extremely boring country to travel through (everyone else on the bus went to sleep), and your eyes are constantly drawn to the snow-covered mountains to the west. Hence the Andes are a great tourist attraction for the local people – somewhere cool and moist and interesting to go. The long glacial history has resulted in huge volumes of rock (hundreds of cubic km) being carved away from the mountains by ice, deposited as moraine boulders around the foothills, and then re-deposited further out by rivers as endless plains of grey pebbly gravel, which is what much of the pampas consists of.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Detailed Itinerary (Pdf)
    CHILE T R E K K I N G T H E T O R R E S D E L P A I N E C I R C U I T B Y F O O T 9 - D A Y S This Patagonia adventure, hiking through famous Torres del Paine National Park along the Paine Circuit, is an unmatched Patagonia hiking adventure. During this 9 day trek, we experience one of the world’s last great nature refuges, surrounded every step of the way by raw, unspoiled beauty and nature. At night, we refuel at camps located near the big eco-camp or other refugios, enjoying most of our morning and evening meals within their comforts, the stunning park as our backyard. This Patagonia hike is truly an unparalleled outdoor experience. Day 1 PUNTA ARENAS - TORRES DEL PAINE ARRIVAL All travellers must arrive into the Punta Arenas airport by 11:00am. We'll be there to greet you and transfer you to the famous Torres del Paine National Park, 345 km/216 miles away. The drive is approximately 5 hours, but a very scenic one and in the summer months (December to March) the sun sets around 11pm, so we have plenty of light to admire the landscape en route while entering the park. If we’re lucky we’ll see guanacos, rheas and huge rabbits grazing on the plains. On the way, we will Day 2 stop for lunch in Puerto Natales, a village ECOCAMP TO DICKSON LAKE on the shores of "Seno de Ultima TREKKING Esperanza." The entire journey into Torres del Paine is scenic and invigorating, as we'll The day begins with breakfast at the Eco- quickly start seeing the area's wildlife, camp before we prepare for our hike to including many birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Variations of Patagonian Glaciers, South America, Utilizing RADARSAT Images
    Variations of Patagonian Glaciers, South America, utilizing RADARSAT Images Masamu Aniya Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571 Japan Phone: +81-298-53-4309, Fax: +81-298-53-4746, e-mail: [email protected] Renji Naruse Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan, Phone: +81-11-706-5486, Fax: +81-11-706-7142, e-mail: [email protected] Gino Casassa Institute of Patagonia, University of Magallanes, Avenida Bulness 01855, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile, Phone: +56-61-207179, Fax: +56-61-219276, e-mail: [email protected] and Andres Rivera Department of Geography, University of Chile, Marcoleta 250, Casilla 338, Santiago, Chile, Phone: +56-2-6783032, Fax: +56-2-2229522, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Combining RADARSAT images (1997) with either Landsat MSS (1987 for NPI) or TM (1986 for SPI), variations of major glaciers of the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI, 4200 km2) and of the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI, 13,000 km2) were studied. Of the five NPI glaciers studied, San Rafael Glacier showed a net advance, while other glaciers, San Quintin, Steffen, Colonia and Nef retreated during the same period. With additional data of JERS-1 images (1994), different patterns of variations for periods of 1986-94 and 1994-97 are recognized. Of the seven SPI glaciers studied, Pio XI Glacier, the largest in South America, showed a net advance, gaining a total area of 5.66 km2. Two RADARSAT images taken in January and April 1997 revealed a surge-like very rapid glacier advance.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing Study of Glacial Change in the Northern Patagonian Icefield
    Advances in Remote Sensing, 2015, 4, 270-279 Published Online December 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ars http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ars.2015.44022 Remote Sensing Study of Glacial Change in the Northern Patagonian Icefield Lucy Dixon, Shrinidhi Ambinakudige Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA Received 23 October 2015; accepted 27 November 2015; published 30 November 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The Patagonian Icefield has the largest temperate ice mass in the southern hemisphere. Using re- mote sensing techniques, this study analyzed multi-decadal glacial retreat and expansion of glaci- er lakes in Northern Patagonia. Glacial boundaries and glacier lake boundaries for 1979, 1985, 2000, and 2013 were delineated from Chilean topographic maps and Landsat satellite images. As- ter stereo images were used to measure mass balance from 2007 to 2012. The highest retreat was observed in San Quintin glacier. The area of glacier lakes increased from 13.49 km2 in 1979 to 65.06 km2 in 2013. Four new glacier lakes formed between 1979 and 2013. Between 2007 and 2012, significant glacial thinning was observed in major glaciers, including HPN1, Pared Norte, Strindberg, Acodado, Nef, San Quintin, Colonia, HPN4, and Benito glaciers. Generally, ablation zones lost more mass than accumulation zones. Keywords Patagonia, Glaciers, South America, ASTER 1. Introduction Glaciers are key indicators for assessing climate change [1]-[3]. Beginning in the nineteenth century, glaciers in many parts of the world retreated significantly, which was a clear indicator of climate warming [3]-[7].
    [Show full text]
  • PATAGONIA Located in Argentina and Chile, Patagonia Is a Natural Wonderland That Occupies the Southernmost Reaches of South America
    PATAGONIA Located in Argentina and Chile, Patagonia is a natural wonderland that occupies the southernmost reaches of South America. It is an extraordinary landscape of dramatic mountains, gigantic glaciers that calve into icy lakes, cascading waterfalls, crystalline streams and beech forests. It is also an area rich in wildlife such as seals, humpback whales, pumas, condors and guanacos. The best time to visit Patagonia is between October and April. Highlights Spectacular Perito Moreno Glacier; scenic wonders of Los Glaciares National Park; unforgettable landscapes of Torres del Paine; breathtaking scenery of the Lakes District. Climate The weather is at its warmest and the hours of daylight at their longest (18 hours) during the summer months of Nov-Mar. This is also the windiest and busiest time of year. Winter provides clear skies, less windy conditions and fewer tourists; however temperatures can be extremely cold. 62 NATURAL FOCUS – TAILOR-MADE EXPERIENCES Pristine Patagonia Torres Del Paine National Park in Patagonia was incredible! I had never seen anything like it before. This was one of the most awesome trips I have ever been on. Maria-Luisa Scala WWW.NATURALFOCUSSAFARIS.COM.AU | E: [email protected] | T: 1300 363 302 63 ARGENTINIAN PATAGONIA • PERITO MORENO Breathtaking Perito Moreno Glacier © Shutterstock PERITO MORENO GLACIER 4 days/3 nights From $805 per person twin share Departs daily ex El Calafate Price per person from: Twin Single Xelena (Standard Room Lake View) $1063 $1582 El Quijote Hotel (Standard Room) $962 $1423
    [Show full text]
  • The Timing, Dynamics and Palaeoclimatic Significance of Ice Sheet Deglaciation in Central Patagonia, Southern South America
    The timing, dynamics and palaeoclimatic significance of ice sheet deglaciation in central Patagonia, southern South America Jacob Martin Bendle Department of Geography Royal Holloway, University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Royal Holloway, University of London September, 2017 1 Declaration I, Jacob Martin Bendle, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are entirely my own unless otherwise stated. Chapters 3-7 of this thesis form a series of research papers, which are either published, accepted or prepared for publication. I am responsible for all data collection, analysis, and primary authorship of Chapters 3, 5, 6 and 7. For Chapter 4, I contributed datasets, and co-authored the paper, which was led by Thorndycraft. Detailed statements of contribution are given in Chapter 1 of this thesis, for each research paper. I wrote the introductory (Chapters 1 and 2), synthesis (Chapter 8) and concluding (Chapter 9) chapters of the thesis. Signed: ..................................................................................... Date:.............................. (Candidate) Signed: ..................................................................................... Date:.............................. (Supervisor) 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am very grateful to my supervisors Varyl Thorndycraft, Adrian Palmer, and Ian Matthews, whose tireless support, guidance and, most of all, enthusiasm, have made this project great fun. Through their company in the field they have contributed greatly to this thesis, and provided much needed humour along the way. For always giving me the freedom to explore, but wisely guiding me when required, I am very thankful. I am indebted to my brother, Aaron Bendle, who helped me for five weeks as a field assistant in Patagonia, and who tirelessly, and without complaint, dug hundreds of sections – thank you for your hard work and great company.
    [Show full text]
  • South America Cryonet Meeting, 27-29 October 2014, Santiago De
    TECHNICAL REPORT No. 2013- xx Insert title of report ....... WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL CRYOSPHERE WATCH REPORT No. 8 CryoNet South America Workshop First Session Santiago de Chile, Chile 27-29 October 2014 © World Meteorological Organization, 2014 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 8403 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 8040 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in WMO publications with named authors are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO or its Members. FINAL
    [Show full text]
  • 10 DAY TORRES DEL PAINE FULL CIRCUIT Ultimate Expeditions®
    10 DAY TORRES DEL PAINE FULL CIRCUIT 10 DAY TORRES DEL PAINE FULL CIRCUIT Trip Duration: 10 days Trip Difficulty: Destination: Chile Begins in: Santiago Activities: INCLUDED • Airport transfers • Ground transportation ® • National Park fees Ultimate Expeditions • Accommodations The Best Adventures on Earth. • Camping equipment • All meals as stated Ultimate Expeditions® was born out of our need for movement, our • Expert guides & porters connection with nature, and our passion for adventure. EXCLUDED We Know Travel. Our staff has traveled extensively to 40-50 countries • Airfare each and have more than 10 years of experience organizing and leading • Beverages adventures in all corners of the globe through the world's most unique, • Sleeping bag and mattress remote, beautiful and exhilarating places. We want to share these • Tips destinations with you. Why Ultimate Expeditions®? We provide high quality service without the inflated cost. Our goal is to work with you to create the ideal itinerary Ultimate Expeditions® based on your needs, abilities and desires. We can help you plan every PH: (702) 570-4983 FAX: (702) 570-4986 aspect of your trip, providing everything you need for an enjoyable [email protected] experience. www.UltimateExpeditions.com 10 DAY TORRES DEL PAINE FULL CIRCUIT Itinerary DAY 1 Arrival in Santiago Your first day begins in Santiago, the capital and largest city in Chile. Rich with history the downtown core is of 19th century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets, dotted by art deco, neo-gothic buildings. After an airport transfer to your hotel, you can spend the day exploring the history of this cultural capital.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Current State and Recent Changes of the Andean Cryosphere
    feart-08-00099 June 20, 2020 Time: 19:44 # 1 REVIEW published: 23 June 2020 doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.00099 A Review of the Current State and Recent Changes of the Andean Cryosphere M. H. Masiokas1*, A. Rabatel2, A. Rivera3,4, L. Ruiz1, P. Pitte1, J. L. Ceballos5, G. Barcaza6, A. Soruco7, F. Bown8, E. Berthier9, I. Dussaillant9 and S. MacDonell10 1 Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina, 2 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Grenoble, France, 3 Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 4 Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile, 5 Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia, 6 Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 7 Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia, 8 Tambo Austral Geoscience Consultants, Valdivia, Chile, 9 LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France, 10 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile The Andes Cordillera contains the most diverse cryosphere on Earth, including extensive areas covered by seasonal snow, numerous tropical and extratropical glaciers, and many mountain permafrost landforms. Here, we review some recent advances in the study of the main components of the cryosphere in the Andes, and discuss the Edited by: changes observed in the seasonal snow and permanent ice masses of this region Bryan G. Mark, The Ohio State University, over the past decades. The open access and increasing availability of remote sensing United States products has produced a substantial improvement in our understanding of the current Reviewed by: state and recent changes of the Andean cryosphere, allowing an unprecedented detail Tom Holt, Aberystwyth University, in their identification and monitoring at local and regional scales.
    [Show full text]
  • 168 2Nd Issue 2015
    ISSN 0019–1043 Ice News Bulletin of the International Glaciological Society Number 168 2nd Issue 2015 Contents 2 From the Editor 25 Annals of Glaciology 56(70) 5 Recent work 25 Annals of Glaciology 57(71) 5 Chile 26 Annals of Glaciology 57(72) 5 National projects 27 Report from the New Zealand Branch 9 Northern Chile Annual Workshop, July 2015 11 Central Chile 29 Report from the Kathmandu Symposium, 13 Lake district (37–41° S) March 2015 14 Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (41–56° S) 43 News 20 Antarctica International Glaciological Society seeks a 22 Abbreviations new Chief Editor and three new Associate 23 International Glaciological Society Chief Editors 23 Journal of Glaciology 45 Glaciological diary 25 Annals of Glaciology 56(69) 48 New members Cover picture: Khumbu Glacier, Nepal. Photograph by Morgan Gibson. EXCLUSION CLAUSE. While care is taken to provide accurate accounts and information in this Newsletter, neither the editor nor the International Glaciological Society undertakes any liability for omissions or errors. 1 From the Editor Dear IGS member It is now confirmed. The International Glacio­ be moving from using the EJ Press system to logical Society and Cambridge University a ScholarOne system (which is the one CUP Press (CUP) have joined in a partnership in uses). For a transition period, both online which CUP will take over the production and submission/review systems will run in parallel. publication of our two journals, the Journal Submissions will be two­tiered – of Glaciology and the Annals of Glaciology. ‘Papers’ and ‘Letters’. There will no longer This coincides with our journals becoming be a distinction made between ‘General’ fully Gold Open Access on 1 January 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of the 1960 Major Subduction Earthquake in Northern Patagonia (Chile, Argentina)
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 158 (2006) 58–71 Impact of the 1960 major subduction earthquake in Northern Patagonia (Chile, Argentina) Emmanuel Chaprona,b,Ã, Daniel Arizteguic, Sandor Mulsowd, Gustavo Villarosae, Mario Pinod, Valeria Outese, Etienne Juvignie´f, Ernesto Crivellie aRenard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium bGeological Institute, ETH Zentrum, Zu¨rich, Switzerland cInstitute F.A. Forel and Department of Geology and Paleontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland dInstituto de Geociencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile eCentro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina fPhysical Geography,Universite´ de Lie`ge, Lie`ge, Belgium Available online 7 July 2006 Abstract The recent sedimentation processes in four contrasting lacustrine and marine basins of Northern Patagonia are documented by high- resolution seismic reflection profiling and short cores at selected sites in deep lacustrine basins. The regional correlation of the cores is provided by the combination of 137Cs dating in lakes Puyehue (Chile) and Frı´as (Argentina), and by the identification of Cordon Caulle 1921–22 and 1960 tephras in lakes Puyehue and Nahuel Huapi (Argentina) and in their catchment areas. This event stratigraphy allows correlation of the formation of striking sedimentary events in these basins with the consequences of the May–June 1960 earthquakes and the induced Cordon Caulle eruption along the Liquin˜e-Ofqui Fault Zone (LOFZ) in the Andes. While this catastrophe induced a major hyperpycnal flood deposit of ca. 3 Â 106 m3 in the proximal basin of Lago Puyehue, it only triggered an unusual organic rich layer in the proximal basin of Lago Frı´as, as well as destructive waves and a large sub-aqueous slide in the distal basin of Lago Nahuel Huapi.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Energy Fluxes on Chilean Glaciers
    The Cryosphere, 14, 2545–2565, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2545-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Surface energy fluxes on Chilean glaciers: measurements and models Marius Schaefer1, Duilio Fonseca-Gallardo1, David Farías-Barahona2, and Gino Casassa3,4 1Instituto de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile 2Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany 3Dirección General de Aguas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Santiago, Chile 4Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile Correspondence: Marius Schaefer ([email protected]) Received: 12 March 2019 – Discussion started: 13 June 2019 Revised: 15 May 2020 – Accepted: 14 June 2020 – Published: 10 August 2020 Abstract. The surface energy fluxes of glaciers determine 1 Introduction surface melt, and their adequate parametrization is one of the keys to a successful prediction of future glacier mass balance Glaciers are retreating and thinning in nearly all parts of and freshwater discharge. Chile hosts glaciers in a large range the planet, and it is expected that these processes are go- of latitudes under contrasting climatic settings: from 18◦ S ing to continue under the projections of global warming in the Atacama Desert to 55◦ S on Tierra del Fuego. Using (IPCC, 2019). For mountain glaciers melt is mostly deter- three different methods, we computed surface energy fluxes mined by the energy exchange with the atmosphere at their for five glaciers which represent the main glaciological zones surfaces. The processes leading to this exchange of energy of Chile.
    [Show full text]