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Informe De La Subcuenca Del Río Deseado Superior Cuenca Del Río Deseado Informe de la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior Cuenca del río Deseado Provincia de Santa Cruz Vista panorámica de las nacientes del río Fénix Grande (Foto: L. Ferri) MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE PRESIDENCIA DE LA NACIÓN Autoridad Nacional de Aplicación – Ley 26.639 – Régimen de Presupuestos Mínimos para la Preservación de los Glaciares y del Ambiente Periglacial Presidente de la Nación: Ing. Mauricio Macri Ministro de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable: Rabino Sergio Bergman Unidad de Coordinación General: Dra. Patricia Holzman Secretario de Política Ambiental en Recursos Naturales: Lic. Diego Moreno Director Nacional de Gestión Ambiental del Agua y los Ecosistemas Acuáticos: Dr. Javier García Espil Coordinador de Gestión Ambiental del Agua: Dr. Leandro García Silva Responsable Programa Protección de Glaciares y Ambiente Periglacial: M.Sc. María Laila Jover IANIGLA – CONICET Inventario Nacional de Glaciares (ING) Director del IANIGLA: Dr. Fidel Roig Coordinador del ING: Ing. Gustavo Costa Director técnico: Lic. Laura Zalazar Profesional: Ing. Melisa Giménez Colaboradores: Lic. Lidia Ferri Hidalgo, Lic. Hernán Gargantini e Ing. Silvia Delgado Mayo 2018 La presente publicación se ajusta a la cartografía oficial, establecida por el PEN por ley N° 22963 -a través del IGN- y fue aprobada por expediente GG15 2241.3/5 del año 2016 Foto de portada: Manchón de nieve en las nacientes del río Fénix Grande (Foto: L. Ferri) ÍNDICE 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. Antecedentes ....................................................................................................................... 5 3. Definiciones a los fines del Inventario ............................................................................... 7 4. Materiales y métodos .......................................................................................................... 9 4.1. Delimitación de cuencas hidrográficas a partir de modelos de elevación ..................... 10 4.2. Selección de imágenes satelitales y georreferenciación ................................................ 11 4.3. Delimitación del hielo descubierto ................................................................................ 12 4.4. Digitalización de hielo cubierto y glaciares de escombros ............................................ 13 4.5. Base de datos de las geoformas inventariadas ............................................................... 14 4.6. Control de campo ........................................................................................................... 15 5. Resultados ......................................................................................................................... 17 5.1. Cuerpos de hielo de la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior, cuenca del río Deseado. 17 5.2. Control de campo ........................................................................................................... 21 6. Bibliografía ....................................................................................................................... 22 7. Anexos .............................................................................................................................. 25 7.1. Imágenes utilizadas en el Inventario de la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior .......... 25 7.2. Control de campo de la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior ....................................... 27 7.2.1. Objetivos ................................................................................................................. 27 7.2.2. Resultados. Geoformas relevadas ........................................................................... 28 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Subcuenca del río Deseado Superior, cuenca del río Deseado, provincia de Santa Cruz. ................................................................................................................................................ ..10 Figura 2: Delimitación de hielo descubierto obtenido a partir de una clasificación supervisada por objetos empleando el programa SPRING. ................................................................................ 13 Figura 3: Ejemplo de la importancia que tienen las imágenes de alta resolución para delimitar geoformas cubiertas o de escombros. .................................................................................... 13 Figura 4: Diagrama de flujo de la metodología utilizada. ............................................................ Figura 5: Mapa general de la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior, cuenca del río Deseado. 18 Figura 6: Tipos de cuerpos de hielo inventariados en la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior.19 Figura 7: Orientación predominante de los cuerpos de hielo inventariados en la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior. ..................................................................................................................... 19 Figura 8: Distribución del número y superficie cubierta de los cuerpos de hielo inventariados en la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior, clasificada en categorías de acuerdo al tamaño de cada unidad. ................................................................................................................................................ ..20 Figura 9: Distribución altitudinal (hipsometría) de los distintos cuerpos de hielo en la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior. ............................................................................................................... 21 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1: Imágenes utilizadas como base para el Inventario de la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior. ................................................................................................................................... 11 Tabla 2: Superficie total inventariada en la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior.................... 17 Tabla 3: Alturas mínimas y máximas de los distintos tipos de crioformas en la subcuenca del río Deseado Superior. ..................................................................................................................... 20 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS Y SIGLAS ALOS: Advanced Land Observing Satellite ASTER: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer CBERS: China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite ENVI: Environment for Visualizing Images GC: Glaciar cubierto GCGE: Glaciar cubierto con glaciar de escombros GD: Glaciar descubierto GDEM: Global Digital Elevation Map GE: Glaciar de escombros Gl: Glaciar GLIMS: Global Land Ice Measurements from Space H media: Altura media de la geoforma IANIGLA: Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales IPA: International Permafrost Association ID: Código Identificador ING: Inventario Nacional de Glaciares INPE: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais de Brasil LANDSAT: Serie de satélites de observación terrestre manejados por la NASA y el USGS Lat: Latitud Long: Longitud MDE: Modelo Digital de Elevación MN: Manchón de nieve NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Estados Unidos) PRISM: Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping SAGA: System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses SPRING: Sistema de Procesamiento de Información Georreferenciada SRTM: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SSRH: Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos de Argentina USGS: United States Geological Survey UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator WGMS: World Glacier Monitoring Service 1. Introducción Argentina es uno de los pocos países del mundo que cuenta con varios miles de kilómetros cuadrados de glaciares y permafrost de montaña rico en hielo en su territorio. Según cálculos aproximados, Sudamérica tendría cerca de 25.500 km2 cubiertos por glaciares, con un 15% del área total ubicada en Argentina (Williams y Ferrigno 1999; WGMS-UNEP 2007). Nuestro país ocupa el segundo lugar después de Chile, que contiene el 75% del área total de glaciares sudamericanos. Estos porcentajes colocan tanto a Chile como a la Argentina en una posición privilegiada con respecto a otros países, pero también les otorgan un mayor grado de responsabilidad para el estudio, monitoreo y protección de los glaciares en esta región del planeta. Sin embargo, a pesar de la gran extensión de hielo que existe en nuestro país y su clara importancia socio-económica, geopolítica, ambiental y científico-académica, el conocimiento actual sobre los glaciares y el ambiente periglacial en la Argentina es muy limitado. Si bien en las últimas décadas se ha avanzado significativamente en el estudio de nuestros cuerpos de hielo, aún hoy sólo un puñado de sitios han sido analizados en detalle, y en la actualidad no existe información sobre la ubicación, área total, significancia hidrológica o la historia reciente de los glaciares y geoformas periglaciales (también llamadas crioformas) a lo largo de vastas porciones de la Cordillera de los Andes. Entre otros atributos, los cuerpos de hielo constituyen componentes cruciales del sistema hidrológico de montaña y son reconocidos como “reservas estratégicas” de agua para las zonas bajas adyacentes y gran parte de la diagonal árida del país. Si bien la nieve que se acumula cada invierno en la Cordillera de los Andes constituye la principal fuente de agua para los ríos del oeste argentino, en años “secos” o con baja precipitación nival, los glaciares y partes que se descongelan de las crioformas tienen una contribución muy importante al caudal de los ríos andinos ya que aportan volúmenes significativos
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