Effects of Humidity on the Response of the Bark Beetle Ips Grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Synthetic

Australian Journal of Entomology (2011) 50, 48–51

Effects of humidity on the response of the bark beetle Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to synthetic

aggregation pheromoneaen_780 48..51

Michelle A Bassett, John B Baumgartner, Monique L Hallett, Yasmin Hassan and Matthew R E Symonds*

Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.

Abstract Environmental factors may affect chemical communication between individuals by limiting their ability to detect and respond to these signals. One such factor, high humidity, has been shown to interfere with the normal response of some invertebrate species to their attractant pheromones. The effect of humidity on the response of the five-spined bark beetle, Ips grandicollis, to a synthetic form of the aggregation pheromone component ipsenol, was tested in an experimental chamber in the laboratory. The response was measured as both the number of beetles to reach the pheromone source and the time taken, and was tested under high (>80% relative humidity) and low (30–40% relative humidity) conditions of humidity. There was no significant difference in response of beetles between the two treatments although there was a reduction in response in the high-humidity treatment when relative humidity levels were in excess of 90%. These findings suggest that atmospheric humidity does not influence bark beetles response to synthetic pheromone, except perhaps in unlikely conditions of excessive humidity. Key words aggregation pheromone, Coleoptera, environment, humidity, semiochemical.

INTRODUCTION communally (Borden 1985). The five-spined bark beetle Ips grandicollis is generally a secondary pest of Pinus spp., colo- Chemical signals are the principal form of communication in nising felled logs, although occasionally it will attack live trees many, if not most, invertebrate species (Wyatt 2003). Estab- in stressed conditions, such as those caused by drought or lishing how the environment influences the production and fire damage. In this species, colonising males produce an reception of these signals is therefore of key importance to our aggregation pheromone that attracts both male and female understanding of how pheromones affect the distribution, conspecifics. The principal functional component of the phero- behaviour and survival of these species. mone is ipsenol (2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-4-ol) (Vité & Atmospheric humidity is one environmental variable that Renwick 1971). appears to exert an influence on invertebrate species, and there Native to North and Central America, I. grandicollis was is evidence that high humidity can interfere with some inver- accidentally introduced into Australian pine plantations in the tebrates’ reception or response to pheromones. For example, 1940s and has rapidly spread throughout the continent with Hassanali et al. (1989) examined the response of the tick only Tasmanian and tropical pine plantations unaffected. The Argas persicus to its assembly pheromone at both high (ª85%) absence of the beetle in the tropics is most probably due to and low (ª25%) relative humidity and observed that there was appropriate quarantine measures having been introduced a decrease in response to the pheromone by both nymphs and (Neumann 1987). However, it is possible that rates of spread of adults at high humidity. Likewise, Royer and McNeil (1993) the beetle in the tropics might be slowed because of humidity. found that the proportion of male European corn borer moths’ There is some evidence that this species is affected by high responding to female sex pheromone decreased as relative humidity. In field observations environmental factors, includ- humidity increased. Similar effects of humidity have also been ing humidity, appear to influence the movement and concen- demonstrated in species of cerambycid beetles (Bento et al. tration of I. grandicollis (Wilkinson 1964). Additionally, both 1993) and wolf spiders (Wilder et al. 2005). in Australia (Morgan 1989) and in Central America (Haak Many scolytine bark beetle species produce aggregation et al. 2000), the beetle tends to thrive during particularly dry pheromones to attract conspecifics, causing them to gather conditions. Whether this is due to improved transmission of together in considerable numbers to mate and/or feed the pheromone is uncertain, but Kliefoth et al. (1964) found that in the closely related species Ips ponderosae and I. con- fusus air humidity did affect their response to attractive *[email protected] substances. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 Australian Entomological Society doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2010.00780.x Humidity and pheromone response of bark beetles 49

Fig. 1. The experimental set-up. Con- stant airflow was introduced through the airflow hose. Beetles were acclimated at the ‘beetle starting position’ for 5 min prior to commencement of each trial. For high humidity, air was bubbled through the conical flask containing slightly heated water. For low humidity, the flask was replaced with a silica gel-filled length of polyethylene pipe, and the hotplate removed.

Here we examine whether humidity affects the response of the beetles. In control trials the filter paper was not treated with I. grandicollis beetles to a synthetic version of their aggrega- pheromone. Five randomly chosen beetles were placed in the tion pheromone in laboratory conditions, comparing the chamber at the opposite end to the air inlet and allowed to response (in terms of the number, and time taken, of beetles acclimate to the conditions for 5 min being constrained by an reaching the pheromone source) in conditions of low and high open-roofed 35 mm film canister. After this acclimation period relative humidity in a laboratory chamber. If high humidity the beetles were released and observed for 10 min. Both the does impair pheromone efficacy as hypothesised, then the number of beetles responding to the pheromone and the time response should be less strong in the latter treatment. taken for each beetle to respond were recorded. A positive response was deemed to be any beetle that moved onto or beneath the filter paper square. Twenty replicates were run for MATERIALS AND METHODS each treatment with the pheromone (at high and low humidity) and for each control (at both humidities) – making 80 trials in total, using new beetles in each trial. The order of the trials was We collected I. grandicollis from a recently thinned Pinus randomised to reduce potential effects of timing of experi- radiata D.Don plantation near Mount Macedon, Victoria, Aus- ments on results. Between trials the chamber was thoroughly tralia (approximately 60 km north-west of Melbourne) in and sequentially cleaned with ethanol, then detergent, then March and April 2006. Beetles were caught in ipsenol-baited water and finally dried with paper towel. Lindgren funnel traps and brought back to the laboratory Statistical analyses (two-way anova, Pearson correlations, where they were kept, prior to experimentation, in plastic Student’s t-tests) were carried out using SPSS (SPSS 2003). containers containing moistened filter paper at 23°C and 55% relative humidity. The response of I. grandicollis to ipsenol at different humid- RESULTS ity levels was assessed in a Perspex chamber of dimensions 38 cm ¥ 16.5 cm ¥ 16.5 cm (Fig. 1). The base of the area was There was a significant overall difference between treatments

fitted with a cardboard floor, which was replaced after every (two-way anova: F3,80 = 8.319, P < 0.001; Fig. 2) related trial. A hygrometer and thermometer were attached to the to there being a much greater positive response when the inside roof of the chamber. A constant airflow was passed pheromone was present, indicating that the bark beetles can through the chamber via a plastic pipe connected to an air tap. detect and respond to their aggregation pheromone under the

To create high-humidity conditions this airflow was first experimental conditions (F1,80 = 23.135, P < 0.001). However, bubbled through a conical flask of water prior to entry into the we found no discernible difference in response between the test chamber. For low-humidity trials, the air was passed high-humidity and low-humidity treatments (F1,80 = 0.058, through a polyethylene pipe filled with silica gel crystals. In P = 0.811). There was no interaction effect between humidity practice the humidity in the high-humidity trial ranged from and pheromone (F1,80 = 0.231. P = 0.632). Likewise, in the 80% to 94.75% relative humidity (mean = 85.63%) and the experimental trials there was no significant difference in low-humidity trial ranged from 31% to 38.75% relative response time of beetles between the two conditions, as mea- humidity (mean = 34.4%). Because bubbling the air through sured either by the mean time taken for the first beetle to arrive water results in a lowering of air temperature, which might at the filter paper (251 s vs. 209 s in dry and humid conditions, also influence beetle response, the water was warmed slightly respectively: t = 0.786, d.f. = 20, P = 0.44), or the mean by placing the conical flask on a hotplate at a low setting. response time of all beetles (271 s vs. 256 s in dry and humid Temperature for all trials was thus fairly constant (between conditions, respectively: t = 0.309, d.f. = 22, P = 0.76). Slight 22.75°C and 25°C, mean = 23.65°C). All trials were carried variations in temperature between the trials had no effect on out between 10 am and 4 pm. number of beetles responding (Pearson’s r = 0.048, n = 30, For each trial a 1 ¥ 1 cm square of filter paper, impregnated P = 0.77). with 1 mg of synthetic ipsenol (manufacturer Borregaard), was Although there was no difference in beetle response placed in the chamber close to the airflow inlet and 35 cm from between the humid and dry treatments, within the humid © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 Australian Entomological Society 50 M A Bassett et al.

Fig. 2. Mean Ϯ SE number of beetles per trial (from a total of ﬁve beetles) arriving at the ﬁlter paper in humid (>80% RH) and dry (<40% RH) conditions.

1 Number of beetles responding Fig. 3. Number of beetles arriving at the ﬁlter paper in the high-humidity trials 0 with pheromone present, showing a nega- 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 tive relationship with increasing humidity Relative humidity (%) (r =-0.630, n = 20, P < 0.01).

pheromone trial, there was a significant decrease in beetle other factors such as general beetle activity or development, response at very high humidity (Fig. 3). When relative humid- and host condition, which themselves may be influenced ity exceeded 92% very few beetles responded positively to the by humidity. We cannot conclude that these observations pheromone. resulted from impaired response to their aggregation pheromone at high humidity. Response to the synthetic pheromone in our trials was low DISCUSSION in general (mean proportion of beetles responding in trials was 25.5%), although we still clearly demonstrated a response to The response of adult I. grandicollis bark beetles to the syn- pheromone presence (P < 0.001) as oppose to the control, indi- thetic version of their aggregation pheromone component, cating that the experimental set-up was serviceable. I. grandi- ipsenol, did not differ significantly between our two treat- collis typically shows most activity at dusk (Vité et al. 1976), ments (ª35% and ª85% relative humidity). Our principal so response during our trials (which took place earlier in the experimental set-up therefore did not provide evidence that day) may have been reduced accordingly. Additionally, our humidity affects this bark beetle’s capacity to detect or experimental set-up meant that we could not control for age, respond to its aggregation pheromone. While field experi- sex or body condition of our beetles, which all influence ments have previously recorded effects of atmospheric response. These factors may have introduced issues of noise humidity on observed numbers of I. grandicollis (see cita- into the experiment, reducing resolution and increasing the tions in Werner 1972), this could be a result of numerous likelihood of Type II error. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 Australian Entomological Society Humidity and pheromone response of bark beetles 51

Our experiment did, however, indicate a significantly Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Average daily relative humidity, decreased response at very high (>90%) humidity. As average January to December, Cairns. Australian Government. [Accessed 7 Dec 2010.] Available from URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ response time did not vary with humidity, this latter result is averages/tables/cw_031011.shtml unlikely to be explained by a general decrease in overall beetle Bento JMS, Della Lucia TMC & Frighetto RTS. 1993. Male response to activity. Excessive humidity might interfere with antennal natural sex pheromone of Migdolus fryanus Westwood (Coleoptera: reception, exaggerating the synergy between olfactory recep- Cerambycidae) females as affected by daily climatic factors. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19, 2347–2351. tors and hygroreceptors, as has been shown in cockroaches Borden JH. 1985. Aggregation pheromones. 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