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Politics of the "Our Father" and of the Holy Father

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Politics of the Politics of the "Our Father" and of the Holy Father Don Bosco's Mediation in Church-State Affairs By Arthur J. Lenti, SDB Introduction he reader of any popular biography of Don Bosco, even a full length one, will probably come across only the merest reference to his T activity as mediator between Church and state in Italy in the times of their estrangement following the liberal revolution, the unification and the taking of Rome. And yet such mediating activity is attested for a period of some 20 years (1858-1878) and appears as a quite extraordinary feature in the life of the humble and otherwise politically uninvolved priest of Valdocco. Don Bosco's efforts as a "negotiator" were chiefly concerned with filling vacant diocesan sees, the bishops of which had either been expelled or imprisoned, or had died. The appointment of bishops, therefore, was an important objective of this activity. At a later period the principal purpose of such mediation was to obtain the so-called Exequatur after appointment. This was a state-issued permit that enabled bishops to enter their sees and obtain possession of assets and revenues, held by the government, now needed to run the diocese-the so-cailed "temporalities." It is the purpose of this article to tell the story of Don Bosco's efforts to have bishops appointed and to mediate related matters between the Holy See and the Italian government. The Biographical Memoirs have given some attention to this activity, especially in its later phases. Father Francesco Motto in a series of articles and Father Francis Desrarnaut in his biography of Don Bosco have written critically on the subject. This essay will be based mainly on these sources, as well as on some material preserved in the Central Salesian Archive.1 1 Bibliographical Note Gioachino Berto, Vescovi, Nomina, Temporalita, in Central Salesian Archive [ASC]: 112 Documenti, FDB 788 Bl2 - 789 C7; 132 Autografi, FDB 789 C8-10. This box contains a collection of testimonies relating to Don Bosco's involvement in negotiations, transcribed by Father Gioachino Berto, some printed material, and some papers in Don Bosco's hand. [Berto Collection] Gioachino Berto, Compendio dell'andatata di Don Bosco a Roma nel 1873 { ... ], in ASC 110 Cronachette, Berto, FDB 906 C8ff. [Berto, Compendia]; Appunti sul viaggio di D. Bosco a Roma, 1873 (Notes on Don Bosco's Trip to Rome, 1873), in ASC 110 Cronachette, Berto, FDB 907 D12ff. [Berto, Appunti]; Brevi appunti pel viaggio di D. Bosco a Roma nel 1873-74 {. .. ](Brief Notes on Don Bosco's Trip to 182 Journal of Salesian Studies How, why and in what circumstances did this remarkable involvement come about? Don Bosco was certainly not an important person. He was of peasant origins, he was not highly educated, he was not highly placed in the Church. As he often emphasized, he was not involved in politics or in public life. His charitable work, important and successful though it was, did not Rome in 1873-74), 1-117; Table of Contents, 118-148, in ASC 110 Chronachette, Berto, FDB 908 BS - 910 C3 and 910 C4 - 911 A8. [Berto, Brevi Appunti] Giovanni Bosco, Epistolario. Introduzione, testi critici e note, a cura di Francesco Motto. Vol. I (1835-1863); Vol. Il (1864-1868); Vol. Ill (1869-1872) (Roma: LAS, 1991, 1996, 1999). [Motto, Epistolario] The Biographical Memoirs: Italian [IBM] V, 344; VI, 483 , 544; VIII , 67-71, 530-531; 535, 538, 592-596, 610, 634-636, 679, 688; x, 427ff., 454-459ff.; 475-480; 487-499 (temporalities); 501-506, 526 (press). Francesco Motto, "Don Bosco mediatore tra Cavour and Antonelli nel 1858," Ricerche Storiche Salesiane 5 (1 986:1) 3-20 [Motto, DB Mediatore] ; "La mediazione di Don Bosco fra Santa Sede e Govemo per la concessione degli <Exequatur> ai vescovi d' ltalia (1872-1874)," Ricerche Storiche Salesiane 6:1 (1987) 3-79 [Motto, La Mediazione]; "L'azione mediatrice di Don Bosco ne!la questione delle sedi vescovili vacanti dal 1858 alla mone di Pio IX (1878)," in Don Bosco nella Chiesa a servizio dell'umanita. Studi e cestimonianze, ed. by Pietro Braido (Roma: LAS, 1987), 251-328 (Motto. L 'Azione]. F. Desramaut, Don Bosco en son temps (1815-1888) (Torino: Societa Editrice lntemazionale, 1996). Salient passages: 515-519 (Cavour-Pius IX); 690-694 (Vegezzi mission, 1865); 711-713 (Don Bosco in Rome and Prime Minister Ricasoli's politics); 713-716 (Don Bosco in Rome and the Tonello mission, 1866- 1867); 817-821 (appointments of bishops to vacant sees); 838··841; 860-862; 865-867 (bishops' temporalities) [Desramaut, DB en son temps]; "L'audience imaginaire ciu ministre Lanza (Florence, 22 juin 1871)," Ricerche Storiche Salesiane 11:1 (1992) 9-34 [Desramaut, L'Audience]; "Etudes prealables a une biographie de Saint Jean Bosco," in Cahiers Sa!esiens. Recherches et documents [ ... ] 34-35 (April 1995) 13-129 (critical chronology). Use is also made of current historical works dealing with the period, such as the following: Christopher Duggan, A Concise History of Italy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994) [Duggan, Italy]; D. Beales, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, new ed. (London: Longman, 1981); D. Mack Smith, The Making of Italy 1796-1866, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1983); Id., Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971). Recent Italian works dealing specifically with the subject are: P. Pirri, Pio IX e Vittorio Emanuele II dal loro carteggio privato. 3 vol. (Roma: Pontificia Universita Gregoriana); Vol. II (Pans 1 and 2), La questione romana (1856-1864), 1951; Vol. III (Pans 1 and 2), La questione romana dalla convenzione di settembre al/a caduJa del potere temporale, con appendice di documenti fino alla mone di Vittorio Emanuele II (1864-1878), 1961; R. Mori, La questione romana (1861-1865) (Firenze: Le Monnier, 1963); Id., fl tramonto del potere temporale (1866-1870) (Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1967). For basic data and detailed chronology use is made of V. Ceppellini and P. Boroli (eds), Compact Storia d'Icalia. Cronologia 1815-1990 (Novara: Istituto Grafico DeAgostini, 1991 [Compact DeAgostini]. Politics of the "Our Father" and of the Holy Father 1 8 3 confer on him special power or distinction. How then explain his remarkable involvement in sensitive Church-state negotiations over many years? One may best judge the matter after hearing the long and comples story of this involvement. At the moment, it is important to understand that Don Bosco was involved in these negotiations in a completely private capacity. The non­ official status of his mediation explains why one finds but little mention of it in official documents or secular historical writing. In a comment introducing his collection, Father Gioachino Berto, Don Bosco's secretary, offers an explanation. At this point in time, few written documents are available that might be used to show the part which Don Bosco played between the years 1867 and 1874 in the nomination of bishops to vacant sees and in obtaining for them the so­ called tempora!ities. The reason for such Jack of documentation is that he did not act in an official capacity. Obviously, the Holy See could not compromise the pope's dignity by negotiating directly with his enemies. Don Bosco did indeed act as a bona fide intermediary, but without bearing official credentials. He dealt with the government in a private capacity and by word of mouth, but always in accordance with instructions received from the Vatican. Then he would faithfully report the government's responses and the demands back to the Vatican. 2 Now, however, we find ourselves in a different and much more favorable position. Both Motto and Desramaut, the two Salesian historians that have written critically on the subject (to both of whom the present article is indebted) cite several histories of the period in which Don Bosco's activities are mentioned. Catholic Church historians are also cited that mention Don Bosco's mediation, even though not in any great detail. In addition, research in various archives has produced correspondence and other documentation that sheds considerable light on Don Bosco's role. This larger body of historical data lends qualified support to the Salesian claim as embodied in the Biographical Memoirs. 3 It also enables us to describe in some detail Don Bosco's activity as intermediary. In this context it should be clearly understood that negotiations undertaken between the Holy See and the Italian government were never aimed at a political "reconciliation" between the two contending parties. The idea and the word was indeed bandied in both the anticlerical and Catholic conservative 2 Berto Collection, in ASC 112 Vescovi, FDB 788 C2. In the next few pages Berto records eyewitness testimonies of various Salesians who were close to Don Bosco in those years. 3 Motto, L'Azione, 252, notes 2 and 3. Among the archives consulted, Motto mentions the Secret Vatican Archive, in its various sections, and the Historical Archive of the [Italian] Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He also mentions a number of historians, P. Pirri, Roger Aubert, G. Martina, among others. 184 Journal of Salesian Studies press for the purpose of excoriating parties involved in any negotiation. But the very idea would have appeared preposterous under the circumstances. This will be apparent from the story that is to follow. As mentioned above, Don Bosco's mediation through the years of his involvement was chiefly concerned with the problem of the nomination and appointment of bishops to vacant dioceses, and with obtaining the Exequatur and the so-called "temporalities" for them, once appointed. His earliest attested act of mediation (in 1858) concerned the see of Turin and its exiled archbishop, Luigi Fransoni.
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