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University of Southampton Research Repository University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] University of Southampton FACULTY OF jAJFlTlS AM) SOCIAL SCIENCES School of History Mary Carpenter: Her Father s Daughter? by Susy Brigden 0 Mary Carpenter Frontispiece to 7%e oW Mo/y Cwpemfer by J. Estlin Carpenter, 1879. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2011 ABSTRACT This thesis consists of four thematic chapters showing Mary Carpenter (1808-1877) as an example of a Unitarian educational reformer who carved for herself a respectable public life at a time when the emphasis was on separate spheres for women. Mary's significance has recently become more widely broadcast, although her place as a leading pedagogue in educational history still needs to be asserted. As the title suggests, a primary concern will be to examine the influence that Lant Carpenter had on his daughter throughout her life. The first chapter examines Unitarianism, the life of Lant Carpenter, philanthropy in Bristol and the activities that Mary was involved with during her early life as a school teacher. This chapter also considers the education of middle-class girls together with the relationships between fathers and daughters in the period. The second chapter investigates the early anti-slavery campaigns in England focusing on the movement in Bristol. Mary's participation in the anti-slavery movement in England and America is examined together with the activities of the Bristol and Clifton Ladies Anti- slavery Society. The third chapter considers juvenile delinquency in England at mid-century, together with Mary's involvement in the formation of reformatory schools for the perishing and dangerous classes', as well as her involvement with the drafting of the Juvenile Offenders Act of 1854. Mary was die first woman to speak publicly at the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, and this aspect of her life is examined. The fourth chapter discusses Rammohun Roy's visit to Bristol in 1833 togeAer with Mary's later commitment to help her Indian friends bring education to the women of India. Mary's four visits to India are examined together with her influential book and the formation of the National India Association. The conclusion considers how the seriousness of her religious beliefs gave Mary the strength to challenge the orthodoxies of the day for females and step out of the prescribed role for women: her career is a cautionary tale underlining the obstacles women faced in their encounters with the Victorian state. 2 I^STCMFCCWmMfTS Title page p. ] Abstract p.2. List of Contents p.3-5 List ofTables and Illustrations p 6 Declaration of authorship p.7. Acknowledgements p.8 List of Abbreviations p 8 List of definitions p 9 Chapter One 1 have glorified in being the daughter of one who has justly gained the esteem and love of all by his endeavours to promote the happiness and wellbeing of others . Mary Carpenter in Carpenter, j. Estlin, (1879) 7%e aW fKort; Cwyewer, Montclair, New Jersey, 1974, p. 16. Introduction p. 10 ].l. The Unitarians. p.22 ) .2 Lant Carpenter. p.30 1.3 The education of middle-class girls. p.40 1.4 The role of women. p.44 1.5 Philanthropy in Bristol. p.47 1.6 Joseph Tuckerman. p.54 Chapter Two Until all men are free and equal/ Mai}' Carpenter to Samuel May, 1865, cited in Carpenter, J.E, r/K Ma/y Carpemfer, Macmillan & Co, 1879, p.243. 2.1 The early and-slavery Campaign in England. p.64 2.2 The world anti-slavery convention in London. p.68 2.3 Anti-slavery campaigners in Bristol. p.7l 2.4 The Bristol and Clifton Ladies' Anti-slavery. Society. p. 80 2.5 Mary Carpenter's later involvement in anti-slavery. p.83 Chapter Three 'The only School provided in Great Britain by the State for her children is - the Gaol\ Mary Carpenter in Carpenter, J.E, /Ae //K oW DawgeroM* C/oMM ow//br Vwewf/e C. Gilpin 1851, p. 261. 3.1 Juvenile Delinquency and Ragged Schools. p.9l 3.2 Mary Carpenter's /Ae CAf/fA-em o/fAe fgfwAfMg aw/ DoMgerozw OMf/ /wvew/g 77*fr CowAf/oM aw/ TreofrngM/. p. 100 3.3 Mary Carpenter and the Birm ingham Conference. p. ] 09 3.4 Kingswood and Red Lodge reformatory schools. p.! 13 3.5. The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science. p. 126 Chapter Four India is the brightest jewel in the British Crown . Mary Carpenter in Carpenter, Mary Sof AYowf/K m /fK&a, 11, Longman, Green & Co, 1868, pp. 142-5. 4.1 Women's involvement in the campaigns against in India and with Rammohun Roy. p. 144 4.2 Education for women in India. p. 149 4.3 Mary Carpenter and India. p. ] 54 4.4 m /wAa. p. 163 4.5 Mary Carpenter, Keshub Chandra Sen p. 167 and the National Indian Association. Conclusion p. ] 7$ Appendices p. ] 86 Bibliography p. 193 List of Tables and Illustrations List of Tables Religious afHliation of women involved in the Bristol and Clifton Working and Visiting Society. p. 80 CAar/ Two. Number of children under sixteen committed to p.97 Prison 1856-60. Children committed to prison in the period 1856-75. p.97 Four. Figures available to Mary Carpenter at the time of writing one/Jwvg»f7e Dg/fM^wem/ - TTze/r CofKA/fOM wk/ TrgofmeM/. p. 103 List of nimstratioos 1. Mary Carpenter: Frontispiece of Carpenter, J.E, (1879) oW Worty AAayy CwpeM/er, Montclair, New Jersey, 1974. p.l Cartoon showing Mary Carpenter in CAanvor;. p. 159 3. Memorial to Mary Carpenter in Bristol Cathedral. p. 192 Declaration of authorship I, Susy Brigden, declare that the thesis entitled Mary Carpenter, fkr FafAerDm/gA/er and the work presented in the thesis are both my own, and have been generated by me as the result of my own research. I confirm that: This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University. Where any part of this thesis has been previously submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is my own work. I have acknowledged all the main sources of help. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. None of this woHc has been published before submission. July 2011 Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge the help and support of my family and of my supervisor, Dr Jane McDermid. T also wish to thank both Examiners as their careful reading of the thesis proved invaluable. List of Abbreviations Bristol and Clifton Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society BCLASS British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society BFASS Bristol Public Library BL Bristol Record Office BRO Harris Manchester College, Oxford HMC National Association of the Promotion of NAPSS Social Science Transactions of the National Association TNAPSS of the Promotion of Social Science List of definitions Anti-Corn Law League: formed in 1839 to secure free trade and the abolition of the Com Laws. Anti-Trinitarian: opposed to the doctrine of the trinity, that is the union of God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit in one Godhead. Unitarians believe that this was added to Christian belief in the centuries after Christ. Associationism: psychological theory, which postulates that all mental phenomena arise &om the association of ideas. Dissenters: those Protestants who from 1662 rejected the Thirty-nine articles of the Church of England. They included fYesbyterians, Congregationalist/Independents, Baptists, Quakers and subsequently Methodists and Unitarians. Empire: meaning webs of trade, migration, knowledge, military power and political intervention that allowed certain commimities to exert their political power and sovereignty over other groups. Evangelicalism: Protestant movement that stressed the importance of individual salvation and the human soul. Feminist: is used throughout to describe individuals or groups who recognized and challenged in an explicit way women's inequality and oppression. Nomconfbrmity: a general term that, by the mid-nineteenth century, was used collectively of the evangelical Dissenting churches and of Methodism and its offshoots. Non-Sectarian: An education to allow people to think for themselves. Philanthropy: In this thesis, it will be used with the meaning of personal charitable dealings of the middle-classes wi* the poor and needy, by entering into a relationship with a recipient in a bid to reform them and to make them respectable by prevailing Victorian standards. Ra^ed School: Voluntary elementary schools, often in makeshift accommodation, for vagrants and deprived children.
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