DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF File Generated From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PDF File Generated From OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] MICROELECTRONICS MONITOR VOLUME 2, NUMBER 2, 1995 UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 1995 MICROELECTRONICS TO OUR READERS MONITOR Vol. 2, No. 2, 1995 Already in the 1960s computers were recognized as tools that would change the design process in many branches of industry. The essential advantage of computer design is its tremendous versatility achieved at negligible cost Nowadays computer design has become CONTENTS indispensable for competitiveness. With the present globalization. this means that no company. either in industrialized or developing coL·ntries. can really be competitive without the support of computers SPECIAL ARTICLE for product design. DESIGN TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND COMPETITIVEN€SS In this issue of the Microelectronics Monitor. the special article is on by B Bowonder this subject The designs discussed include engineering design. drug design. architectural design. dress design. electronic circuit design. as NEWS AND EVENTS well as software design. The paper has been prepared by a professor NEW DEVELOPMENTS of technology management from India. and presents the question of design from a developing country perspective. The automation of MARKET TRENDS AND design is one of many forms of improving competitiveness through the COMPANY NEWS application of information technology. Another crucial one. is the improvement of management performance. To that end UNIDO is APPLiCATIONS implementing the project XA/RAF/94/633 "Improvement of Management Performance through the Applications of Computers and SOFTWARE Training for SMEs (IMPACT)". COUNTRY NEWS During the period 11-15 December1995, the IMPACT Unit at the AUTOMATION African Regional Centre for Technology (ARCT). in collaboration with UNIDO. organized the Regional Workshop on Reengineering in STANDARDIZATION & Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises through the Application of LEGISLATION Computers and Training. The workshop was held in Dakar. Senegal. in conjunction with the AFRISTECH 95 conference. The main RECENT PUBLl':.ATIONS objectives of the workshop were to present the IMPACT strategy and to demonstrate the IMPACT components to participants from the region. to discuss the applicability and usefulness of IMPACT to small and medium enterprises. and to elaborate a strategy for its further UNIOO s M.croe:ectronics Mon.r,,, is dissemination in the region. All the object:ves were achieved. and the estaDhshed as a mechanism of current participants from Kenya, Ghana and Zimbabwe expressed their aware~ess to monitor developments 1n !'le 'T11croe1ectron1cs sector and inform interest and desire to have IMPACT implemented in their respective governments industry and academia countries as soon as possible. as it was considered to be a vital tool in pnmanly 1n deve1op1ng countries the process of strengthernng SME performance and competitiveness. The Mon~or is ;ssues four times a year and distnbuted free of charge to readers 1n developing countries It is not a formal It was furthermore agreed that IMPACT should be introduced as a documen! and has been reproduced w•tl'out formal ed1t1ng Cponl()'' vehicle for business reengineering. thereby giving support expressed here do not necessarily reflect organizations the opportunity of close cooperation with individual t'l~ v-s of UNIOO Mel"tion 01 !lie names of firms an<! cor.imercial produds SMEs during the reengineering process. It is assumed that sustained nae-. no! ""l>IY an endorsement lly improvements are more likely if support is provided for a period. lJNIOO Copyng!'1ted matenat reprod"<"ed in tne Monttor may De quoted only wrtll perm•SS•on of me 1ou·na1s corcerned Adaptation of the 38 and PHAROS software packages will require OtMr mate11a1 may De quoted or reproouced w~hOu! furtner permission some additional work before b£:coming operational. However. it should !"' 1e .JCknowte<Sgement •S requested be possible to use the IMPACT management training course immediately after completion. It was thus agreed that the training course can be disseminated to tr.~ countries after a training-the-trainer session. and serv~ as a vehicle +.J attract interest for IMPACT among Sr..1ent1'•C ~rs.tor Kon·ad f='1allHiwsk1 Comp.1e:i ;,nd P.d•l•!"l O"lna Rh1n'1 local ~mall- and medium-sized ~nte1 prises. In addition. the training ''Atof'a; Bnar1 V Po'1•"·tl~ot• r courses can be offered for a fee. which should bring some funds to P Ma1r.n A Sp1n-t R R1.!l1n"}tcri \, r,1~r)i:"'.l• the national counterpart institutions to be used for the local adaptation of the IMPACT software. as appropriate. Pt.Dl•She<1 n I 'J<t~ Dy fh<> Unot.-,'1 Nafoon, ln'1cstroa1 DP.•f!•op,..ent 0r1an1atoor •UNI001 v,enna lntP.rnaMnal Cent1e F- 0 Bo• 300 A I 400 V•P.nn.t Au•!roa Konrad Fialkowski Tel 1411171111 0 Scientific Editor Fa• ,4.J 1, no :1~~ " "'ma11 kf1a1kowsk,~un1do nrQ ISSN O~V6244 Microelectronics Monitor. Yo/. 1. No. 1 (1995) CONTENTS Page Page A. SPECIAL ARTICLE Shimadzu mass produces solid-state blue laser . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ 21 DESIGN TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND COMPETI- MITI to develop four-dime;1sional com- TIVENESS _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ puter ___________ . __ . _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 Introduction ____________ ... _ ..... JESSI partners develop XRF wafer Competitive context ... _____ .. ______ _ analyser . _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 21 Design technology trends ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i Crolles ber.efits from combined expertise to Design and manufacturing integration _ . __ . 4 advance CMOS, BiCMOS process control _ 21 Software support of design _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ 6 IBM microelectronics reselll'Chers develop a Examples from selected industries _ ... _ . _ 7 decal solder bumping process _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 Design and competitiveness: implications for French develop thin plastic transistor _ _ _ _ _ 22 developing countries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 7 Low-power transistor developed . _ .. _ . 22 NO to make sub-5 nm oxynitrides _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 B. NEWS AND EVENTS • • • • . • • • • • . • • . • • 10 Stepping up to the 256 Mb DRAM chip _ _ _ 23 Watching IC current with tiny magnets . _ . 23 Maximizing the value of information . _ .. _ 10 Turning amorphous silicon into polysilicon _ 23 Information route to success .... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Optical trapping of metal particles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 The Internet takes off _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . I 0 Disk type AC electrostatic actuator ______ . 23 A world without jobs _ . ___________ . _ _ 11 Capacitor for large-capacity 1-Gbit Searching for cleaner electronic processes . 12 DRAMs __ . _________ . __ . _ .... _ . _ 24 Electricity cleans up contaminated land .. _ . 12 Plasma spraying process for superconduc- NEC develops recycling technique .... _ . _ 12 tive magnetic shielding on large con­ Competitive intelligence and social advan- tainers _ . _ ..... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 tage ................ ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 Gallium-arsenide LSI for 10-Gbit/s optical Information technology-enabled change: the communications . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 risks and rewards of business process re· Large semiconductor wafer carrier . 25 design and automation _ _ . _ _ . _ . 13 Chemists develop cobalt clusters ...... _ . 25 Strategic users of information technology: a Scientists combine inorganic and organic longitudinal analysis of organization molecules ___ ......... _ . _ .... _ 25 strategy and performance . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 Buckyballs learn new tricks _ .. _ . __ . _ _ _ _ 25 Riding the information hypeway _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 Texas scientists probe single molecule _ _ _ _ 25 Business on the Internet ________ . _ . _ . _ 13 Smart gels _ ... _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 The e-mail of the species ___ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Low-Temperature Specific Heat in Caesium Borate Glasses Cristina Crupi, Giovanna D’Angelo, Gaspare Tripodo, Giuseppe Carini, A
    Low-temperature specific heat in caesium borate glasses Cristina Crupi, Giovanna d’Angelo, Gaspare Tripodo, Giuseppe Carini, A. Bartolotta To cite this version: Cristina Crupi, Giovanna d’Angelo, Gaspare Tripodo, Giuseppe Carini, A. Bartolotta. Low- temperature specific heat in caesium borate glasses. Philosophical Magazine, Taylor & Francis, 2007, 87 (3-5), pp.741-747. 10.1080/14786430600910764. hal-00513746 HAL Id: hal-00513746 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00513746 Submitted on 1 Sep 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Philosophical Magazine & Philosophical Magazine Letters For Peer Review Only Low-temperature specific heat in caesium borate glasses Journal: Philosophical Magazine & Philosophical Magazine Letters Manuscript ID: TPHM-06-May-0176.R1 Journal Selection: Philosophical Magazine Date Submitted by the 27-Jun-2006 Author: Complete List of Authors: Crupi, Cristina; Messina University, Physics D'Angelo, Giovanna; university of messina, physics Tripodo, Gaspare; Messina University, Physics carini, giuseppe; University of Messina, Dept of Physics Bartolotta, A.; Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, CNR amorphous solids, boson peak, calorimetry, disordered systems, Keywords: glass, specific heat, thermal properties Keywords (user supplied): http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pm-pml Page 1 of 13 Philosophical Magazine & Philosophical Magazine Letters 1 2 3 LOW TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC HEAT IN CAESIUM BORATE GLASSES 4 5 6 7 8 + 9 Cristina Crupi, Giovanna D’Angelo, Gaspare Tripodo, Giuseppe Carini and Antonio Bartolotta .
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Composition on Structure and Caesium Volatilisation from Glasses for HLW Confinement
    Influence of Composition on Structure and Caesium Volatilisation from Glasses for HLW Confinement Benjamin Graves Parkinson B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc. A thesis submitted to the University of Warwick in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of philosophy Department of Physics November 2007 Contents Contents (i) List of Figures (vi) List of Tables (xv) List of Abbreviations (xvii) Acknowledgements (xviii) Declaration (xix) Abstract (xx) Chapter 1...................................................................................................................1 1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.1 Overview................................................................................................1 1.2 Aim of the work .....................................................................................1 1.3 References..............................................................................................5 Chapter 2...................................................................................................................7 2 Immobilisation of High Level Nuclear Waste.................................................7 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................7 2.2 High-Level Nuclear Waste......................................................................7 2.3 HLW Immobilisation..............................................................................8 2.3.1
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The
    A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE THERMAL DEGRADATION OF SOME POLYELECTROLYTES BY MUHAMMAD ZULFIQAR A SUPERVISOR: DR. I.C. McNEILL Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow. October, 1975. ProQuest Number: 13803963 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13803963 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 PREFACE The work described in this thesis was carried out during the period October 1971 to September 1974 at the University of Glasgow, in the Department of Physical Chemistry, which is under the supervision of Professor G.A. Sim. My thanks are due to my colleagues in the Macromolecular Chemistry group for invaluable assistance and discussion, and to various members of the technical staff of the Chemistry Department, in particular, Mr. J. Gorman and Mrs. F. Lawrie. Finally, I should like to thank my supervisor, Dr. I«C. McNeill, for suggesting the topic of this thesis, and for his advice and constant .encouragement throughout this work. SUMMARY All naturally occurring polyelectrolytes are found in an aqueous environment and this feature directed most of the chemical research in this field towards an understanding of polyelectrolyte behaviour in aqueous solution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Nickel Molybdenum Oxide Catalysts for The
    A STUDY OF NICKEL MOLYBDENUM OXIDE CATALYSTS FOR THE OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION OF n-HEXANE By Bavani Pillay Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Chemistry University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, South Africa June 2009 As the candidate’s supervisor I have/have not approved this thesis/dissertation for submission. Signed: _____________ Name: _____________ Date: ______________ ii ABSTRACT Nickel molybdenum oxide catalysts with different chemical compositions have been synthesized and tested for the oxidative dehydrogenation of n-hexane. The co-precipitation method was used for the synthesis and several methods were used to characterize these catalysts. These include inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, temperature programmed reduction, temperature programmed desorption, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy techniques as well as the Brauner-Emmet-Teller technique for surface area determination. The phase composition of the catalysts was largely dependent on the chemical composition. Catalyst testing on n-hexane feed was done with a fixed bed continuous flow reactor and experiments were performed with feed/air ratios above and below the flammability limit. Varied reaction conditions were used for the catalytic testing. Prior to the catalytic testing, blank experiments were performed. Analysis of the products were done both online and offline in conjunction with gas chromatography employing FID and TCD detectors. The influence of the catalyst on the conversion of n-hexane and selectivity to dehydrogenation products is reported. Products observed were the carbon oxides (CO and CO 2), isomers of hexene (1-hexene, 2-hexene and 3-hexene), cyclic C 6 products (cyclohexene and benzene), cracked products: alkanes/alkenes (propane/ene, butane/ene) and oxygenates (ethanal, acetic acid and propanoic acid).
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Formula of Binary Ionic Compounds – Sheet 1 the Combining Power Or Valency of Silver Is Always 1
    Chemical Formula of Binary Ionic Compounds – Sheet 1 The combining power or valency of silver is always 1. All other transition metals are 2 unless otherwise indicated. No. Binary compound Formula No. Binary compound Formula 1 potassium fluoride 26 calcium sulfide 2 calcium chloride 27 lithium bromide 3 barium bromide 28 nickel sulfide 4 silver sulfide 29 zinc phosphide 5 aluminium iodide 30 barium iodide 6 potassium iodide 31 caesium chloride 7 lead(IV) oxide 32 copper bromide 8 zinc nitride 33 sodium nitride 9 silver iodide 34 silver chloride 10 barium fluoride 35 sodium hydride 11 lead(II) iodide 36 potassium nitride 12 silver fluoride 37 cobalt chloride 13 sodium sulfide 38 magnesium sulfide 14 sodium bromide 39 potassium chloride 15 calcium oxide 40 calcium bromide 16 zinc fluoride 41 iron(III) oxide 17 strontium phosphide 42 aluminium fluoride 18 barium sulfide 43 magnesium bromide 19 aluminium oxide 44 iron(III) chloride 20 aluminium chloride 45 barium nitride 21 aluminium sulfide 46 sodium fluoride 22 lead(II) oxide 47 lithium fluoride 23 barium chloride 48 lithium iodide 24 copper chloride 49 lithium hydride 25 barium phosphide 50 potassium oxide “Aluminum” and “cesium” are commonly used alternative spellings for "aluminium" and "caesium that are used in the US. May be freely copied for educational use. ©www.chemicalformula.org Chemical Formula of Binary Ionic Compounds – Sheet 2 The combining power or valency of silver is always 1. All other transition metals are 2 unless otherwise indicated. No. Binary compound Formula No.
    [Show full text]
  • Release of Fission Products During and After Oxidation of Trace-Irradiated Uranium Dioxide at 3Oo-9Oo°C
    XA0056017 RELEASE OF FISSION PRODUCTS DURING AND AFTER OXIDATION OF TRACE-IRRADIATED URANIUM DIOXIDE AT 3OO-9OO°C P. Wood, G.H. Bannister Central Electricity Generating Board Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories UK Abstract Should defected U02 fuel pins come into contact with air then oxidation of the fuel may occur, the rate and consequences of which are dependent upon temperature and oxygen partial pressure. At CEGB-BNL an experimental programme is underway investigating the kinetics, and extent, of release of fission products during and after oxidation of trace-irradiated U02 to U3O3, and reduction of U3O3 to UO 2« This paper presents preliminary results and analysis of experiments performed at 300-900°C. Dense sintered U02 has been oxidised at 300-500°C using a thermobalance with simultaneous counting of released 85Kr. The kinetics of the 35Kr release are shown to correlate with the kinetics of oxidation, and the extent of release has been determined as 3-8% of that in the UO 2 converted to U3O3. The release of 106Ru and 137Cs during this oxidation has been estimated by Y~c°unting of the fuel sample, before and after oxidation, and of glassware in the vicinity of the sample. This indicates slight release of ruthenium and caesium. Greater fission product release is caused by oxidation at higher temperatures or by heating of the oxidation product. U 308 produced at 400°C has been heated at 800 and 900°C in air for 20 hours. This results in near total release of 85Kr and 106Ru, but still only slight release of 137Cs.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • Behaviour and Chemical State of Irradiated Ceramic Fuels
    BEHAVIOUR AND CHEMICAL STATE OF IRRADIATED CERAMIC FUELS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1974 BEHAVIOUR AND CHEMICAL STATE OF IRRADIATED CERAMIC FUELS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HAITI PAKISTAN ALBANIA HOLY SEE PANAMA ALGERIA HUNGARY PARAGUAY ARGENTINA ICELAND PERU AUSTRALIA INDIA PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA INDONESIA POLAND BANGLADESH IRAN PORTUGAL -BELGIUM IRAQ ROMANIA BOLIVIA IRELAND SAUDI ARABIA BRAZIL ISRAEL SENEGAL BULGARIA ITALY SIERRA LEONE BURMA IVORY COAST SINGAPORE BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAMAICA SOUTH AFRICA SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JAPAN SPAIN CAMEROON JORDAN SRI LANKA CANADA KENYA SUDAN CHILE KHMER REPUBLIC . SWEDEN COLOMBIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SWITZERLAND COSTA RICA KUWAIT SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CUBA LEBANON THAILAND CYPRUS LIBERIA TUNISIA CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST LIBYAN ARAB REPUBLIC TURKEY REPUBLIC LIECHTENSTEIN UGANDA DENMARK LUXEMBOURG UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC ECUADOR MALAYSIA UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF MALI REPUBLICS EL SALVADOR MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ETHIOPIA MONACO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN FINLAND MONGOLIA IRELAND FRANCE MOROCCO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GABON NETHERLANDS URUGUAY GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGER VIET-NAM GHANA NIGERIA YUGOSLAVIA GREECE NORWAY ZAIRE, REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA ZAMBIA The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on die Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, Mew York; it entered into force on 29 Iuly 1957, The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atom ic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". © IAEA, 1974 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Kärntner Ring 11, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alkali Metals
    Ri Christmas Lectures® 2012: The Modern Alchemist Teaching Resource - Group 1: The Alkali Metals Overview: This resource contains information regarding Group 1 of the Periodic Table - The Alkali Metals. Included is an overview of the elements that make up the group, and their structure, general reactivity, and specific examples of their reactions. The resource is supported by links to useful materials, and video clips from the 2012 Christmas Lectures®. What are the Alkali Metals? Lithium o Lithium is a silver-grey metal; it is the least dense of all metals, with a density of 533 kg m-3. Lithium reacts strongly with moisture, forming corrosive lithium hydroxide; therefore it should be handled carefully. Treatment with lithium is also a common form of anti-depressant therapy. Sodium o Sodium is a silver grey, soft, ductile metal. It is most commonly seen in everyday life as Sodium chloride, otherwise known as table salt. It is also present in street lighting as the common yellow glow of Sodium vapour lamps. Sodium is also extremely important in the body, where it is involved in nerve impulses. Potassium o Potassium is a soft, silver metal; however when exposed to air it tarnishes quickly. Interestingly, Potassium is both essential for the human biological system and has a naturally radioactive isotope. Despite this, the natural radioactivity from Potassium is low (it has a half life of 1.248 x 109 years, see Teaching Resource - Radioactivity on the RSC Learn Chemistry website for more details on half-life). Rubidium o Rubidium is again a soft metal, however, it is pyrophoric and with ignite spontaneously in moist air.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Temperature Thermionic Emission from Modified Diamond Surfaces
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Fogarty, Fabian Title: Renewable Energy – Low Temperature Thermionic Emission from Modified Diamond Surfaces General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Renewable Energy – Low Temperature Thermionic Emission from Modified Diamond Surfaces Fabian Fogarty A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, February 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled "INFRA-RED SENSITIVE PHOTOCATHODES FOR
    -1- A Thesis entitled "INFRA-RED SENSITIVE PHOTOCATHODES FOR STREAK CAMERA APPLICATIONS" b y CHRISTOPHER CLEMENT PHILLIPS, B.A. Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Imperial College of Science and Technology London, 1983 -2- -3- ABSTRACT A detailed investigation has been conducted into the chemical, structural and photoemission properties of both SI and GaAs NEA photocathodes, the two classes of photocathode material with potential for NIR streak camera use. The photocathodes were chemically analysed using XPS, and the electron spectrometer was accurately calibrated with a specially designed electron gun, thereby permitting accurate quantitative chemical analyses of the photocathode films. The XPS analysis of the GaAs-(Cs-O) films showed a well defined CsgO overlayer stoichiometry and substrate peak attenuation measurements indicated that this CS2O layer was ^1.2 nm thick. A dipole surface layer work function lowering model is advanced to explain both these results and the XPS binding energy shifts observed in the Cs:0 overlayer. XPS analysis of a large number of SI photocathodes showed a mean Cs:0 ratio of 2:l.v In spite of the cathode to cathode variation in this ratio, for each cathode it was constant during processing and independent of the XPS take-off direction. The 01s peak was split into two peaks and the higher binding energy peak was shown to be due to oxygen in contact with silver, and not oxygen in Cs-J-JO^ as proposed by other workers. Measurements of the Cs3d 2peak widths for both photocathode materials demonstrated the absence of band bending effects in the SI, and this information was used to construct a revised band structure model for the cathode.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEM&121 Workbook Key F2019
    CHEM& 121 WORKBOOK A Collection of Worksheets and Laboratory Experiments Bellevue College Chemistry Department Faculty | 2019 Edition CHEM& 121 Workbook A Collection of Worksheets and Laboratory Experiments Bellevue College Chemistry Department 2019 Edition Copyright © by Jennie Mayer, Gina Fiorini, Perminder Sandhu, and Shraddha Deodhar Copyright © by Van-Griner, LLC Photos and other illustrations are owned by Van-Griner Learning or used under license. All products used herein are for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author and publisher. The information and material contained in this manual are provided “as is,” and without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, including without limitation any warranty concerning accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of such information. Neither the authors, the publisher nor any copyright holder shall be responsible for any claims, attributable errors, omissions, or other inaccuracies contained in this manual. Nor shall they be liable for damages of any type, including but not limited to, direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of or relating to the use of such material or information. These experiments are designed to be used in college or university level laboratory courses, and should not be conducted unless there is an appropriate level of supervision, safety training, personal protective equipment and other safety facilities available for users. The publisher and authors believe that the lab experiments described in this manual, when conducted in conformity with the safety precautions described herein and according to appropriate laboratory safety procedures, are reasonably safe for students for whom this manual is directed.
    [Show full text]