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1 Exploring the male-induced female reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni in a novel medium Jipeng Wang1, Rui Chen1, James Collins1 1) UT Southwestern Medical Center. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by schistosome parasites that infect over 200 million people. The prodigious egg output of these parasites is the sole driver of pathology due to infection. Female schistosomes rely on continuous pairing with male worms to fuel the maturation of their reproductive organs, yet our understanding of their sexual reproduction is limited because egg production is not sustained for more than a few days in vitro. Here, we explore the process of male-stimulated female maturation in our newly developed ABC169 medium and demonstrate that physical contact with a male worm, and not insemination, is sufficient to induce female development and the production of viable parthenogenetic haploid embryos. By performing an RNAi screen for genes whose expression was enriched in the female reproductive organs, we identify a single nuclear hormone receptor that is required for differentiation and maturation of germ line stem cells in female gonad. Furthermore, we screen genes in non-reproductive tissues that maybe involved in mediating cell signaling during the male-female interplay and identify a transcription factor gli1 whose knockdown prevents male worms from inducing the female sexual maturation while having no effect on male:female pairing. Using RNA-seq, we characterize the gene expression changes of male worms after gli1 knockdown as well as the female transcriptomic changes after pairing with gli1-knockdown males. We are currently exploring the downstream genes of this transcription factor that may mediate the male stimulus associated with pairing. -
The Intestinal Protozoa
The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately. -
Oneida Espinosa Álvarez Spliced Leader (SL) RNA: Análises De
Oneida Espinosa Álvarez Spliced Leader (SL) RNA: análises de genes e regiões intergênicas com aportes na filogenia, taxonomia e genotipagem de Trypanosoma spp. de todas as classes de vertebrados Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Biología da Relação Patógeno- Hospedeiro Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira Versão corrigida. A versão original eletrônica, encontra-se disponível tanto na Biblioteca do ICB quanto na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP (BDTD) São Paulo 2017 RESUMO Álvarez OE. Análises estruturais, filogenéticas e do polimorfismo de genes Spliced Leader (SL) em Trypanosoma spp. de diversos hospedeiros vertebrados. [Tese (Doutorado em Parasitologia)]. São Paulo: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo; 2017. Tripanossomas são parasitas obrigatórios de uma grande variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados e invertebrados com um número crescente de espécies, linhagens e genótipos sendo descritos nos últimos anos. Análises moleculares têm sido essenciais para conhecer a diversidade e compreender a complexidade e a história evolutiva dos tripanossomas patogênicos (humanos e animais) e não- patogênicos de todas as classes de vertebrados. Além dos marcadores filogenéticos tradicionais (SSU rRNA e gGAPDH genes), sequências do gene Spliced Leader (SL) e regiões intergênicas têm sido empregadas para identificação e genotipagem de tripanossomatídeos. No entanto, os estudos têm se restringido aos tripanosomas patogênicos para o homem e animais domésticos. Nosso principal objetivo neste estudo foi caracterizar sequências do gene SL (envolvido no mecanismo de processamento de RNA via trans-splicing) de uma grande amostra de tripanossomas, incluindo representantes de diferentes classes de vertebrados posicionados em todos os clados da árvore filogenética do gênero Trypanosoma. -
Resource Partitioning Between Phytoplankton and Bacteria in the Coastal Baltic Sea Frontiers in Marine Science, 7: 1-19
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Frontiers in Marine Science. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Sörenson, E., Lindehoff, E., Farnelid, H., Legrand, C. (2020) Resource Partitioning Between Phytoplankton and Bacteria in the Coastal Baltic Sea Frontiers in Marine Science, 7: 1-19 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.608244 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99520 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.608244 Resource Partitioning Between Phytoplankton and Bacteria in the Coastal Baltic Sea Eva Sörenson, Hanna Farnelid, Elin Lindehoff and Catherine Legrand* Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University Centre of Ecology and Evolution and Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden Eutrophication coupled to climate change disturbs the balance between competition and coexistence in microbial communities including the partitioning of organic and inorganic nutrients between phytoplankton and bacteria. Competition for inorganic nutrients has been regarded as one of the drivers affecting the productivity of the eutrophied coastal Baltic Sea. Yet, it is unknown at the molecular expression level how resources are competed for, by phytoplankton and bacteria, and what impact this competition has on the community composition. Here we use metatranscriptomics and amplicon sequencing and compare known metabolic pathways of both phytoplankton and bacteria co-occurring during a summer bloom in the archipelago of Åland in the Baltic Sea to examine phytoplankton bacteria resource partitioning. -
Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Reference: Biol. Bull. 227: 175–190. (October 2014) © 2014 Marine Biological Laboratory Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica YUAN XU1,*†, TRISTA VICK-MAJORS2, RACHAEL MORGAN-KISS3, JOHN C. PRISCU2, AND LINDA AMARAL-ZETTLER4,5,* 1Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; 2Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717; 3Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056; 4The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; and 5Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Abstract. We report an in-depth survey of next-genera- trends in dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity may tion DNA sequencing of ciliate diversity and community play a critical role in structuring ciliate communities. A structure in two permanently ice-covered McMurdo Dry PCR-based strategy capitalizing on divergent eukaryotic V9 Valley lakes during the austral summer and autumn (No- hypervariable region ribosomal RNA gene targets unveiled vember 2007 and March 2008). We tested hypotheses on the two new genera in these lakes. A novel taxon belonging to relationship between species richness and environmental an unknown class most closely related to Cryptocaryon conditions -
Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). -
Protozoologica
Acta Protozool. (2014) 53: 207–213 http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap ACTA doi:10.4467/16890027AP.14.017.1598 PROTOZOOLOGICA Broad Taxon Sampling of Ciliates Using Mitochondrial Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Micah DUNTHORN1, Meaghan HALL2, Wilhelm FOISSNER3, Thorsten STOECK1 and Laura A. KATZ2,4 1Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA; 3FB Organismische Biologie, Universität Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria; 4Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Abstract. Mitochondrial SSU-rDNA has been used recently to infer phylogenetic relationships among a few ciliates. Here, this locus is compared with nuclear SSU-rDNA for uncovering the deepest nodes in the ciliate tree of life using broad taxon sampling. Nuclear and mitochondrial SSU-rDNA reveal the same relationships for nodes well-supported in previously-published nuclear SSU-rDNA studies, al- though support for many nodes in the mitochondrial SSU-rDNA tree are low. Mitochondrial SSU-rDNA infers a monophyletic Colpodea with high node support only from Bayesian inference, and in the concatenated tree (nuclear plus mitochondrial SSU-rDNA) monophyly of the Colpodea is supported with moderate to high node support from maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. In the monophyletic Phyllopharyngea, the Suctoria is inferred to be sister to the Cyrtophora in the mitochondrial, nuclear, and concatenated SSU-rDNA trees with moderate to high node support from maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Together these data point to the power of adding mitochondrial SSU-rDNA as a standard locus for ciliate molecular phylogenetic inferences. -
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar): Caused by Leishmania Donovani
تابع 2 أ.د / فاطمة إبراهيم سنبل أستاذ الميكروبيولوجيا الصيدلية • (Plate 2) • Life cycle of Balantidium coli Mastigophora • General characters : • This subphylum includes those protozoa that move actively by means of a Flagellum (or several flagella) during all or part of their life. In addition, the body has a definite form (not irregular as in amoebae) maintained by a firm pellicle on its outer surface. Some flagellates are devoid of a mouth opening but some have an opening or Cytostome through which food is ingested. They reproduced by longitudinal binary fission (not transverse fission as in case of B. coli). • Some have undulating membrane which appear to consist of highly modified flagellum. Flagellates have vesicular type of nucleus . • The parasitic flagellated protozoa fall into two categories with respect to the type of disease produced in humans : • a) Intestinal and genital flagellates : these are found only in the intestinal or genital tracts and their transmission does not require a biological vector and so pass directly from man to man usually enclosed in a cyst. They include : • - Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) • - Enteromonas hominis • - Trichomonas hominis • - Trichomonas tenax • - Trichomonas vaginalis • - Dientamoeba fragilis (amoeba-like flagellate) • The parasites are nearly all harmless commensals but two species, Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis are associated with inflammatory lesions in heavy infections and for practical purposes may be regarded as pathogenic . • b) Blood and tissue flagellates (haemoflagellates) : these infect the vascular system and various tissues and their transmission requires a biological vector. usually an arthropod (insect) in which they undergo a fresh cycle of alteration and multiplication before they can again infect man. -
Protozoan Parasites
Welcome to “PARA-SITE: an interactive multimedia electronic resource dedicated to parasitology”, developed as an educational initiative of the ASP (Australian Society of Parasitology Inc.) and the ARC/NHMRC (Australian Research Council/National Health and Medical Research Council) Research Network for Parasitology. PARA-SITE was designed to provide basic information about parasites causing disease in animals and people. It covers information on: parasite morphology (fundamental to taxonomy); host range (species specificity); site of infection (tissue/organ tropism); parasite pathogenicity (disease potential); modes of transmission (spread of infections); differential diagnosis (detection of infections); and treatment and control (cure and prevention). This website uses the following devices to access information in an interactive multimedia format: PARA-SIGHT life-cycle diagrams and photographs illustrating: > developmental stages > host range > sites of infection > modes of transmission > clinical consequences PARA-CITE textual description presenting: > general overviews for each parasite assemblage > detailed summaries for specific parasite taxa > host-parasite checklists Developed by Professor Peter O’Donoghue, Artwork & design by Lynn Pryor School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences The School of Biological Sciences Published by: Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 Australia [July, 2010] ISBN 978-1-8649999-1-4 http://parasite.org.au/ 1 Foreword In developing this resource, we considered it essential that -
Catalogue of Protozoan Parasites Recorded in Australia Peter J. O
1 CATALOGUE OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES RECORDED IN AUSTRALIA PETER J. O’DONOGHUE & ROBERT D. ADLARD O’Donoghue, P.J. & Adlard, R.D. 2000 02 29: Catalogue of protozoan parasites recorded in Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 45(1):1-164. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Published reports of protozoan species from Australian animals have been compiled into a host- parasite checklist, a parasite-host checklist and a cross-referenced bibliography. Protozoa listed include parasites, commensals and symbionts but free-living species have been excluded. Over 590 protozoan species are listed including amoebae, flagellates, ciliates and ‘sporozoa’ (the latter comprising apicomplexans, microsporans, myxozoans, haplosporidians and paramyxeans). Organisms are recorded in association with some 520 hosts including mammals, marsupials, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. Information has been abstracted from over 1,270 scientific publications predating 1999 and all records include taxonomic authorities, synonyms, common names, sites of infection within hosts and geographic locations. Protozoa, parasite checklist, host checklist, bibliography, Australia. Peter J. O’Donoghue, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; Robert D. Adlard, Protozoa Section, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia; 31 January 2000. CONTENTS the literature for reports relevant to contemporary studies. Such problems could be avoided if all previous HOST-PARASITE CHECKLIST 5 records were consolidated into a single database. Most Mammals 5 researchers currently avail themselves of various Reptiles 21 electronic database and abstracting services but none Amphibians 26 include literature published earlier than 1985 and not all Birds 34 journal titles are covered in their databases. Fish 44 Invertebrates 54 Several catalogues of parasites in Australian PARASITE-HOST CHECKLIST 63 hosts have previously been published. -
Common Intestinal Protozoa of Humans
Common Intestinal Protozoa of Humans* Life Cycle Charts M.M. Brooke1, Dorothy M. Melvin1, and 2 G.R. Healy 1 Division of Laboratory Training and Consultation Laboratory Program Office and 2Division of Parasitic Diseases Center for Infectious Diseases Second Edition* 1983 U .S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control Atlanta, Georgia 30333 *Updated from the original printed version in 2001. ii Contents Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. AMEBAE 3 Entamoeba histolytica 6 Entamoeba hartmanni 7 Entamoeba coli 8 Endolimax nana 9 Iodamoeba buetschlii 10 III. FLAGELLATES 11 Dientamoeba fragilis 14 Pentatrichomonas (Trichomonas) hominis 15 Trichomonas vaginalis 16 Giardia lamblia (syn. Giardia intestinalis) 17 Chilomastix mesnili 18 IV. CILIATE 19 Balantidium coli 20 V. COCCIDIA** 21 Isospora belli 26 Sarcocystis hominis 27 Cryptosporidium sp. 28 VI. MANUALS 29 **At the time of this publication the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis had not been classified. iii Introduction The intestinal protozoa of humans belong to four groups: amebae, flagellates, ciliates, and coccidia. All of the protozoa are microscopic forms ranging in size from about 5 to 100 micrometers, depending on species. Size variations between different groups may be considerable. The life cycles of these single- cell organisms are simple compared to those of the helminths. With the exception of the coccidia, there are two important growth stages, trophozoite and cyst, and only asexual development occurs. The coccidia, on the other hand, have a more complicated life cycle involving asexual and sexual generations and several growth stages. Intestinal protozoan infections are primarily transmitted from human to human. Except for Sarcocystis, intermediate hosts are not required, and, with the possible exception of Balantidium coli, reservoir hosts are unimportant. -
Parasitic Infections I
5/10/2021 What proportion of species are parasites? Parasitic infections I. RNDr. et M.Res Lenka Richterová Ph.D. NRL for diagnosis of tropical parasitological infections S What proportion of species are 2017 parasites? 12/20 Parasites as seen by medicine Parasites as seen by medicine S S 1 5/10/2021 Parasites as seen by medicine Tropical tissue parasites protozoans Plasmodium Leishmania sp. falciparum P. falciparum T. cruzi Trypanosoma brucei Babesis sp. P. malariae P. ovale S https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ Intestinal parasites Tissue helmints Cyclospora Echinococcus Trichuris spp. Microsporidia cayetanensis Entamoeba Toxocara sp. multilocularis Taenia solium O. volvulus Enterobius Fasciola Taenia saginata vermicularis Cryptosporidium G. intestinalis Trichinella sp. hepatica Schistosoma sp. Paragonimu ssp. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ Tropical tissue parasites protozoans Plasmodium Leishmania sp. falciparum P. falciparum T. cruzi Trypanosoma brucei Babesis sp. P. malariae P. ovale https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ 2 5/10/2021 World malaria report 2018 Plasmodium falciparum - life cycle 2016 for the first time in 20 years number of cases increased!!! Venezuela Burundi 1mil 2018 7,2 mil 2019 S 219mil cases S 200,5mil in Africa S 7,51mil P. vivax S 435 000 deths (403 000 Afrika) http://magazine.jhsph.edu/2011/malaria/online_extras/galleries/malaria_life_cycle/ https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/ Malaria Clinical presentation S symptoms of uncomplicated malaria can be rather non-specific S untreated malaria can progress to severe forms that may be rapidly (<24 hours) fatal S most frequent symptoms include fever and chills, which can be accompanied by headache, myalgias, arthralgias, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhoea S Other clinical features include splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia, pulmonary or renal dysfunction, and neurologic changes Malaria Malaria RDT S HRP – 2 S RDT antigen – P.