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Insurgencia, Planificación Y La Perspectiva De Un Urbanismo Humano*,** Territorios 38 / Bogotá, 2018, pp. 215-233 ISSN: 0123-8418 ISSNe: 2215-7484 Insurgencia, planificación y la perspectiva de un urbanismo humano*,** Faranak Miraftab*** Muchas gracias por esta presentación. Inicialmente, me gustaría agradecer a la comisión organizadora del World Planning Schools Conference por haberme invitado para dar * El presente artículo fue apertura a este importante diálogo entre colegas del mundo entero. Es una verdadera publicado originalmente honra y un privilegio dirigirme a un grupo de estudiosos de renombre internacional, en portugués en la Revista Brasilera de Estudios Ur- siendo incluso que de varios de ellos sigo aprendiendo. Como siempre, el conocimien- bano Regionales RBEUR to es una producción colectiva, y, por lo tanto, lo que voy a compartir con ustedes en Vol. 18, n.o 3 de sep.-dic. el día de hoy son mis conocimientos, adquiridos a través del diálogo con activistas y del 2016, pp. 363-377. Es- académicos de todo el mundo. ta traducción cuenta con la autorización del comité No es necesario decirle a esta audiencia que vivimos en un momento de crisis, editorial de dicha revista y una crisis global que no es solamente una crisis del capitalismo, sino también de la de la autora. La traducción planificación como una profesión y como una idea. Por eso la urgencia de nuestras al español ha sido realizada conversaciones en este congreso mundial, para discutir cómo podemos repensar la por Hernando Sáenz Acos- ta, docente de la Facultad planificación, la cual hace parte de esta crisis contemporánea, e imaginar prácticas de de Sociología de la Univer- decolonización que hagan posible un urbanismo humano. La crisis contemporánea es sidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, insidiosa e infecta todas las dimensiones de la vida en todos los rincones del mundo. Colombia. Pero eso no significa que todos estemos en ella de la misma forma; esas crisis afectan ** Conferencia de apertu- de formas diferentes a distintas personas, de formas que son injustas y desiguales. Po- ra del IV World Planning Schools Congress, realizado derosas economías, que producen la deshumanización de las crisis globales, rara vez en Río de Janeiro el 3 de asumen la responsabilidad por su creación. La actual guerra en Oriente Medio y su julio del 2016. Traducción desplazamiento global es un ejemplo. del inglés al portugués de Hoy más de 60 millones de personas, es decir, una de cada 122 personas en el Esther Limonad, docente del programa de posgrado mundo, fueron expulsadas de sus hogares por la guerra y otros peligros; un sufrimiento en Geografía de la Univer- cuya magnitud es la peor de las observadas en comparación con otros momentos de la sidad Federal Fluminense historia humana. Pero, mientras el mundo ve a casi un millón de personas huyendo y (POSGEO/UFF). cruzando valientemente el Mar Mediterráneo para alcanzar Europa, solamente cerca ⇒ 215 ⇒ *** Ph. D. Universidad de de 300 000 reciben la llamada “hospitali- ning Schools Congress, 2016), los debates California, Berkeley 1995. dad europea”. La gran mayoría de los re- en que nos embarcaremos en los próxi- Profesora de Planificación Urbana y Regional en la fugiados permanece cerca de sus hogares, mos días conciernen al cómo nosotros, Universidad de Illinois, sin mucha atención mundial, en lugares en cuanto académicos de la planificación, Urbana-Champaign, Esta- como Turquía, Jordania, el Líbano, Irak, respondemos y nos involucramos en rela- dos Unidos. Correo electró- Irán y Egipto, en campos de refugiados ción con esa crisis e injusticia mediante el nico: [email protected] como Zaatari en Jordania, los cuales son entrenamiento de las próximas generacio- 1 Véase https://www.fore- ignaffairs.com/articles/ ahora una característica permanente de las nes de profesionales. 1 levant/2015-10-20/help- ciudades y una forma de urbanización . Argumento que la planificación se está refugees-help-themselves Esta es, de hecho, una era de destierro enfrentando con su propia crisis de iden- global, sea por causa de las guerras y del tidad y legitimidad, una crisis que emerge petróleo, sea por causa de las ganancias del de su esquizofrenia profesional, razón por capital inmobiliario que genera expoliación la que su propia imagen e idea de la pro- y expulsión urbanas. fesión no se encajan. De ahí, por lo tanto, En cuanto Congreso Mundial de Es- la necesidad de un nuevo tipo de planifi- cuelas de Planificación WPSC( - World Plan- cación, de un nuevo significado y de una Figura 1. Campo de refugiados Zaatari, Jordania, 80 000 personas territorios 38 Fuente: Tomada de https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/levant/2015-10-20/help-refugees-help-themselves 216 FARANAK MIRAFTAB nueva imaginación. La planificación pro- Y, entonces, finalizaré con una breve 2 Véase http://picturethe- gresista necesita romper con los postulados reflexión sobre lo que todo esto representa homeless.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/12/Home- que la condujeron a tal crisis existencial. para la enseñanza de la planificación. less_People_Count2.pdf Necesita de un cambio ontológico en la teorización de las prácticas de la planifica- Acto I: La esquizofrenia ción. Algunos la designan de planificación de la planificación insurgente, otros, incluso aquí algunos de mis colegas de Río de Janeiro, la llaman de La planificación en tanto profesión se au- planificación conflictual. to-enaltece por atender al bien público, En esta presentación me enfoco en pero los planificadores profesionales se lo que se requiere en la teorización de las encuentran generalmente al servicio del prácticas de planificación para tal ruptura bien privado. ontológica. En primer lugar, reconocer Esa esquizofrenia de la planificación el abanico de prácticas existentes que van es puesta al desnudo cuando: la promo- más allá de las que son sancionadas por ción de los conjuntos habitacionales de el Estado y los poderes corporativos —a ingresos mixtos en Chicago se traduce las que llamo prácticas insurgentes—; y, en la remoción de los habitantes pobres y en segundo lugar, decolonizar la imagi- racialmente discriminados de los conjun- nación y las posibilidades para el futuro. tos habitacionales públicos (figuras 2 y 3). Para eso necesitamos recurrir a las prácticas En Chicago, conforme se elevaron los subordinadas, maduradas en movimientos precios de los inmuebles y la localización anticoloniales y anticapitalistas de larga du- de los conjuntos habitacionales públicos se ración. Ahí encontraremos la inspiración, tornó atractiva en términos financieros, se los valores y los principios orientadores demolieron estos últimos en pro del desa- para prácticas que pueden promover un rrollo de comunidades de ingresos mixtos. futuro y un urbanismo más humanos. El resultado de la planificación que estaba Déjenme desarrollar esa argumenta- dirigida para la integración habitacional fue ción paso a paso. Voy a hacerlo en tres la expulsión por gentrificación, por ejem- actos: plo el alquiler de nuevos apartamentos de dos cuartos en esa área es superior a los Acto I: La esquizofrenia de la plani- 3000 dólares2. ficación Esta esquizofrenia de la planificación Acto II: Prácticas insurgentes como es puesta al desnudo cuando: un tipo diferente de planificación Transportes eficientes en Mumbai se Acto III: Imaginación y urgencia de traducen en expoliación y expulsión. decolonizar el futuro El proyecto de la autopista costera en Mumbai promete una combinación de 33,20 km de “puentes sobre el mar, vías territorios 38 INSURGENCIA, PLANIFICACIÓN Y LA PERSPECTIVA DE UN URBANISMO HUMANO 217 Figura 2. Demolición del conjunto Cabrini, Chicago Fuente: Tomada de http://inthesetimes.com/article/18606/70-acres-cabrini-green-documentary-chicago-housing- authority Figura 3. Proyecto habitacional de ingresos mixtos Cabrini-Green Fuente: Tomada de http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/April-2016/chicago-neighborhoods/Cabrini- Green/ territorios 38 218 FARANAK MIRAFTAB elevadas, suelo recuperado y túneles sub- Figura 4. Tienda de la red I Love my Laundry, 3 Véase https://csaweb. marinos”3 para atravesar la bahía, reducir Cape Town, Sudáfrica org/2015/10/09/mum- bais-coastal-road-social- los atascos en el tráfico y los niveles de environmental-impacts/ polución en Mumbai. Los planificadores 4 Véase https://csaweb. también prometen significativos embelle- org/2015/10/09/mum- cimientos y paisajismo ambiental que irán bais-coastal-road-social- a aumentar la calidad de vida. environmental-impacts/ Sin embargo, el Tribunal del Pueblo Independiente, trabajando con el Colecti- vo de Mumbai por Alternativas Espaciales, muestra que “la autopista atenderá apenas a poco más del 1 % de la población de Mumbai”4 —aquellos que manejan autos y viajan directamente en la parte más desa- rrollada de la Costa Oeste de la ciudad—. Peor aún, el proyecto destruirá la ecología costera y el sustento de las comunidades costeras de pescadores cuyas vidas depen- Fuente: Tomada de http://showme.co.za/cape-town/ den de la franja costera. news/i-love-my-laundry-in-buitenkant-street-opening- night/ Aunque la planificación del transporte justifique y promueva un megaproyecto a nombre del bien común, últimamente de su derecho a servicios básicos. Lavar lo vemos sirviendo a los promotores y al ropas es una batalla diaria en una de las capital inmobiliario. pocas fuentes comunales en la periferia Esa esquizofrenia de la planificación del asentamiento de Marikana, en Phillippi es puesta al desnudo cuando: (figura 5). En Cape Town - Sudáfrica, la planifi- Cuando los planificadores profesiona- cación empresarial se traduce en la trans- les acordaron hace más de una década la ferencia del costo de la revitalización eco- creación del Mejoramiento de los Barrios nómica a cargo de los municipios pobres. de la Ciudad (CIDs) prometieron que dicho Mientras esa recuperación urbana del Me- mejoramiento de los barrios revitalizados joramiento de los Barrios de la Ciudad sería para toda la población. Sin embargo, (City Improvement Districs, CID) trajo no fue así para Nomvisiswano ni para mi- “I love my laundry café” (figura 4) para el llones de otros más.
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