Cabinda Province Agriculture Value Chain Development Project

Home , Cabinda Province, Chiloango River

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PROJECT: CABINDA PROVINCE AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

COUNTRY: ANGOLA

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK SUMMARY

July 2017

Team Leader Patrick AGBOMA, Chief Agronomist, AHAI.2 1540

Devinder GOYAL, Chief Regional Financial Management Coordinator, RDGS4 8409 Mark EGHAN, Agricultural Economist, ECMR.1 4362 Laurent BRITO, Procurement Specialist, COAO 8629 Team Olusola IKUFORIJI, Environmental Specialist, AHAI.2 1264 Members Jessica HARRIS, Gender Policy Expert, AHGC1 3881 Appraisal Team Joao Paulo SPENCER, Civil Engineer, AHAI.2 Alayde Serruto DIAZ, Agribusiness Specialist, AHAI.2 Ikechukwu EZIAKOR, Institutions Development/M&E Specialist, AHAI.2 Septime MARTIN, COAO 6901 Managers Joseph COOMPSON, OIC RDGS.2 8451 Chiji OJUKWU, AHAI.0 2042 Directors Tonia KANDIERO, RDGS.0 8401

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) SUMMARY

Project Name: CABINDA PROVINCE AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Project Number: P-AO-AAZ-001 Country: ANGOLA Department: AHAI Division: AHAI.2 Environmental Category: 2

1. Introduction

The Cabinda Province Agriculture Value Chain Development Project (CPAVCDP) four municipalities from the Cabinda Province of Angola, namely: Belize, Buco Zau, Cacongo and Cabind and includes commodity value chain development, and infrastructure development. The project’s investment will include construction and/or rehabilitation works for small-scale irrigation schemes, processing and marketing facilities, community support infrastructure (health centers, primary schools and water and sanitation facilities) and rural feeder roads that are likely to generate minimal and localized environmental and social impacts. The precise location, scale and risks of these interventions will be confirmed during project implementation, hence an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is the appropriate safeguard instrument that will provide the framework to manage all potential negative environmental and social risks incurred during implementation of the project. ESMF is a framework for screening, mitigation and monitoring potential impacts during implementation and operation of proposed investments, with an embedded process for triggering subsequent sub-project environment and social assessments. The ultimate aim of the ESMF is to enhance the quality and sustainability of the CPAVCDP.

2. Description of Programme

The CPAVCDP is a value chain development of selected commodities that aims to contribute to the increased food security, job and wealth creation of the communities within Cabinda Province, and by extension Angola. The specific objective of the project is to increase farmers’ food security and incomes through increased agricultural output and value addition. The Project will also contribute to enhance income of small and medium enterprises engaged in input supply, production, processing, storage and marketing of selected commodities on a sustainable basis. The proposed CPAVCD Project is composed of three components: (i) Commodity Value Chains Development; (ii) Infrastructure Development; and (iii) Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation. The project focuses on the provision of the enabling environment for agricultural development and value addition of staple crops (cassava, sweet potato, peanut, and beans); cash crops (coffee, cocoa and oil palm); marine and inland fisheries; small ruminants; and horticulture

(vegetables and fruits). It will rehabilitate or construct rural and resilient infrastructure, namely feeder roads to link production clusters to markets, agro-processing centers, market centers, community health centers, primary schools, potable water facilities in the communities and improve rural energy access.

Component 1: Commodity Value Chains Development

Provision of improved production inputs in crops, fisheries and livestock (seeds, fertilizers, fingerlings, small ruminants); training in good agricultural practices; promotion of mechanization along the value chains by equipment and machinery leasing with two tractors/implements each in the four Municipalities; support to training in post-harvest technologies for farmers and value chain actors; training of value chain actors in modern food processing; entrepreneurship and business management training; development of market information system; installation of 14 processing equipment for commodity value addition and marketing; environmental protection management for productivity enhancement, processing, marketing and community infrastructure; provision of two refrigerating units for vegetables in Cabinda Municipality; and establishment of the credit fund.

Component 2: Infrastructure Development

Extension of electrical power grid (54 kms); rehabilitation of feeder roads (191 kms); rehabilitation of four community markets and storage facilities; installation of 16 water boreholes for potable and sanitation systems; rehabilitation of 1,500 km of irrigation water distribution system; development of 750 ha of irrigated land; construction of nine residences to support extension advisory services; construction of structure to mitigate coastal erosion at Landana; construction of one health center and one primary school in each of the four Municipalities; construction of a fisheries training facility at Tanda-Zinze (Cabinda Municipality); construction of two piers and produce preservation warehouses at Tungu and Chicaca in Cacongo Municipality; reconstruction of the landing pier at Landana in Cabinda Municipality; construction of an abattoir in Cabinda Municipality; construction of two animal quarantine parks in Cabinda Municipality

Component 3: Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation

Project management activities; day-to-day management, management of studies on key policy issues; credit management; development of a results based framework for M&E; and procurement, disbursement and audit functions.

2.1 Project Location

The CPAVCD Project will be implemented in the four municipalities of Cabinda Province namely: Belize, Buco Zau, Cacongo and Cabinda with a combined human population of 688,285.

3. Environmental and Social Baseline Information

Climate, Air Quality and GHG

The average annual temperature in the province is about 24.9° C, being fairly uniform throughout the territory. March (in coastal areas) and April (within the country) are the months where there are higher average temperatures, approximately 27.0° C. In the dry season (Luanda, June to October), the lowest temperatures are recorded in July and August, being of the order of 21.0° c. Precipitation in the province of Cabinda varies sharply from the coast to the interior, with

4 increasing altitude. The average annual precipitation varies between areas with less than 800 mm in the southern region, up more than 1 800 mm in the mountainous region of the interior.

Throughout the year include two seasons: the rainy season, which lasts approximately six months in the coastal region (November to April) and seven months inside (October to mid-May) and dry season during the rest of the year. May and October can be considered transitional months. In June, July and August rainfall is very low (less than 1 mm). In the month of may (transition) about 10 to 12 days with precipitation above 10 mm, increasing to 15 days in the municipalities of Buco Zau and Belize.

Along the coast of Cabinda Province, the average annual water deficit varies between 500 and 300 mm respectively from West to East. Inside the country, this parameter is less than 300 mm.

The agro-climatic zones of Cabinda can be separated in two distinct areas: 1. Coastal hot and dry territories: Elevation below 300 m; megathermal climate; high temperatures and air humidity; lower precipitation and poor distribution of rains; low insolation percentage during the “cacimbo” season and absence of frosts; weakly developed mineral soils resulting mainly from marines and fluvial sediments. 2. Interior, hot and humid territories: Elevation between 300 m to 900 m; megathermal climate; high temperatures and air humidity; high precipitation and good distribution of rains; low insolation percentage during the “cacimbo” season and absence of frosts; long developed mineral soils resulting mainly from sedimentary rocks of the Congo System.

Water Resources

The three main river basins, Chiloango, Lubinda and Lulondo, present, respectively, the following mean annual runoff values at the river mouth: 659 hm3, 21 hm3 and 0,3 hm3. The mean annual runoff of Lucula River is less than 0.1 hm3.

With regard to groundwater resources, information collected by the authors of the Hydrogeological Map of Angola province of Cabinda, referred to the existence of large wells, typically implemented in alluvial rivers, whose productivity can reach 2 to 3 l/s. In general, along the bottom of rivers the groundwater is probably saline. In these cases, groundwater may only supply villages in rural districts, after the necessary water treatment processes.

Almost all of the irrigation is performed using surface water. In general, because of the nature of most family farms, the irrigated lands are of small size that benefit small areas of soil located preferentially next to streams (without the existence of a line protection strip of water) and water distribution on the parcel by gravity (through small trapezoidal ditches performed manually, with high water losses).

It is estimated that the irrigation efficiency is extremely low and of the order of 50% (approximately 80% in land, 85% in distribution, and 70% distribution in adduction), representing a significant and negative effect of high magnitude on surface water resources consumption.

Soils

About 84% of the area of the province of Cabinda presents an altitude less than 250 m and about half of the territory is at an altitude of less than 100 m. In relation to the slope, 75% of the area of the province offers slopes of less than 5%, and about half of the total area is fairly flat (slopes under 2%). Areas with slopes greater than 10% are located mostly in the municipality of Belize and the municipality of Buco Zau.

Cabinda Province is dominated by the Acrisols (27.4%), followed by Arenosols (26.5%) and Ferralsols (24.4%). There is a spot of Cambisols northeast of Belize and a morning of Umbrisols North of the Lulondo River.

Biodiversity

The Phytogeographic Chart of Angola describes 32 units of vegetation (Barbosa, 1970), of which three occur in the Cabinda province, namely (Kuedikuenda & Xavier, 2009):

1 - Foggy wet forest, sempervirent, poliestrata, of low altitude of guinea (high Maiombe); 2 - Humid, semi- deciduous, poliestrata, low altitude and peri-guinea forest (low Maiombe); 10 - Mosaic of mixed forest in firm lands (or aguish) and subcoastal savannah.

A very important natural resource in the Cabinda province is the Maiombe Forest, a forest with high biodiversity shared by four countries (Angola, Gabon, R. D. Congo, and R. P. Congo) that covers approximately 2000 km2 in the internal, mountainous north-eastern part of Cabinda (Figueiredo, 2007). In the scope of wetlands, the following associated habitats were identified (COBA, 2014): . Mangroves formations - occurring in valleys and estuary, dominated by Rhizophoras formations, they include important species in ecological terms, such as Rhizophora mangle and R. racemosa (production of organic matter to estuaries, primary productivity in the coastal zone and fixing the muddy substrates ); . Coastal intertidal zones - occurring in valleys and estuary, dominated by Enneapogon, Setaria , Eragrostis and Cyperus formations, they include important species in ecological terms ( coastal defense ), such as forage and ornamental Enneapogon cenchroides , Setaria welwitschii , Eragrostis superba and Cyperus papyrus.

In relation to “Flora”, and accordingly to White (1983), the vegetation in the north of Cabinda is part of the Guineo-Congolian centre of endemism and the vegetation of the south is classified in the Guinea-Congolia/Zambezia regional transition zone. The floristic bibliographic survey realized in the Angolan “Plano Nacional da Água” identified 108 species of vascular plants, distributed in 40 families, recognizing that it can exist much more. The Poaceae family included more taxa, followed by Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Verbenaceae , Cyperaceae and Aizoaceae families (COBA, 2014).

Concerning “Sensitive Areas” In the Cabinda province it were identified the following two sensitive areas (COBA, 2014):

. Maiombe forest (classified as National Park) that provides ecosystem services, among which are the export of organic matter (contributing to the primary productivity) protection against erosion, protection and habitat for animal and plant species; . Rhizophorsa community located near the Chiloango River, has several environmentally relevant values, providing protection and a reproduction site for many species, reasons that led to its classification as an area sensitive at local, provincial and national level.

Local Economy

The agricultural sector in the province of Cabinda is the basis of the local economy for most of the population, with the exception of the municipality of Cabinda, being proportional to the asymmetry in the distribution of the resident population.

The 2014 census (preliminary results) recorded a total population of 688 285 inhabitants, of whom 141 252 are rural people. Assuming that the proportion of inhabitants without agricultural activity in the municipalities of Cacongo, Buco Zau and Belize is negligible, it is considered that the population is, in these municipalities, 100% rural and therefore has agricultural activity. In the municipality of Cabinda, with about 87% of the total population of the province, only 9% of the population have in agriculture their main source of livelihood. However, many of the remaining inhabitants have in agriculture a secondary occupation.

Migration to the coastline (including city of Cabinda), enhanced by the reduced investment by private and administrative entities, represents a loss of skills in the municipalities of the interior that could be directed towards sustainable development of these rural municipalities.

Farming activities in the province of Cabinda are developed mainly in family farms, corresponding to approximately 97% of the agricultural activity. There are two large groups of agricultural systems in agriculture of Cabinda, ranging from farms that have areas of 0.5 to 1 ha (traditional) and a maximum of 20 - 30 ha (Yabi Valley):

o Traditional (more representative social and economic aspect; area between 0,5 to 1 ha). The peasant farming 2 or more fields, use essentially familiar labour force, having place mutual assistance in some cultural operations. The traditional farmer, similar to the peasant, differentiating itself by hiring some temporary workforce, although the work of family remains dominant and/or grow a little more area.

o Enterprise (maximum area 20 - 30 ha in Yabi Valley): New exploitation, formed recently or in constitution, and not having even a legal framework, on the basis of the ownership of land not yet be registered. This type of farmer already uses means of mechanization, mostly for rent, however, cases in which the farmer have his own equipment; Business core itself, from recent privatization of State property, consisting of local and national investors wishing to invest in the agricultural sector. Includes an agriculture based on mechanization, providing machinery services also to other exploitations, and the hiring of wage labour, permanent and temporary.

Way of life/livelihood and Equity

In Cabinda, as in many parts of Angola, the ownership and use of land for agricultural use is governed essentially by customary law, without, therefore, forms of ownership. Published as law N.º 09/2004, the land law, in force throughout the Angolan territory, is based on a set of principles, of which we highlight the following: . The natural resources of the soil and subsoil are property of the State and it is this that determines their exploitation, promoting their defence and guiding their exploitation for the benefit of the community. . The land originally belonging to the State may be transmitted to citizens or firms, associations, institutes or other entities. . The State exerts respect and protects the private property of individuals and legal persons, reserving the right to expropriate when relevant public interests exist, in accordance with the land law. . The land law (Law N.º 09/2004) establishes the following land rights: Private property, which is only allowed on urban plots, and to natural or legal persons, that is, of Angolan law;

. Useful customary domain; . Useful domain; . Right of surface (it's transferable to nationals or foreigners); . Right of precarious occupation.

The low population density in rural areas, the availability of arable land and the limited working capacity of family farms contribute to the nonexistence of conflicts for the possession and use of soil. There is a large imbalance between rural and urban areas of Angola. According to the report of the investigation of Basic Indicators of Well-being-QUIBB (2013:123-124):

. 34,9%1 of the population has access to electricity grid, of these 60% are urban population and 3,9% are rural population;

. 43,2% of households use gas as fuel for cooking, of these 73,7% in urban area and 5,4% in the rural area, where prevails the use of firewood: 78,7% versus 2,9% of the urban population; . Access to water services (access to water and water treatment) and sanitation is also uneven. . As regards public transport, about 43,9% of the urban population take less than 15 minutes to get to the stop of the main means of transport, while 47,3% of the rural population take 60 minutes or more . . To reach the primary schools, 37,7% of the urban population takes less than 15 minutes, while 40,2% of the rural population takes 60 minutes or more . To reach health centres, 19,5% of the urban population is estimated to take less than 15 minutes and 59% of rural population take at least 60 minutes.

1 23,1% use oil as a source of energy and 9,9% use the candle (QUIBB, 2013:123). 8

. In addition to the weak access to health, education, drinking water and electricity in the rural areas, the fertility rates, infant mortality and prenatal care shortages continue to grow.

With respect to gender roles (considering most family farms), the preparation of soil for growing subsistence crops with natural aptitude (cassava, banana bread, peanuts, beans) and horticulture is the responsibility of women. The male labor force is mainly used to support the start-up of the roots, leaving the woman responsible until the harvest. Women are responsible for marketing, in small makeshift tents, on the doorstep and at local and border markets.

4. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

4.1 Angola Policy and Legal Framework for Environmental Management

The legal cornerstone of Republic of Angola is the Constituição da República, signed into law in 1992. The Constituição provides the basis for the Environment Framework Act through two Articles, one that enables environmental protection and conservation and the other one the right to a healthy and unpolluted environment2. The National Secretariat for the Environment was established in 1993 and became the Ministry for the Environment (MINAMB) in 1997, currently known by this designation despite several changes over time. MINAMB holds the responsibility for the development and coordination of the environmental policy and for implementing the National Environmental Management Programme. MINANB is the national authority responsible for the implementation of the Environmental Framework Law, No. 5/98, the Environmental Licensing Law, No. 59/07 and all associated regulations. The respective Ministry is also responsible for the review and regulation of environmental impact assessment juridical regimen (EIA).

Environmental Law

The framework law on the environment, no. 5/98 of 19 June, sets of principles concerning the rational use of resources, protection, preservation and conservation of the environment in order to promote the quality of life and sustainable development. Are highlight the following articles: . Article 11.º concerning the environmental management legislation: "1. It is the responsibility of the Government do publish the regulations necessary for the implementation of the National Environmental Management Programme, with responsibility for the various bodies it integrated for compliance with the established." . Article 13.º relating to the protection of biodiversity

2 Article 12 states and Article 24. Art. 12:“All natural resources existing in the soil and subsoil, in internal and territorial waters, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic area, shall be the property of the State, which shall determine under what terms they are used, developed and exploited. The State shall promote the protection and conservation of natural resources guiding the exploitation and use thereof for the benefit of the community, as a whole. Land, which is by origin the property of the State, may be transferred to individuals or corporate bodies, with a view to rational and full use thereof, in accordance with the law. The State shall respect and protect people's property, whether individuals or corporate bodies, and the property and ownership of land by peasants, without prejudice to the possibility of expropriation in the public interest, in accordance with the law”. Art. 24: “All citizens shall have the right to live in a healthy and unpolluted environment. The State shall take the requisite measures to protect the environment and national species of flora and fauna throughout the national territory and maintain ecological balance. Acts that damage or directly or indirectly jeopardise conservation of the environment shall be punishable by law”. 9

"1. The following shall be prohibited all activities that violate the biodiversity or the conservation, reproduction, quality and quantity of biological resources of actual or potential use or value, especially those threatened with extinction. 2. The Government shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken with a view to: a) special protection of plant species threatened with extinction or botanical copies alone or in group, for their genetic potential, size, age, rarity, scientific and cultural value, so require; b) maintenance and regeneration of animal species, recovery of damaged habitats, controlling especially the activities or the use of substances that may harm the fauna species and their habitats. " . Article 15.º concerning the Deployment of infrastructure "The deployment of national space infrastructure, which by their size, nature or location cause significant negative impact on the natural environment or social, is subject to a process of Environmental and Social impact assessment, which determine their social, environmental, economic viability and methods for neutralizing or minimizing its effects." . Article 16.º concerning the environmental impact assessment "1. The environmental impact assessments, are one of the main instruments of environmental management, with its mandatory for actions that have implications with the environmental and social balance and harmony. The environmental impact assessment is based on environmental impact studies adapted to each particular case".

Environmental Impact Assessment

Depending on the type of project, the EIA report should also be approved by the appropriate line ministry, ensuring that the EIA not only addresses the requirements of the Environmental Framework Law and EIA Decree, but also the relevant sectorial legislation. Direct responsibility for EIA falls under the National Directorate for Protection and Environmental Impact Assessment, which is responsible for reviewing and commenting on EIA reports. The granting of an environmental license for a proposed project is based on the impact assessment, mitigation possibilities and final EIA recommendations. Different private or public stakeholders may be invited by the Ministry of Environment to comment on the final report. The Ministry of Environment retains full control of the EIA process and there is no decentralisation in decision- making to lower government levels. A Multi-Sectorial Commission provides the cooperation between the Ministry of Environment and other ministries. The Commission has representatives from over 12 different ministries, environmental NGO and environmental experts.

In Decree No. 51/04, of July 23, relating to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), are established procedures that must be followed in carrying out environmental impact studies. This aims to help in the decision-making process to prevent pollution, the protection of fauna and flora, soil, water, air, climate and the landscape, the natural and cultural heritage assets. Thus, the Decree on EIA Is one of the main instruments of environmental management. According to its article 3.º, point (b) the EIA "is a preventive environmental management procedure that consists in identifying and analyzing qualitative and quantitative, of beneficial and harmful environmental effects of a proposed activity".

The Executive Decree N.º 92/12, of 1 March, approving the terms of reference for the preparation of environmental impact studies, and the Executive Decree n° 206/16, of 3 May, approving the

10 terms of reference (directives) for the preparation of environmental impact studies for the construction of industrial poles in Angola.

Environmental Licensing

The environmental framework law establishes the obligation of licensing of activities likely to cause significant environmental and social impacts. Decree No. 59/07, of 13 July, concerning the Environmental Licensing, regulatory standards of environmental licensing, the activities that by their nature, location, or size may cause negative impacts (applies mandatorily to all activities subject to EIA scheme)

Environmental Audits

The Decree on environmental audits (Decree No. 1/10 of January 13) proposes to regulate the article 18.º of the framework law on the environment. This decree aims to determine the impact on the situation of reference, defining measures to be taken in order to avoid new non-conformities as well as in the process of Post-Environmental impact assessment, as it will allow to establish whether the measures of mitigation and monitoring plan provided they were completed after the implementation of the project (article 2.º). Environmental audits can only be carried out by natural or legal persons provided that they are registered in the Ministry of the environment (article 12.º).

Water law

The law N.º 6/02, June 21 defines the General principles of the legal system inherent in the use of water resources. Article 10.º states that "1. The national policy on the management of water resources is aimed at equal treatment and opportunity for those involved in the process of use of water, health and preservation of the environment, the promotion of efficient use of water, as well as the encouragement of private initiative concerning the rational use of available water resources. "According to article 66.º, relative to the objectives of protection, "the protection of the public domain waters against pollution aims to:  Achieve and maintain an adequate level of water quality;  Prevent the accumulation of toxic compounds, underground or dangerous; capable of poisoning groundwater;  Avoiding anything that can cause degradation of groundwater. " In the case of Prohibited Activities, is indicated the following in article 67: "Are, in General, prohibited the following activities:  Directly or indirectly evictions which exceed the ability of auto water bodies debugging;  Accumulate solid waste, waste or any substance in sites and conditions that contaminate or create a risk of contamination of water;  Exercise any activities that involve or may involve a risk of pollution or degradation of the public water domain;  Making any amendment to the scheme, quality and use of water, which can jeopardise public health, natural resources, and the environment in general or the security and national sovereignty. "

The most relevant environmental management and related legal elements in the light of the present ESMF of CPAVCDP comprise the following:

. The Environmental Framework Law (Lei de Bases do Ambiente, Lei nº 5/98, de 19 de Junho). . The Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment (Decreto sobre a Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental, Decreto 51/04 de 23 de Julho). . The Decree on emission of Environmental Licences (Decreto sobre Licenciamento Ambiental, Decreto 59/07, de 13 de Julho). . The Land Law (Lei de Terras, Lei nº 9/04 de, de 9 de Novembro). . The Executive Decree on EIA conformity (Decreto Executivo nº 92/12, de 1 de Março sobre conformidade dos EIA) . The Executive Decree on EIA Public Consultation (Decreto Executivo nº 87/12, de 24 de Fevereiro, sobre Consulta Pública no âmbito da AIA) . Law of NGOEnv (Lei nº3/06, de 18 de Janeiro – Lei das Associações de Defesado Ambiente) . Decree on Environmental Auditing (Decreto nº1/10, de 13 de Janeiro – Auditorias Ambientais) . Law on Land Planning and Urbanism (Lei 3/04, de 25 de Junho – Lei do Ordenamento do Território e do Urbanismo) . Decree on Rural, Urban and Territorial Planning (Decreto nº2/06, de 23 de Janeiro – Regulamento Geral dos Planos Territoriais, Urbanísticos e Rurais) . Regulation of National Parks (Portaria nº10.375 de 15 de Outubro de 1958 – Regulamento dos Parques Nacionais . Decree on the Protection of Flora and Forestry Resources (Decreto nº40.040, de 20 de Janeiro de 1955 – Regulamento da protecção dos recursos da flora, das espécies vegetais e recursos florestais) . Presidential Decree on Waste Management (Decreto Presidencial nº190/12, de 24 de Agosto – Regulamento sobre Gestão de Resíduos) . Law on the Aquatic Biological Resources (Lei 6A/04, de 8 de Outubro – Lei dos Recursos Biológicos Aquáticos) . Presidential Decree on Water quality for public health, integrated water management and environment protection (Decreto Presidencial 261/2011, de 6 de Outubro – Normas de aferição da qualidade da água na perspectiva da protecção da saúde pública, gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos e preservação do ambiente) . Water Law (Decreto Lei nº6/02 de 21 de Junho – Lei das Águas) . Presidential Decree on General Use of Water Resources (Decreto Presidencial nº82/14, de 21 de Abril – Regulamento Geral de Utilização Geral dos Recursos Hídricos).

4.3 African Development Bank Safeguards

The African Development Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) underscores the Bank’s commitment to inclusive economic growth and environmental sustainability. The ISS sets out the basic tenets that guide the approach to environmental and social safeguards and consists of the (i)Integrated Safeguards Policy, (ii) Operational Safeguards (OS), (iii) Environmental and Social

Assessment Procedures (ESAP); and (iv) Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (IESIA) Guidance Notes.

The Operational Safeguards establishes the Bank’s requirements for borrowers and clients in terms of conducting best practice environmental and social assessments that may be financed or managed by the Bank, and identifying specific standards or risk management measures that should be adopted as a condition for Bank support. The Bank has five OSs guidelines.

In line with the requirements of the above policies and guidelines, this ESMF was formulated to cover the Environmental Assessment requirements for program operations to manage known and unknown environmental and social risks of CPAVCDP activities. The CPAVCD project has been classified Category 2; indicating that the program activities have limited adverse environment and social impacts and may trigger the following safeguard policies presented in table below.

Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes No Environmental and Social Assessment (OS 1) X

OS1 is triggered because CPAVCDP will be based on the development of small rural infrastructures and rehabilitation of agriculture infrastructures, which may pose environmental and social risks. CPAVCDP risks will be managed throughout the implementation of mitigation measures prescribed in the site specific ESMPs. Site- specific Environmental Impacts Assessments (EIA) are unlikely to be necessary in scope of the EIA law in Angola (rehabilitation activities and gravity irrigation schemes Angola legislation irrigation projects and agro-hydraulic projects may fall under of EIA [c) andh) of nº1 at the Annex of Decree 51/04 of July 23).

Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement and Compensation X (OS 2)

No case of land acquisition is expected during this project since interventions will focus on only existing agriculture farmers and value chain actors. Similarly, no loss of assets or restrictions of access to assets, or loss of income sources are applicable to the CPAVCDP. OS2; is therefore not triggered.

Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (OS 3) X

OS.3 is triggered since the proposed interventions will involve extraction of natural resources including use of water, soils (e.g., plantation forestry, commercial harvesting, agriculture, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture); Pollution Prevention and Control, Hazardous Materials and Resources Efficiency (OS 4) X

OS 4 is triggered. Potential environment and social impact due to emissions of pollutants and waste is anticipated during the construction phase. Likewise, agriculture development activities will involve the use of improved application of fertilizers and agro-chemicals, as well as result in the production of agriculture wastes. These will be managed as per measures by measures prescribed in the ESMPs.

Labor Conditions, Health and Safety (OS 5) X

The Contractor shall comply with the Labour laws and Best Practice Occupational Health and Safety requirements.

5. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts, Climate Change and Mitigation Measures

Potential Positive Impacts

The Cabinda Province Agriculture Value Chain Development Project will have positive social, economic and environmental impacts at different levels. The significant ones are outlined as follows:

. The most beneficial impact will be at human and social level and will be related to food production increase, employment opportunities and farmer communities’ income. Improved life conditions are expected as a result of role reorganization, infrastructure availability and technical capacitation. New market opportunities and diversification of local economies will amplify socio-economic impacts. Benefits in terms of a broader range of products and an increase in household diets varieties will be achieved, namely through irrigation related subprojects. Technical services to farmers will be enhanced as a result of capacity building activities implemented along the program, thereby increasing the production and productivity of smallholder farmers.

. The implementation of watershed based on soil and water conservation practices will bring environmental benefits. Among them are reduced land degradation and soil losses, improved water resources management (surface and groundwater) and water infrastructures protection against flood damage and siltation problems. Also, training on agrochemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) and a proper waste management will promote a sustainable management of agricultural activities. Overall, a significant positive impact on the environment through a sustainable intensification of agriculture production is foreseen.

. CPAVCDS implementation is expected to improve the livelihood of the community through capacity building (training) and stakeholders engagement on project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. A positive impact is expected also regarding vulnerable groups, especially women, youth and on elderly headed households by ensuring that these groups reach consistent levels of participation along activities implementation. On the other hand, the health protection activities considered in CPAVCDP activities will ensure a better hygiene and safety of these vulnerable groups.

. In addition, small irrigation schemes, operating in an effective and efficient way, are community resilience strengthening tools and can also be considered as climate change adaptation measures. In addition, improved early warning systems in case of droughts, use of improved crop varieties and livestock breeds, improved good crop and livestock management practices and diversification of agricultural activities within single farm units are advisable.

. The planned investment will contribute significantly to the reduction of the vulnerability of the agricultural sector in the province of Cabinda, to decrease the exposure and sensitivity of to the existing negative aspects (lack of technology and manufacturing industry and market access) and enhance the positive aspects (such as cross-border trade; through the implementation of the initiatives proposed in the framework of the “organisation of production and marketing"). This will be a positive impact, high magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and very significant.

. Social Welfare: The well-being of the rural population will be improved with the improvement of the road and electrical network, contributing a better service and better access to transport and consecutively a better access to schools and existing health units. Communication between the various communities will also be improved. This will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, indirect, local/regional, permanent and significant.

. Way of life and Equity: Whereas the agricultural structure mostly familiar in Cabinda Province, the proposed investments in the CPAVCDP will allow to improve significantly the quality of life (dependent on the economic sustainability of farm/livestock/fisheries) of rural populations. This will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, indirect, local/regional, permanent and significant.

. Investment in rural areas will contribute to a decrease of migration of the labour force through job creation. This will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, indirect, local/regional, permanent and significant.

. The smaller migration (from rural areas to the urban area of the municipality seat of municipality of Cabinda) will have additional positive effects as it will decrease the urbanist pressure that currently is promoting the dispersing and disordered territorial diffusion occurring in the main commune of the municipality of Cabinda. The potential positive effects resulting from the smaller dispersion and disordered territorial diffusion are: o Improving the quality of life of the urban population (less travel times, more access to health infrastructure, education and other; more access to energy networks and water supply). This will be a positive impact, reduced magnitude, indirect, permanent, local and hardly significant; o Less soil occupation with agricultural potential (whose disorderly shape creates less interest to interstitial spaces farm, leading to an abandonment of the same). This will be a positive impact, reduced magnitude, indirect, permanent, local and hardly significant. o At the level of the education sector, the CPAVCDP proposes the construction of 4 schools (one in each municipality), with a covered area of 1 200 m2 and 12 classrooms. This initiative will have a potential positive impact, high magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent, and very significant.

. Considering the responsibilities that women take on family farms, a significant proportion of the measures proposed will benefit directly the status of women in Cabinda. The proposed Financial Program gives, in many of its measures and actions, priority access to women and/or bonus the level of support that the holdings are entitled if the projects concerned are held by women. This will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant.

. Additionally, the CPAVCDP includes specifically a set of measures which will contribute to a fair distribution of resources and opportunities. These include consideration of gender in relation to the registration of producer groups, the grinding plant building to support women's associations and training actions will include sex education, family planning and literacy. This will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant. . The investment, under the livestock scope, proposes sanitary management infrastructures, the installation of municipal slaughterhouses, diagnostic laboratories and the allocation of qualified human resources to oversee the livestock production that will increase animal health and human health (as an consumer) consecutively. This will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, indirect, local/regional, permanent and significant. . The CPAVCDP project includes the construction of health centers for primary health care delivery (pregnancy and childbirth, neonatal diseases, obstetrical and paediatric surveillance, vaccination, general clinic and provision of needed medicines). Whereas the rural population have access to health care, this will be a positive impact, moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant.

Potential Negative Impacts

Impacts during Construction Phase

Landscape, habitats and biodiversity During the construction phase, it is probable that damages to the natural vegetation cover will occur due to:

. Installation of new structures (e.g. storage facilities and rural extension buildings) . Implementation of irrigation schemes, localised land clearing, land levelling and solid materials/waste disposal . Canal digging / alignment and water points (which can imply the removal of important riparian vegetation, specially trees and shrubs) . Soil loss and landscape degradation are also potential impacts associated with these activities. Natural habitat destruction/fragmentation, interference on wildlife migration routes and wildlife disturbance/death may also occur, depending on the sites.

Water Contamination

Water (and soil) contamination might occur due to mismanagement of waste generated at the building sites and at construction workers camp. Accidental spills can happen, especially in storage sites for oil and in lubricants and servicing areas (vehicles and machinery). Impounding and retention of water in structures and borrow pits, might potentiate vector borne diseases in certain cases.

Noise and air quality Noise and vibration will occur in the course of activities such as transportation and operation of different types of machinery. Dust emissions and combustion gases emissions from vehicles and other equipment will also occur during this phase resulting in loss of air quality and on potential human health problems.

The improvement of the road network will result in deforestation and land clearing for enlargement of the roads with potential change (increase) in the albedo. The operation of vehicles, machines and equipment will contribute to an increase in GHG emissions, air pollutants and particulate matter. Construction activity will result also in an increase in ambient noise levels, but predictably of small discomfort, considering the amount of sensitive receivers that exist in the environment. These impacts are negative, of magnitude reduced to negligible, direct, temporary, regional (with the exception of the emission of particles) and hardly significant.

Solid wastes Demolition, construction and rehabilitation works will generate spoil and construction waste. The concentration of a large number of workers in the area will also contribute to a localized increase in solid waste. This waste not only can contaminate soil and water, as it also can - when fill is inappropriately placed - block water courses; cause later land subsidence or landslides and; destroy valuable ecosystems.

Social impacts Impacts on informal land and water use may be caused during rehabilitation, construction of storage facilities, construction workers camp, access to working sites and gridding mills operation. HIV/AIDS and other STDs will likely increase due to influx and concentration of people to the areas in search of employment opportunities.

Occupational Safety and Health Weak technical capacity and negligence on operation of vehicles and machinery are likely to induce accidents. Lack or inadequate use of safety gear may also contribute to accidents that may result in trauma and other casualties.

Impacts during Operation Phase

Environmental and Natural Resources Management

The promotion of mechanization, improved fertilization (fertilizer and agrochemicals availability), installation of processing units (small and industrial scale, with reflection on the increase in energy consumption, air emissions and waste production with high organic load, such as palm oil), promotion of the transport network and the livestock, will lead to an increase in the emission of air pollutants, greenhouse gases and noise. These impacts are negative, moderate magnitude, direct, permanent, (with the exception of the emission of particles that have a local effect) and significant.

Irrigation channels and water catchment structures constitute a risk of property loss associated to the drowning of cattle (or other domestic animals) that walk into those structures. Deficient maintenance of irrigation infrastructures may lead to local flooding, inducing soil erosion. Inadequate land use practices in catchment areas above the reservoirs, and other water harvesting structures, will result in increased siltation and loss of storage capacity, which in turn will lead to floods and to soil erosion.

Water Resources- The use of agrochemicals (biocides) will increase the risk of water resources (surface and groundwater) and soil contamination and fertilizers may induce an increase eutrophication phenomenon.

The CPAVCDP proposes actions to promote irrigation area, including sprinkler irrigation and irrigation drip, that associated with the actions of installation of permanent crops production and promotion of processing units (including peanut oil extraction and palm oil) and to promote aquaculture, will cause an increase in the consumption of surface water resources. Due to the size and type of watering proposed, it is considered that the increase in the consumption of water resources will be a negative impact, moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant.

Routine maintenance of irrigation infrastructures such as embankments and canals will generate dredged materials whose disposal may also result in soil contamination.

Impacts on Socio-economic and Social Groups

Social conflicts might arise if access to water bodies is denied or hampered, especially during dry spells. Social conflicts may also arise if the transhumance corridors are blocked or otherwise compromised through landcover modification.

Human Health and Safety

The aim of agro-production in well-supported irrigated areas will lead to an increased use of agrochemicals. Poor handling and application of agrochemicals will increase risks to the health of people exposed to pesticides wastes and the products’ consumers (see Impacts from Pesticides)

Disposal of dredged materials resulting from the maintenance of irrigation infrastructures may also contribute to public health problems. An increase in vector borne diseases might occur due to impounding water in canals, small dams and other water harvesting/storage structures.

Water canals and associated water harvesting infrastructures can pose a significant threat to vulnerable groups like children and youngsters, with possible loss of lives.

Habitats conservation and biodiversity

The actions of improvement of the road network may lead to an increase in the risk of soil compaction in the area of intervention (by the movement of machinery and equipment), soil erosion (due to the removal of vegetation cover and excavations with increment of natural slopes), as well as a one-off contamination of soils (due to accidental spillage of hydrocarbons and/or oils on soil not protected). These are negative impacts, of reduced magnitude, direct, temporary, local and hardly significant.

The actions associated with the phase of improvement of the road network will lead to a deterioration (installation of building site, land and land deposit loan; movement of machines, trimmers, and regularization of water) and destruction of vegetation cover (earthwork). Can occur also disturbance and removal of animals, as well as mortality by the actions of earthworks, earth movements and movement of vehicles and machines. These impacts are negative, of magnitude reduced to negligible, direct, temporary, local and hardly significant.

The intensive use of fertilizers and/or correctives (especially in limited leaching conditions), as well as the contamination of soil by wastewaters may cause secondary salinization of the soil. This impact is negative, of moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant. The promoting mechanization and the expansion of the agricultural area, associated with the poor management of irrigation can increase soil erosion and decreased soil fertility. Are, however, provided training actions on this topic. The expected impact will be negative, low magnitude, direct, permanent, local and hardly significant.

The livestock development and the expansion of agricultural and livestock area can also lead to increased soil compaction. This impact, considering the gradual development provided under the

CPAVCDP, will be negative, low magnitude, direct, permanent, local/regional and hardly significant.

Improving the fertilization, by providing fertilizers and pesticides can contribute to, as well as the promotion of agriculture industry, to an increase in the production of effluents and waste, and the accidental spillage of hydrocarbons of agricultural machinery and equipment, resulting in soil pollution. This impact is negative, low magnitude, direct, permanent, local/regional and hardly significant.

The development of different CPAVCDP actions will enhance a useful agricultural area expansion into forested areas (of particular relevance to the Maiombe forest area), between cultivated and sealed area associated with the different infrastructures/industry, what will lead to a decrease in ecosystem services like water filtering, biogeochemical cycles, carbon retention, buffer zones for biodiversity and habitats for different species (including species with conservation status). This impact is negative, of moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant.

Impacts from Pesticide Use

Farmers use pesticide chemicals (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide and others) to increase agricultural productivity. Pesticides have played an important role in creating and sustaining the agricultural revolution and food production. Because of their toxic nature, however, pesticides pose a risk to humans, animals and the environment when they are not handled properly. Absence of safety precautions can result in accidents, affecting the producer, the employees, their families and farm animals, sometimes with serious consequences. Those at greatest risk are those who experience the greatest exposures— typically smaller holder farmers, farm workers and their families. These populations are also often the poorest members of society. Larger-holders are more likely to have received training on pesticide risk avoidance; however, labourers hired by them may not. The unsafe use of pesticide product also poses serious negative impact on the environment.

Waste

The actions provided for in CPAVCDP will result in an increase in the amount and type of waste (hazardous, non-hazardous waste, inert) associated with agricultural activity and industrial transformation, which considering the absence of a system of separation, collection and processing of agricultural waste, sets up a negative impact, moderate magnitude, direct, local/regional, permanent and significant.

Mitigation Measures

The proposed project will foster an integrated agro-production and management system that will prevent environmental resources depletion and will support social equity. In this regard, CPAVCDPS framework combines several agro and environmental techniques, namely appropriate erosion control, conservative soil preparation techniques, crop rotations and, whenever

20 appropriate, replenishment of the soil fertility through the application of organic fertilizers and precision fertilization.

Furthermore, varieties resistant to pests and diseases and not demanding in water and nutrients will be sought. By increasing soil productivity and improving soil organic and moisture levels in the plant root zone, these techniques are very positive from the environmental point of view.

Finally, the project will promote sustainable intensification, which will reduce the pressure to open uncontrolled new lands, thereby reducing dysfunctional deforestation and soil erosion risks.

CPAVCDP mitigation strategy aims at avoiding environmental and social impacts by an eco- design approach. Appropriate site/materials selection and environmental friendly practices will be considered during the design phase in order to reverse, avoid or to minimize environmental and social potential negative impacts and to enhance positive impacts. Therefore, intended to ensure compliance with environmental and social of Angola and AfDB safeguard requirements, main technical recommendations include:

. Sustainable construction principles and life cycle analysis (LCA), environmental management practices and social responsibility will be considered in project design as much as possible. The engineering will favor appropriate material, water and energy good practices; . Investments that are likely to be drivers of water pollution, namely agro- industries and slaughterhouses, should incorporate specific measures towards mitigation of environmental impacts. Appropriate wastewater treatment plants are required based on low energy demand technologies, simplicity of operation and effectiveness. Anaerobic digestion and organic composting processes may be recommended in order to recover by- products, either energy or nutrients. EDA´s design should include efficient wastewater treatment and disposal arrangements also. In all cases, low water-consumption designs and rainwater harvesting may be employed; . All buildings are to be structurally stable, weatherproof according to the local environmental conditions, climatically comfortable, easily exited in case of emergency and well integrated with the environmental and cultural context of the area. The design of building will be done according to the local climate and weather conditions. In addition, buildings should have access ramps and sanitary equipment required for physically handicapped; . Electricity or solar power is needed to provide light and to operate equipment; . Sustainable sanitation arrangements will be provided according to gender requirements and water-efficient design of toilets shall be provided; . Health and safety issues shall be considered in designing/rehabilitation EDA buildings and agro facilities, dangerous substances will be avoided as much as possible.

Besides mitigation measures that are proposed in construction and operation phases, the environmental strategy adopted in this study follow the principle of capacity enhancement regarding the concerned department and officers to carry out monitoring and mid-course corrections to ensure long-term environmental and social project sustainability.

Construction Phase

The ESMF identified potential negative environmental and social impacts along the construction phase. Due to the low intensity, local scope and because effects will be mitigated through a set of measures, impacts are considered as non-significant. Therefore, the following mitigation guidelines during the construction phase are outlined:

Landscape, habitats and biodiversity Earthworks, including material borrowing implies risks for landscape conservation and may induce soil erosion. Mitigation measures that may addressed by contractors in order to reduce negative impacts are the following:

. To design slope stabilization techniques based on natural engineering approaches (e.g.: terracing, drainage, vegetation and gabions) on the steep slopes prone to erosion and to ensure soil destabilization prevention by employing batched excavation technique; . To avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the possible extent. Under unavoidable circumstances, the exposed soil will be re-vegetated and compensatory plantation will be carried out after the construction will be over; . To strip and store topsoil separately in the nearest location without natural vegetation. Left- over construction materials and excavated soil will be disposed off in designated areas to avoid soil contamination/land degradation; . Diggings, if required, will be carried out only in specified area, as per the excavated earth material will be used for filling and compaction; . Tree plantation should be carried out around the periphery of ADU buildings, providing community involvement and social commitment against deforestation;

. Riparian vegetation should be preserved and re-planted where absent (namely trees and shrubs).

In general, landscape degradation may be minimized using the already existing quarries and spoil disposal sites. If required, constructions camps should be located in areas with minimum natural vegetation cover and away from any important or classified area for animal and plant conservation;

Solid wastes Demolition and construction wastes should be temporarily stored in designated locations before final disposal at appropriate sites agreed with local authorities.

Water Accidental spills will be prevented with impermeable flooring of sites for storage of oil and lubricants and best environmental practices regarding vehicles and machinery assistance.

Noise and air quality Dust emissions at construction sites should be minimized, namely if close to residential areas. All vehicles and machinery should have a regular and proper maintenance and will be checked in order to avoid excessive combustion emissions, oil emission and noise.

Archaeological finds In the event of any related finding, including graveyards or even individual graves, the contractor will hold activity and inform the PIU. The PIU shall contact the national authorities responsible for protection of historical and cultural monuments and seek guidance on the further course of action.

Work related accidents Contractors will ensure that construction materials and equipment are maintained in proper technical conditions. All staff and visitors in work sites must be supplied with adequate personal safety gear and instructed to permanently use it. Work camps should be equipped with ecological sanitation facilities in order to avoid water and soil pollution.

Social impacts Local workers will be targeted for the recruitment of casual labor. As there is a potential increase in Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS following the concentration of workers into the project areas and surroundings, awareness campaigns will be carried out on STDs including HIV/AIDS. The construction workers should be protected against water and waste borne diseases.

Operation Phase

The potential negative environmental and social impacts along operation phase were identified and considered. As mentioned when addressing the construction phase, impacts are considered as Non- significant because their low intensity and local scope, having a strong mitigation potential. Therefore, guidelines on impact mitigation are indicated. In addition, a monitoring program to provide control and feed-back actions is recommended.

Environmental and Natural Resources Management

Soil erosion - In order to prevent the erosion of lands of the irrigation schemes, it is vital to undertake anti-erosion measures on arable lands during cultivation. Awareness and best practices on land management, soil conservation and cultivation will be provided to farmers. Proper maintenance of irrigation infrastructures, including erosion protection measures, is essential for minimizing sedimentation, water logging and flooding which are significant causes of erosion.

Irrigation water quality – Water quality control is important in order to prevent pollution of agricultural soils.

Wastewater treatment plant operation – Wastewater treatment provided by agro- industrial and urban sanitation systems facilities are mandatory for water resources protection. A regular maintenance and inspection service will be set-up in order to observe local discharge permits. The local community will be sensitized through health and hygiene sessions towards surface water resources protection and to avoid groundwater contamination.

Drinking water/Process water - Periodic monitoring of water supply sources should be carried out and treatment facilities will be considered if necessary. Farmland expansion should not lead to restriction access to water. Wildlife should have access to surface water and transhumance corridors should not be blocked or compromised.

Human Health and Safety

Pesticide and fertilizers use – the improvement and extension of irrigation services will enhance intensity of agriculture leading to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides. In order to reduce public health and environmental risks of excessive, unsafe or improper use of pesticides and fertilizers, farmers will receive training and awareness on integrated pest management and principles and guidelines on safe storing, handling and application of pesticides and fertilizers. Current best practices recommend chemical pesticides should be considered as a last resort as much as possible. Crop variety resistance, pest monitoring, scouting and counting, intercropping and crop rotation should be promoted in farmer communities whenever possible.

Habitats conservation and biodiversity Along the project design, environmental flow mechanisms should be considered if new surface water abstractions are adopted. During project operation, a special attention should be paid to hinder deforestation. Deforestation is not supported by any reason without compensatory measures.

Table X: Potential Risks and Mitigation Measures of TAAT Interventions

Scope (environmental and CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Impact Minimization measures social aspect) Environmental Operation of vehicles, machinery and Increase of GHG emissions, air pollutants Ensure regular cleaning of the accesses and the work area; integrity (air quality equipment (improvement of the road and particulate matter; Increase ambient and GHG) Whenever the crossing of inhabited areas is unavoidable, moderate speeds should be network) noise levels adopted, in order to minimize the emission of dust; Ensure the transportation of materials of dust nature or particulate type in appropriate vehicles with load covered; Servicing and periodic review of all machines and vehicles used for the work, in order to maintain the normal working conditions and ensure minimizing the emission of atmospheric pollutants, greenhouse gases and noise; Workers should wear protectors whenever carrying out duties or activities involving the emission of dust and exposure to high noise levels; Prohibit the open burnings. Promoting mechanization, improved Increasing the emission of air pollutants, Servicing and periodic review of all machinery, equipment, agricultural tractors and fertilization, installation of processing greenhouse gases and noise (agricultural machinery/industrial equipment so as to maintain the normal working conditions and plants, promoting of transportation development) ensure minimizing the emission of atmospheric pollutants, greenhouse gases and noise; network and promotion of livestock Implementation of specification field notebook, where the producer organisations should register the maintenance carried out, applications of fertilizers, plant protection and correction (agrochemicals); Registration implementation machinery and equipment maintenance of livestock processing plants; Ban the burn in the open/incorporate organic waste from crops into the soil; Include the atmospheric and noise issues in training actions. Environmental Use of vehicles, machinery and Contamination by hydrocarbons Fuel storage and/or other polluting substances have to be carried out in leakproof integrity (water equipment along the water lines containers; resources) (improvement of the road network) Do not make any discharge or deposit of wastes or any other substance that pollutes, directly or indirectly, on water lines; All the machines and vehicles used for the work, shall be subject to periodic review and maintenance. Actions of deforestation, soil and Modification of the surface run-off The deforestation measures, removal of vegetation cover, cleaning and pickling of the soil embankments (improvement of the must be limited to the strictly necessary for the execution of the work; road network) Improvement of road network Changing the normal disposal of water The intervention in water lines should occur outside the rainy season, if it is not possible: lines/increase flood risk upstream and/or

Scope (environmental and CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Impact Minimization measures social aspect) downstream water retention/waterproofing Land disposal sites must be found away from the water lines and the more confined as of new areas possible, thus avoiding the drag of the materials to the adjacent water lines. In periods of higher rainfall, it should be considered the possibility of putting removable cover on deposits. Promotion of mechanization; Pollution of surface and underground water Training/workshops planned should include aspects related to the management of waste fertilization improvement; promotion resources (in accordance with the legislation in force and the existing treatment systems); of livestock industry; accidental Leave a buffer protection (related to water lines) of more than 5 meters where it is not spillage of hydrocarbons mobilized the soil, does not occur grazing or cattle parking, applied fertilizers or application of agrochemicals; Fuel storage and/or other polluting substances have to be carried out in leakproof containers, and it should be maintained a distance of more than 10 meters from water lines, pits or holes; The pump must be off the water line margins as much as possible to avoid spills; Don’t make any discharge or deposit of wastes or any other substance that pollutes, directly or indirectly, on the lines of water; Install, on industrial unit of extraction of peanut oil and in 12 small units of palm oil extraction, a liquid effluent treatment system; All machines, equipment and agricultural tractors and industrial equipment should be subject of maintenance and periodic review. Promoting of irrigation, installation Increase in the surface water resources Coating of irrigation channels and use of piping. Maintenance thereof; for permanent cultures; processing consumption Use the localized irrigation (drip), where possible and appropriate; units; promoting of aquaculture Maintenance of motor pumps (register in field notebook) to prevent leakage and enable the desired flow rate; Implementation of the registration of the water consumption in the process of livestock processing plants; Technical training of EDA technicians/producer organisation to assess the needs of crop irrigation (irrigation allocation). Environmental Improvement of the road network Compression; erosion and soil At the end of the work should proceed to the decompression and aeration of the soil; integrity (soil and (using machines; and deforestation) contamination biodiversity) The roads and areas used during the work must be fully recovered by the end of the same; Adopt a design that minimizes the risks of erosion, weathering and make a correct driving and unloading, interception of rainwater; Fuel storage and/or other polluting substances have to be carried out in leakproof containers; Do not make any discharge or deposit of wastes or any other substance that pollutes, directly or indirectly, on water lines;

Scope (environmental and CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Impact Minimization measures social aspect) All the machines and vehicles used for the work, shall be subject to periodic review and maintenance.

Improvement of road network Habitat destruction; disruption and death of ctive actions and materials deposition, movement of persons and machinery, animals should be restricted to areas defined for that purpose;

vegetation; Should be created for terrestrial fauna passages (give preference to water lines (permanent or temporary) that are affected;

work in the areas of intervention stock. Promotion of irrigated area (dams; Barrier to fish fauna; Degradation of the Should not be carried out interventions in the area of the National Park of the Maiombe; intervention in riparian galleries) ecological corridor The dams should not be insurmountable for the fish fauna; Interventions in the water line and riparian galleries should occur outside the breeding period of Ichthyofauna; Perform interventions on riparian Gallery alternately (e.g. different margin in each year); Leave small snippets of uncleaned slope (ex: 10 metres on each 30 meters clean) to keep shelters and facilitate recolonization of animals and plants. Fertilization and/or intensive Secondary soil salinization Prefer soils that do not present low permeability or absence of drainage; utilization Training/workshops planned should include aspects related to: irrigate with water rich in salts; conduct of watering; drainage; factors influencing the rise of ground water level towel; use of fertilizers and/or correction; soil contamination with wastewater. Promoting mechanization and the Decrease in soil fertility Training/workshops planned include aspects related to tillage, crop rotation; rational expansion of agricultural area fertilization and incorporation of organic matter and soil liming. Agricultural development and Soil compaction Avoid too frequent mobilizations and excessive spraying; expansion of agricultural and Avoid use on soils with high moisture content; livestock Use judiciously the ballasting of the tractor; use equipment with low pressure tires; Resort to combined operations and switch the type of tillage equipment (vary the working depth minimizing sub-surface compression); Take measures to prevent overgrazing (adapting livestock forage capacity load of pasture grazing land avoided; soaked; switch the rest areas) Provision of agro-chemicals, Increased production of effluents and waste; Training/workshops planned include aspects related to the management of waste (in promotion of industry and promotion soil contamination accordance with the legislation in force and the existing treatment systems); of mechanization Fuel storage and/or other polluting substances have to be carried out in leakproof containers;

Scope (environmental and CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Impact Minimization measures social aspect) Fails to make any discharge or deposit of wastes or any other substance that pollutes, directly or indirectly, on the ground; All the machinery, equipment, agricultural tractors and machinery/industrial equipment should be targets of maintenance and periodic review.

All CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Expansion of agriculture to forested areas Don't promote agricultural explorations in the area of the National Park of the Maiombe; with degradation of ecosystem services Adopt the measures proposed to minimize the impacts of degradation of ecological corridors, secondary salinization of soil, decreased soil fertility, soil compaction, and soil contamination. Environmental Improvement of road network and Increased production of waste Periodic awareness of workers for the correct waste management (priority the reduction, integrity (materials electrical network i.e. acting at source); and energy) Creating places of deposit of waste in work, properly marked/identified; collection and periodic forwarding of waste to landfill/provincial deposit. All CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Increase quantity and typology (dangerous, Training/workshops planned should include aspects related to the management of waste non-hazardous and inert) waste (in accordance with the legislation in force and the existing treatment systems); Incorporate organic residues/biomass in soil culture; The means of temporary deposition of waste shall ensure the protection of soil, surface and ground waters. Wastes should be placed in places properly waterproofed, flat and protected from rainfall; The storage of animal excrements should be performed on flat spot, protected from rainfall and away from the water lines and groundwater captures at least 50 meters Social welfare (safety Promoting of agricultural Increase in work/occupational accidents and Training/workshops/training of tractor drivers and operators should include aspects and human health) mechanization and industrial illness. relating to safety and health at work;

transformation. Machines, equipment (including industrial) and agricultural tractors to be acquired must be duly approved in accordance with the national legislation in force or internationally accepted by the International Labour Organization; Agricultural tractors to be acquired must have a cabin or have security arch; Equipment, machinery and agricultural tractors to be acquired must have a manual. Promoting industrial transformation Production of residues and liquid effluents Don’t make any discharge or deposit of wastes or any other substance that pollutes, directly with eutrophication of water and increase in or indirectly, on the lines of water; disease vectors Install, on industrial unit of extraction of peanut oil and in 12 small units of palm oil extraction, a liquid effluent treatment system. Promotion of irrigated area Siltation of irrigation channels, with Training/workshops planned include aspects related to the maintenance of the irrigation eutrophication of water and increase in channels and relationship to disease; disease vectors

Scope (environmental and CPAVCDP initiatives and actions Impact Minimization measures social aspect) Periodic maintenance of the irrigation channels, managed where applicable by the producer organisations. Social welfare All the actions and initiatives of the Gradual abandonment of traditional cultural The commercial use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge must have (cultural diversity) CPAVCDP with the exception of the practices the prior consent of the local communities; the benefits of commercial use must be shared construction of schools and health with local communities; centres Implement a documentary record (descriptive document with pictures and videos; taking advantage of elements/existing records) of traditional cultural practices in the agricultural sector and inland fishing during the first 5 years of implementation of the CPAVCDP. The documentary/document shall be kept at the headquarters of the provincial government and a copy should be available in every municipality.

Climate Change

Two distinct agro-ecological zones, rainforest (northern Mayombe forest) and savannah (southern coastal lowland) characterize Cabinda Province, thus experiencing seasonal variability in the frequency and intensity of rainfall. Studies indicate that the province is susceptible to sea level rise, with a projection of 0.13m – 0.56m by the 2090s. Sea level rise can aggravate flooding events causing riverbank erosion, saltwater intrusion, infrastructure damages, crop failure, fisheries destruction, and loss of biodiversity. This has significant implications on livelihoods of agricultural, pastoral and fisheries communities. More so, forest exploitation and shifting cultivation practices can further exacerbate the impacts of floods leading to increased soil degradation and loss of agriculture yields.

Consistent with the AfDB Climate Change Safeguards System, CPAVCDP has been classified as Category II, requiring the implementation of adaptation measures to increase the resilience of communities and the infrastructure to be rehabilitated to withstand the impacts of climate change. Drawing on the Angola’s National Adaption Programme of Action (NAPA), the proposed CPAVCDP will address critical climate adaptation needs of the smallholder farmers and other value chain actors in the project area. The project will ensure that crops and infrastructures are climate resilient to account for programed climatic conditions. Some of the priority areas of action include 1. Increase access to seeds adapted to local conditions 2. Promote good agriculture practices such as sustainable land management for increased agricultural yields, 3. Facilitate monitoring and early warning systems for floods and drought events, 4. Build capacity for agricultural planning and extension services to facilitate dissemination of climate information to farmers, 5. Support flood protection barriers along rivers, 6. Update infrastructure design standards, 7. Develop quality storage facilities to reduce post-harvest losses, 8. Climate change adaptation technologies for agro-food, ecosystems and sustainable water resources development and 9. Promote livelihood diversification.

Overall, the project will facilitate climate resilience along the selected value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture and improved agriculture technologies. It will complement the environmental and social impact assessment components of the project and facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into the project design.

6. Procedures to Assess Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Develop ESMPs

Environment and Social Screening

The ESMF is part of a set of safeguard instruments that address a full spectrum of environmental, social and legal issues and that include several key steps and stages (AfDB, 2015 series). In this regard, the environmental and social screening process aims to ensure a sound environmental

30 management of CPAVCDP, through the determination of the appropriate studies and the follow- up measures that might be needed. The screening process here proposed follows the AfDB Operational Safeguard 1 - Environmental and Social Assessment and Angolan legal framework on Environmental Impact Assessment. The sub-projects will be screened for environmental and social impacts — including climate change impacts, potential adaptation and mitigation measures and the vulnerability of populations and their livelihoods — to determine the specific type and level of environmental and social assessment. The screening should be carried out in accordance with the AfDB Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP). The main objectives of the screening process for CPAVCDP interventions are:

. to determine which construction or rehabilitation activities have potential negative environmental and social impacts; . to determine appropriate mitigation measures for addressing adverse impacts; . to incorporate mitigation/enhancement measures into sub-project construction and operation; . to identify the need for any Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), which would be prepared in line with the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF); . to facilitate the review and approval of the construction and rehabilitation proposals and; . to provide guidance for environmental compliance and outcome monitoring of . environmental parameters during construction, rehabilitation, operation and maintenance of infrastructures and related activities developed during CPAVCDP.

Screening will be developed for each specific activity, once they have been detailed and established by CPAVCDP approval. The screening process is to be developed in close cooperation with local/provincial environmental authorities. The extent of environmental assessment work that might be required, prior to the commencement of construction/rehabilitation activities of the CPAVCDPS, will depend on the outcome of the screening process.

Each subproject is to be screened using the screening form provided as Annex II, prior to submission for financing.

The CPAVCDP Implementation Unit will be responsible for carrying out the initial screening in the field. When required, the Implementation Unit will submit screening forms and work plans, to the Environmental Authorities, who will determine what level of environmental and social assessment is required according with Angolan environmental legislation.

Appraisal

After analysing the data contained in the environmental and social screening form and after having assigned an environmental category and level of assessment needed, the PIU will make a recommendation to the Environmental Authority establishing whether: i) any environmental assessment will be required; ii) the implementation of mitigation measures via an ESMP (and associated management plans) will be enough; or iii) a separate EIA is required.

Based on available information, it is not envisaged that an EIA will be required for potential subprojects. Nonetheless, environmental authorities may consider advisable an EIA after appraisal. In that case, the EIA will identify the baseline and will assess potential environmental and social impacts for the planned activities, will consider alternative solutions and will present the mitigation, management and monitoring measures to be adopted. These measures will be quoted in the ESMP that will be prepared as part of the EIA for each subproject. The preparation of the ESIA and the ESMP will be carried out in close consultation with relevant stakeholders and local community and will follow the structure presented in the template provided in Annex III, that may be adjusted in accordance with the existing legislation (e.g. Executive Decree nº 92/12) and/or any guidelines provided by Environmental Authorities and AfDB.

Preparation of the ESMP

The ESMP purpose is to define and reach an agreement with the Project sponsor concerning mitigation/enhancement, monitoring, consultative and institutional strengthening measures to be undertaken during project implementation and operations. The ESMP format will follow the requirements under the Angolan environmental legislation and the AfDB environmental policy procedures requirements. An ESMP is required for all Category 1 and Category 2 projects - the ESMP scope and details shall be proportional to the number and complexity of the measures required to ensure the project’s environmental and social sustainability. For those subprojects that trigger the issues related with pest management, dam safety or cultural property, associated plans will be required (e.g.: a pest management plan or dam safety plan). The ESMP should include the following contents:

o Description of the possible adverse effects the ESMP is intended to address, describing their nature, incidence, magnitude, reversibility, significance; o Identification of project design alternatives that would meet similar objectives, and a description of why these projects are not viable, especially if they have lesser environmental or social impact; o Description of planned mitigation measures and how and when they will be implemented o Program for environmental and social impacts monitoring, both positive and negative ones; o Description of who will be responsible for implementing the ESMP; and o Cost estimates and source of funding.

A template for an ESMP is provided in Annex III. Annex IV also provides a sample example of an ESMP and monitoring program. Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) are not foreseen as a consequence of SAPVCDS activities. However, if required, these would be considered, reviewed and approved by the province authorities, consistent with the resettlement policy framework prior to commencement of project activities.

Environmental and Social Clauses for Contractor Agreements

Environmental and Social Clauses should be included in the Technical Specifications and be accounted for as part of the Project investment’s overall implementation budget. It should also be stated that contractor should appoint a Social and Environmental Focal Point (SEFP) to ensure proper application and compliance with principles and prerogatives in these Clauses. The SEFP

32 will prepare quarterly reports to submit to the project social and environmental unit, and join the field supervision missions jointly organized with the AfDB twice a year. Terms of Reference for hiring a SEFP are provided in Annex V.

Public Disclosure of Subproject Information

In compliance with AfDB’s environmental procedures and Angola EIA regulations, before a subproject is approved, the applicable documents (EIA, ESMP and/or RAP and associated management plans) must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people (e.g. at a local government office), and in a form, manner and language they can understand. It is recommended that the ESMP and RAPs be disclosed in the same location that the community development plans are made public to ensure that there is wide access to the documents and at least one month before the expected commencement date.

7. ESMF Implementation and Monitoring Program

7.1 Monitoring and Reporting, Subproject Mitigation and Management Plans

Monitoring and evaluation of safeguards compliance is assigned to Project Coordination, precisely the Social and Environmental Safeguards Unit (SESU). ESMP Supervision will cover monitoring and review in order to achieve the following objectives:

a) determine whether the project is being carried out in conformity with environmental and social safeguards and legal agreements; b) identify issues as they arise during implementation and recommend means to solve them; c) recommend changes in project concept/design, as appropriate, as the project evolves or circumstances change; and d) identify the key risks to project sustainability and recommend appropriate risk management strategies to the Proponent.

An appropriate social and environmental supervision plan will be developed aimed at ensuring the successful ESMP implementation. Quarterly, the environmental, agriculture and water authorities in collaboration with the Project Implementation Unit will monitor the implementation of the environment mitigation measures.

Annually, the PIU in collaboration with the Environmental Authorities will develop a global assessment of performance in environment and natural resource management as part of the Project’s overall monitoring program.

The Project Implementation Unit at national (PIU)and provincial levels (PPIUs), in collaboration with all relevant authorities, will be responsible for the monitoring of the compliance of project implementation with the mitigation measures set out in the ESMPs and associated management plans. These officers will have responsibility for carrying out the monitoring by regularly visiting the projects, and pursuing the following corrective measures as required.

Compliance monitoring comprises on-site inspection of activities to verify that measures identified in the ESMP are included in the clauses for contractors are being implemented. This type of monitoring is similar to the normal technical supervision tasks ensuring that the Contractor achieves the required standards and quality of work.

7.2 Annual Reviews

An independently commissioned environmental and social audit will be carried out on an annual basis. The audit team will report to Project Coordination and the AfDB, who will lead the implementation of any corrective measures that are required. This audit will ensure that: i) the ESMF and further environmental processes are being implemented appropriately; ii) mitigation measures are being identified and implemented in due time.

The audit will be able to identify any amendments in ESMF approach that are required to improve its effectiveness. The annual audit also provides a strong incentive aiming to ensure ESMF implementation and individual ESMPs executed. The annual audit report will include:

a) Summary of the environmental performance based on EIAs, if required, and ESMP; b) Presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the ESMP; c) Number of staff/officers trained in implementation of the ESMF; d) Number of relevant Municipal and/or Province Offices’ staff attending training courses and workshops in ESMP and EIA; e) Number of written warnings of violation of EIA/ESMP issued to project proponents; f) Synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from individual subproject monitoring measures (as set out in the subproject ESIA/ESMP).

8. Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of the ESMF

8.1 Institutional Framework

The Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) is responsible for setting the national development policies on food production, farming and land related issues in Angola. MINAGRI supervises the Institute for Agricultural Development (IDA), which is the institution that undertakes the agricultural support services at regional level. Furthermore, IDA supervises the “Estações de Desenvolvimento Agrário (EDA)”, that provide direct support to farmers at municipal level. Besides, there are provincial Agricultural Directorates, headed by a Director appointed by provincial Governors.

The Ministry of Environment (ME) is the responsible for the development and coordination of the country’s environmental policy and for implementing the National Environmental Management Programme. As the key authority, responsible for the implementation of the Environmental Framework Law, No. 5/98, the Environmental Licensing Law, No. 59/07 and all associated regulations, the Ministry is responsible for the review and regulation of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). The granting of an environmental license for any proposed project is based on the results and recommendations of the EIA done on that project. The cooperation

34 between the Ministry of Environment and other ministries is evident from Multi-Sectoral Commission dealing with environmental matters.

8.2 Implementation Arrangement

The Ministry of Agriculture will be the executing agency of the CPAVCDP. At the National Level, a lightly staffed Project Coordination Unit (PCU) will be established to coordinate activities in Cabinda Province and to carry out key policy and institution back stopping at the Ministry of Agriculture.

A Project Implementation Unity (PIU) will be competitively recruited as a consulting firm to manage the project in Cabinda town. The PIU will comprise key officers including Project Manager, Financial Manager, Agro-Processor, Safeguards and M&E Officer. The Government will provide full time counterpart staff to understudy the consultants and take over the management of the project after two and a half years. The Gender Expert at the Office of the Provincial Governor of Cabinda will assume the leadership and responsibility for all gender related aspects of the Project and will engage with national NGOs for support. This arrangement will provide in-house training and sustainability upon the exit of the consultants. The existing Provincial Director of Agriculture shall provide oversight function on the implementation of the Project in Cabinda Province through the municipal offices.

The overall responsibility of the environmental and social safeguards implementation and monitoring will lie with the Project Implementing Unit (PIU) with coordination from the provincial Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) and EDA and oversight from the national MINAGRI/IDA.

Given the weak institutional capacity of the provincial and municipalities to implement the safeguard requirements, the PIU will contract a Safeguards Specialist (Social and Environmental Focal Point), who will be assisted by safeguard focal points in each munipality to oversee implementation and compliance with safeguard policies. The PIU Safeguard Specialist will work closely with the relevant authorities such as the provincial Ministry of Environment and its affiliates and will be responsible for screening, monitoring and reporting on safeguard requirements as well as providing timely support for the preparation of ESIA/ESMPs and monitoring the implementation of social and environmental clauses embedded in Contractors’ contracts. The Safeguard Specialist will also be responsible for capacity building of municipal authorities (EDA) and beneficiary communities as well as collecting information reporting the level of compliance with the AfDB’s safeguards policies.

The PCU will also include a Social and Environmental Safeguards Unit (SESU) in order to successfully implement the ESMF. This unit will comprise a Social and an Environmental Technician. The Social Technician will be in charge of Social Safeguards and Social Inclusion, including gender and vulnerable groups. The Environmental Technician will be responsible for Environmental Safeguards and natural resources management issues. This National Unit will work in close collaboration with the safeguard focal point in Cabinda

9. Requirements for Training and Capacity Building

9.1 General Requirements

The Social and Environmental Focal Points (SEFP) will be responsible for the implementation of core social and environmental issues raised in the safeguards documents and during sub-activities implementation. The AfDB specialists on Social and Environmental Safeguards will be responsible for the team training: this team will ensure that the target groups and the stakeholders who play a role in implementing the ESMF (and RPF), will obtain the appropriate training and provisions.

9.2 Institutional Strengthening

Attaining the CPAVCDPS objectives depends of strengthening the capacity of the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) to: i) coordinate the ESMF operationalization; ii) coordinate the relevant stakeholders on the environmental and social issues related to the project, at the national, province and local levels. For this, it is recommended to hire an Environmental Safeguard Specialist and a Social Safeguard Specialist having as a main task the support of the PIU at a central level. In addition, Provincial Environmental and Social Focal Point Specialists per CPAVCDPS will be necessary in order to provide support at regional and local levels.

Both SESU and SEFP elements will receive formal training on AfDB safeguards specialists through workshops - in Angola and abroad - as well as on the ground training during the project supervision missions.

9.3 Environmental and Social Awareness, Capacity Building and Training

A sound environmental and social management process and an effective implementation of ESMP will require awareness and training on environmental and social issues. Indeed, it is essential to communicate and work with local community and understand the environmental and socio- political dynamics prevalent in the area under the influence of CPAVCDP. Thus, it is recommended to provide technical assistance, training and awareness to support capacity requests of those responsible for the ESMF implementation in order to ensure effective implementation throughout the whole Project life (as mentioned above, an environmental safeguard specialist, a social safeguard specialist and four provincial environmental and social safeguards Focal Points).

During the first year of the project, a five days’ training/awareness program should be organized for the Project Implementation Units, the project staff and other relevant stakeholders at National and Province levels. The training program, as outlined below, aims to provide attendees with the basic knowledge to implement the guidelines provided in the ESMF combined with the use of the appropriate elements, such as the screening form, ESMP, EIA and related relevant subjects. Familiarization with IFC Performance Standards, AfDB Safeguard System Guidelines and International Good Practice (FAO, ILO) is also recommended. Two days’ courses should also be held, as needed, during the programme lifecycle. A provisional program for a 5-day Training Plan is proposed in Table below

Table 9.1: Provisional program for a 5-day Training Plan

Subject Target Group Method . Environmental and Social Senior level officers involved in Workshops, Seminars (E&S) Awareness planning . E&S Impacts Assessment All Staff at CPAVCDP sites Methods and Process EC team . Environmental Legislation, Regulations and Acts . E&S Management Plan Relevant authorities Workshops, Seminars . Mitigation and Enhancement All Field Engineers Measures EC team . Monitoring and Evaluation . E&S Management Budget . E&S Sound Construction All Field Engineers Workshops, Seminars Practices Relevant authorities . Sustainable Construction EC team Technology . Waste Minimization and . Management . Storage and maintenance of equipment . Soil Erosion Control . Transplanting and Planting . Construction Site Management Safety Practices . Participatory Resource All Field Engineers, Relevant Workshops, Seminars and Field Management authorities, EC team Trip to the sites . Formation of WUAs . Water Conservation Techniques . Record Keeping

As part of a best practice programme and aiming to comply with international standards for Occupational, Health and Safety (OHS), contractors and supervision consultants should be provided with awareness raising and environmental and OHS training on site. These should focus not only on the construction phase but also on the operational phase of the Project.

9.4 Technical Assistance

Environmental and Social technical assistance will be provided to support Project Coordination Unit (SESU) and associated teams to back ESMF, RPF and IMPM implementation / review, especially where more detailed ESMP, ESIAs (including RAP) are required, as well as for training, awareness and capacity building activities.

The TA will be used for in-depth safeguards training to be led by the WBG safeguards specialist and/or contracted out to professionals with the relevant technical skills and experience for preparation of ESMF, ESMP, ESIAs, training and other related inputs.

10. Public Consultation and Disclosure

The formulation of the proposed CPAVCD Project was initiated through a Bank-funded (MIC) pre-investment study that has included series of consultations and meetings with a wide range of stakeholders comprising administration of the MINAGRI/GEPE and Cabinda Province Department of Agriculture, administration of the different municipalities of the province of Cabinda, technical departments of the provincial administration (e.g. environment and works), agricultural cooperatives, agricultural producers (including livestock and aquaculture) and marine/inland fishermen.

The process included reviews and periodic reports by technical and reference groups (including the Bank) in which comments and suggestions were provided for consideration by the Government and consultants that conducted the feasibility studies and technical reporting. In order to have a wider consultation during the preparation of final documents for the project, a general stakeholders’ workshop was held in Cabinda on 25 August 2016. The workshop attracted hundreds of participants from key stakeholder groups in agriculture and sub-sectors including development partners. The outcome of the workshops was the development of a logical framework for the Project, main report and final preparation report that is forming the basis for the appraisal report. The general outline of the proposed project was presented and deliberated upon. The general workshop incorporated both plenary and working group sessions that were designed along thematic areas critical for the successful and logical implementation of the project. Comments and suggestions were later incorporated in the final documents by the consultants. The workshops established the desirability for interventions using the value chain approach. The key outcome of the consultation process was a consensus on the Project objective and strategy as well as the implementation arrangement. These were further validated during the appraisal mission of June 2017.

The participatory approach adopted during the formulation will be continued during its implementation. The implementation arrangement will therefore include representatives of key stakeholders such as the farmer groups and value chain actors to ensure that all interests are well considered in the project design.

More so, the preparation of the site-specific ESMPs will ensure that all stakeholders at the project sites are consulted with respect to improved benefits, suitability of the infrastructure and timing of construction.

11. ESMF Budget

Environmental and social measures will be ensured along the project implementation of CPAVCDP. Therefore, environmental and social related costs should be embedded in the project design, considering specific measures and good practices, as mentioned previously in Chapter 5. It should be stated that these costs of preparing and implementing environmental safeguards aspects of CPAVCDP would depend of subprojects size and location that are not fully determined at this stage.

Environmental monitoring and control is independent of project design. ESMF implementation, including the required provisions on training and capacity building, will cost approximately $240,000 USD (Table 11.1). The values are estimates and final values will be determined during the implementation phase, when the level of technical assistance required will be considered and evaluated.

ESMF Proposed Action Specifications Costs (USD)

Training and Capacity 2 sessions - year 1 and year 3 20,000 Building on Environmental Management Processes Screening and Reviewing Consulting services, regional 40,000 and local authorities ESMP Preparation Consulting services, regional 80,000 and local authorities Monitoring Program Consultants, regional and 100,000 local authorities (1 project start-up and 1 final assessment, 10 semester monitoring/reporting activities)

Total Costs 240,000

12. Conclusion

The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared to establish the mechanism to determine and overcome potential adverse environmental and social impacts originated from Cabinda Province Agriculture Value Chain Development Study – CPAVCDP implementation to be financed by the African Development Bank (AfDB).

The ESMF is meant to ensure that CPAVCDP implementation will be carried out with a environmentally and socially sustainable perspective. The ESMF provides project implementers with an environmental and social screening process that will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential environmental and social sub-projects’ impacts, in accordance with the Government of Angola statutory instruments, as well as AfDB safeguard policies and strategic guidelines.

ANNEXES

ANNEX II Sample Environmental and Social Screening Checklist

Sub-project name:

Subproject Location (include map/sketch): Type of activity: (e.g. new construction, rehabilitation, periodic maintenance) Estimated Cost:

Proposed Date of Commencement of Work:

Technical Drawing/Specifications Reviewed: (circle answer): Yes No

1. Site Selection:

Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred Physical data: except where descriptive detail is essential. Site area in ha Extension of/or changes to existing t Any existing property to transfer to ect Any plans for new construction

Location map and longitude – latitude coordinates (insert map and GPS reading)

20 It is advisable to verify and agree with the Environment Authorities the final version to be used. Refer to project application for this information (criteria).

Site Sensitivity Raiting Issues Low (L) Medium (M) High (H) (L,M,H) Natural habitats No natural habitats No critical natural Critical natural habitats present of any kind habitats; other natural present habitats occur Water quality and Water flows exceed Medium intensity of Intensive water use; water resource any existing water use; multiple multiple water users; availability and use demand; low water users; water potential for conflicts is intensity of water quality issues are high; water quality use; potential water important issues are important use conflicts expected to be low; no potential water quality issues Natural hazards Flat terrain; no Medium slopes; some Mountainous terrain; vulnerability, potential erosion potential; steep slopes; unstable floods, soil stability/erosion medium risks from soils; high erosion stability/ erosion problems; no known volcanic/seismic/ potential; volcanic, volcanic/seismic/ flood/ hurricanes seismic or flood risks flood risks Cultural property No known or Suspected cultural Known heritage sites in suspected cultural heritage sites; known project area heritage sites heritage sites in broader area of influence Involuntary Low population Medium population High population resettlement density; dispersed density; mixed density; major towns population; legal ownership and land and villages; low- tenure is well- tenure; well-defined income families and/or defined; well- water rights illegal ownership of defined water rights land; communal properties; unclear water rights Indigenous peoples No indigenous Dispersed and mixed Indigenous territories, population indigenous reserves and/or lands; populations; highly vulnerable indigenous acculturated populations indigenous populations

2. Impact identification and classification: When considering the location of a subproject, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects. The following table should be used as a reference.

3. Checklist of environmental and social impacts

Access roads and Footpaths Potential for Adverse Impacts None Low Med High Unknown Soil erosion or flooding concerns (eg, due to highly erodible soils or steep gradients) Number of stream crossings or disturbances Wet season excavation Creation of quarry sites or borrow pits Significant vegetation removal Wildlife habitats or populations disturbed Environmentally sensitive areas disturbed

Access roads and Footpaths Potential for Adverse Impacts None Low Med High Unknown Cultural or religious sites disturbed Economic or physical resettlement required New settlement pressures created Other (specify):

Irrigation Projects Potential for Adverse Impacts None Low Med High Unknown Existing water sources supply/yield depletion Existing water users disrupted Downstream water users disrupted Water storage requirement and viability (soil permeability) Vulnerability to water logging (poor drainage) Vulnerability to soil and water salinization Sensitive downstream habitats and water bodies Environmentally sensitive areas disturbed Cultural or religious sites disturbed Increased agric. chemicals (pesticides, etc) loading Increased social tensions over water allocation Local incapacity/inexperience to manage facilities Local incapacity/inexperience with irrigated agriculture Other (specify):

Catchment Projects Potential for Adverse Impacts None Low Med High Unknown New access (road) construction Wet season soil disturbance Potential for debris flows or landslides Sensitive downstream ecosystems Removal of native plant/tree species Introduced plant/tree species Invasion of native species Wildlife habitats or populations disturbed Environmentally sensitive areas disturbed Insufficient capacity to manage catchment ponds Insufficient capacity to prohibit or control open grazing Insufficient capacity to manage new plantations/pastures Economic or physical resettlement required Other (specify):

Infrastructure Projects Potential for Adverse Impacts None Low Med High Unknown New access (road) construction Alteration of existing drainage conditions Vegetation removal Wet season soil disturbance Construction materials impact on adjacent forests/lands Quarries and borrow pits created Cultural or religious sites disturbed Water supply development effects in available supply Effect of sanitation development on existing disposal sites Effects of medical waste on existing disposal system Economic or physical resettlement required Number of potential Project Affected Persons (PAPs) In-migration/settlement induced by facilities development Local incapacity/inexperience to manage facilities Other (specify):

4. Detailed questions:

Yes/No answers and bullet lists Preliminary Environmental Information: preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. State the source of information available at this stage (proponents report, EIA or other environmental study). Has there been litigation or complaints of any environmental nature directed against the proponent or sub-project Refer to application and/or relevant environmental authority for this information.

Identify type of activities and likely environmental impacts: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. What are the likely environmental impacts, opportunities, risks and liabilities associated with the subproject? Refer to ESMF– Impact Mitigation, Disclosure and MonitoringGuidelines

Determine environmental screening category: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. After compiling the above, determine which category the subproject falls under based on the environmental categories established by WB and National Environment authorities Refer to ESMF–Screening and Review Process

Mitigation of Potential Pollution: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. Does the subproject have the potential to pollute the environment, or contravene any environmental laws and regulations? Will the subproject require pesticides/fertilizers use? If so, then the proposal must detail the methodology and equipment incorporated in the design to constrain pollution within the laws and regulations and to address pesticide use, storage and handling. Does the design adequately detail mitigating measures?

Refer to ESMF–Impact, Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines

Environmental Assessment Report or environmental studies Yes/No answers and bullet lists required: preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. If screening identifies environmental issues that require an EIA or a study, does the proposal include the EIA or study? Indicate the scope and time frame of any outstanding environmental study. Required Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan: If the screening identifies environmental issues that require long term or intermittent monitoring (effluent, gaseous discharges, water quality, soil quality, air quality, noise etc), does the proposal detail adequate monitoring requirements? Refer to ESMF– Impact, Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines

Public participation/information requirements: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. Does the proposal require, under national or local laws, the public to be informed, consulted or involved? Has consultation been completed? Indicate the time frame of any outstanding consultation process. Refer to relevant legislative acts in Angola.

Land and resettlement: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. Will the subproject require the acquisition of land? If so, what is the likelihood of land purchase for the subproject? Is the land public or privately owned? How will the proponent go about land purchase? What is the plot currently being used for? (e.g. agriculture, gardening, etc.) List the key resources. Will people need to be displaced, and therefore require compensation and resettlement assistance? Are the relevant authorities aware of the need for a Resettlement Process, involving a census, valuation, consultation, compensation, evaluation and monitoring? What level or type of compensation is planned? Who will monitor actual payments? Refer to the Resettlement Policy Framework.

Actions: List outstanding actions to be cleared before subproject appraisal.

Approval/rejection Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. If proposal is rejected for environmental reasons, should the subproject be reconsidered, and what additional data would be required for reconsideration?

5. Recommendations

Environmental category:

Requires an ESIA to be submitted on date:. Requires a RAP to be submitted on date:. Requires an ESMP to be submitted on date:. Requires preparation of additional plans (e.g. Pest Management Plan or Dam Safety Plan) Does not require further environmental or social studies Application of simple mitigation measures by qualified staff will suffice (check-list)