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Heat Treating of Aluminum Alloys
ASM Handbook, Volume 4: Heat Treating Copyright © 1991 ASM International® ASM Handbook Committee, p 841-879 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0001205 www.asminternational.org Heat Treating of Aluminum Alloys HEAT TREATING in its broadest sense, • Aluminum-copper-magnesium systems The mechanism of strengthening from refers to any of the heating and cooling (magnesium intensifies precipitation) precipitation involves the formation of co- operations that are performed for the pur- • Aluminum-magnesium-silicon systems herent clusters of solute atoms (that is, the pose of changing the mechanical properties, with strengthening from Mg2Si solute atoms have collected into a cluster the metallurgical structure, or the residual • Aluminum-zinc-magnesium systems with but still have the same crystal structure as stress state of a metal product. When the strengthening from MgZn2 the solvent phase). This causes a great deal term is applied to aluminum alloys, howev- • Aluminum-zinc-magnesium-copper sys- of strain because of mismatch in size be- er, its use frequently is restricted to the tems tween the solvent and solute atoms. Conse- specific operations' employed to increase quently, the presence of the precipitate par- strength and hardness of the precipitation- The general requirement for precipitation ticles, and even more importantly the strain hardenable wrought and cast alloys. These strengthening of supersaturated solid solu- fields in the matrix surrounding the coher- usually are referred to as the "heat-treat- tions involves the formation of finely dis- ent particles, provide higher strength by able" alloys to distinguish them from those persed precipitates during aging heat treat- obstructing and retarding the movement of alloys in which no significant strengthening ments (which may include either natural aging dislocations. -
A Survey of Al7075 Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 A Survey of Al7075 Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites Rajendra .S .K1, Ramesha .C .M2 1Research Scholar, Jain University, Bengaluru, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru Abstract:A composite material is a combination of two or more chemically distinct and insoluble phases; its properties and structural performance are superior to those of the constituents acting independently. Metals and ceramics, as well, can be embedded with particles or fibers, to improve their properties; these combinations are known as Metal-Matrix composites. Aluminum 7075 alloy constitutes a very important engineering material widely employed in the aircraft and aerospace industry for the manufacturing of different parts and components. It is due to its high strength to density ratio that it a sought after metal matrix composite. In this paper we present a survey of Al 7075 Metal Matrix Composites. Keywords: Metal Matrix Composites (MMC’s), Aluminium Metal Matrix, Beryl, Al7075, Aluminium alloy 1. Introduction Aluminium alloy 7075 is an aluminium alloy, with zinc as the primary alloying element. It is strong, with a strength The effects of research in Aluminium based Metal Matrix comparable to many steels, and has good fatigue strength and Composites (MMC’s) are far reaching these days. These average machinability, but has less resistance to corrosion composites find various applications in the automobile than many other Al alloys. Its relatively high cost limits its industry, the aerospace industry and in defence and marine use to applications where cheaper alloys are not suitable. -
Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 763
ASM Handbook, Volume 16: Machining Copyright © 1989 ASM International® ASM Handbook Committee, p 761-804 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0002184 www.asminternational.org MachJning of Aluminum and AlumJnum Alloys ALUMINUM ALLOYS can be ma- -r.. _ . lul Tools with small rake angles can normally chined rapidly and economically. Because be used with little danger of burring the part ," ,' ,,'7.,','_ ' , '~: £,~ " ~ ! f / "' " of their complex metallurgical structure, or of developing buildup on the cutting their machining characteristics are superior ,, A edges of tools. Alloys having silicon as the to those of pure aluminum. major alloying element require tools with The microconstituents present in alumi- larger rake angles, and they are more eco- num alloys have important effects on ma- nomically machined at lower speeds and chining characteristics. Nonabrasive con- feeds. stituents have a beneficial effect, and ,o IIR Wrought Alloys. Most wrought alumi- insoluble abrasive constituents exert a det- num alloys have excellent machining char- rimental effect on tool life and surface qual- acteristics; several are well suited to multi- ity. Constituents that are insoluble but soft B pie-operation machining. A thorough and nonabrasive are beneficial because they e,,{' , understanding of tool designs and machin- assist in chip breakage; such constituents s,~ ,.t ing practices is essential for full utilization are purposely added in formulating high- of the free-machining qualities of aluminum strength free-cutting alloys for processing in alloys. high-speed automatic bar and chucking ma- Strain-hardenable alloys (including chines. " ~ ~p /"~ commercially pure aluminum) contain no In general, the softer ailoys~and, to a alloying elements that would render them lesser extent, some of the harder al- c • o c hardenable by solution heat treatment and ,p loys--are likely to form a built-up edge on precipitation, but they can be strengthened the cutting lip of the tool. -
Aluminium Alloys Chemical Composition Pdf
Aluminium alloys chemical composition pdf Continue Alloy in which aluminum is the predominant lye frame of aluminum welded aluminium alloy, manufactured in 1990. Aluminum alloys (or aluminium alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. Typical alloy elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two main classifications, namely casting alloys and forged alloys, both further subdivided into heat-treatable and heat-free categories. Approximately 85% of aluminium is used for forged products, e.g. laminated plates, foils and extrusions. Aluminum cast alloys produce cost-effective products due to their low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strength than forged alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al–Si, where high silicon levels (4.0–13%) contributes to giving good casting features. Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where a low weight or corrosion resistance is required. [1] Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace production since the introduction of metal leather aircraft. Aluminum-magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than other alloys containing a very high percentage of magnesium. [2] Aluminum alloy surfaces will develop a white layer, protective of aluminum oxide, if not protected by proper anodization and/or dyeing procedures. In a wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aluminum alloy is placed in electrical contact with other metals with a more positive corrosion potential than aluminum, and an electrolyte is present that allows the exchange of ions. -
Thermophysical Properties of Materials for Water Cooled Reactors
XA9744411 IAEA-TECDOC-949 Thermophysical properties of materials for water cooled reactors June 1997 ¥DL 2 8 fe 2 Q The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from IN IS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the IN IS Clearinghouse. IAEA-TECDOC-949 Thermophysical properties of materials for water cooled reactors WJ INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /A\ June 1997 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Power Technology Development Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR WATER COOLED REACTORS IAEA, VIENNA, 1997 IAEA-TECDOC-949 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1997 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 1997 FOREWORD The IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) to establish a thermophysical properties data base for light and heavy water reactor materials was organized within the framework of the IAEA's International Working Group on Advanced Technologies for Water Cooled Reactors. The work within the CRP started in 1990. The objective of the CRP was to collect and systematize a thenmophysical properties data base for light and heavy water reactor materials under normal operating, transient and accident conditions. The important thermophysical properties include thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, thermal expansion and others. -
International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys
International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys 1525 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 www.aluminum.org With Support for On-line Access From: Aluminum Extruders Council Australian Aluminium Council Ltd. European Aluminium Association Japan Aluminium Association Alro S.A, R omania Revised: January 2015 Supersedes: February 2009 © Copyright 2015, The Aluminum Association, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction and sale by photocopy or any other method is illegal . Use of the Information The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in compiling the information contained in this publication. Although the Association believes that its compilation procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or impliedly, the accuracy or completeness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of the information herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other material are reviewed at least every five years and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain whether the information in this publication has been superseded in the interim between publication and proposed use. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... i SIGNATORIES TO THE DECLARATION OF ACCORD ..................................... ii-iii REGISTERED DESIGNATIONS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION -
AAM > Applications
Materials – Microstructure and properties Table of contents 4 Microstructure and properties .................................................................................................. 2 4.1 Properties & microstructure determine the behaviour of automotive aluminium ............. 2 4.2 Mechanical behaviour ...................................................................................................... 3 4.2.1 Mechanical behaviour: elastic behaviour, plastic behaviour and fracture behaviour3 4.2.2 Elastic behaviour....................................................................................................... 5 4.2.3 Plastic behaviour....................................................................................................... 7 4.2.4 Fracture behaviour .................................................................................................... 8 4.2.5 Effects of microstructure on ductility and fracture ................................................... 10 4.2.6 Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures .................................................... 11 4.2.7 Fatigue behaviour ................................................................................................... 12 4.3 Physical properties ......................................................................................................... 13 4.3.1 Physical properties of 99.99% pure aluminium ...................................................... 13 4.3.2 Physical properties of wrought alloys and casting alloys ...................................... -
Applications – Power Train – Pistons
Applications – Power train – Pistons Table of Contents 1 Pistons .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Pistons for gasoline and diesel engines .......................................................................... 2 1.2 Operating conditions ........................................................................................................3 1.3 Piston materials ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Design considerations for automotive pistons ................................................................. 8 1.5 Current examples of aluminium pistons......................................................................... 10 1.6 Outlook........................................................................................................................... 13 Version 2011 © European Aluminium Association ([email protected]) 1 1 Pistons 1.1 Pistons for gasoline and diesel engines In an internal combustion engine, pistons convert the thermal into mechanical energy. The functions of the pistons are to transmit the gas forces via the connecting rod to the crank shaft, to seal - in conjunction with the piston rings - the combustion chamber against gas leakage to the crankcase and to prevent the infiltration of oil from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, to dissipate the absorbed combustion heat to the cylinder liner and the cooling oil. Aluminium alloys -
Aluminium Sheet, Coil, Plate, Treadplate & Extrusions
Aluminium Sheet, Coil, Plate, Treadplate & Extrusions & & Treadplate , luminium Sheet, Coil, Plate Coil, Sheet, luminium A Extrusions 8 8 Photography courtesy of Alcoa Aluminium and INCAT. www.atlassteels.com.au Atlas Steels – Product Reference Manual Section 8 – Aluminium Sheet, Coil, Plate, Treadplate & Extrusions Aluminium Advantages of using Aluminium 1 Light weight – approximately /3 the density of steel. Strength – some alloys can be substantially strengthened by work or by heat treatment. Workability – easy formability, machinability and readily welded. Corrosion resistance – varies depending on the alloy; the best resist marine exposure. Non-toxic – often used in contact with food. Non-magnetic and non-sparking. Electrical conductivity – very high; sometimes used for electrical conductors. Thermal conductivity – high. Reflectivity – bright finish options available. Specifications Flat rolled aluminium alloy products stocked by Atlas generally comply with ASTM B209M or ASTM B928M with dimensions in ANSI H35.2. There is very close agreement between these standards and Australian/New Zealand standard AS/NZS 1734 and again close agreement with European standard EN 573. Aluminium Association publication “Aluminium standards and data” gives a very accessible summary of both specified data and useful information. Aluminium products are often cited as compliant with “AA specs” based on this. Treadplate is specified in ASTM B632M but this does not cover the product well. Most mills produce to their own specifications and particularly -
Aluminum Foundry Products
ASM Handbook, Volume 2: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials Copyright © 1990 ASM International® ASM Handbook Committee, p 123-151 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0001061 www.asminternational.org Aluminum Foundry Products Revised by A. Kearney, Avery Kearney & Company Elwin L. Rooy, Aluminum Company of America ALUMINUM CASTING ALLOYS are wrought alloys. Aluminum casting alloys cast aluminum alloys are grouped according the most versatile of all common foundry must contain, in addition to strengthening to composition limits registered with the alloys and generally have the highest cast- elements, sufficient amounts of eutectic- Aluminum Association (see Table 3 in the ability ratings. As casting materials, alumi- forming elements (usually silicon) in order article "Alloy and Temper Designation Sys- num alloys have the following favorable to have adequate fluidity to feed the shrink- tems for Aluminum and Aluminum Al- characteristics: age that occurs in all but the simplest cast- loys"). Comprehensive listings are also • Good fluidity for filling thin sections ings. maintained by general procurement specifi- The phase behavior of aluminum-silicon • Low melting point relative to those re- cations issued through government agencies compositions (Fig. 1) provides a simple quired for many other metals (federal, military, and so on) and by techni- • Rapid heat transfer from the molten alu- eutectic-forming system, which makes pos- cal societies such as the American Society sible the commercial viability of most high- minum to the mold, providing shorter for Testing and Materials and the Society of casting cycles volume aluminum casting. Silicon contents, Automotive Engineers (see Table 1 for ex- • Hydrogen is the only gas with apprecia- ranging from about 4% to the eutectic level amples). -
Catalogue of European Standards in the Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys Field
Catalogue of European standards in the aluminium and aluminium alloys field Under revision New publications during last two years (2017-2018) September 2018 David KRUPKA AFNOR Normalisation Industrial Engineering and Environment Department 11 rue Francis de Pressensé F-93571 La Plaine Saint Denis Cedex 1 Content 1. Designations systems, chemical composition and environmental aspects .................................... 3 2. Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................... 5 3. Sheet, strips and plate and related products .................................................................................. 6 3.1. General applications ........................................................................................................ 6 3.2. Particular requirements ................................................................................................... 7 4. Foil and finstock ............................................................................................................................... 9 5. Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles.............................................................................................. 10 5.1. General applications ...................................................................................................... 10 5.2. Particular requirements ................................................................................................. 12 6. Forgings and forging stock ............................................................................................................ -
6061 Aluminum
Alro Steel Metals Guide Aluminum Bar, Sheet, Plate, Structurals, Tube & Pipe Aluminum Cold Finished Bar ................. 6-2 thru 6-16 Aluminum CF Tolerances ..................... 6-17 thru 6-18 Aluminum Extruded Bar ....................... 6-19 thru 6-31 Aluminum Extruded Structurals .......... 6-32 thru 6-40 Aluminum Tube & Pipe ........................ 6-41 thru 6-51 Aluminum Extruded Tolerances .......... 6-52 thru 6-57 Aluminum Sheet & Plate ...................... 6-58 thru 6-65 Aluminum Cast Plate ............................ 6-66 thru 6-74 Aluminum Tread Plate .......................................... 6-75 Sheet & Plate Tolerances & Data ........ 6-76 thru 6-92 Comparative Characteristics .............. 6-93 thru 6-97 Specification Cross Reference .......... 6-98 thru 6-102 NOTE: Typical properties shown for alloys are not guaranteed by publication herein. In most cases, the values are averages for various sizes, product forms and manufacturing practices. The typical properties do not exactly represent particular products or sizes. The data is intended only as a basis for comparing alloys and tempers and should not be specified as engineering requirements or used for design purposes. Aluminum WARNING: These products can potentially expose you to chemicals including Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Cobalt, Mercury and Beryllium, which are known to the state of California to cause cancer and/or birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, visit www.P65Warnings.ca.gov 6-1 alro.com ® Alro Steel Metals Guide Aluminum Rod, Bar and Wire (Cold Finished) Rounds • Flats • Hexagons • Squares Alloy Descriptions and Applications 2011 – This free machining alloy compares favorably with free cutting brass. It is the most suitable alloy for machining on automatics, milling machines, lathes, planers, shapers and other machine tools, and is the most widely used alloy for all types of screw machine parts.