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The Effect of Forest Management Options on Forest Resilience to Pathogens The effect of forest management options on forest resilience to pathogens ANGOR UNIVERSITY Roberts, Michaela; Gilligan, Chris; Kleczkowski, Adam; Hanley, Nicholas; Whalley, Elizabeth; Healey, John Frontiers in Forests and Global Change PRIFYSGOL BANGOR / B Published: 10/02/2020 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Cyswllt i'r cyhoeddiad / Link to publication Dyfyniad o'r fersiwn a gyhoeddwyd / Citation for published version (APA): Roberts, M., Gilligan, C., Kleczkowski, A., Hanley, N., Whalley, E., & Healey, J. (2020). The effect of forest management options on forest resilience to pathogens. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 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Sep. 2021 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW published: 10 February 2020 doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2020.00007 The Effect of Forest Management Options on Forest Resilience to Pathogens Michaela Roberts 1,2,3*, Christopher A. Gilligan 4, Adam Kleczkowski 5,6, Nick Hanley 2,7, A. E. Whalley 8 and John R. Healey 3 1 Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom, 3 School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 5 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 6 Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 7 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 8 Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom Invasive pathogens threaten the ability of forests globally to produce a range of valuable ecosystem services over time. However, the ability to detect such pathogen invasions—and thus to produce appropriate and timely management responses—is relatively low. We argue that a promising approach is to plan and manage forests in a way that increases their resilience to invasive pathogens not yet present or ubiquitous Edited by: in the forest. This paper is based on a systematic search and critical review of empirical Alberto Santini, evidence of the effect of a wide range of forest management options on the primary Italian National Research Council, Italy and secondary infection rates of forest pathogens, and on subsequent forest recovery. Reviewed by: Rose Marie Muzika, Our goals are to inform forest management decision making to increase forest resilience, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and to identify the most important evidence gaps for future research. The management United States options for which there is the strongest evidence that they increase forest resilience to Jürgen Bauhus, University of Freiburg, Germany pathogens are: reduced forest connectivity, removal or treatment of inoculum sources *Correspondence: such as cut stumps, reduced tree density, removal of diseased trees and increased tree Michaela Roberts species diversity. In all cases the effect of these options on infection dynamics differs [email protected] greatly amongst tree and pathogen species and between forest environments. However, Specialty section: the lack of consistent effects of silvicultural systems or of thinning, pruning or coppicing This article was submitted to treatments is notable. There is also a lack of evidence of how the effects of treatments Forest Disturbance, are influenced by the scale at which they are applied, e.g., the mixture of tree species. a section of the journal Frontiers in Forests and Global An overall conclusion is that forest managers often need to trade-off increased resilience Change to tree pathogens against other benefits obtained from forests. Received: 25 June 2019 Accepted: 16 January 2020 Keywords: tree disease, epidemiology, forestry, pathogen, silviculture, forest management, invasive species, Published: 10 February 2020 species diversity Citation: Roberts M, Gilligan CA, Kleczkowski A, Hanley N, Whalley AE INTRODUCTION and Healey JR (2020) The Effect of Forest Management Options on Invasive species present significant threats to natural and planted forests (Wingfield et al., 2015; Forest Resilience to Pathogens. Liebhold et al., 2017; Muzika, 2017), and can, in combination with climate change, create “mega Front. For. Glob. Change 3:7. disturbances” which disrupt forests worldwide (Millar and Stephenson, 2015), leading to large doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2020.00007 ecological, economic, and social losses (Hill et al., 2019). While invasive species research often Frontiers in Forests and Global Change | www.frontiersin.org 1 February 2020 | Volume 3 | Article 7 Roberts et al. Forest Management for Resilience focuses on animal and plant invasions, forest ecosystems are also healthy and susceptible individuals, and infected individuals. threatened by invasive microbial pathogens. Pathogens have the Mathematical models capturing the infection process can take potential to disrupt timber and non-timber benefits provided different forms but the simplest equation is by forests, and the need for a coordinated effort to tackle such invasive species is being increasingly recognized (Wingfield et al., dI = rp + rsI (t) S (t) (1) 2015). In this context, to be considered invasive a pathogen does dt not need to be non-native to the region, but rather through an increase in its abundance produce a widespread negative impact with S (t) denoting the number of still healthy but susceptible on a given ecosystem (Warren, 2007; Carey et al., 2012). trees, rp and rs the rate of primary and secondary infection, Managing invasive pathogens presents unique challenges respectively, I (t) currently infected trees within the not associated with controlling invasive plants and animals, unit, and dI/dt the rate of appearance of new infections including insects. The cryptic nature of infection by pathogens, (Brassett and Gilligan, 1988). particularly at the beginning of their life cycles, means that many The fundamental difference between primary and secondary invasions remain undetected until trees become symptomatic, by infection is epidemiological. Primary infection is the invasion which time the pathogen is often already widespread (Liebhold of the population of trees within the forest management or et al., 2017; Muzika, 2017). Even after infection has been landscape-patch unit from an external source, e.g., an infected detected, identification of the causal pathogen is normally population of trees in another unit, and requires management at reliant on examination of spores and/or DNA sequencing. the boundary or beyond. Primary infections can also occur froma As a result, many pathogens have remained unidentified or reservoir of inoculum in alternative hosts, or in soil or dead plant misidentified, restricting our capacity to manage invasions material when sites are replanted. Thus, the source is “external” to effectively (Wingfield et al., 2015, 2017). Genetic variation the population under threat albeit occupying the same parcel of amongst microbial pathogens is greater than even that found land. Secondary infection is transmission from currently infected between the plant and animal kingdoms, and as such these trees within the unit’s population to its susceptible trees, driven pathogens have highly varied life histories. This not only creates by multiplication, dispersal, and infection of inoculum. Hence challenges in designing control measures for pathogens as a management activity in that forest unit can influence secondary general invasive threat, but also in tackling individual pathogens, infection and reduce epidemic spread. The rates of primary and which can present unfamiliar life history traits (Wingfield et al., secondary infections in Equation (1) capture the whole range of 2017). These complex and often still unknown life histories, as factors, including the susceptibility of individual trees to infection well as their potential for relatively rapid evolution, restrict our as well as the dispersal characteristics of the pathogen. ability to predict which pathogens will become invasive, and how Fundamental to this paper is the recognition that resilience of any invasion will progress (Ghelardini et al., 2017). a forest is linked to its response to invasions by forest pathogens. Tree pathogens threaten the ability of forests to deliver This response, in turn, is influenced by the management practices ecosystem services over the long-term. The importance of aimed at the prevention of such invasions, their control and, phytosanitary measures, such as quarantine, to reduce the risk if control is unsuccessful, the mitigation of their effects. The of invasive tree pathogens reaching
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