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UniversiW M icrailnns International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1321001 RIDGE, ANN BEHIND PUBLIC SCULPTURE THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY M.A. 1983 University Microfilms I nternetio nel300 N, zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark ^ 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_____ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. 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BEHIND PUBLIC SCULPTURE by Ann Ridge submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Performing Arts Signatures of Committee: Chairman: 7 / / a /u.. Dean of the College \ .Id. Daté 1981 The American University Washington, D. C. 20016 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY j |^'3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BEHIND PUBLIC SCULPTURE by Ann Ridge ABSTRACT In the past thirty years public sculpture in Chicago has become a widespread phenomenon. Due to the size, materials and installation costs of public sculpture considerable expenses are incurred. Simultaneously, many relationships are necessary to conceive of and implement such projects. The purpose of this these is to determine how public sculpture is funded. The most prominent categories of funding are in dividual donations and commissions, government funding, foundation grants, corporate funded projects and loans. Of thirty-eight pieces of sculpture researched, ten were individually funded, six corporate sponsored projects, six government commissions and four were the result of foun dation grants. Thirteen institutions acquired sculpture on permanent or short term loans. Fifteen different variables pertaining to the mechanics of the acquisitions were consistently present. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction profiibited witfiout permission. varying radically according to the circumstances and the relationships of the donors, recipients, the artists, and the influence of the architects. Reproduced with permission of ttie copyrigfit owner. Furtfier reproduction profiibited witfiout permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper was born of sheer curiosity. Words cannot express the profound thankfulness I feel toward my father and mother, my good friend Michael, and Esther. Their constant sup port, love and open ears carried me through. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................... ii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION........................... 1 Scope, Purpose and Method of Research II. INDIVIDUAL GIFTS AND PURCHASES OF SCULPTURE............................ 7 "Construction in Space", Grande Disco", "Oreillart", "Aileronde", "Pulchinella II", "Diagolo", "Armonia", "Why?", "Horse", "Rouge Coquille" III. GOIŒRNMENT FUNDED SCULPTURE ....... 33 "Flamingo", "Batcolumn", "From Here to There", "Our King", Percentage for Art, City of Chicago IV. CORPORATIONS AND PUBLIC SCULPTURE .... 59 "Untitled", "Chicago Totem", "Dynamic Pyramid", "Bather", "Arris" V. FOUNDATIONS AND SCULPTURE ........ 81 "Head of a Woman", "Four Seasons", B. F. Ferguson Fund, "Nuclear Energy", "Celebration" VI. SCULPTURE ON L O A N ...................... 104 "Reclining Figure", "Grande Radar", "Mobius Triangle", The Albank Sculpture Garden 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VII. GOVERNORS STATE UNIVERSITY .............. 115 VIII. CONCLUSIONS........................... 126 CHARTS .... 135 APPENDICES ................................... 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................. 182 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In recent years, public art, particularly public sculpture has become an important art form in America. Municipalities across the country have participated in an enormous effort toward this trend. Acting in accordance, Chicago has met the challenge of collecting sculpture for outdoor spaces with great enthusiasm. The downtown Chicago plazas have become permanent exhibits of works by Picasso, Chagall, Noguchi, Oldenberg and Bertoia. The city's many university campuses have become landmarks for their collections of work by internationally known sculptors. Works by Chicago artists are found in every imaginable neighborhood, public building complex, civic center, park and thoroughfare. "Chicago has in fact developed over the last decade or so into a major center for public art of mammoth size. And despite the diversity of the factions behind public sculpture commissions, there has been an "...effort of big Chicago patrons to turn their city into a leading center for monumental art. ^Franz Schulze, "Chicago: Bigger and livelier but...", ARTnews, February 1979, p. 45. ^Ibid. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The pieces range vastly in aesthetic/historical significance, in financial value, in dimension, material, colour and scale. All, however, share one common denomi nator; eash exists for public attention in a public place, hence, the term "public sculpture." The term implies many inferences; i.e., the piece was funded with taxpayers' dollars or, perhaps, the public created it. To clarify the term here, public sculpture is defined as sculpture in stalled on public or private property, out of doors, for all the world to see. Contemplation of the sculptures provokes many questions beyond the aesthetics. How was this piece financed? What kind of cooperation is necessary to imple ment a project of this nature? Was an architect involved? And, the greatest question of all, "Who chose this piece?" These observances expanded into more complex questions. Is one person or group of people orchestrating the pro liferation of public sculpture in Chicago? Are these people related to each other and in what ways? What is entailed in the process of an acquisition? The above issues consolidate into two central themes; what are the most significant sources