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The Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rat Establishment of an Animal Model of Depression: The Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rat By Meyrick Kidwell A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of a Master of Science in Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Victoria University of Wellington 2019 2 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. [2] Chapter One General Introduction .......................................................................................................................... [4] Major Depressive Disorder .................................................................................................. ..[5] Current Animal Models ........................................................................................................ [6] Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rat .................................................................................. [7] Chapter Two Conditioned Place Preference ........................................................................................................... [10] Introduction ........................................................................................................................... [11] Method..................................................................................................................................... [17] Results ..................................................................................................................................... [20] Discussion .............................................................................................................................. [26] Chapter Three Modified Successive Alleys Test ....................................................................................................... [32] Introduction ........................................................................................................................... [33] Method .................................................................................................................................... [38] Results ..................................................................................................................................... [42] Discussion .............................................................................................................................. [51] 3 Chapter Four Heart Rate Variability ......................................................................................................................... [58] Introduction ........................................................................................................................... [59] Method .................................................................................................................................... [69] Results ..................................................................................................................................... [73] Discussion .............................................................................................................................. [81] Chapter Five Developmental Neurogenesis ........................................................................................................... [88] Introduction ........................................................................................................................... [89] Method .................................................................................................................................... [95] Results ..................................................................................................................................... [97] Discussion .............................................................................................................................. [99] Chapter Six Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation............................................................................... [104] Introduction........................................................................................................................... [105] Method.................................................................................................................................... [107] Results .................................................................................................................................... [109] Discussion ............................................................................................................................. [118] 4 Chapter Seven Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... [122] Summation of Results ...........................................................................................................[123] Underlying Mechanisms ...................................................................................................... [128] Translatability to Humans.................................................................................................... [130] References ............................................................................................................................................ [132] Appendices............................................................................................................................................ [146] 5 1 Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious and debilitating psychiatric illness found of increasing prevalence. Despite this, our current first line treatments have been shown to lack efficacy and possess a high non-response rate. Most new pharmacological developments have not shown efficacy in humans, likely due to our current models being outdated. This thesis attempts to use a range of novel approaches, integrating behavioural, physiological, and biological methods to provide support for the use of the serotonin transporter knockout (SERT-KO) rat to model components of MDD in humans. Social anhedonia is assessed through conditioned place preference and play behaviour analysis, demonstrating significantly reduced reward sensitivity in SERT-/- animals. Comorbid anxiety is assessed using a modified successive alleys test, whereby SERT-/- animals demonstrate increased anxiety behaviour, which persist over the course of the experiment. The assessment of heart rate variability, a physiological correlate of MDD was impacted by time constraints, however suggests a likely reduction to be present in the SERT-/- animals. Finally, neurogenesis was found to be significantly increased in SERT-/- animals during early development (PND7), demonstrating neurodevelopmental alterations associated with reduced SERT expression. These data demonstrate that the SERT knockout rat possesses many deficits associated with MDD, thus being a likely candidate for novel pharmacological development. A final pilot experiment was conducted using MALDI-TOF to provide a method of examining potentially thousands of compounds in brain and cardiac tissue with high spatial definition. Applications and implication of this research are discussed in detail with suggestions for future studies being presented. 2 3 CHAPTER ONE Introduction Our Current Understanding of Depressive Disorders and How They are Modelled in Rodents 4 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by a reduction in hedonic state (anhedonia), feelings of guilt or worthlessness, reduced motivation (avolition), fatigue, alongside disruptions in sleep and appetite (Association, 2013). Between 2005 and 2015, prevalence rates of depression increased by 18.4% (Hay et al., 2017) with current prevalence estimates placing depression as the leading cause of disability worldwide (Organization, 2017). In severe cases, depression can lead to suicide which is the second leading cause of death in those aged 15-29. Despite the severity and increasing prevalence rates of depression, treatments still focus on the monoamine hypothesis of the disease which posits that an imbalance in monoamines such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine underlie the disease (Krishnan & Nestler, 2008). While this approach has been useful in the development of pharmaceutical interventions, their effectiveness remains relatively low (Locher et al., 2017; Pigott, Leventhal, Alter, & Boren, 2010), and the delayed onset of effectiveness is linked to several significant limitations including increased suicidality in initial stages of treatment (Fergusson et al., 2005) and reduced compliance (Keller, Hirschfeld, Demyttenaere, & Baldwin, 2002). While the high prevalence of MDD and the concurrent impact of the disorder, and its comorbidities are well documented, there have been few attempts to investigate the long-term impacts outside the symptomology of the disorder when left untreated, or when treatments prove unsuccessful. A recent study by Setiawan et al. (2018) demonstrated that untreated depression can result in progressive neurodegeneration related to the duration of the illness, demonstrating the urgent need for novel treatments of MDD. To develop novel pharmacological interventions, there is a need for new animal models of depression which closely align with the current research-based understanding of the disorder. Most attempts to model depression are based on the (usually repeated) exposure to stressor, as depression is often regarded as a stress related disorder (Caspi et al., 2003). For example,
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