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Humbert of Romans Commentary on the Dominican Constitutions

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Humbert of Romans Commentary on the Dominican Constitutions Humbert de Romans, OP c. 1200-1277 The Fifth Master General of the Order of Preachers Commentary on the Dominican Constitutions translated by Albert G. Judy, OP, MSL, PhD i ii Introduction Humbert of Romans – Life – Chronology Humbert was born around 1200, in the French town of Romans-sur-Isère, south of Lyon. Having completed the study of arts (philosophy) at Paris, he began advanced studies in canon law. He was caught up in the charisma of the new Order of Preachers, which was drawing the most talented and idealistic of young Parisian scholars to its evangelical lifestyle and mission. The story is told how he approached his mentor in canon law, the Paris Master Hugh of St. Cher to notify him of his intention to join the Dominicans. Hugh not only supported Humbert, but followed his student to the Dominicans three months later. Historians agree on Humbert’s basic dates.1 He entered the Dominican novitiate at Paris in November of 1224. After ordination he taught theology in the Dominican priory at Lyon, and soon was elected to leadership roles, first as prior of the convent (c. 1237), and then as prior provincial of the province of Rome (c. 1241-1246). At a crucial historical period for the Order he was chosen as provincial of the province of France (1246-1254). In 1254, the General Chapter of Budapest elected him the fifth master general of the Order. He served in that office for eleven years. He resigned his post in 1263. He died in 1277, and is buried at Valence, near Romans, his birthplace. Edward Tracey Brett has detailed how, as provincial of France and as master general Humbert played a significant role in the political, theological and social events of mid-thirteenth-century Europe.2 Humbert defended his religious brethren against severe criticism by the diocesan clergy and the secular Masters at Paris. His prudent spirit of moderation gained for the friars cooperation from the Franciscans, and support from the King of France, and from the Pope. Within the Order he standardized the liturgical books for mass and the Divine Office. It was at his direction that in 1267 the magnificent manuscript, still extant in the Order’s archives at Santa Sabina in Rome, (Rome: Santa Sabina MS XIV L1), known as the Prototype was produced. Within its 997 folios are found fourteen liturgical texts which standardized the Dominican Rite for all the provinces: the Ordinarium, Martyrology, Book of Mass Prayers (Collect, Offertory and Postcommunion Prayer), Processional, Psalter, Breviary, Lectionary, Antiphonary, Gradual (music for Mass), Pulpitarium, Conventual Missal, Book of Epistles, Book of Gospels, and a Missal for Lesser Altars. The Ordinary,3 cited several times in the commentary is also called the Ordinary of New Correction or simply the New Correction. It contains directions for the ministers of the mass and Divine Office, as well as a detailed listing of the hymns, antiphons and readings for the celebration of the Divine Office and for the feast days of the liturgical calendar year. The mission of the Order of Preachers was to preach the gospel, and as a preacher’s Master Humbert supported the ministry of preaching with a tract on the formation of preachers, and mandated the compilation of the legends and stories about the founders of the Order. He supported, too, the use of study – even the study of philosophy – in the education of future friars. His Writings The modern Dominican bibliographer, Thomas Kaeppeli categorizes Humbert’s surviving 1 Cf. Chronology in Simon Tugwell, O.P. ed., Humberti de Romanis Legendae sancti Dominici, (Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum Historica, 30), Apud Institutum Historicum Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum, Romae 2008, p. xx. 2 Cf. Edward Tracey Brett, Humbert of Romans, His Life and Views of Thirteenth-Century Society, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediæval Society, 1984. 3 Ordinarium iuxta Ordinem Fratrum Praedicatorum, ed. L. Theissling, OP, Rome, Angelicum, 1921. iii literary works as 5 tractates, 2 commentaries, 1 collection of stories, 9 sermons and 14 letters.4 The tractates include: a treatise On the Gift of Fear, which survives in 50 manuscripts; On the education of Preachers; On preaching to the Saracens; the famous Opus Tripartitum submitted to the Council of Lyons; and the book On offices. The commentaries are: On the Rule of St. Augustine and On the constitutions of the Order. The book entitled Legends of St. Dominic was a collection of stories about the founder and his early companions. The texts of the more significant of these works have been available in a two-volume collection published by Fr. Joachim J. Berthier, OP, entitled Opera de vita regulari (Works on the Regular [Religious] Life).5 Humbert’s complete Commentary on the Rule of St. Augustine fills 555 pages, while the unfinished Commentary on the Constitutions, is 178 pages. Another work entitled A Letter on the Three Substantial Vows of Religious, survives in 53 manuscripts. The work On the offices of the Order (De officiis ordinis) is a job description of all the positions, from master general to priory gardener. Fr. Simon Tugwell, OP, the current expert on Humbert, has translated some of these works.6 The Commentary on the Constitution The Latin text of the Dominican Constitution which Humbert used was not that of the primitive constitution (1215-1123), but an evolved and emended version from the mid-13th century. Emilio Panella, OP, has posted online his transcription of a fourteenth-century copy, Costituzioni dell'ordine dei frati Predicatori (1375) da Bibl. Vaticana, Vat. lat. 7658 (xiv2), ff. 139r-184v, which matches exactly the text Humbert used for his commentary.7 When I began this translation, I used Berthier’s published text.8 This 19th century edition was based on three manuscripts. The text offered a minimum number of alternative readings, and no sources apparatus. Recently it was brought to my attention that Dr. Sonja Reisner had produced a thoroughly critical edition of the text of the commentary based upon nine manuscripts, submitted as a doctoral dissertation in 2004 to the University of Vienna.9 The work remains unpublished, but has been circulated in digital format in the scholarly world. With the author’s gracious permission, I have used it to revise my translation and to supplement my source notes. From the critical edition, I was able to supply 237 words, missing in Berthier, 75% of which were from 21 homoioteleuta, copyist’s omissions, missing in less trustworthy manuscripts. Reisner’s apparatus reveals how fluid the chapter titles were in comparison to the text itself. 4 Kaeppeli, Thomas, O.P., Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Medii Aevi, 4 vols., Romae: Ad S. Sabinae, 1900-1993. Humbertus de Romanis, Volume II, 283-295. 5 B. Humberti de Romanis, Quinti Praedicatorum Magistri Generalis, Opera de Vita Regulari, ed. Fr. Joachim Joseph Berthier, O.P., 2 vols. (Rome: A. Befani, 1888-1889; Marietti, 1956.) Volume 1. 643 pp., Volume II, 577 pp. 6 Early Dominicans, Selected Writings, ed. Simon Tugwell, O.P., published in the series Classics of Western Spirituality. Paulist Press, New York 1982. 7 See http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/governo/cop08.htm. 8 Expositio super constitutiones fratrum praedicatorum, in Humberti de Romanis Opera de vita regulari, 2 vols., ed. J.J. Berthier, Rome, 1888-89 [Marietti, 1956], vol. 2 pp. 1-178.. The printed text was based on two manuscripts: Madrid, Bibl. Nac. 19423 (xv), f. 15-51v; and Salamanca, Bibl. Univ. 29 (a. 1539), f. 216- 293; 88 (xv in.). Ten other manuscripts are also known to be in libraries of Bologna, Cremona, Darmstadt, Eichstätt, Florence, Liège, Nuremberg, Vienna and Wroclaw. 9 Reisner, Sonja, Die Expositio super constitutiones fratrum Ordinis Predicatorum des Humbertus de Romanis. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie aus den Fachgebieten Klassische Philologie (Latein) und Geschichte, eingereicht an der Universität Wien, November 2004. Unpublished; in PDF format. iv Whenever possible my source notes use the standardized page and column references of Migne’s Patrologia Latina, accessible online. The availability of online access to a reproduction of a principal edition of the classic biblical Glossa Ordinaria has given me a way of identifying references. Neither Reisner or I were able to identify citations from the medieval Latin translation of Chrysostom’s sermons, which remain to be edited. Structure of the Constitution The early constitution was divided into two major Distinctions preceded by a Prologue. The first Distinction contains twenty chapters; the second, fifteen. Humbert’s commentary covers the complete Prologue, but touches on only chapters 1 and 2 of the first Distinction. Humbert commented on only its first 500 of the 14,500 words of the constitution-text itself, only about, one-thirtieth of the whole. In the Berthier edition Humbert‘s commentary totals approximately 50,000 words, on 178 printed pages. At that rate, a complete commentary would have required over 5,000 printed pages! Date of the Constitution-Commentary The motive for Humbert’s two commentaries was to expound on the rule of St. Augustine and the early constitution, to answer questions and to clarify for his brothers the wisdom and utility of these foundational documents. When and in what order these works were written has been a matter of learned dispute. It was once held by scholars that the complete rule-commentary preceded the constitution-commentary, and the latter would remain incomplete owing to Humbert’s failing energy and death.10 Kaeppeli dates the Expositio super constitutiones FF. Praedicatorum to about 1267, a few years after Humbert stepped down as master general, but a decade before his death. Fr. Simon Tugwell, however, in his masterful study of Humbert, has argued from internal evidence that the constitution-commentary was begun between 1248 and 1252 while Humbert was still provincial of France.11 He interrupted this work, perhaps, because he came to realize that the task was proving to be impossibly large.
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