DOCSLIB.ORG

Unique Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Demonstrate Resolution Potential to Discriminate Theileria Parva Vaccine and Buffalo-Derived Strains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unique Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Demonstrate Resolution Potential to Discriminate Theileria Parva Vaccine and Buffalo-Derived Strains life Article Unique Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Demonstrate Resolution Potential to Discriminate Theileria parva Vaccine and Buffalo-Derived Strains Micky M. Mwamuye 1,* , Isaiah Obara 1, Khawla Elati 1, David Odongo 2 , Mohammed A. Bakheit 3, Frans Jongejan 4 and Ard M. Nijhof 1,* 1 Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] (I.O.); [email protected] (K.E.) 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected] 3 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321-11115 Khartoum, Sudan; [email protected] 4 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.M.M.); [email protected] (A.M.N.); Tel.: +49-30-838-62326 (A.M.N.) Received: 16 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract: Distinct pathogenic and epidemiological features underlie different Theileria parva strains resulting in different clinical manifestations of East Coast Fever and Corridor Disease in susceptible cattle. Unclear delineation of these strains limits the control of these diseases in endemic areas. Hence, an accurate characterization of strains can improve the treatment and prevention approaches as well as investigate their origin. Here, we describe a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on 13 near-complete mitogenomes of T. parva strains originating from East and Southern Africa, including the live vaccine stock strains. We identified 11 SNPs that are non-preferentially distributed within the coding and non-coding regions, all of which are synonymous except for two within the cytochrome b gene of buffalo-derived strains. Our analysis ascertains haplotype-specific mutations that segregate the different vaccine and the buffalo-derived strains except T. parva-Muguga and Serengeti-transformed strains suggesting a shared lineage between the latter two vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analyses including the mitogenomes of other Theileria species: T. annulata, T. taurotragi, and T. lestoquardi, with the latter two sequenced in this study for the first time, were congruent with nuclear-encoded genes. Importantly, we describe seven T. parva haplotypes characterized by synonymous SNPs and parsimony-informative characters with the other three transforming species mitogenomes. We anticipate that tracking T. parva mitochondrial haplotypes from this study will provide insight into the parasite’s epidemiological dynamics and underpin current control efforts. Keywords: Theileria parva; mitogenomes; haplotypes; SNPs; live vaccine 1. Introduction The protozoan parasite Theileria parva that causes East Coast fever (ECF) and Corridor Disease (CD) is considered among the most debilitating tick-borne pathogens in cattle over its endemic range Life 2020, 10, 334; doi:10.3390/life10120334 www.mdpi.com/journal/life Life 2020, 10, 334 2 of 16 in East, Central, and Southern Africa [1]. In typical ECF symptoms, the disease severity is mainly due to the parasites’ ability to transform host lymphocytes [2]. Parasitized lymphocytes proliferate uncontrollably and disseminate the dividing parasite into multiple host tissues. Their accumulation in the lungs triggers severe vasculitis, eventually resulting in respiratory failure with death occurring within three to four weeks of infection [3,4]. With mortalities of up to 100% in susceptible animals, an estimated one million die per year from an estimated risk population of 28 million cattle mainly belonging to livestock farmers with economically constrained livelihoods [5]. Thus, control of the parasite is urgent to livelihood improvement efforts among resource-poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, as highlighted by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) [6]. Current control methods include strict tick control measures to curtail pathogen transmission. However, this approach relies heavily on acaricide use, which is unsustainable in the long-run due to acaricide resistance challenges, and toxicity concerns in food and the environment [7]. Anti-theilerial chemotherapy is effective but only with early detection of the disease, which is impractical under field conditions [8,9]. Early observations that cattle acquire long-term immunity when challenged with infected ticks under a long-acting antibiotic treatment opened avenues for the development of an alternative control method based on live parasite stocks, which is called the infection and treatment method (ITM) [10,11]. ITM consists of inoculating cattle with cryopreserved T. parva sporozoites combined with simultaneous treatment with long-acting oxytetracyclines [12]. Early experiments revealed that there were varying cross-reactivities between geographical strains [13,14]. Due to this limitation, a cocktail of three immunizing parasite stocks known as the ‘Muguga cocktail’, comprising Serengeti-transformed, Kiambu 5, and Muguga strains, were combined to achieve broad protection against diverse field isolates [11]. Several other strains have been immunologically profiled to identify an isolate that cross-reacts to diverse field strains in ECF endemic areas. Among the identified strains was a Marikebuni stock isolated from the Kenyan Coast that showed cross-protection against several eastern African strains and, a Boleni strain from Zimbabwe which, apart from a cross-reactivity against Eastern and Central African strains, induced mild infections, hence eliminating the need for antibiotic use in ITM protocol [12]. Historically, ECF is traced to have originated from East Africa and spread southwards, first being reported in present-day Zimbabwe and eventually into South Africa [1]. Yet, it is notable that T. parva strains from different geographic regions have varying immunological profiles and epidemiological features. For example, an ability to induce a carrier state in which recovered animals remain infective to ticks has been demonstrated in some strains, enabling transmission between cattle by the vector tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus [15–17]. This persistence of vaccine strains raised initial concerns about spreading foreign parasite genotypes into endemic countries free of the vaccine parasite stocks, thereby possibly disrupting endemic stability [18]. By contrast, it is also known that some parasite strains, particularly of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) origin, induce limited parasitosis and parasitemia, are non-persistent and not efficiently transmissible between cattle hosts [19]. These strains are known to cause a more acute clinical syndrome called Corridor Disease in areas where susceptible cattle are exposed to vector ticks infected on buffalo, which are the primary mammalian carrier hosts [20,21]. Based on its unique clinical presentation, which differs from classical ECF, these particular strains were initially recognized as Theileria parva lawrencei in earlier literature; however, this nomenclature was subsequently abolished with increasing molecular and antigenic data confirming similarities between the two strain populations [22–24]. Further, these data have revealed that cattle transmissible strains are a separately maintained subset population of those found in buffalo, and to differentiate between the two populations, T. parva strains are arbitrarily considered to be either of buffalo or cattle-derived for epidemiological reasons [25]. However, the genetic underpinnings of these strain differences are yet to be fully unraveled, and a precise delineation of the various genotypes is lacking [23]. This is partly because of the parasite’s biology, which renders it technically unamenable for genomic studies, especially in obtaining Life 2020, 10, 334 3 of 16 pure parasite DNA free from host-DNA contamination [26]. An accurate determination of the origin (buffalo or cattle derived) and geographic spread of strains will help intervention and control efforts. Additionally, accurate characterization of T. parva strains will help to track their frequency and distribution in specific populations, and to characterize breakthroughs in areas of live vaccine field deployments. Further, since T. parva has sexual reproductive phases that are associated with genetic recombination [27], unraveling the parasite genotypes could enhance the understanding of the long-term effects of live vaccine components in the field. Owing to limited or no recombination, uniparental inheritance patterns and a high substitution rate relative to nuclear genomes, mitochondrial genome studies on related apicomplexan parasites have provided clues of the geographical origin and variants of parasites [28,29]. However, the utility of mitochondrial genomes in T. parva in delimiting the strains and their geographical origin remains unexplored. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of ten T. parva strains, found within the parasite’s currently known endemic range, as well as some characterized isolates used as vaccine strains. We also included the mitogenomes of nine other T. parva isolates assembled from their whole-genome data that are publicly available [30]. Further, this study assessed the divergence of T. parva from the closely related host-leukocyte transforming species T. annulata,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1
    J. Phycol. 40, 341–350 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03129.x EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DINOFLAGELLATES AND APICOMPLEXANS (ALVEOLATA) AS INFERRED FROM HSP90 AND ACTIN PHYLOGENIES1 Brian S. Leander2 and Patrick J. Keeling Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Three extremely diverse groups of unicellular The Alveolata is one of the most biologically diverse eukaryotes comprise the Alveolata: ciliates, dino- supergroups of eukaryotic microorganisms, consisting flagellates, and apicomplexans. The vast phenotypic of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and several distances between the three groups along with the minor lineages. Although molecular phylogenies un- enigmatic distribution of plastids and the economic equivocally support the monophyly of alveolates, and medical importance of several representative members of the group share only a few derived species (e.g. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Perkinsus, and morphological features, such as distinctive patterns of Pfiesteria) have stimulated a great deal of specula- cortical vesicles (syn. alveoli or amphiesmal vesicles) tion on the early evolutionary history of alveolates. subtending the plasma membrane and presumptive A robust phylogenetic framework for alveolate pinocytotic structures, called ‘‘micropores’’ (Cavalier- diversity will provide the context necessary for Smith 1993, Siddall et al. 1997, Patterson
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Parasitology in Australia: Past, Present and Future
    CSIRO PUBLISHING Australian Journal of Zoology, 2018, 66, 286–305 Review https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO19017 Wildlife parasitology in Australia: past, present and future David M. Spratt A,C and Ian Beveridge B AAustralian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. BVeterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic. 3030, Australia. CCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Extra-Intestinal Coccidians Plasmodium Species Distribution Of
    Extra-intestinal coccidians Apicomplexa Coccidia Gregarinea Piroplasmida Eimeriida Haemosporida -Eimeriidae -Theileriidae -Haemosporiidae -Cryptosporidiidae - Babesiidae (Plasmodium) -Sarcocystidae (Sacrocystis) Aconoid (Toxoplasmsa) Plasmodium species Causitive agent of Malaria ~155 species named Infect birds, reptiles, rodents, primates, humans Species is specific for host and •P. falciparum vector •P. vivax 4 species cause human disease •P. malariae No zoonoses or animal reservoirs •P. ovale Transmission by Anopheles mosquito Distribution of Malarial Parasites P. vivax most widespread, found in most endemic areas including some temperate zones P. falciparum primarily tropics and subtropics P. malariae similar range as P. falciparum, but less common and patchy distribution P. ovale occurs primarily in tropical west Africa 1 Distribution of Malaria US Army, 1943 300 - 500 million cases per year 1.5 to 2.0 million deaths per year #1 cause of infant mortality in Africa! 40% of world’s population is at risk Malaria Atlas Map Project http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/index.htm 2 Malaria in the United States Malaria was quite prevalent in the rural South It was eradicated after world war II in an aggressive campaign using, treatment, vector control and exposure control Time magazine - 1947 (along with overall improvement of living Was a widely available, conditions) cheap insecticide This was the CDCs initial DDT resistance misssion Half-life in mammals - 8 years! US banned use of DDT in 1973 History of Malaria Considered to be the most
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: a Review
    pathogens Review Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina 1,2,* , Mohd Rosly Shaari 3, Nur Mahiza Md Isa 1, Mokrish Ajat 4, Mohd Zamri-Saad 5 and Hazilawati Hamzah 1,* 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria 3 Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.A.A.); [email protected] (H.H.); Tel.: +60-11-352-01215 (O.A.A.); +60-19-284-6897 (H.H.) Received: 2 May 2020; Accepted: 16 July 2020; Published: 25 August 2020 Abstract: Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Theileriosis
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 125 BOVINE THEILERIOSIS ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Bovine Tick-borne Lymphoproliferati Yes Parvaquone In houses ve diseases, (Parvexon) Tick control characterized by Buparvaquone fever, leucopenia (Butalex) in zoos and/or anaemia Tick control Fact sheet compiled by Last update J. Brandt, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, February 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium D. Geysen, Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Susceptible animal groups Theileria parva: cattle, African Buffalo* (Syncerus caffer) and Waterbuck (Kobus defassa). T.annulata: cattle, yak (Bos gruniens) and waterbuffalo* (Bubalus bubalis). T.mutans: cattle* and buffalo*. T.taurotragi: cattle, sheep, goat and eland (Taurotragus oryx- natural host). T.velifera: cattle* and buffalo*. T.orientalis/buffeli: cattle * = usually benign Causative organism Several species belonging to the phylum of the Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Theileriidae Pathogenic species are T.parva ( according to the strain: East Coast Fever, Corridor Disease, Buffalo Disease, January Disease, Turning Sickness). T.annulata (Tropical theileriosis, Mediterranean theileriosis). T.taurotragi (Turning Sickness). Other species, i.a. T.mutans, T.orientalis/buffeli, T.velifera are considered to be less or non pathogenic. Zoonotic potential Theileria species of cattle have no zoonotic potential unlike Theileria (Babesia) microti, an American species in rodents which can infect humans Distribution Buffalo and cattle associated T.parva occurs in Eastern and Southern Africa (from S.Sudan to S.Zimbabwe). T.annulata in N.Africa, Sudan, Erithrea, Mediterranean Europe, S. Russia, Near & Middle East, India, China and Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Equine Piroplasmosis
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 119 EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Equines Tick-borne Acute, subacute Sometimes Babesiosis: In houses or chronic disease fatal, in Imidocarb Tick control characterised by particular in (Imizol, erythrolysis: fever, acute T.equi Carbesia, in zoos progressive infections. Forray) Tick control anaemia, icterus, When Dimenazene haemoglobinuria haemoglobinuria diaceturate (in advanced develops, (Berenil) stages). prognosis is Theileriosis: poor. Buparvaquone (Butalex) Fact sheet compiled by Last update J. Brandt, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, February 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by D. Geysen, Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium Susceptible animal groups Horse (Equus caballus), donkey (Equus asinus), mule, zebra (Equus zebra) and Przewalski (Equus przewalskii), likely all Equus spp. are susceptible to equine piroplasmosis or biliary fever. Causative organism Babesia caballi: belonging to the phylum of the Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Babesiidae; Theileria equi, formerly known as Babesia equi or Nutallia equi, apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Theileriidae. Babesia canis has been demonstrated by molecular diagnosis in apparently asymptomatic horses. A single case of Babesia bovis and two cases of Babesia bigemina have been detected in horses by a quantitative PCR. Zoonotic potential Equine piroplasmoses are specific for Equus spp. yet there are some reports of T.equi in asymptomatic dogs. Distribution Widespread: B.caballi occurs in southern Europe, Russia, Asia, Africa, South and Central America and the southern states of the US. T.equi has a more extended geographical distribution and even in tropical regions it occurs more frequent than B.caballi, also in the Mediterranean basin, Switzerland and the SW of France.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of a Theileria Mutans-Specific Antigen for Use in an Antibody and Antigen Detection ELISA
    r/v-fff::j~'" lSSS Parasite Immunology 1990, 12,419-433 ~r2-3 Identification of a Theileria mutans-specific antigen for use in an antibody and antigen detection ELISA J.M.KATENDE*, B.M.GODDEERIS, S.P.MORZARIA, C.G.NKONGE & A.J.MUSOKE International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya Accepted for publication 9 January 1990 Summary Purified piroplasms of Theileria mutans were used to immunize BALB/c mice to generate monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The MoAbs recognized an antigen of a relative molecular mass of 32 kDa in Western blots. This antigen was also recognized by sera from cattle which had recovered naturally from experimental tick-transmission or infections induced by the blood stages of T. mutans. The MoAbs did not react, in indirect immunofluorescence or enzyme­ linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), with the common haemoparasites of cattle, namely, T. parva, T. annulata, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax or T. brucei. An antigen capture ELISA was established with two of the MoAbs which recognized different epitopes on the 32 kDa molecule. Using this test it was possible to detect circulating antigens or immune complexes in sera collected from cattle during the acute or chronic phases of infection. When the purified 32 kDa protein was used as antigen in a micro-ELISA to detect circulating antibodies in both experimental and field cattle sera, it was found that the titres of antibodies ranged between 1: 20 and 1: 10240. Results of this study indicate that the antigen and immune complex capture assays and the antibody detection ELISA can be complementary in the immunodiagnosis of acute and chronic T.
    [Show full text]
  • Antigenic Diversity in Theileria Parva Populations from Sympatric Cattle and African Buffalo Analyzed Using Long Read Sequencing
    fgene-12-684127 July 10, 2021 Time: 13:19 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.684127 Antigenic Diversity in Theileria parva Populations From Sympatric Cattle and African Buffalo Analyzed Using Long Read Sequencing Fiona K. Allan1†, Siddharth Jayaraman1†, Edith Paxton1, Emmanuel Sindoya2, Tito Kibona3, Robert Fyumagwa4, Furaha Mramba5, Stephen J. Torr6, Johanneke D. Hemmink1,7, Philip Toye7, Tiziana Lembo8, Ian Handel1, Harriet K. Auty8, W. Ivan Morrison1 and Liam J. Morrison1* 1 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Serengeti District Livestock Office, Mugumu, Tanzania, 3 Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, 4 Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania, 5 Vector Edited by: and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania, 6 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Matthew Adekunle Adeleke, United Kingdom, 7 International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 8 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health University of KwaZulu-Natal, and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, South Africa United Kingdom Reviewed by: Stefano D’Amelio, East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle is caused by the Apicomplexan protozoan parasite Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Jun-Hu Chen, Theileria parva, transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The National Institute of Parasitic African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural host for T. parva but does not suffer Diseases, China disease, whereas ECF is often fatal in cattle. The genetic relationship between T. parva *Correspondence: Liam J. Morrison populations circulating in cattle and buffalo is poorly understood, and has not been [email protected] studied in sympatric buffalo and cattle.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole-Genome Sequencing of Theileria Parva Strains Provides Insight Into Parasite Migration and Diversification in the African Continent
    DNA RESEARCH 20, 209–220, (2013) doi:10.1093/dnares/dst003 Advance Access publication on 12 February 2013 Whole-Genome Sequencing of Theileria parva Strains Provides Insight into Parasite Migration and Diversification in the African Continent KYOKO Hayashida1,TAKASHI Abe2,WILLIAM Weir3,RYO Nakao1,4,KIMIHITO Ito4,KIICHI Kajino1,YUTAKA Suzuki5, FRANS Jongejan6,7,DIRK Geysen8, and CHIHIRO Sugimoto1,* Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan1; Information Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata-shi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan2; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK3; Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan4; Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8568, Japan5; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584CL, The Netherlands6; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa7 and Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp 2000, Belgium8 *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. þ81 11-706-5297. Fax. þ81 11-706-7370. Email: [email protected] Edited by Dr Takao Sekiya (Received 1 October 2012; accepted 21 January 2013) Abstract The disease caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasite Theileria parva, known as East Coast fever or Corridor disease, is one of the most serious cattle diseases in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Ghana
    University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES OCCURRENCE OF BABESIA / THEILERIA AMONGST HUMANS, CATTLE, AND DOGS AT THE MIDDLE BELT OF GHANA BY BENJAMIN PULLE NIRIWA (10600042) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RE- QUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY JULY, 2018 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that except for references to other people’s work, which I have duly acknowl- edged, this work is a result of my own research under the able supervision of Dr. Patience Borkor Tetteh-Quarcoo and Rev. Prof. Patrick Ferdinand Ayeh-Kumi, both of the Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Uni- versity of Ghana. This work neither in whole nor in part had been submitted for another degree elsewhere. BENJAMIN PULLE NIRIWA (STUDENT) Signed: ……………………………. Date: ……………………………… REV. PROF. PATRICK FERDINAND AYEH-KUMI (SUPERVISOR) Signed: …………………………. Date: ……………………………. DR. PATIENCE BORKOR TETTEH – QUARCOO (SUPERVISOR) Signed: …………………………. Date: ……………………………. i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This thesis is first dedicated to God Almighty for His divine protection, guidance, and divine mi- raculous favors. I also dedicate it to my church for their prayers and spiritual support. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I will first of all thank Almighty God for His divine protection, guidance, and divine miraculous favors. He protected me throughout this course, despite all the uncertainties that sometimes come my way.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny
    pathogens Review Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny Sharon Tirosh-Levy 1,* , Yuval Gottlieb 1, Lindsay M. Fry 2,3, Donald P. Knowles 2 and Amir Steinman 1 1 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; [email protected] (L.M.F.); [email protected] (D.P.K.) 3 Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 8 November 2020 Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by the hemoparasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi, is an important tick-borne disease of equines that is prevalent in most parts of the world. Infection may affect animal welfare and has economic impacts related to limitations in horse transport between endemic and non-endemic regions, reduced performance of sport horses and treatment costs. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological, serological, and molecular diagnostic data published in the last 20 years, and all DNA sequences submitted to GenBank database, to describe the current global prevalence of these parasites. We demonstrate that EP is endemic in most parts of the world, and that it is spreading into more temperate climates. We emphasize the importance of using DNA sequencing and genotyping to monitor the spread of parasites, and point to the necessity of further studies to improve genotypic characterization of newly recognized parasite species and strains, and their linkage to virulence.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture3.Fla 6 18-4-2009
    Adnan I. AL-Hindi (Ph.D. Medical Parasitology) Islamic University of Gaza 22 Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora Order: Kinetoplastida Phylum: Apicomplexa -No locomotary organs, in 1970 levine raised this new phylum to contain all non-flagellate, non-ciliate, parasitic protozoa, that posses an apical complex, as seen by electron microscope (E.M) at some stage at the life cycle, the life cycle of these parasites usually involve a trophozoite. A phase of a sexually multiplication by multiple fission (Schizogony and Merogony), a sexual stage (gametogony) and formation of spores (sporogon). -Classification of Apicomplexa: Phylum: Apicomplexa Class:sporozoa Subclass: Coccidia Subclass: Piroplasmia Order: Eucoccidia Order: Piroplasmida Family: Theileriidae Family: Babasiidae e.g.Theleriria sp. Genus: Babesia e.g. B. bigemina Suborder: Haemoporina Suborder: Eimerina (Motile zygote indirect life cycle) (non-motile sporozoites, direct life cycle) Family: Plasmodidae Genus: Plasmodium e.g. Plasmodium sp. Family: Eimeriidae Family: Sarcocystidae Genus: Eimeria e.g. Sarcocystis sp e.g. Eimeria sp e.g. Toxoplsma gondii class: Sporozoa -The main characters of this class is the presence of reproduction: 1. A sexual reproduction: (Schizogony) in man (as intermediate host) by simple division of chromatin. 2. Sexual reproduction (sporogony) in definitive host which is anopheline mosquitoe, by fusion of the female and male gametes to form sporozoites. -Subclasss: Coccidia -Apical complex well developed, very small trophozoites and sexual stages.
    [Show full text]