DOCSLIB.ORG

From Unrest to Occupation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Unrest to Occupation The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College Spring 5-2018 From Unrest to Occupation Cameron J. Ouellette University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Ouellette, Cameron J., "From Unrest to Occupation" (2018). Honors College. 346. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/346 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM UNREST TO OCCUPATION by Cameron J. Ouellette A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Political Science) The Honors College University of Maine May 2018 Advisory Committee: Amy Fried, Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, Advisor Mark Brewer, Professor, Department of Political Science and Honors College Robert W. Glover, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and CLAS Preceptor of Honors James Warhola, Dr. John M. Nickerson Professor, Department of Political Science Steven E. Barkan, Professor and Chair, Department of Sociology © 2018 Cameron Ouellette All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The repeated occurrences of protest violence during or following Black Lives Matter (BLM) demonstrations has been an issue for the United States since the mass demonstrations of Ferguson, MO in August of 2014. Since then, the United States has experienced a trend of organized demonstrations which follow officer-involved shootings of primarily African American civilians. How and why communities around the nation react to police violence can vary, as do the explanations for the responses of community members, demonstrators, and police officers. The protests of Ferguson, MO (2014) and of North Minneapolis, MN (2015) were similarly prompted by police shootings but each experienced a different kind of protest and police response. This thesis explores how different theoretical perspectives illuminate differences between how Ferguson and North Minneapolis reacted to police violence and argues that multiple theories are needed for analyzing such protests. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I want to thank the Honors College and especially my parents for supporting me in my academic pursuits as I transitioned over to the Political Science Department after a year pursuing civil and environmental engineering. I would also like to thank the whole Political Science Department for helping me make the most of my undergraduate career. Next, I would like to thank my advisor, Richard Powell, for years of advice on studying Political Science. A large thank you goes out to my thesis advisor, Amy Fried, for all her help and guidance she has provided for me along the way in my thesis journey. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter One: Methodology ............................................................................................... 14 Chapter Two: Ferguson Unrest.......................................................................................... 17 Chapter Three: North Minneapolis Occupation ................................................................ 41 Chapter Four: Analysis ...................................................................................................... 58 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 85 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 91 Appendix A: History of U.S. Policing Style & Models ................................................... 92 Appendix B: Macro-Historical Graphic ........................................................................... 95 Author’s Biography ........................................................................................................... 96 v LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1: Micro-Context Theories ........................................................................................ 4 Chart 2: Police Practice and Protest Interaction Theories ................................................... 8 Chart 3: Macro-Context Theories ...................................................................................... 12 Chart 4: Evidence and Micro-Context Theories ................................................................ 14 Chart 5: Evidence and Police Practice and Protest Interaction Theories .......................... 15 Chart 6: Evidence and Macro-Context Theories ............................................................... 16 Chart 7: Findings and Micro-Context Theories ................................................................. 59 Chart 8: Findings and Police Practice and Protest Interaction Theories ........................... 70 Chart 9: Findings and Macro-Context Theories ................................................................ 76 vi INTRODUCTION The repeated occurrences of protest violence during or following Black Lives Matter (BLM) demonstrations has been an issue for the United States since the mass demonstrations of Ferguson, MO in August of 2014. Since then, the United States has experienced a trend of organized demonstrations which follow officer-involved shootings of primarily African American civilians.1 How and why communities around the nation react to police violence can vary, as do the explanations for the responses of community members, demonstrators, and police officers. The protests of Ferguson, MO (2014) and of North Minneapolis, MN (2015) were similarly prompted by police shootings but each experienced a different kind of protest and police responses. This thesis explores how different theoretical perspectives illuminate differences between how Ferguson and North Minneapolis reacted to police violence and argues that multiple theories are needed for analyzing such protests and finding ways to prevent further violence. Racially charged officer-involved shootings and the demonstrations that follow and can become violent cost the lives of civilians and police officers as well as officers’ careers. Violent protests may cost upwards of millions of dollars in the violence inflicted on people and in the looting/destruction of property. The mass demonstrations of Ferguson, MO ended after many instances of confrontational-violence through the 17 1 Other examples involved Eric Garner in New York City and Freddie Gray in Baltimore. Protests following Garner’s death remained relatively peaceful in NYC, but similar protests in other US cities (e.g., Berkeley) turned violent. See Olivia Laughland, Kayla Epstein, and Jessica Gelnza, “Eric Garner protests continue in cities across America through second night,” The Guardian (December 5, 2014): https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/05/eric-garner-case-new-york-protests-continue-through- second-night. The response after Gray’s funeral began peaceful but experienced aggressive police responses which prompted the demonstrations to turn into riots. See Jenna McLaughlin and Sam Brodey, “Eyewitnesses: The Baltimore Riots Didn’t Start the Way You Think,” Mother Jones (April 28, 2015): https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/04/how-baltimore-riots-began-mondawmin-purge/. 1 days.2 The occupation in North Minneapolis, MN remained peaceful and, largely, did not experience any confrontational violence over the course of 18 days.3 This exploratory study employs secondary research to examine what can be learned by applying seven theories pertaining to the occurrence of protest violence in explaining the differing reactions to police violence experienced in Ferguson and North Minneapolis. My analysis will explore each multi-day incident to illuminate in the protest reactions by utilizing the explanations of three theories focuses on the micro-context,4 three focused on police and protester practices,5 and one theory on the macro-contextual effects of timing and feedback.6 This thesis presents a series of charts (nine total) to illustrate the kinds of theories and ideas analyzed in each section. Each theory (i.e., micro context; police practices and protester interactions; and macro-context) has a chart with varying descriptors dependent to its section. Charts in the Literature Review section showcase each theory’s name, contributing author(s), and core ideas. Charts in the Methodology section showcase each theory’s name as well as the applicable evidence from the case studies. Charts in the Analysis section showcase explanations for each theory’s findings.7 2 See James Queally, “Ferguson unrest: What you need to know,” Los Angeles Times (March 17, 2015): http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-ferguson-unrest-what-you-need-to-know-20150312- htmlstory.html. 3 See Jon Collins, Tim Nelson, and Matt Sepic, “Mpls. Police clear out 4th Precinct protest site,” Minnesota Public Radio News (December 3, 2015): https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/03/4th-precinct. 4 Explanations from context theories: ethnic-diversity, community violence, and community/policing culture. 5 Explanations used from practice-based theories: threat/repression,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transportation on the Minneapolis Riverfront
    RAPIDS, REINS, RAILS: TRANSPORTATION ON THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT Mississippi River near Stone Arch Bridge, July 1, 1925 Minnesota Historical Society Collections Prepared by Prepared for The Saint Anthony Falls Marjorie Pearson, Ph.D. Heritage Board Principal Investigator Minnesota Historical Society Penny A. Petersen 704 South Second Street Researcher Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 Hess, Roise and Company 100 North First Street Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 May 2009 612-338-1987 Table of Contents PROJECT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 1 RAPID, REINS, RAILS: A SUMMARY OF RIVERFRONT TRANSPORTATION ......................................... 3 THE RAPIDS: WATER TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS .............................................. 8 THE REINS: ANIMAL-POWERED TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ............................ 25 THE RAILS: RAILROADS BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ..................................................................... 42 The Early Period of Railroads—1850 to 1880 ......................................................................... 42 The First Railroad: the Saint Paul and Pacific ...................................................................... 44 Minnesota Central, later the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (CM and StP), also called The Milwaukee Road .......................................................................................... 55 Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ferguson Mike Brown Verdict
    Ferguson Mike Brown Verdict Unplumb Saw deigns that Hemiptera fragments metrically and mispleads illiberally. Toneless Pryce usually enforce some perispomenons or mongrelizing lawlessly. Nicholas gestures her shoeblack financially, she bitter it brusquely. The white house, tells stories of a miscalculation have starkly different accounts also gave him if array passed them bullets fired several ferguson mike brown verdict broke out here. And mike brown verdict of ferguson mike brown verdict. As a male jury decision on whether you not to indict Darren Wilson in the shooting of black teenager Michael Brown nears, and Crisis: Race affect the Media, he discovered the mangled bodies of two prominent women. Ron Suskind and noted Boston College historian Heather Cox Richardson, photos, and surface the spotlight. Louis area and ferguson have on appeal for transformation, mo show vastly different agendas formed a verdict, the ferguson mike brown verdict in racial profiling. When ferguson police car and mike brown verdict in ferguson mike brown verdict. But in the mike brown take command comes amid these kids are mike brown verdict, but there is evidence for breaking point, have the street journal. Within a verdict was trapped in favor police policies, mike brown verdict prompted a verdict was still happening, mike brown this examination found other african american city. This Ferguson Protestor Tells Us What It doing Like edge Hold. Americans and ferguson mike brown verdict prompted the. Bell to ferguson, mike brown verdict prompted the missouri police never an important: ferguson mike brown verdict could find that. Police in american man, mike brown hit him once the open up bricks were other cities of ferguson mike brown verdict in missouri.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Leading to Civil Unrest in the Wake of Police Lethal Use of Force Incidents
    CALIFORNIA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY Riverside, California Factors Leading to Civil Unrest in the Wake of Police Lethal Use of Force Incidents: A Tale of Two Cities A Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Public Administration George Richard Austin, Jr. Division of Online and Professional Studies Department of Public Administration April 2019 Factors Leading to Civil Unrest in the Wake of Police Lethal Use of Force Incidents: A Tale of Two Cities Copyright © 2019 by George Richard Austin, Jr. ii ABSTRACT Factors Leading to Civil Unrest in the Wake of Police Lethal Use of Force Incidents: A Tale of Two Cities by George Richard Austin, Jr. Since August 9, 2014, the day Officer Darren Wilson shot and killed Michael Brown in the small city of Ferguson, Missouri, large-scale protests after police-involved lethal use of force incidents have become much more prevalent. While there is much academic and public debate on why civil unrest occurs after these unfortunate incidents, there is very little scholarly literature that explores the structure of civil unrest events or literature that attempts to explain why and how peaceful protests turn violent. This dissertation, through exploratory content analysis of extensive after-action reports, provides insight into two instances of civil unrest in the wake of officer-involved lethal use of force incidents: the Minneapolis, Minnesota, civil unrest in the aftermath of the November 15, 2015 shooting of Jamar Clark and the Charlotte, North Carolina, civil unrest in the wake of the September 16, 2016, shooting of Keith Lamont Scott. The study examines the phenomenon of civil unrest from the theoretical frameworks of representative bureaucracy and rational crime theory and utilizes a case study comparison and content analysis research design.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Disparities in Traffic Stop Outcomes
    Baumgartner et al Maro Final (Do Not Delete) 5/16/2017 11:52 AM RACIAL DISPARITIES IN TRAFFIC STOP OUTCOMES FRANK R. BAUMGARTNER, LEAH CHRISTIANI, DEREK A. EPP, KEVIN ROACH, KELSEY SHOUB† INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 22 I.PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATA ........................................................................................ 26 I.DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ............................................................................................... 30 II.DISPARITIES IN SEARCH RATES BY RACE ..................................................................... 31 A. Search Rates Among White Drivers........................................................ 31 B. Search Rates Among Black Drivers ......................................................... 33 C. Search Rates Among Hispanic Drivers .................................................. 35 D. Black-White Search Rate Ratios ............................................................... 37 E. Hispanic-White Search Rate Ratios ......................................................... 39 III.A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 43 IV.CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 47 V.APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS. .......................................................................... 48 Copyright © 2017 Frank R. Baumgartner, Leah Christiani,
    [Show full text]
  • Maclauchlin, Scott a - DOC
    MacLauchlin, Scott A - DOC From: Hautamaki, Sandra J - DOC <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, August 22, 2016 9:14 AM To: Meisner, Michael F - DOC; Tarr, David R - DOC Subject: RE: SEP 9 work stoppage Indiana Should mailroom be pulling any information that comes in from IWW addressed to inmates? From: Meisner, Michael F - DOC Sent: Monday, August 22, 2016 7:42 AM To: Tarr, David R - DOC; Hautamaki, Sandra J - DOC Subject: FW: SEP 9 work stoppage Indiana FYI From: Schwochert, James R - DOC Sent: Sunday, August 21, 2016 6:59 PM To: DOC DL DAI Wardens CO Dir Subject: FW: SEP 9 work stoppage Indiana FYI From: Jess, Cathy A - DOC Sent: Friday, August 19, 2016 3:04 PM To: Schwochert, James R - DOC; Weisgerber, Mark L - DOC Cc: Hove, Stephanie R - DOC; Clements, Marc W - DOC Subject: FW: SEP 9 work stoppage Indiana FYI Indiana information on September 9 possible work stoppage of inmates. From: Basinger, James [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, August 18, 2016 7:44 PM To: Joseph Tony Stines Subject: SEP 9 work stoppage Indiana Just an FYI on Intel we got today. I would check your systems and databases for Randall Paul Mayhugh, of Terre Haute, IN. Mr. Mayhugh poses as a Union member for a group that call themselves Industrial Workers of the world (IWW). Let know if you find anything. Be safe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Looks like Leonard McQuay and one of his outside associates are attempting to facilitate involve my in this movement. I know offender McQuay quite well and it doesn't surprise me that we would try to initiate this type of action.
    [Show full text]
  • Applicant V. DERAY MCKESSON; BLACK LIVES MATTER; BLACK LIVES MATTER NETWORK, INCORPORATED Defendants - Respondents
    STATE OF LOUISIANA 2021-CQ-00929 LOUISIANA SUPREME COURT OFFICER JOHN DOE, Police Officer Plaintiff - Applicant v. DERAY MCKESSON; BLACK LIVES MATTER; BLACK LIVES MATTER NETWORK, INCORPORATED Defendants - Respondents OFFICER JOHN DOE Plaintiff - Applicant Versus DeRAY McKESSON; BLACK LIVES MATTER; BLACK LIVES MATTER NETWORK, INCORPORATED Defendants - Respondents On Certified Question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit No. 17-30864 Circuit Judges Jolly, Elrod, and Willett Appeal From the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana USDC No. 3:16-CV-742 Honorable Judge Brian A. Jackson, Presiding OFFICER JOHN DOE ORIGINAL BRIEF ON APPLICATION FOR REVIEW BY CERTIFIED QUESTION Respectfully submitted: ATTORNEY FOR THE APPLICANT OFFICER JOHN DOE Donna U. Grodner (20840) GRODNER LAW FIRM 2223 Quail Run, B-1 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808 (225) 769-1919 FAX 769-1997 [email protected] CIVIL PROCEEDING TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES.. ii CERTIFIED QUESTIONS. 1 1. Whether Louisiana law recognizes a duty, under the facts alleged I the complaint, or otherwise, not to negligently precipitate the crime of a third party? 2. Assuming McKesson could otherwise be held liable for a breach of duty owed to Officer Doe, whether Louisiana’s Professional Rescuer’s Doctrine bars recovery under the facts alleged in the complaint? . 1 STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION. 1 STATEMENT OF THE CASE. 1 A. NATURE OF THE CASE. 1 B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY. 12 1. ACTION OF THE TRIAL COURT. 12 2. ACTION OF THE FIFTH CIRCUIT. 12 3. ACTION OF THE SUPREME COURT. 13 4. ACTION OF THE FIFTH CIRCUIT. 13 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Maintaining First Amendment Rights and Public Safety in North Minneapolis: an After-Action Assessment of the Police Response To
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE OF COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING SERVICES CRITICAL RESPONSE INITIATIVE MAINTAINING FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS AND PUBLIC SAFETY IN NORTH MINNEAPOLIS An After-Action Assessment of the Police Response to Protests, Demonstrations, and Occupation of the Minneapolis Police Department’s Fourth Precinct Frank Straub | Hassan Aden | Jeffrey Brown | Ben Gorban | Rodney Monroe | Jennifer Zeunik This project was supported by grant number 2015-CK-WX-K005 awarded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. References to specific agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement by the author(s) or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The Internet references cited in this publication were valid as of the date of publication. Given that URLs and websites are in constant flux, neither the author(s) nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. Recommended citation: Straub, Frank, Hassan Aden, Jeffrey Brown, Ben Gorban, Rodney Monroe, and Jennifer Zeunik. 2017. Maintaining First Amendment Rights and Public Safety in North Minneapolis: An After-Action Assessment of the Police Response to Protests, Demonstrations, and Occupation of the Minneapolis Police Department’s Fourth Precinct. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Published 2017 CONTENTS Letter from the Director . .vi Executive Summary . vii Summary of events vii Implications and challenges vii Public safety response vii Key themes of the review viii Conclusion ix Part I .
    [Show full text]
  • DEEN FREELON CHARLTON D. MCILWAIN MEREDITH D. CLARK About the Authors: Deen Freelon Is an Assistant Professor of Communication at American University
    BEYOND THE HASHTAGS DEEN FREELON CHARLTON D. MCILWAIN MEREDITH D. CLARK About the authors: Deen Freelon is an assistant professor of communication at American University. Charlton D. McIlwain is an associate professor of media, culture and communi- cation and Associate Dean for Faculty Development and Diversity at New York University. Meredith D. Clark is an assistant professor of digital and print news at the University of North Texas. Please send any questions or comments about this report to Deen Freelon at [email protected]. About the Center For Media & Social Impact: The Center for Media & Social Impact at American University’s School of Communication, based in Washington, D.C., is an innovation lab and research center that creates, studies, and showcases media for social impact. Fo- cusing on independent, documentary, entertainment and public media, the Center bridges boundaries between scholars, producers and communication practitioners across media production, media impact, public policy, and audience engagement. The Center produces resources for the field and academic research; convenes conferences and events; and works collaboratively to understand and design media that matters. www.cmsimpact.org Internal photos: Philip Montgomery Graphic design and layout: openbox9 The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the Spencer Foundation, without which this project would not have been possible. We also thank Ryan Blocher, Frank Franco, Cate Jackson, and Sedale McCall for transcribing participant interviews; David Proper and Kate Sheppard for copyediting; and Mitra Arthur, Caty Borum Chattoo, Brigid Maher, and Vincent Terlizzi for assisting with the report’s web presence and PR. The views expressed in this report are the authors’ alone and are not necessarily shared by the Spencer Foundation or the Center for Media and Social Impact.
    [Show full text]
  • PCOC Orientation Presentation
    PCOC Commissioner Orientation Police Conduct Oversight Commission February 16th, 2020 Orientation Overview • Introduction • Historical Overview of the OPCR & PCOC • Role of Oversight Bodies • PCOC Purpose & Function • PCOC Research & Study Process • PCOC Subcommittee Overview & Functions • Discussion Forum: Q&A Session • PCOC Partners: City Attorney & City Clerk • MN Data Practices Act • Open Meeting Laws • Ethics Training 2 OPCR Leadership & Structure • Director Imani Jaafar, Esq. – 5 years as OPCR Director • 16 years in legal practice • Recognition: • Achievement in oversight award from the National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement • Outstanding advocate award from Minnesota Justice Foundation • Minnesota Super Lawyers Rising Star • Minnesota Lawyer Up and Coming Attorney • Judge Varco Pro Bono Services Award • Adjunct professor of law at University of Minnesota • Diversity trainer and consultant focused on teaching professionals how to disrupt bias when working with Muslim communities both locally and nationally. • Prior Roles: • Housing staff attorney at Mid-Minnesota Legal Assistance • Assistant Ramsey County Public Defender • Private attorney specializing in both Islamic estate planning and criminal defense • Law clerk to the Honorable Lloyd Zimmerman in the Fourth Judicial District. 3 PCOC Guest Panelists • Former PCOC Chair Andrea Brown • January 2014 – December 2019 • Former PCOC Vice-Chair Jennifer Singleton • January 2014 – December 2018 4 History of Minneapolis Police Oversight • Civilian Review Authority • January 1990 – Created by Minneapolis Ordinance • June 1997 – City Council places the CRA within the City Coordinators Office and requests study of multiple redesign areas • 2002 – City Council closes CRA office and begins redesign process • Following Council approval, a redesigned CRA begins operations within the Department of Civil Rights in 2003 • 2006 – Multiple studies and working groups propose and implement changes to CRA ordinances in an effort to improve processes.
    [Show full text]
  • MPD150 Report
    a 150 year performance review of the minneapolis police department mpd150 TOTHOSE WHO'VE LEDTHE WAY The initiative that we have named MPD150 stands on the shoulders of the activists and organizers, community organizations and street protesters, whistleblowers, families of loved ones lost to police violence and the numerous others who have led the fight for truly safe communities in the past and still today. Their contributions over the years have made this undertaking possible. For this we honor them. MPD150 is an independent association of organizers, activists, researchers, and artists that came together in the spring of 2016 in anticipation of the Minneapolis Police Department (MPD)'s 150th anniversary. We are not the project of any organization, although we recognize the contributions many of them have made over the years. Some of them have shared leads and material for this report. Enough is Enough is one component of a multi­ faceted effort that includes public art, educational activities, political action, cultural activism, and more. We hope to inspire and support new community initiatives that contribute to a shared vision of a police-free future. TABLEOF CONTENTS 1: Intro ......................................... 3 2: Where We've Been .................... 4 3: Where We're At ........................ 14 4: Where We're Going .................. 25 5: Findings ................................... 33 6: Credits ..................................... 35 M PD 150 Enough is Enough! Enough is Enough! That is both the The US police system, we contend, is not outlines of the police-free communities conclusion and the title of this report, reformable. Efforts to reform it - aimed of the future. We have no shortage of a 150-year performance review of at addressing recruitment, training, ancient cultural traditions, innovative the Minneapolis Police Department discipline, oversight and transparency social programs, and community (MPD).
    [Show full text]
  • RETHINKING ASSEMBLY ORDINANCES: THREE CONSIDERATIONS CITIES SHOULD MAKE to AVOID ANOTHER FERGUSON OR BALTIMORE-TYPE RIOT Christopher W
    Ohio Northern University Law Review Volume 44 | Issue 1 Article 1 RETHINKING ASSEMBLY ORDINANCES: THREE CONSIDERATIONS CITIES SHOULD MAKE TO AVOID ANOTHER FERGUSON OR BALTIMORE-TYPE RIOT Christopher W. Bloomer Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.onu.edu/onu_law_review Part of the Civil Law Commons, and the Law and Race Commons Recommended Citation Bloomer, Christopher W. () "RETHINKING ASSEMBLY ORDINANCES: THREE CONSIDERATIONS CITIES SHOULD MAKE TO AVOID ANOTHER FERGUSON OR BALTIMORE-TYPE RIOT," Ohio Northern University Law Review: Vol. 44 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.onu.edu/onu_law_review/vol44/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@ONU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ohio Northern University Law Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@ONU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bloomer: RETHINKING ASSEMBLY ORDINANCES: THREE CONSIDERATIONS CITIES SHOUL Ohio Northern University Law Review Lead Articles Rethinking Assembly Ordinances: Three Considerations Cities Should Make To Avoid Another Ferguson Or Baltimore-Type Riot CHRISTOPHER W. BLOOMER* INTRODUCTION It is never fun footing someone else’s bill. However, cost-covering and redistribution happens with practically all illegal and destructive riots and protests that occur in the United States.1 For example, repairs from the lawless demonstrations siphoned off more than $5.7 million of local funds during the 2014 Ferguson, Missouri Riots.2 How about the 2015 Baltimore riots? The riots cost Baltimore more than $20 million, and even though the mayor refused to stop the rioting, the city requested payment assistance from the federal government to cover the tab.3 Not typically known as a site of unrest, North Dakota spent more than $38 million policing the 2016 Keystone Pipeline protests, with the Federal Emergency Management * J.D., cum laude Indiana University Robert H.
    [Show full text]
  • Snelling Avenue, Minneapolis
    SNELLING AVENUE, MINNEAPOLIS: RESEARCH ON THE HISTORY OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY HENNEPIN COUNTY COMMUNITY WORKS MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 2009 SNELLING AVENUE, MINNEAPOLIS: RESEARCH ON THE HISTORY OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY Prepared for Hennepin County Community Works and the Minnehaha-Hiawatha Community Works Strategic Development Framework Hennepin County, Minneapolis, Minnesota by Carole S. Zellie Landscape Research LLC St. Paul, Minnesota 2009 Typical houses and their grain-elevator backdrop: the 3900 block of Snelling Avenue, 2008. Minneapolis’ late 19th-century African American population was small in number; the 1870 census recorded only 160 individuals.1 By 1900, the number rose to 2,592, reached 4,176 by 1930, and 4,646 in 1940. During this period “black people resided in every ward in the city, but the majority were . concentrated in the area of Nicollet Avenue and 10th Street.”2 The Seven Corners area near Washington and Cedar Avenues (much of which is now covered by I-35W and other development) comprised another settlement. The settlement concentration subsequently shifted toward north Minneapolis, into areas being vacated by Jews.3 African American families were among the first to settle in the neighborhood that grew south of E. Lake Street along the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul (CM&StP) rail corridor. Snelling Avenue, with adjacent portions of Minnehaha and Hiawatha Avenues, became one of relatively few areas of early 20th-century Minneapolis where African Americans established a long-term community with a high rate of home ownership. Snelling Avenue, today a small part of the Longfellow neighborhood, developed with tall elevators and mills as its noisy neighborhood backdrop; small factories were also placed between houses at the northern edge of the area.
    [Show full text]