- ' ;.

251 246111 plenary meeting f that kind obliged even Mr. McNeil, who was inspired by tion because it was designed to liberate Greece , Mr. Tsal­ a mystic faith in the assertions of the Special from the shackles of foreign occupation, to put sertions of Committee, to acknowledge the doubtful nature an end to the civil war and to give the Greek! tes and the of the evidence quoted in the report. people the right to settle their internal problems rnment was 112. It was quite obvious that the abolition of for themselves, by means of free general elec­ ntended to the United Nations Special Committee on the tions: because it was designed to restore elemen­ IHng circles Balkans would contribute to the restoration of tary democratic rights in Greece and to put an I execution normal conditions in Greece. end to the barbarous terror which had been ilsts. unanimously, but somewhat timidly, condemned For those reasons, the delegation of the ers of the 113. by the First Committee; :;'ld, finally, because it Ukrainian SSR considered that the draft resolu­ was designed to prevent the realization of the r to justify tion submitted by the First Committee absolutely designs on imperialist plans of the Athens Government and ignored the causes of the existing situation in to promote the normalization of Greece's rela­ tory constl­ Greeceand proposed measures which could serve :'s Republic tions with its northern neighbours, namely, only to aggravate the evils from which, that Albania and Bulgaria. Conciliation country was suffering and to render a solution ens Govern­ of the Greek problem more difficult. Only the 115. The delegation of the Ukrainian SSR he existing draft resolution of the Soviet Union (A/l063) would also vote in favour of the USSR draft gave a correct diagnosis of the situation and resolution calling for the suspension of the death hing hypoc­ proposed effective remedies. sentences pronounced on nine Greek patriots and democrats (A/1080). nbly at the 114. The delegation of the Ukrainian SSR i neutrality. would therefore vote for the USSR draft resolu- The meeting rose at 1.10 p.m, the Athens torial claims ~ instigation iVhat would t ed to seize TWO HUNDRED At~ FORTY-SIXTH PLENARY MEETING i The United Held at,Flushing Meadow,. New York, on FridaYI 18 November 19491 at 3 p.1n. oof of the m it was a. President: General CarIos P. R6MuLo (Philippines), r of placing II ited Nations Threats to the political independence 3., The General Assembly was carrying out its I and territorial integrity of Greece: deliberations in an atmosphere of confusion, and r ascist Greek report of the First Committee the subjects discussed and the arguments pre- to acknowl­ sented frequently strayed from the item of the r itier, 'Angle­ (A/I062) and report of the Filth agenda to which the debate should be limited. realed their Committee (A/I092) (continued) The item concerning threats to the political inde- rues in the 1. Mr. CASTRO (El "Salvador) said the terms pendence and territorial integrity of Greece was ) . ieace m that of the debate needed clarification so that the currently under discussion. Some delegations had nee of their General Assembly could reach a fitting decision spoken on nothing but the internal regime of fascist Tito ' on the item under discussion. It had been said, Greece and the elections in Greece, and had scist clique, with a tendency to oversimplify, that in a debate presented proposals which frequently departed :>f thousands such as the one on the Greek question,' the great completely from the item under discussion. preparing to Powers alone should take part, since they were 4. The USSR delegation, for example, had sub­ against the primarily responsible for the maintenance of mitted two draft resolutions. One referred to international peace. But the best answer to that the holding of fresh parliamentary elections in: e the shame- claim was the United Nations itself.' Greece (A/1063). The other called upon the the United .. .. . Greek Government to suspend the execution' of Natl(~ns. ~ad fi~ty~n11le lalkans in its 2. The Umted Member sentences" passed by, Greek courts (A/lOSO). pe~ .sts' domestic States pledged to maintain •.e ; consequently Those were two matters which certainly had ~, which had It was not prop~r for five M71?bers t~ endeavour nothing to do with Albanian, Bulgarian and' iited Nations to settle all possl~le threats to international peace.. Romanian intervention in the Greek civil war. The representatives of the great Powers held . ' ' .. pport to the meetings which were 'attended at times by the 5. The '~JSSR had allegec.I. that the so-ca:lled id promoted heads of State and at other times by the Foreign sO:8;11. na~,lOns fayou~ed British and American' I to increase Ministers. There would hardly have been any !Olhtary ~nteryentlon mJir.(;e~e. But the. so-cal!ed rated by the need for the United Nations if the five great intervention m Greece consl~ted

rence in many Member States of the United of committees of that kind was bound to be a 20. The de1ega Nations. and "had never been interpreted as a common occurrence in its activities. The USSR fore be obliged derogation from national sovereignty. Finally, had not been willing to participate in the Corn­ tion of the Sovi the United Nations. for well known reasons, was mittee and had opposed its establishment; but i{ 21. Turning t not III a position. as an international organization, it had wished to co-operate with it, it could, tlon (A/lOSO), to help Greece to defend itself against such for within the Committee, have exercised all the Government to . eign intervention as that of Albania, Bulgaria conciliatory action proposed in the USSR draft sentences passed and Romania. whose Governments helped the resolutions submitted to the First Committees that, once sente Greek guerrillas in their unsuccessful efforts to and resubmitted to the General Assembly. depend upon th overthrow the Greek Government. 13. Some delegations had impugned the credi­ certainly not 0 7. In helping Greece to repel such interventions, bility of the testimonies of the witnesses i such The United Na any Member Stat~ of the United Nations ~vas attacks were not very convincing, for those same repeal of a sen doing only what it would be for the Untt~d delegations had refused the co-operation of their discussed the Nations itself to' do, if it had an army at its Governments in the work of the Special tarian desires . disposal and if the Security Council were not Committee. demned; but wl paralysed by the veto. a court and wh 14. Whereas Albania, Bulgaria and Romania 8. The Greek regime had been called monarcho­ carried out. the had denied the Special Committee all access to empowered to r fascist. States had a right to be organized in their territories, Greece had thrown its territory accordance with the will of their peoples: they wide open, enabling the Committee to carry out 22. The proce might be monarchies, constitutional monarchies, its activity there. Greece had acted like somebody attention had b .or republics; they might adopt any form of demo­ who had nothing to hide from the Committee was the process cratic government. And democratic government appointed by the United Nations to investigate as a rule, was a meant government in accordance with the will of the dispute between Greece and its northern was also the po the people. As to the term fascist, for certain neighbours. which the const delegations everything which was not in agree­ granted to the ment with their opinions became fascist. That 15. The United Nations must give credit to its cases, could mi was happening with regard to Greece. own Committee, which had carried out a diffi­ those were mea. cult task, even at the risk of its members' lives. ment was not f 9. All representatives knew that Greece was one It was no good pulling the evidence of witnesses take them, the of the victims of fascism, that it had fought to pieces, for the Committee had decided if it was meaningless. It against fascism with the greatest bravery and reliable or not. It had been said that not even the same States wh had been vanquished by the power of military names of the witnesses were given, and that they Greek Governm equipment and forces much superior to its own. were identified by numbers. The reason for that its right of par Yet the country and the people that had fought was to gi,;e the winesses the anonymity neces­ that right was a against fascism were accused of having a mon­ sary for their personal safety. They had to be no Government archo-fascist regime for their government. The protected so that they could testify without risk any case, the eo countries which recognized their debt to Greek of reprisals, and it was to provide that protection Government an culture applauded the efforts made by Greece for that a number had been substituted for the real pendence of G its rehabilitation and reconstruction, and wished name of the witness. ask it for favo success to its efforts. 16. The delegation of El Salvador would vote 23. Mr. Castr 10. It had been asked how it was possible that for the draft resolution submitted by the First submitted a dr Greece could claim to be a 'peace-loving nation Committee. mittee recomm when it was trying to snatch from Albania part should take pl of its territory, Northern Epirus. But it could 17. Mr. Castro turned next to the USSR draft Vice-Chairman not be said that the unrest in the Balkans was resolution (A/I063), particularly to sub-para­ representatives due to Greece's efforts 'to claim Northern Epirus graphs (b) and (e) thereof. ing in mind t by diplomatic negotiation. T.he Greek Government 18. The purpose of the proposal contained in delegations duri had said more than once that it would not resort sub-paragraph (b) was to secure thereorganiaa­ cate to their G to force 'to press its territorial claims. The tion of the Greek Government and, more espe­ cussion and so United Nations had accepted that promise and cially, the participation of the same Greek without any pr trusted the word of the Greek Government. , guerrillas who had been assisted by the enemies Nations, might 11. Hostile criticism notwithstanding, the re- . of Greece-Albania, .Bulgaria and Romania-in appropriate and port of the United Nations Special Committee the free elections provided for in that sub-para­ was all the del on the Balkans,' the Committee's statements and graph. Instead of offering Greece the least pro­ pared to do; it its sifting of the evidence carried weight and tection against the .flagrant acts of aggression or any other c were trustworthy, because that Committee had committed by its northern neighbours, the nounced by its represented the United Nations, had been ap­ proposal called for the internal reorganization of 24. The dele pointed by the United Nations and had been given the country and requested the General Assembly fore also vote powers to. observe and investigate the events on to insist on a change in the existing regime. That resolution. the northern frontier of Greece, which was the would mean interference in Greece's domestic frontier separating Greece from the neighbour­ affairs, which was incompatible with the prin­ 25. Mr. BEDL ing States with which it had the disputes in ciple of non-intervention set forth in the Charter. reply briefly question. . Czechoslovak r 19. With regard to the measures provided for cerning the Yu 12. Referring to the charge that the appointment in sub-paragraph (e), the representative of El of the Special Committee had been an illegal act Salvador repeated that circumstances justified 26. Mr. 'Clem on the part of the United Nations, in conflict . the presence in Greece of.the military missions meeting that th with the. Charter of the Organization, Mr. Castro of the-United States and the United Kingdom. peded the re-e said that if the General Assembly was an Qrgani- Greek refugees forbidden them • zation for international peace; the appointment 2 For the discussion on this subject in 'the First Com­ mittee, see Official Records of the fourth session of 'he with them to C • 1 See Official Records of the fourth rmion of the General Assembly, First Committee, 275th, 276t9' 280th, that allegation. General As.rembly, SUPP.tement No. 8; 282nd to 284th, and 293rd to 311th meetings inclusive. ~,OOO of a tota '.", 253 246th plenary meeting

to be a 20. The delegation of El Salvador would there­ in Yugoslavia had expressed the desire to leave e USSR fore be obliged to vote against that draft resolu­ for Czechoslovakia, the Yugoslav Government he Com· tion of the Soviet Union. had taken steps to make their departure possible. t; but H 21. Turning to the second USSR draft resolu­ It was true that their departure had been some­ It could, tion (A/l080), which called upon the Greek what delayed, but that had been due to the nil the Govemment to suspend the carrying out of death Hungarian Government. Moreover, the refugees iR draft sentences passed on nine persons, Mr. Castro said had been permitted to take whatever goods be­ mmitteet that: once sentence had been passed, repeal did not longed to them personally. The only goods which v- depend upon the wish of the executive power and had been held in Yugoslavia had been goods certainly not on the whim of the Government. acquired through more or less speculative com­ le credi­ mercial dealings. es] such The United Nations could not petition. for the ise same repeal of a sentence. The First Committee had 27. The Yugoslav Government had not there­ of their discussed the possibility of satisfying humani­ fore hindered and would not hinder the departure Special tarian desires by saving the lives of the con­ of Greek refugees who had expressed or who demned; but when sentence had been passed by might express the desire to leave. a court and when that sentence was about to be 28. Mr, Bebler then passed to the Greek situa­ Romania carried out, the government. of the State was not tion and recalled Mr. Tsaldaris' statement (244th iccess to empowered to repeal it. - meeting) that repression in Greece was on a territory small scale. arry out 22. The procedure was different. But almost no omebody attention had been paid to that procedure. There 29. Information provided by thousands of refu­ anmittee was the process of amnesty and pardon which, gees in Yugoslavia or on their way to that vestigate as a rule, was a matter for the legislature. There country proved the contrary. Those refugees had tlorthem was also the power of commutation of sentences come in great numbers during the previous few which the constitutions of some States at times years, especially during the previous few months, granted to the executive power which, in such ­ and they continued to come in great numbers. lit to its cases, could mitigate the penalty imposed. But They spoke of horrors beyond description, acts a diffi­ those were measures of reprieve which a govern­ of repression and terror committed by the troops rs' lives. ment was not forced to take. It it were bound to of the Athens Government throughout Greece and vitnesses take them, the sentences of tribunals would be especially in Slav Macedonia. if it was meaningless. It was the delegations of the self­ 30. It was a regrettable fact that men, women, even the same States which were constantly attacking the children and old people with all their chattels hat they Greek Government which were asking it to use and cattle were fleeing across the frontier of that for that its right of pardon; they forgot that the use of so-called mirror of democracy. Y' neces­ that right was a matter of magnanimity and that • 31. The statements of the refugees could fill ~ rd to be no Government could be compelled to use it. In I out risk any case, the countries which attacked the Greek a very large volume. As an example, Mr. Bebler read out the statement of a Greek refugee, Spin) I rotection Government and continued to threaten the inde­ ,I the real pendence of Greece were the last which should Stecor, a merchant from the village of German. ask it for favours. That refugee had stated that after the democratic units had retreated on 14 August, the monarch- I uld vote 23. Mr. Castro recalled that his delegation had I -ists had come into his village. Bands of soldiers I ~e First submitted a draft resolution to the First Com­ had entered the houses and taken what they mittee recommending simply that consultations I wanted-clothes, fats, cheese, wool, beans and I should take place between the Chairman and other articles. Non-commissioned officers and :R draft Vice-Chairman of the First Committee and the I ub-para- even officers themselves had frequently taken representatives of Greece so that the latter, bear­ part in the looting. All the loot had been loaded ing in mind the views expressed by various on to lorries. In some villages, the peasants had I ained in delegations during the debate, should communi­ i even been deprived of their firewood and .window I rganiza­ cate to their Government the tenor of the dis­ glass. If the owner had objected, more ofte,~ than re espe­ cussion and so that the Greek Government itself, not he had been killed on the spot. For example, I : Greek without any pressure on the part of the United a man named Done Tanev had thus, been killed. I enemies Nations, might take the decision which was most for asking the soldiers. why they were taking , ania-in appropriate and most consistent with justice. That away his clothes. ' , i ub-para­ was all the delegation of El Salvador was pre­ ast pro­ pared to do; it was 110t prepared to ask Greece, 32. .Mr. Bebler went on to describe the fate of 'gression or ant other country, to quash sentences pro- hundreds of people arrested by the authorities. ,(') .~ The innumerable trials inprogress before Greek rrs, the nounced by its courts. . ~ :ation of courts-martial usually ended with the death 24. The delegation of El Salvador would there­ sentence. •ssembly fore also vote against the second USSR draft ne. That resolution. 33. He then spoke of the trial which had taken. domestic place at Florina from 8· to 22 August. Approxi­ le prin­ 25. Mr. BEBLER (Yugoslavia) wished first to mately seventy-two inhabitants of the village of Charter. reply briefly to an allegation made by the Sorovic and the hamlet of Xinon Neron. had Czechoslovak representative, Mr. Clementis, con­ been accused. The chief witness at the trial of ided for cerning the Yugoslav Government. those villages brought before the court-martial e of El had been police major Panagopoulos. Of the justified 26. Mr. 'Clementis had stated at the 245th· meeting that the Yugoslav Government had im­ .seventy-two villagers,fifty-one had been sen- missions tenced .to death. ' gdom- peded the re-emigration to Czechoslovakia of Greek refugees in Yugoslavia and that it, had 34.. On many occasions, 'partisans who .gave irst Com- forbidden. them to take their .. goods and effects themselves up were not even, taken before. a all of the WIth them to Czechoslovakia.. Mr. Bebler denied military court. Inthat connexion; Mr.. Bebler th, 280th,. that allegation.· .When approximately. 2,500 to gave an example which seemed. to him part!cu­ ~::t::~:4t1 .I~:OOO of a total' ot:over 36,000 Greek refugees larly horrible. On 3 August 1949~ the Ninth 246th plenary meeting 18 November 1949.

Athenian Division had discovered a partisan hos­ (A/1OS0) asking for mercy for the nine Greek reaetionat pital in the mountains, near the village of heroes of the war against Hitler Germany con­ growing y Negovani, where there had been 150'· badly demned to death in Greece. monarcho-f wounded men. The monarchist troops had fallen felt an ani 42. Mr. KISELEV (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist punishment upon them and, after cutting off the noses and Republic) recalled that both the question of the ears of some of them, had cut all their throats. They soug threats to the political independence and terri­ Greek peop 35. With regard to the procedure adopted in the torial integrity of Greece and the draft resolution the extermi military courts, Mr. Bebler referred to a report before the Assembly had been the subject of cratic eleme which had appeared in the Athens newspaper lengthy discussion in the First Committee. political ass, Akropolis on 9 July. It was stated in that report 43. Sensible people everywhere wondered why that it was usual for the trial to take nlace with 48. The S there was still no peace in Greece, why executions than once t the rapidity of a filmi witnesses filed in to give of patriots took place in that country every day, their testimony every five minutes, and nobody inspired by and why those questions had remained on the country, al else--neither the accused nor the defence-asked General Assembly's agenda for the past three any questions or made any comments. secution we sessions. A great deal of time had been devoted formed a P 36. In contemporary Greece, however, not being to the problem. Many resolutions had been Security. condemned to death did not mean escape from adopted, but the domestic situation in Greece death. It was easy to die in Greece, in prison or continued to deteriorate notwithstanding, and its 49. Accor in the concentration camps, without being sen­ relations with neighbouring States remained as a force of tenced to death. The most recent case was that strained as ever. supplied en of Georgis Lambrinos, an artist and journalist it had been 44. The Greek people sought a just and honour­ sentences i on the Risospastis, who had died in prison at able peace. It was the duty of the United Nations Lamia after being tortured. risen consi to help the Greek people to restore peace and a court-ma 37. Living conditions in the concentration camps prosperity in their country. The Greek problem he declare could rather be called dying conditions. Mr. must be solved in accordance with the true inter­ ideals and Bebler referred to the events which had taken ests of the Greek people and of international munists. place recently at Makronisos. Of 3;300 deportees peace and security. on that island, 600 had been transferred on 12 50. Summ 45. Mr. Kiselev was profoundly convinced that peared in t October to the so-called re-education camp, a the Greek question would have been settled long name borrowed from Hitler. It should be re­ that, betwe before if the United States and the United 380 person called that, there had been re-education camps in Kingdom had abandoned their selfish and greedy Germany, the Umbildungslager. demned to policy and their strategic affection for Greece, servitude f 38. Immediately upon their arrival in the camp, and if they had ceased to grant military and other and 4,764. .re-education had begun. The deportees had been assistance to the monarcho-fascist government. first six mo assembled in the courtyard and asked provocative 46. However, interference by the United States pronounced questions. The guards had asked those who were 'and the United Kingdom in Greek internal carried out, Greeks to take one step forward and those who affairs continued to increase. As matters stood, put to deat were traitors to remain where. they were. Since that country had alinost lost its political inde­ sentatives nobody had· taken the required step forward, the pendence and national sovereignty. That inter­ More than guards had been ordered to beat up all the de­ ference meant that democratic freedoms were prison or in portees. That. operation had lasted several-hours. disappearing in Greece, it meant civil war, the shot.many As a result ot the brutality, scores of deportees economic subordination of the country to foreign ism mthe s had been wounded, some seriously. Three had Powers and a marked decline in the standard of forces. Th died from their wounds. , living. The Greek people were suffering want for the ag 39; Mr. Bebler wondered whether it was'really and famine. The situation of the working class responsibili possible to assert in those circumstances that s)1ch was so grave that even the right-wing newspapers three youn a state of affairs was no concern of the United were; obliged to recognize it. For example, on 14 ing in the Nations; whether it, was possible to say, as the May 1'949, the newspaper Akropolis, which had condemned representative of 'El Salvador had just done, 'that' close links with the Court and the so-called . instance, a the' Organization founded, according to Article l: Populist Party, had written that famine) was of Parliam of the' Charter, to develop and encourage respect assuming threatening proportions and that the provinces, . for human rights and fundamental freedoms, whole. country.was in the grip of fantastic pov­ had been a should ignore the acts of mass terror committed erty. In certain parts of Crete, it added, poverty happy man in Greece. It was impossible to maintain that such was such that, the houses having been destroyed, shot the sal acts of brutal repression,. for which. the only the inhabitants lived like primitive peoples in 51. In its reason was the vengeance of, the conqueror. on' mud huts or, as in Herakleion, in caves. In Epirus, elements, t all who sympathized with the conquered, tended refugees 'had •spent, the winter without cover ; method, th to calm-public opinion in Greece and. to improve others were living in the ruins of ancienttombs. torture eh relations between neighbouring countries in the Nor was it always the partisans who were to be dignation 0 Balkans, .particularly when it was remembered blamed, The provinces-were calling for immediate the trade that such vengeance Was particularly atrocious, in help from. the Government, for the want and been killed regions inhabited by the Slav Macedonian minor­ famine they were suffering were indescribable. represented ity whose sufferings could not but find an echo 47. Such was·the cry ofdesJ?air which was being reported th in the .heart of the Yugoslav people, bound to "uttered'by millions of, unhappy Greeks who were had been a them by ties of blood and-language. sacrificing themselves every .day in the fight for who had "c 40. Those facts must not be ignored. It was a truly democratic Greece. The situation. had out of the a" sacred- duty to bring them to light. become impossible. For more than, four years, the specialdivi 41. Ifwas"in'that spirit .that the Yugoslav dele­ Greek people had fought obstinately against the 52. Not'c gation ,supported sub-paragraph (a) of the Anglo-American imperialists .and the . Greek munists, t menarche-fascists .for democratic freedom and USSR draft' resolution (A/1063), proposing a. ',', .,' ceeded to p gen.eral ainnesty,and 't~e .draft 'resolution Greek national' independence. Their resistance, to ~", ___...... _IIIlIlIIlIIil..- .....liiiiIIIlIi...i-.oiIilllMllll-...... IIiiiIiM...._'","~""._·..liJlIIIIjiiiiiiii/l;~iiIlIIIIiiII 1Ili vemer 255 : 246th plenary meetiDg he nine Greek reaction at home and violence from abroad was convictions and all those who had any connexion Germany con- growing year by year. That infuriated, the with the parties of the left. Thus, the Corinth .. monarcho-fascist clique governing Greece. They military tribunal had condemned to death a felt an animal fear at the thought of the stern lawy'e~ ~nd me~ber of the So~ialist.Part:r, while ioviet Socialist punishment they would receive for their crimes. the military tribunal of Chalcis was trymg one uestion of the They sought vainly to break the will of the of the leaders of the left-wing Liberal Party and ice and terri­ Greek people and to do so they had undertaken one of the founders of the Liberal Party. raft resolution the extermination of all progressive and' demo­ 53. Mr. Kiselev went on to quote the news­ he subject of cratic elements and launched a campaign of mass mittee, paper Bradini, which, in February 194?, had politicalassassinations. announced that, on the preceding day, six per­ vondered why 48. The Soviet representatives had shown more sons had been shot in Athens after they had been rhy executions than once that the terror raging in Greece was condemned by the military courts of Kastoria try every day, inspired by the United States Mission in that and' Florina fer violating decrees on public order. mined on the country, although the direct instruments of per-, The same paper had reported that twenty-three he past three secution were the gendarmerie and police which persons had been shot on 16 and 17 February. been devoted formed a part of the so-called Ministry of Public Moreover, a Greek news agency had stated that ns had been Security. . ',' the special court-martial of the Piraeus had con­ on in Greece 49. According to Press reports, the police had demned to death eight Greeks, including four nding, and its women. All that went to show that the monarcho­ i remained as a force of 30,000 men who were directed and supplied entirely by the United States. Recently fascist government' in Athens and the Angle­ it had been noticed that th~ proportion of death American fascists had decided to continue an it and honour­ sentences in relation to sentences as a whole had unrelenting reign of blood and terror throughout rnited Nations risen considerably. Any, person appearing ,before the country, The relatives of the condemned had Ire peace and appealed to world opinion to put an end to the ~reek a court-martial was condemned to death, unless problem he declared'that he renounced his democratic executions, since only thus could the peace which :he true inter- ideals and unlesshe betrayed partisans or Com­ it so sorely needed be restored to Greece. international munists. 54. Mr. Kiselev turned next to the testimony of a Belgian, Mr. Laroque, who had told the news­ .onvinced that 50. Summarizing information which had ap- paper La Nation that 80,000 Greek citizens had n settled long peared in the Greek Press, Mr. Kiselev stated been prosecuted in -1946,' although no action had I the United that, between August 1948 and March 1949, b~en taken agai~st persons guilty of collaboration ;h and greedy 380 persons had been shot in Greece, 452 .con- with the occupying forces. Thus Mr. Ram s, who l for Greece, demned to death and. 330 sentenced to penal had been Prime Minister in the collaborationist ary and other servitude for life or to terms of imprisonment, government, had been buried under the Greek and 4,764. arrested. Between June 1946 and the government. first six months of 1948, courts-martial alone had flag, whereas it was considered a serious crime United States pronounced 1,600 death sentences which had been to have taken part in the resistance movement. reek internal carried out, while 10,000 Greek patriots had been Mr. Laroque had pointed out that only fifteen of natters stood, put to death without trial by government repre- 1,000 workers in the Piraeus had received the iolitical inde- sentatives or monarcho-fascist armed .bands. certificate of good citizenship for which they had , That inter- More than 70,000 Greek democrats were still' in applied. Liberty existed only for those who sup­ eedoms were prison or in exile in various islands. Among those ported the right-wingmovement, Cases of intimi­ dation and arbitrary .arrest grew daily more .ivil war, the shot,many hadwon distinction through their hero- ry to foreign ism.in the struggle against the German occupying numerous and the administration of justice was : standard of forces. The courts had shown no regard either based solely on denunciations. In 1947, more than ffering want for the age of the accused or for their family 2,000 persons had. been shot. Mr. Laroque had vorking class responsibilities. Thus, a widow, the mother of concluded that more people had been killed during that year than during the three, years g newspapers three young children and of a son who was serv- '<~, ample, on 14 ing in the ranks of the national army, had been of German occupation. s, which had condemned to death and shot. To take another 55. Such were the facts which Mr. Tsaldaris the so-called instance, an old. man, a former lawyer, member and Mr. Pipinelis denied with bland hypocrisy famine: was of Parliament and governor of one of the Greek when they stated that they shot none buhjffenders md that the provinces, who had belonged to the Liberal Party, against the common law. The fascist judges re­ antastic pov- had been arrested and sent to prison.·The 'un- gardedall those Greeks who longed to see their. lded, poverty happy man, though 81 years of age, had been country become free, democratic and independent m destroyed, shot the same night. as lawbreakers. l peoples in s, In Epirus, 51. In its work of annihilating all democratic 56.1'oput an end to'that bloodshed, the General thoutcover; elements, the Athens police was adopting a new Assembly shouldadopt .• the draft resolution sub­ icient tombs, method, that of suicide and sudden death in the mitted by the USSR (A/1063). That was the ) were to be torture chambers of the secret police. The in- only method whereby it could. fulfil its duty and or immediate dignation of'all countries had' been aroused when help to restore the peace and prosperity in Greece. le want and the trade unionist leader, Mr. Paparigos, had 57. , Mr. Kiselev then turned to the'~eport of escribable. been killed in a police cell and his assassination the United Nations Special Committee. on' the represented as suicide. The Athens Press had Balkans. .'. ,,,,,,3_,,.. .. ~ .". " . 'I ~~ ~h~'~:~ reported the caseo] a 62-year old milliner who 58. The draft resolution submitted""intheFirst had been arrested for a breach of the peace and Committee by the delegations of Australia, China; r:at~~~t ~~d who had "committed suicideUby throwing herself the United Kingdom and . the' United States, out of the window at theheadqu~r~ers of the and adopt~d,by thatComtnittee, approved the' ur years, the special'division of the police.' . '. against the activities of .. the Special Committee .and accused the Greek 52. Not content with the persecution of', Corn- Albania and Bulgariaofhaving given moral-and reedom and munists, . the Greek monareho-fascists had. pro- material assi~tan~e to the partisan movement in Greece. The representative ofihe SovietUnion resistance, to ..:,..!..d!.'_-.... ceeded.to persecute all those who held dep:locratic • '!l\ .' "'. -",.: ..... , ..•.....• 246th plena..,. meeting 256 8 November 1

and other representatives had proved the incon-. been to. collect!is many ac.cusations and slanders affairs of Greec sistency of those charges in the First Committee. as possible against Bulgaria and more especially too, during the The purpose of the authors of the draft resolu­ against Albania, irrespective of the sources and Security Council tion, in seeking to prove that Albania and if necessary, to invent such information' the Commission Bulgaria were guilty of violating international Its report contained some quite unfounded Greek Frontier I peace and were threatening the political inde­ accusations, Government had pcndencc and territorial intcgrity of Greece, was United States an simply to hide their own interference in Greek 63. Numerous documents issued by various asked the Securit affairs and to make world public opinion forget governments, among others those of the United provided in Chap the assistance that the United States itself was States and the United Kingdom, showed how Greece's norther giving to the Government of Greece, which it false were the fascist Greek Government's accu­ claimed, had bee! was turning into a military base. sations against Albania. Those accusations were internal affairs 0 proved wrong by the peaceful attitude of the tions had increase 59. The Special Committee, which had been Albanian People's Republic, by the fact that the the so-called Uni composed of carefully chosen individuals, had activities of the Greek democratic army had on the Balkans. carried out all the functions assigned to it by the extended to regions as far from Albania as the come open acts ( United States and the United Kingdom; it had Peloponnesus, Thrace, the island of Samos and archo-fascist troo submitted to the United Nations a report which Crete. attack against th did not contain a grain of truth, but which on the eve of the skilfully dissimulated Anglo-American inter­ 64. In .reality, the great British and American monopohes alone' were intervening in Greece. Assembly, in con ference in Greece. The Committee had, however, by the Anglo-AI been unable to achieve one of its aims; it had On 25 March 1949, The New York Times had stated that Greece was a laboratory experiment lowing a campai been unable to spread the influence and control mail and slander. of the United States and the. United Kingdom to tryout United States policy towards other gov~rnments. Thus Greece was to be a military '67. On 2 Augu to Albania and Bulgaria. That task had proved testing ground. troops had attack to be beyond its powers. the Velishta distr 60. To appraise the real value of the activities 65. . Between November 1944 and the end of support, had occu of the so-called United Nations Committee on September 1949, the armed forces of the Athens tory. Throughout the Balkans, it was necessary to note the com­ government had been guilty of 1,565 armed increasing numbe position of the six groups of observers responsi­ provocations or sorties in Albania, 826 of which commanded by ble for inspecting Greek land frontiers. As had had been carried out on land, 675 by air and Fleet, had carrie been pointed out by the correspondent of the 64 by sea. Between 1 November 1948 and 27 against Albanian Reuter Agency at Salonika, all the observers were September 1949, Greek Government troops had war footing had b been responsible for 492 provocations or sorties ian frontier. Thre military men, though they had worn civilian ~lbanian clothes. Each group had had jeeps equipped with in territory, 220 by air and 10 by sea. Albania and had radios. They had worn yellow arm bands with During the same period, 334 soldiers of the so­ aircraft had taker the letters uUN" in black. The observers, of, called Greek national army had penetrated 400 kilometres into A metres into Albania. In other cases in June whom there had been 113, were United Kingdom, ~umber gunning villages Australian, French, Chinese, Brazilian and July and August 1948, an unknown of Albanian villages United States nationals. The foreign Press had soldiers withair and artillery support had pene­ rounds of shellfire trat~d to a depth of 2 kilometres into Albania. openly stated that they all belonged to the intel­ 68. The forces 0 ligence services of their countries. It was easy During the same period, 7,132 shells and 640 trench mortar shells had been fired to a depth had stopped all th to imagine the conclusions that such observers had valiantly def might reach. of as much as 4 kilometres into Albanian terri­ tory. Four hundred and seventy-one aircraft had pendence of their 61. It was quite natural, therefore, that the flown over Albanian territory and in many cases 69. The aggressi Special Committee should have proved. to be an ha~ bombed.or machine-gunned'the civilian popu­ tions carried out i obedient tool of the expansionist policy of the lation. During those armed aggressions 18 fascist troops agai United States. Walter Lippmann, the well known Albanian soldiers and officers had been killed numerous semi-o reactionary journalist, had stated explicitly that and 15 wounded. Seven civilians and a large the Press; bands Greece represented a useful base for a United number of animals had been killed and 15 houses soldiers who had States offensive against the Soviet Union. The destroyed. During the same period, the monarcho­ had explicitly stat purpose of the observers' activities had been fascist aggressors had lost more than 800 soldiers to attack Albania to collect information for the United States army or officers in Albanian territory, of whom 37 Albania had been and for the Greek General Staff. The activities dead and 12 wounded had not been recovered ican imperialists. I of the Special Committee had been devoted by their comrades. Seventy-five Greek soldiers to the Greek mo entirely to justifying the slanderous inventions and officers had been captured white carrying United States lead of the monarcho-fascist ruling circles of Greece arms on Albanian territory. . tain other govern concerning Albania and Bulgaria, and obviously 70. The delegati that had not failed to aggravate tension in the 66. The number of monarcho-fascist provoca­ thoughtthat the dr Balkans. tions against Albania had varied according to mittee,.which was Greece's internal and foreign situation. Provoca­ 62. By spreading such slanders, the Athens tions had been particularly frequent in the sum­ tained in the rep government had tried to persuade world public would not bear se mer' of 1945, when the Greek Government had be rejected. opinion that Albania was threatening the political made preparations to launch a real offensive independence and territorial integrity of Greece. against Albania and in particular against 71. Mr. Kiselev With the support of the Press and radio, Mr. Northern Epirus. Thev had also been frequent resolution submitt Cohen, the representative of Wall Street, had during the summer of 1946, when the Athens 1063) and stated frequently propagated such slanders in the Gen­ g-over~m.ent had put forward its claims against desire to end the t eral Assembly and in .the First Committee. The Albania at the Peace Conference in Paris and .: national relations, Special Comm'ttee had not tried to' carry out the during the winter of 1946, when the Athens 1 See Official Rec functions entrusted to. it. by the General Assern­ government had accused Bulgaria and Albania Ytar, Second Serie bly.It had tried to carry .out the task assigned in the Security Council of assisting the Greek NupplementS' No. 10 to it by the State Departlll~nt i th:.\t task had ~errill~s an,q of in,tervenin~ in the ip,t~rnl\l 0.11, annex 20. 8 NovembeJ.' 1949 257 246th plennry mootlng

.affairs of Greece.' They had been numerous, Balkans and to put an end to the blood-bath in too, during the summer of 1947, when the Greece. The Greek people must be allowed to Security Council had .examlned the report of enjoy full democratic rights and to decide their the Commission of Investigation concerning own fate. Greek Frontier Incidents'' and when the Greek 72. The delegation of the Byelorussian SSR Government had requested assistance from the would vote against the' draft resolution of the United States and the United Kingdom and had First Committee and would support the USSR asked the Security Council to take the measures draft resolution. provided in Chapter VII of the Charter against Greece's northern neighbours which, it had 73. Mr. SARPER (Turkey) said that he had not claimed, had been guilty of intervening in the intended to take part in the Assembly in a debate internal affairs of Greece," Lastly, the provoca­ on a question which had been exhaustively dis­ tions had increased on the arrival in Greece of cussed in the First Committee, but he felt obliged the so-called United Nations Special Committee to clarify one point which had been brought up on the Balkans. In August 1949, they had be­ by the representative of the Soviet Union at the come open acts of aggression, when the mon­ 244th meeting. archo-fascist troops had been thrown into the 74. Mr. Vyshinsky had said that the Soviet attack against the Albanian People's Republic Union was in possession of certain documents ' on the eve of the fourth session of the General which stated that the rebels in Greecehad received Assembly, in conformity with a plan drawn up arms and war material from countries other than by the Angle-American imperialists and fol­ Greece's northern neighbours. The three countries' lowing a campaign of pressure, threats, black­ cited by Mr. Vyshinsky included Turkey, although mail and slander. he had, of course, added that he could not guaran­ 67. On 2 August 1949, the rnonarcho-fascist tee the truth of those documents. During the dis­ troops had attacked Albanian frontier posts in cussion in the First Committee, Mr. Vyshinsky the Ve1ishta district and, with artillery and air had made the same statement. support, had occupied a section of Albanian terri­ 75. In order to dispel any doubt' which might tory. Throughout the month of August, ever­ still exist in some minds, Mr. Sarper repeated the increasing numbers .of menarche-fascist forces, clarification already offered by his delegation in commanded by the United States General Van the First Committee. The allegation made by Fleet, had carried out a succession of attacks Mr. Vyshinsky was completely without founda­ against Albanian territory. Seven divisions on a tion. There had been no traffic in arms or war war footing had been concentrated on the Alban­ material from Turkey to the Greek rebels through ian frontier. Three brigades had penetrated into any channels, not even by smuggling. Albania and had occupied strategic heights i 178 aircraft had taken part and had penetrated 13 76. Mr. KAN (China) recalled that after the kilometres into Albania, bombing and machine­ failure of the Conciliation Committee to find a gunning villages and the civilian population. basis of conciliation for an agreement between Albanian villages had been subjected to 5,251 the Governments of Albania, Bulgaria, Yugo­ rounds of shellfire. slavia and Greece, his Government had sponsored jointly with the delegations of Australia, the 68. The forces of the Albanian People's Republic United Kingdom and the United States, the two had stopped all the attacks by the aggressors and draft resolutions adopted by the First Committee had valiantly defended the integrity and inde­ and submitted to the Assembly, pendence of their country. 69. The aggressive nature of the military opera­ 77. Draft resolution A called for a peaceful set­ tionscarried out in August 1949by the monarcho­ tlement of the Greek question and draft resolu­ fascist troops against Albania was established by tion B had as its object the repatriation of Greek numerous semi-official statements and reports in children. The latter draft had been unanimously the Press i bands of monarcho-fascist officers and adopted by the First Committee and the former soldiers who had been taken prisoner in Albania by a very large majority. Mr. Kan appealed to had explicitly stated that they had been ordered the Assembly to adopt them. to attack Albania. The plan of attack against 78. There had been a very careful examination Albania had been drawn up by the Anglo-Amer­ and thorough discussion of the contents of the ican imperialists. Its execution had been entrusted two draft resolutions. Draft resolution B dealt to the Greek rnonarcho-fascist movement under with a purely humanitarian question. It was free United States leadership with the consent of cer­ from any political considerations. He hoped that tain other governments. that 'O.ra~t resolution would also be adopted by 70. The delegation of the Byelorussian SSR the unanimous vote of the Assembly. Draft reso­ thought that the draft resolution of the First Corn­ lution A contained provisions which constituted mittee,which was based on the .conclusions con­ the minimum theAssembly should do to safeguard tained in the report of the Special Committee, the political independence and territorial integrity would not bear serious consideration and should of Greece. be rejected. 79. At the 245th meeting there had been some 71. Mr. Kiselev recalled the terms of the draft argument in connexion with the proposal of the resolution submitted by the Soviet Union (AI Polish delegation .that the representative of 1063) and stated that it was based on a sincere Albania should be permitted to be heard in the desire to end the tension which prevailed in inter- Assembly. The proposal had been ruled out of .: national relations, to re-establish peace in the order by the President, and the Assembly had not had the opportunity of hearing the represent- 1 See Official Records of the Security Council, First Yur, Second Series, Supplement No. 10, annex 16; 2 See .document S/360. Supplement No. 10 A, annex 16A, and Supplement .'See Official Records of the Security Council, Second No. 11, annex 20. " Year, No. 71.' , . ative of Albania, but many representatives had to be accepted, every country unfortunate enough 90. :He heard the statements and the rel?U",;S to questions to have communlst countries as neighbours would the pur of the representatives of Albania and Bulgaria be in constant danger; For, in communist coun­ concoct in the First Committee. tries! a democratic government was the fQnn of aims of an 80. For the benefit of those who had not heard government approved br Moscow; any govern­ tions ment which did not receive the approval of Mos­ hand, at them, Mr. Kan would outline the strange ideas designed advanced by the representatives of Bulgaria and cow was called a monarcho-fascist government or a government of Wall Street. It was, however, re!lpect Albania, supported by a number of delegations prove to in the Assembly! which would at the same time extremely difficult to please Moscow. It was not serve to throw considerable light on the whole enough to be communist; it was necessary to be 91. He controversy in Greece, and pQint to a way of Cominform communist, in other words, commu­ make re solving the problem effectively. nist and, at the same time! willing to take orders conjectu from Moscow. Yugoslavia, for example, was Com­ 81. The first idea. was that Albania! Bulgaria partialit) munist but not democratic from that point of could as and other countries which had taken away Greek view. children from Greece were justified in so doing among t because they had given the children better tLreat­ 85. The Chinese delegation believed that no by the S ment and because the children were happier in country had the right to question the form of whose t( those countries than they would be in their own. government of a neighbouring country and, still Greek Whether the children had actually received bet­ less, the right to interfere in its internal affairs. called in ter treatment, and whether they were actually The invasion from Albania and Bulgaria, dis­ had bee happier, was not known, Normally, children could guised as a Greek guerrilla movement, must be supplied . not be happier when separated from their parents, stopped immediately by conciliation and peaceful them hac but, in any event, no one had the right to take means. That was the purpose and the intention ing exec children away from their countries and from of the two draft resolutions which the Chinese method their parents merely because they intended to give delegation had joined other delegations in submit­ witnesse them better treatment and make them happier. ting to the Committee. The draft resolutions pro­ willing, If that contention were accepted, any person could vided for fair and practical means of imple­ single e walk into a neighbour's home and take away the mentation. represen children because he thought that his neighbour Pelopom 86. Mr. Kan therefore appealed to the assembly and othe had not given them sufficiently good care or made to adopt the draft resolutions, so that justice them as happy as they should be. explain might prevail, so that peace in the Balkans might arms. H 82. A neighbouring country had still less right be secured, and so that disguised invasions, which composit to take away the children from another country threatened other parts of the world also, might in which and to educate them with a view to convincing be discouraged and prevented from becoming the and Uni .them that their own government was an enemy cause of another world conflagration. testimon of the people. Some of the children had even been 87. Mr. KATz-SUCHY (Poland) said that the guns all armed to fight against their own country. The draft resolution submitted by the First Commit­ the accu argument advanced by Albania and Bulgaria was tee struck a familiar note. It was not necessary to bymem that it was only natural that the children should consult .files or recall many facts to establish the be influenced by the revolutionary atmosphere in reasons for that familiarity. In spite of certain, 9\ Th which they found themselves, but.that did not minor innovations! the new draft resolution was rumours explain their right to take the childrenaway from identical to those previously adopted by the major­ clusions their own country and to place them in a revolu­ ity of the General Assembly on the Greek ques­ of any tionary atmosphere hostile to their own country. tion. The accusations against the neighbours of which n Cornmitt S3; The second dangerous idea advanced by Greece, the continuation of the United Nations Special Committee on theBalkans, the assurances of Unite Albania and Bulgaria, and supported by a number would fa of delegations in the Assembly, was that Greece of the majority of the General Assembly to the Greek Government were again repeated. that the itself was responsible for the deplorable situation impartia existing in Greece. In other words, Greece, in­ 88. Such repetition gave the impression of a stead of Albania, Bulgaria and Romania, was complete lack of responsibility both in approach­ 93. Th responsible for the guerrilla movement which had ing the question and in the proposed solution. It Katz-Sur its bases of operation in Bulgaria, Albania and would be logical that, if certain measures did not fail In h Romania and which received arms and supplies bring about a solution of the problem, new meas­ tive. The from those countries. ures should be sought and new solutions proposed. the Asse The majority of the General Assembly, however, on the ba 84. The representatives of Albaniaand Bulgaria, to prese and the representatives who supported them, had preferred to continue to follow blindly the strategic policy of the United States in the matter. authors argued that the settlement of the matter of the said tha guerrilla movement in Greece depended upon the In spite of the failure of the resolution 196 A (Ill) to provide adequate measures to remedy the because t settlement, on a democratic basis, of the internal helping t problem of Greece. In other words, the argument troubled situation, the majority was prepared to repeat the same resolution with an eagerness put beca was that the Greek Government was not a demo­ claimed .cratlc government in the sense which those coun- which showed how little concerned it was with the 'real issue. radio sta tries gave to the term democracy; and that, so Romania. long as the Greek Government was not democratic, 89. The sponsors and supporters of the draft Ml".Kat the guerrilla movement was inevitable. To be more resolution of the First Committee again.claimed 'could co specific the argument was that solong as the form that it was based on evidence .: contained in the. 0'£ government in Greece failed to meet with the report of the Special Committee. .Mr, Katz-Suchy, 94. Th approval ofits northern neighbours, the guerrilla as well as other representatives in the First Com­ drawn movement would go on, and the Greek Govern­ mittee, . had shown that' the evidence submitted events i .ment must take .the blame for what happened. Was based on rumours, hearsay, prejudice and offered i Surely that was a fantastic idea. Were that idea bad faith. ,contempt 1949 259 246th plenRl'Y lnoottng late enough 90 He had shown in the First Committee that s.oundl~', and with a total disregard of 10g!c, ours would th~ purpose of the Special Committee had been to wished it to be believed that the tragic events in unist COllO. concoct sufficient evidence to' justify the political Greece which had cost the Greek nation so much he form of aims of the United States in Greece. The accusa­ suffering and so many losses, had been caused by ny govern.. tions and conclusions had been prcpared before­ external aid. 'al of M05­ hand, and the so-called investigation had been 95. The representative of Poland invited mem­ ernment or designed merely to confirm them. B1.1t even in that bers to compare the armaments and arms used in s, however, respect it had failed, as Mr. Katz-Suchy could Greece, where the war had been going on for It was not prove to the General Assembly. three years with modern weapons, from the ssary to be 91. He could analyse the report in detail and newest British incendiary bombs to tanks and Is, commu­ make representatives see its' contradictions, the heavy bombers, with the supplies that had take orders conjectural nature of its fi~dings, the glaring allegedly been provided by Alban;a and Bulgaria. e, was tom. partiahty of the Angle-American observers. He All those alleged supplies would amount to merely ~t point of could ask representatives again to consider why, a fraction of one per cent of the amount of among the 1,105 witnesses who had been heard weapons involved in the war. Even if the two cl that no bythe Special Committee, there had not been one countries accused could have supplied the Greek ~e fonn of whose testimony had not been favourable to the guerrillas with all their weapons) that would still y and, still Greek Government or to ··the desires of the so­ have amounted to less than one per cent of the nal affairs. called investigators. He could show that witnesses military equipment delivered by the United States lgaria, dis­ had been intimidated, that all witnesses had been to Greece. It was unbelievable that the Greek It, must be supplied by the Greek authorities, that many of guerrillas could, for three years, have challenged Id peaceful them had been under sentence of death and await­ the Greek army, 205,000 strong and equipped e intention ing execution. He could speak of the unheard-of with the most modem weapons, aided by the he Chinese method applied during the hearings, by which might of. the United S!ates a~d the United King­ i in submit­ witnesses had been divided into willing and un­ dom which stood behind the puppet regime of utions pro- willing, and no witness had ever been asked a Athens. of imple- single embarrassing question. He could invite 96. The sole aim of Mr. Katz-Suchy's state­ representatives to check on a map how far the ment was to induce representatives) before voting Peloponnesus, Thrace, Mount Olympus, Samos, le assembly on the draft resolution, to consider the dangerous and other places were from any frontier, and then Implications of its adoption, and the injustice hat justice explain who had supplied the guerrillas with kans might which would be done to the United Nations, to arms. He could draw attention to the peculiar ions, which Albania, Bulgaria and Romania, and to the cause composition of the observer and military groups of peace. also, might in which, of 61 members, 41 were United States coming the and United Kingdom nationals. He could refer to 97. The problem of Greece did not require testimonies giving exact figures of bullets and appeals, argumentation or eloquence. There were d that the guns allegedly eupplied by Albania or Bulgaria, data and figures which spoke for themselves, and ,t Commit­ the accuracy of which had not been questioned statements of policy so explicit, cynical and brutal .ecessary to by members of the Committee. that they did not call for comment. He was stablish the referring to the Truman Doctrine and to the of certain. 9 \ The Assembly was being invited to accept figures of the aid to Greece programme. ilution was rumours as truth and to adopt, as its own, con­ 98. American companies had taken over all the major­ clusions which wete an insult to the intelligence major industries in Greece. Greece had become a ;l'eek ques­ of any average person. But whatever the proofs United States colony, and military operations in ghbours of which might be given to show that the Special the Greek civil war were under the complete con­ ed Nations Committee had acted in bad faith and as an agent trol of United States staff officers. United States assurances of United States expansionist policy, members military, political and economic missions decided ably to the would fail to accept them and would always claim on every aspect of Greek life. Whatever might be id. that the Committee's report was truthful and said about the Special Committee's report would impartial. ssion of a not change the fact that Greece had lost its politi­ , approach­ 93. There were, however,' two facts to which Mr. cal independence. solution. It Katz-Suchy must draw attention if he was not to 99. None of the sponsors or supporters of the res did not fail in his duty as his Government's representa­ draft resolution had any doubts on that question. new meas­ tive. The first was that the draft resolution invited Every observer who had visited Greece confirmed 5 proposed. the Assembly to condemn three sovereign States it. The well known journalist, Howard K. Smith, r, however, on the basis of flimsy evidence. Without troubling chief of the European News Bureau of the ilindly the to present satisfactory evidence, the American Columbia Broadcasting System, who had recently the matter. authors and the other supporters of the report visited Greece, said in a book entitled The State ion 196 A said that Romania must be condemned, not of Europe that no one was protecting Greek' remedy the because they had found evidence that it had been democracy, for it did not exist. Democracy' in irepared to helping the Greek guerrillas and supplying arms, Greece was. a paper facade, and beyond a quarter eagerness put because the Special Committee's observers of a mile radius of the hotel districts of Athens : was with claimed to have established that the Free Greek and Salonika where the foreigners lived, not even radio station was situated in Romania and that the facade existed. No one was seeking to pre­ Romania had a committee to aid the Greek people. the draft serve Greek independence, for there was no such Mr. Katz-Suchy asked whether any honest person thing. dn claimed .could consider that as evidence. ned in the 100.. Howard K. Smith agreed with Homer :atz-Suchy, 94. The second fact to which attention must be Bigart, of the New York Herald TribUne, ~atall First Com- drawn was the. striking disproportion between the claims that Greek democracy and independ­ submitted events in Greece and the explanation of them ence. were being defended were a mere blind. judice and offered in the rep(ltt. The Special Committee, in 101. Another United States observer,' John ,contempt of the' Assembly's abilities to judge Gunther, who had recently visited Greece and

"".,.~.". 246lh plcoRl'Y meeting 260

devoted to it a chapter entitled "The American 108. It had started in December 1944, when and fourteen War in Greece" in his book Behitld the Curtain, United Kingdom troops had occupied Greece, had enlisted had a similar opinion. Mr. Gunther had been after the Greek democratic forces had Success­ and hooligan. much concerned as to the shock which his descrip­ fully driven out the nazi invader. The purpose of real defende tion might produce upon the reader in the United the intervention by the United Kingdom in had brought , States, and had therefore been careful to describe Greece had been to save the Greek menarche, were the men the situation in Greece and the dependence of fascists from their well-deserved fate at the hands past, were sf Greece on the United States in very mild terms. of the Greek people and, at the same time, to yet another 0 Nevertheless, he wrote that Greece was corn­ establish in Greece a government friendly to the 112. Those pletely an American puppet; that final authority United Kingdom in view of British strategic had ever dolt over high policy rested just as much if not more interests in that part of the world. British had I with the United States Congress in Washington 109. Elections had been held, under the threat had contacted as with the Greek Parliament in Athens i and of British bayonets. Those elections had been inconsiderable that the United States played politics to such an considered as proving that the Tsaldaris govern­ theBritish ha extent that no Greek Cabinet could possibly ment was representative and had come.to power and had wis remain in office without United States approval. as a result of free elections. They had, however, nazi occupati 102. Those opinions had been expressed by two been described by many foreign witnesses, includ­ the so-called well known United States writers, but even some ing some British Members of Parliament and which had m Greeks had expressed similar opinions. The New some United States Congressmen, as the greatest but had been York Post of 18 November 1949 had revealed fraud ever heard of. They had been preceded by pation of Gr that Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. George terror. Within three months, 1,$00 Greek demo­ 113. The p McGhee, had received a group of prominent crats had been murdered by the fascists. The civil war an Greeks, headed by George Exintaris, executive EAM had repeatedly warned that such methods States Gove of the Liberal Athens newspaper Vima, who had would lead to civil war and that the terror must British were come to the United States in an unofficial capacity. stop, but the Greek fascists and their British pro­ which the C The group had had a lengthy conference with tectors had refused to listen. The inevitable had ing Greek Fr Mr. McGhee, who had been about to go abroad happened. Those who had heroically fought the and later the . to the conference of United States Ambassa­ nazi invader, had taken up arms again to protect might also b dors. They had stated that the regime of their lives and liberty. Thus'the Greek monarcho­ ning of 1947 Premier Alexander Diomedes was utterly unable fascists, aided and abetted by the United King­ Greekdemoc to cope with the wide-spread corruption, nepotism, dom Government, had started civil war in Greece for conciliati incompetence and tax evasion prevailing in the three years previously. the third ses Government. They had told Mr. McGhee that a 110. Mr. Cohen, who might be described as the provisional G military coup d'etat was being prepared and that representative of the Wall Street delegation, had holding de f a military dictatorship would be established. ventured, at the 244th meeting, on an excursion territory, had 103. The same report had also revealed that as into history. He might find it possible to consult that it was pr much as a year previously, the State Department his neighbour, Mr. McNeil, who would tell him concession to had prepared a report, never published, in which what government had been in power in Greece fratricidal wa it had recommended the. suspension of the Greek when the British had helped to abolish it, and been defeate Parliament and the establishment of a non-politi­ whether it had not been a coalition of all demo-. despite the et cal government of high calibre civi\ians. cratic forces, including EAM. Mr. McNeil might States, Unit . . also be able to tell Mr. Cohen of his arrival in Staffs. It had 104. It must not be thought that there were no see peace est clashes between the Greek puppets and their Athens in 1945, and of the way he had dictated United States masters, but in such conflicts the the composition of a certain Greek government. devastation " In exchange for that information,' Mr. Cohen because it tho puppets were usually the losers. might perhaps tell Mr. McNeil how, during the a better fate 105. The Greek-American daily published in crisis of 1948, the United States Ambassador had war. It had si New York, Ethnikos Kiri», which supported the quickly seen to the formation of a government so then Preside views of the Athens government, had described that it might at least be possible to represent it Evatt, to rest an interesting case in its issue of 15 November as such to the General Assembly. After that would do any 1949. It appeared that a disagreement had arisen exchange of information, they might correct their outcome. between the Minister of National Economy, Mr. previous statements. 114. Neither Mavrcs, and the director of foreign trade, Mr. 111. During the discussions in the First Com­ Kingdom nor Terrel-an American from the economic mission fascist Greek -concerning the extent of competence, of the mittee, many speakers had referred to the heroic struggle of the Greek people against the nazi and conciliato Greek Minister. As a result, Mr. Mavros had had not been submitted his resignation. invaders. Among them had been the representa­ tive of Greece, who had brazenly tried. to repre­ thev had soug 106. Mr. Katz-Suchy wished to put an end to sent the struggle of the Greek people against the civilians; it the glib talk about independence and democracy nazis as that of the existing Greek Government. devastating ht in Greece, because both had been lost by the Greek It had become common knowledge that those who horrible tortu people. .composed' the existing Greek Government under crime was tha 107. Greece, however, although it had lost its Angle-American auspices had had nothing to do their madness political independence, still had Greek inhabitants, with the struggle for the freedom of their coun-' moments of I try, The existing rulers of Greece had contributed that the Unit and those who fought each other were not Amer­ testing groun icans but Greeks. The United States Government to the war efforts of the Allies by living lavishly was directing the war, the horrible fratricidal at the Mayfair Hotel in. London, or by serving ment and that the occupying Power invarious ways, but always need of a civi struggle, pouring arms into Greece and constantly the face of A adding 'fuel to the fire, in order to be able. to to the great advantage \of the'occupier. British spread it further when it so decided, but those .intelligence officers who had contacted the famous 115. The G who suffered and starved and died were Greeks, EDES band, often represented as the war effort merini, for in riot Americans. That was the real. issue before .of the Tsaldaris clique, had been amazed ,to find memorandum the .General Assembly. . d that it had consisted solely of Napoleon Zervas ment, that it V(',I11bCl' 194 261 246th plenary meeting

!r 1944, when and fourteen officers, After the war, that group killing each other, and that it was therefore up xipled Greece, had enlisted the help of all kinds of scoundrels to them to consider quickly and seriously what s had Success­ and hooligans to murder democratic leaders. The they should do in order to. stop killing each other. lhe purpose of real defenders of Greek freedom, the men who The writer had concluded by saying that it would Kingdom ill had brought about the liberation of their country, have been inadvisable to put the point more eek monarcho­ were the men of ELAS and EAM, who, as in the plainly, for the Greeks were not alone. Thus even lte at the hands past, were stilt striving to protect Greece against a monarchist newspaper had been afraid to speak same time, to yet another occupation. freely under the monarchist regime. friendly to the 112. Those were men whose patriotism none 116. It should be pointed out that that editorial ritish strategic had ever doubted. When, to defeat the nazis, the had been published a few weeks after the Greek British had needed an ally in the Balkans, they democratic forces had called for a loyal coalition. ider the threat had co?tacted ELAS, which they had helped with The .Greek democratic army, seeing the terrible tons had been inconsiderable amounts of arms. When, however, devastation of their country and its economic ildaris govern­ the British had needed military and strategic bases enslavement, had once again urged that a settle­ come. to power and had wished to substitute their own for the ment could be found in the spirit of conciliation. had. however, nazi occupation, they had made use of EDES, That appeal to all the people of Greece had not messes, includ­ the so-called white guards and the royal army, been a sign of weakness, but a true expression of larliament and which had never seen service on any battlefield, the devotion of the Greek democrats to their as the greatest but had been kept in reserve for the future occu­ liberties and of their love for their country. en preceded by pation of Greece by the fascists and the British. 117. In May 1948, the provisional democratic ) Greek demo- 113. The political and military aspects of that government of Greece had made it clear that fascists. The civil war and the manner in which the United despite the military success of 'die Greek demo­ . such methods States Government had taken over from the cratic forces, it was willing to establish a coalition he terror must British were known to all, as was the way in government. It had said it was ready, as always, eir British pro- which the Commission of Investigation concern­ to accept and encourage any action, regardless of inevitable had ing Greek Frontier Incidents had come into being its origin, which would assist in restoring peace L11y fought the and later the history of the Special Committee. It to Greece. It.had added that the popular demo­ gain to protect might also be remembered that, from the begin­ cratic movement had never intended nor did it :eek monarcho- ning of 1947 and throughout 1948 and 1949, the intend to claim exclusive power; it was always United King­ Greek democratic army had never ceased to appeal ready to discuss every proposal which would be war in Greece for conciliation. A year had passed since, during for the good of the people and the country. the third session of the General Assemblv, the 118. In October 1948, the Greek democrats had escribed as the provisional Greek democratic government, though again renewed their offer. In a letter to the Gen­ delegation, had holding de facto power over two-thirds of Greek eral Assembly, they had stated that the provisional 1 an excursion territory, had issued an appeal stressing the fact democratic government and the democratic army sible to consult that it was prepared to make the greatest possible were ready to agree to any step calculated to help would tell him concession to obtain a cease-fire and stop the the people towards reconciliation and peace, and wer in Greece fratricidal war. It had not done so because it had that the sole purpose of their proposal was to abolish it, and been defeated, and it was continuing to do so secure a return to normal life within Greece and n of all demo-: despite the claims to victory made by the United the strengthening of international peace. McNeil might States, United Kingdom and Greek General his arrival in Staffs. It had done so because it was anxious to 119. But there had been no response. The le had dictated . see peace established, because it saw the great United States' Government had been determined :k government. devastation which war had brought to Greece, to prevent any possible agreement or conciliation n,: Mr. Cohen because it thought that the Greek people deserved between those Greeks who were fighting for their ':JW, during the a better fate than that of tools in the American freedom and those who were fighting for their mbassador had war. It had sincerely welcomed the efforts of the fortune. government so then President of the General Assembly, Mr. 120. Events not long past, statements and inci­ to represent it Evatt, to restore peace and had declared that it dents had lifted the veil on United States inten­ ly. After that would do anything in its power to achieve a happy tions in Greece. A series of frontier incidents, ht correct their outcome. accompanied by verbal incitements to war with 114. Neither the United States nor the'United Albania, had shown clearly that the United States, he First Com­ Kingdom nor, last but not least. the monarcho­ satisfied with what it regarded as the totaloccupa­ tion of Greece, was considering extending its d to the heroic fascist Greek Government had taken a reasonable and conciliatory attitude. The monarcho-fascists power in the Balkans by the occupation of :ainst the nazi Albania. The Special Comrnittee :had paid.no the representa­ had not been allowed to do so. It was true that attention to the many violations of the Albanian tried.to repre­ thev had sought and taken revenge on defenceless frontier by Greek military forces, although in ple against the civilians; it was true that they were merciless in devastating hundreds of villages and in inflicting extent and number they rivalled any of the inci­ k Government. dents, frontier crossings and armed engagements that those who horrible tortures on men and women whose only crime was that of being anti-fascist, Yet even in to wbich reference was made in the report it had ernment under conc(;cted. Even since the General Assembly, at nothing to do their madness, the menarche-fascists had known of their coun-: moments of lucidity. Some at least had realized its chrrent session, had embarked on the discus­ sion of the Greek question, thirtyfurther frontier lad contributed that the United States was using Greece as a clashes had occurred to which. no one in the living lavishly testing ground for new American military equip­ Special .• Committee had paid any .attention. By or by serving ment and that the United States Government had reason.of .its smallness, the poverty of its terri­ iys, but always need of a civil war to justify its intervention in the face of American public opinion. tory and its isolation from any potential allies, cupier. British Albania had been the victim selected. .. . ted the famous 115. The Greek monarchist newspaper Kathi­ the war effort merini, for instance, had written,' in' reply to a 121. Mr. Katz-Suchy had no intention of again amazed to find memorandum of the provisional Greek govern­ quoting the incitements to war which could be ipoleon 'Zervas ment, that it was Greeks who were fi~htin:g and found in the British and American press and in 246th p1enlU'1 meeting 262 18 November 1949 '18 November the Greek fascist press. He would not quote again 124. The way was still open. The draft resolu­ mentioned in th statements made in the British Parliament which tion of the Soviet Union went to the very roots Union (A/1080, were nothing less than incitement to hatred of the problem-the necessity for both internal that was known bloodshed and war, or statements of United State~ and external conciliation-and offered an excel­ 2)000 persons s generals who cherished nostalgic dreams of enter­ lent opportunity for solving it. None of the include those w ing Tirana on a white horse. It would suffice to counter-arguments had been directed at the con­ court proceeding recall the report of the Conciliation Committee­ tent of the draft resolution itself. They had all had wanted to established by the First Committee and presided been of a procedural nature, submitted by repre­ democratic count over by the President of the General Assembly sentatives who had sought refuge in Article 2 to see that United States designs on Albania' paragraph 7 of the Charter in order to escap~ 128. The numb which Greece expressed only on behalf of it~ from the call to duty embodied in the draft resolu­ ing. Since the c !Uaste.r, constituted the one real stumbling block­ tion. Those arguments were most hypocritical. It. had opened, ne' ingeniously erected by the United States-to could ~ot be,said that free ~l~ctions, an amnesty, sentences had be achieving conciliation at the current session. a frontier settlement, or the withdrawal of foreign and they would troops constituted interference in the internal would go on a 122. The Greek monarcho-Iascists had refused affairs of Greece, when the United States was allowed it. to renounce their military designs and their desire ruling Greece, with the United Kingdom as a 129. Mr. Katz­ for Albanian territory. In order, as he had put it repre~ junior partner, and when the Greek Government the third session to sa,:e the sensitivitr of the Greeks, the was, as always, relegated to the role of executioner Notice had rec sentative of the UmtedStates had recognized of its own people. ' eleven trade uni their claims. The Tsaldaris clique had not been mercy j the cable ~o 125. The Greek problem was one of internal sensitive about Greece being ruled by Amer­ spell the doom 0 icans, It had not been so sensitive when in 1945 peace, the end of foreign intervention, and the rule of justice. All Greece's problems arose from King Paul of Gr Mr. McNeil had dictated the composition of ~ urgently to the Greek government. It was not so sensitive in face the fact that the country had become a pawn in the power politics of the United States. It was to intervene one of the large nU?'lber ?f A~erican military, politi­ hideous crimes i cal and economic advisers m Greece who lived in not communism which threatened Greece, as Mr. Cohen had tried to imply. It was an American innocent men, fig luxury ~nd enjoyed diplomatic immunity, or when better life for th the United States Ambassador, a United States who had said that Greece's problem was not com­ general and an American economic adviser munism, but government and outright economic 130. The vote' forme~ both the legislative and the executive injustices. The author of those words had had to whether those power ~n. Greece. The Greek fascists had not been pay with his life for those and similar opinions. draft resolution, so sensitive when a part of sovereign Greek terri­ He was George Polk, who was murdered by the and all the others tory, inhab.ited ~y. 400,O~ Greeks-who, regard­ Greek fascists. would be free, less of their political behefs, wanted their island 126. The affairs of Greece had long ceased to be Scores of thousa to be returned to Greece-had become a crown internal affairs. They had become of international dren were waiti colony under a British Governor. They had never concern because of the presence of United King­ thousands of oth even dare? to raise L'1ei~ voices to question the dom and United States troops in Greece and, in on Greek soil, do?btful r~ghts of the United Kingdom to Cyprus. view of. the aggressive plans of those powers and General Assembl WIth outside encou~agement,. they had, however, of the Greek monarcho-fascists, they constituted learn whether fa dared to launch a wild campaign against Albania away to an unkn a threat to world peace and security. They had not refuse to an for they had become sensitive when Albania had ceased to be the internal affairs of Greece because responsibility for refused to yield to their claims. • ..' there was no independent Greece and because 131. Offers of 123. Everyone knew that it was the United United States arms and munitions were being poured in to prevent Greece from attaining inde­ been rejected by ~tat~s whi~h had refused to renounce Greek ter­ advice of the U ritorial claims. There was stilt time, however, for pendence. Mr. McNdl had sought to justify United States intervention because it had been , had been easy fo the General Assembly to act. The greatest oppor­ to give orders for tunity to seek conciliation would be lost if it did agreed to by the rulers of Greece, but he should know of similar cases where the rulers of some tion, the terror not act. Both the current and the third sessions yillages and the '0 of the General Assembly had set an excellent European countries had yielded to Hitler. Mr. Katz-Suchy reminded the United Kingdom rep­ 111 Greece. United re~ord in dealing with the problem of Greek strategic and eco children, Member States had been deeply con­ resentative that, when a democratic government in Spain had been fighting a civil war against war. The Membe ~erned wit~ !he fate of those youngest and most ever, were not !nnoce?~ victims of war and had disregarded the fascists supported and equipped by Germany and Italy, which had participated directly in that civil interests; they Ignoml.n~ous. attempts of th~ .Greek representative, were suffering .s Mr. Pipinelis, to make political capital out of the war, the United Kingdom and 'France had estab­ lished a policy of non-intervention for the pur­ that United St~te sufferings of those children. Had it been other­ was the real issu wise, neither General Assembly resolution 193 C pose of helping the fascists to destroy Spanish (HI), nor draft resolution B which .was before democracy. When, however, a fascist government 132. Members the Assembly, could have been drafted jointly by invited foreign intervention in order to maintain million uprooted the members of the largest drafting committee of itself in power against the will of its.own people; total population 0 the Assembly, the First Committee and adopted­ Mr. McNeil, in the best tradition of British Tory out of their home pnanimously. Mr. Katz-Suchy wondered whether foreign policy, sought to justify such intervention. and forced either It was not possible to draw up jointly some new 127. Throughout the whole discussion the prob­ slave labourers in fortifications. Mer recommendations for the settlement of the Greek lem of executions, terror and martyrdom had loomed.large. M~mbers could not escape it, or extermination of questions as a w~ole, instead of repeating old sequence of the charges and adopting measures which had twice leave without stating whether they wished murder and terror to continue in Greece. Mr. McNeil States policy of proved futile and would never prove to be any- d~mocratic army thing otherwise. . could not cover up his negative vote and his sup­ p,Ol1t for .executions by a vote on competence. WIth the total de Scores of thousands of Greeks in prisons and con­ I See Official Records of the fourthSlssion of the I See. 0 fJicial Rec General Assembly, annex to the First Committee docu-. centration . camps were waiting for the vote. General Assembly ment ·A/C.1/S06; , Members hadheard their story. Some names were meeting. .' 263 246111 plenary meeting draft resolu- mentioned in the draft resolution of the Soviet side, with the poverty, starvation, malnutrition he very roots Union (A/lOSO), but others were not known. All and unemployment of millions, and with the tens both internal that was known was the cold figure of nearly of thousands of children who had been made to red an excel­ 2 000 persons shot since 1946, which did not suffer as victims of the Truman Doctrine. If None of the i~chtde those who had been murdered without representatives in the Assembly decided to sac­ ~d at the con­ court proceedings. All those who had been k' rifice the lives and the sufferings of the Greek They had all had wanted to live as citizens of a free and people to United States foreign policy, their tted by repre- democratic country, hands would remain bloodstained, like the hands in Article 2, 128. The number of death sentences was mount­ of all those who were ruling Greece, whether der to escape ing. Since the current session of the Assembly British, American, or Greek, e draft resolu­ had opened, nearly one hundred known death 133. Mr. Katz-Suchy recalled that those who iypocritical. It. sentences had been passed. There would be more fought in Greece were the same guerrillas who, S, an amnesty, and they would be followed by executions. It answering the call of the Allied leaders, had gone wal of foreign would go on as long as the United Nations out so gallantly to fight the nazis and fascists. I the internal allowed it. Their heroic struggle was, as always, that of all ed States was democratic peoples. They had been fighting for Gngdom as a 129. Mr. Katz-Suchy recalled that once, during the third session, a vote .had saved eleven lives.' peace and freedom and democracy everywhere, le Government not only in Greece, tile Balkans and Europe, but of executioner Notice had recently been received that those eleven trade union members had been refused throughout the world. mercyj the cable stated that all that remained to 134. In the history of man's struggle against le of internal spell the doom of the eleven was the signature of ition, and the tyranny and oppression, there had never been a King Paul of Greece. Their trade union appealed more courageous, a more determined little army ns arose from urgently to the Assembly to use its good offices me a pawn in fighting against heavier odds than that handful of to intervene once more to stop one of the most Greeks surrounded by United States guns, States. It was hideous crimes in history, the execution of eleven :ireece, as Mr. bombarded from United States planes and vilified innocent men, fighters for democracy, peace and Cl. by United States propaganda. an American better life for the working people of Greece. . was not com­ 135. The representative of Poland was.sure that, 'ight economic 130. The vote' of the Assembly would decide in spite of political differences, many members 'ds had had to whether those enumerated in the Soviet Union felt in their hearts that that little group of gallant nilar opinions. draft resolution, those enumerated in the cable, men had earned their respect and won their irdered by the and all the others, would live or die, whether they sympathy. That was why he felt confident that ! would be free, or whether they would be shot. i many delegations would support the USSR draft I Scores of thousands of wives, mothers and chil­ resolutions. 19 ceased to be dren were waiting for the vote. Hundreds of ~ f international thousands of other democrats, who were still alive 136. The PRESl'OENT appealed to the representa­ I United King­ on Greek soil, were awaiting the vote in the tives to observe the rules of decorum in the :i-reece and, in General Assembly to learn their future fate, to debates. The use of such expressions as se powers and learn whether fascists were going to take them "American colony" when referring to Greece, iey constituted away to an unknown fate. Representatives could which was a sovereign Member State, or "country ity, They had not refuse to answer and they would bear the governed by puppets of the State Department", or :i-reece because responsibility for their answer. "delegation of Wall Street" when referring to the ~ and because United States, or "satellites of Moscow" and Offers of conciliation and settlement had IS were being 131. "representatives of the Cominform" when refer­ been rejected by the Athens regime, upon the attaining inde­ ring to the Eastern European countries, was (ht to justify advice of the United States military mission. It , had been easy for the United States Government beneath the dignity of the United Nations and e it had been did not make for conciliation, good-will or peace. to give orders for the continuation of the persecu­ but he should He therefore gave warning that thereafter such tion, the terror, the devastation of towns and :ulers of some statements would not be allowed and, if and when o Hitler. Mr. villages and the operation of concentration camps in Greece. United States interests in Greece-both they were made, he wouldorder that. they should Kingdom rep­ be expunged- from the records. ic government strategic and economic-prospered.from the civil i1 war against war. The Members of the United Nations, how­ 137. The President put'draft resolution A of the First Committee to the vote. , Germany and ever, were not concerned with United States 0" :Iy in that Civil interests; they were concerned with those who The resolauon was adopted by 50 votes to 6, nee had .;stab­ were suffering, starving and dying in Greece so with 2 abstentions. - . that United States interests might prosper. That 1 for the pur­ was the real issue. 138. .J The PRESII>ENT put draft r.esolutionB of estroy Spanish the First Committee fothevote.· . ist government 132. Members were concerned .with the one .er to maintain million uprooted peasants- one-seventh of the The resolution was adopted unanimously. its own people, total population of Greece-who had been driven 139. Mr. ARUTIUNIAN (Union of Soviet Social­ If British Tory out of their homes by the monarcho-fascist troops ist Republics) requested that the draft resolution :h intervention. and forced either to take up arms or to work as of the Soviet Union, contained in document ision, the prob­ slave labourers in the construction of roads and A/1063, should be voted on by roll-call, paragraph iartyrdom had fortifications. Members were concerned with the by paragraph, and then as a whole. extermination of the Greek peasantry as a con­ t escape it, or The PRESIDENT accordingly put to the 'vote sequence of the cold-blooded, ruthless United 140. wished murder the preamble and the first paragraph of .'the :. Mr. McNeil States policy of creating a vacuum around the d~mocratic army of Greece. They were concerned USSR draft resolution as far as the words "to te and his sup­ With the total devastation. of the Greek country- cease military operations". in competence. A vote was taken byroll..call. risons and con­ ' See. 0 jficial Records of the third session of the for the vote. General Assembly, Part I, First Committee, 186th .Cuba,Mvmg .been dfa'lV1f, by lot by the Presi'-- me names were meettng. , , dent, was called q,pon !o vote first. .' 246th pl~nat.y meeting 264 18 Novembe.:l' 1949 '. 'November

In favour: Czechoslavakia, Haiti, Poland, Abstaining: Guatemala, India, Israel, Uruguay, El Salvador, E Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Yemen, Ecuador. Honduras, Icelat embourg, Nethei Soviet Socialist Republics, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Sub-paragraph (b) was rejected bv 46 votes to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. ~ Norway, Pakist 6, 'l.uith 6 obstentions; philippines, Sau Against: Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, El Salvador, 143. The PRESIDENT put to the vote sub-para, land, Turkey, t Ethiopia, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, N ether­ graph (c). . Kingdom of Gre lands, New Zealand, N orway, Panama, Paraguay, A vote suas ta,ken by roll-call. United States 0 Sweden, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United Belgium, Bolivia Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Lebanon, ltavi1~g been drawn by lot by tlle United States of America, Venezuela, Australia, President, was called upon to vote first. Abstaining: C Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Canada, Chile, Israel, Mexico, China. I1t favour: Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Argentina. Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Abstaining: Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Yugoslavia, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re­ S14b-pm'agrap! France, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, public, Czechoslovakia. 6, with 10 abste Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Agai1~st: Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, 146. The PRE Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria, paragraph (f). Thailand, Uruguay, Afghanistan, Argentina, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Colombia. Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, A vote' was ta Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Syria, Thai­ The preamble and the first paragraph of the land, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United The Philippin draft resoluti01t were rejected by 27' votes to 8. Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the President, w 'with 23 abstentions. United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, In favour: P 141. The PRESIDENT put to the vote the second Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Republic, Unio paragraph and sub-paragraph (a), beginning with Burma, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Yugoslavia, Bye the words "and recommends". Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, lie, Czechoslova El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Haiti, A vote 'ZJ,NJS taken by roll-call. Honduras, Iceland, Iran, Iraq. Nicaragua, having been drawn by lot by the President. was called 1'P01t to vote first. Abstaining: Yemen, Afghanistan, Guatemala, India, Israel. In favour: Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist TW Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Sub-paragraph (c) was rejected by 47 votes to 6, Yugoslavia, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Repub­ with 5 abstentions. Held at lic, Czechoslovakia. 144. The PRESIDENT put to the vote sub-para­ Against: Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Para­ graph (d). guay, Peru, Philippines, Sweden, Turkey, Union A vote was taken by roll-coll. Threats' to t of South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Thailand, having been drawn by lot by the and territ Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of President, was called upon to vote first. America, Venezuela, Argentina, Australia, Bel­ (continue gium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Canada, Chile, In favour: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Repub­ 1. .The PRESID ,China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, lic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Byelo­ the Conciliation Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Haiti, Iceland, russian Soviet Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia, First Committe Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, N ether- Poland. conversations w lands, New Zealand. . Against: Turkey, Union of South Africa, few days. Abstaining: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 2. In view of Thailand, .!:Tl1'uguay, Yemen, Afghanistan, Colom­ Ireland, United States of America, Venezuela, the Soviet Unio bia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Yugoslavia, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, agreed to postp India, Iran, Israel, Mexico. Burma, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Assembly of The second paragraph and sub-paragraph (a) Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethio­ (A/1080) and were rejected by 36votes to 6. with 16 abstentions. pia, Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, tion (A/I116). Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, 142. The PRESIDENT put to the vote sub­ 3. The Assem New Zealand, Nicaragua, 'Norway, Pakistan, ately to the nex paragraph (b). Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Saudi A vote was taken by roll-call. Arabia, Sweden, Syria. Question of Ethiapia. having been drawn by lot by the Abstaining: Thailand, Uruguay, Yemen, Af­ Italian Co President. was called upon to vote first. ghanistan, Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, France, ,Committe In favour: Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Guatemala, India, Israel, Mexico. the Fifth Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Sub-paragraph (d) was rejected by 41 votes to 4. Mr. DE DIE Yugoslavia, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re­ 5. with 12 abstentions. . public, Czechoslovakia. First Committee 145. The PRESIDENT put to the vote sub-para­ Committee and Against: Ethiopia, France, Greece, Haiti.iHon­ graph (e). tions (A/I089). duras, Iceland, Iran, .Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New. Zealand, A vote was taken by roll-call. 5.. Numerous d Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,Paraguay, Burma. having been drawn by lot by the Presi- discussion on th Peru,Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Syria, dent. was called upon to uote' first. ' colonies and ha Thailand, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United representatives Kingdom-of Great Britain and NorthernIreland, In favour: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re­ cal parties of th United States of America, Venezuela; Afghan­ public, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukrainian Soviet resolutions 'had istan, Argentina, .Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Socialist Republic; Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ suggestions' for' Brazil, Burma,·Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, publics, Yugoslavia. been made. The' Cuba, Denmark, Dominican'Republic, Egypt, El Against: Burma, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, 1 See 0 jJidal R Salvador. . , Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, General AssemblYJ

...... _._".. - Novemberl949 265 247th plenary meeting ruguay, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Haiti, AgaitlSt: Philippines, Saudi Arabia,· Sweden, Honduras, Iceland, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Lux­ Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Union of South Africa, embourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern votes to Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Syria, Thai­ Venezuela, Yemen, Afghanistan, Argentina, Aus­ ib-para- land, Turkey, Union of. South Afrlca, United tralia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Canada, Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Denmark, Domini­ United States of America, Venezuela, Australia, can Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil. Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon­ by tile Abstaining: Colombia, Guatemala, India, Iran, duras, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, Mexico, Uruguay, Yemen, Afghanistan, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Socialist Argentina. ~publics, Paraguay, Peru. ist Re- Sub-paragraph (e) was re/ected by 42 votes to Abstaitling: Israel. 6, with 10 abstentions. . Sub-paragraph (f) was reiecied by 51 votes to mbourg, 146. The PRESIDENT put to the vote sub­ 6, with one abstention. paragraph (I). caragua, 147. The PRESIDENT said that as each of the , Peru, A vote' was taken by roll~~all. sub-paragraphs had been rejected it would be a, Thai- The Philippines, havi?l.g been {lrawn by lot by useless to vote on the draft as a whole. He there­ United fore declared the draft resolution rejected. Ireland, the President, was called 1~P.oJl to vote first. nezuela, In favour: Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist 148. He said that the Assembly would take up Brazil, Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom draft resolution (£\./1116) l, Cuba, Yugoslavia, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Repub- at' the following meeting. , Egypt, lic, Czechoslovakia. . The meeting rose at 6.10 p.m. , Haiti, aternala, TWO mrNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH PLENARY MEETING Ites to 6, Held at Flushing Meadow, New York, on Saturday, 19 'November 1949, at 10.45 a.m; ub-para- President: General CarIos P. R6MuLo (Philippines), ~ Threats to the political independence delegation calling for the establishment of a sub­ by the and territorial integrity of Greece committee to study the proposals and suggestions which had been submitted to the Committee, as I (continued) well as those which might be submitted to the • Repub­ 1. The. PRESIDENT reminded the Assembly that Sub-Committee itself, had been approved. I, Byelo­ the Conciliation Committee had been asked by the slovakia, First Committee" to continue its work and that 6. The Sub-Committee had held twenty-nine meetings, and the significant fact that it had sub­ conversations would take place during the next I few days. mitted a single draft -resolution containing a Africa, formula for a total solution of the problem 'Jorthern 2. In view of that fact, the representatives' of showed the persistent, patient and constructive enezuela, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom had work which it had accomplished. ',. , Brazil, agreed to postpone consideration by the General )enmark, Assembly of the USSR draft resolution 7. When the First Committee had discussed the r, Ethio­ (A/1080) and the United Kingdom draft resolu- report' presented by the Sub-Committee, it had an, Iraq, tion (Aj1116). . . . noted the spirit of goodwill, conciliation, and genuine desire to solve the problem in the, best herlands, 3. The Assembly would therefore pass immedi- Pakistan, possible way which had inspired each of the rep re­ ately to the next item on the agenda, : sentatives on the Sub-Committee. It seemed -that " Saudi that same spirit had been reflected 'In the First Question of the disposal of theformer Committee itself, judging from the fact that draft nen, Af­ Italian Colonies: report of the -First resolution A, which the First 'Committee was , France, -Committee (A/I089) and report of recommending to theGeneralAssembly, had been \~ the Fifth Committee (A/l,109) approved by 49 votes to one, with 8 abstentions, I votes to 4. Mr. DE DIEGO (Panama), Rapporteur of the 8. The other two draft resolutions recommended First Committee, presented the report of the First by the Committee;'designated as B and-C; were sub-para- Committee and the accompanying draft resolu- self-explanatory. Draft resolution Eo set forth the tions (Ajl089). ',. procedure for .appointing a United Nations corn­ 5. Numerous delegations had participated in the missioner in Libya, and the other referred.to the Interim Committee the consideration -of the pro- . he p.resi- dlscussion on the disposalof the former Italian colonies and had 'heard statements' madeby the cedure to be adopted for. the delimitation of the representatives of various organizations and politi­ boundaries.of the. former Italian colonies, in so alist Re.. cal parties of the territories concerned." Six draft far as they had not beef). determined by inter- national agreements. . > ill Soviet resolutions 'had been submitted and a. number of ... . _. .. " I' ~ ialist Re- sUggestions -.for a solution of the question' had 9. -The.PRESID:ENT drew the Assemblyis atten­ been made. The-draft resolution of the Argentine tion to the report, of the ,Fifth., Com~i.tte~ la, Cuba, 1 See Official Records of. the fourth session ~f th: 21bid.,278th to 293rd, and 31lthto324th .nieetin~~; r, Egypt, General Assembly;, First. Committee, 276th- meeting. ' inclusive. ." - !SOIlIlD-12