IDTA Newsletter Volume 13 Issue 2 June 2018

Contents

IDTA Online Community Gathering 30 June 2018— Last chance to book a FREE place 2 IDTA Council News 4 TA Proficiency Awards 5 What is TA Counselling - or is it Coaching? Julie Hay 7

Errata: Julie Hay writes – I made a mistake with the length of a CTA contract in my article ‘Designing a CTA Programme’ that appeared in the IDTA Newsletter March 2018. I wrote 7 and should have said 5 years. The article was amended and put back onto the IDTA website on 11 April 2018.

Obituary for Bill Heasman It is with great sadness that we advise that Bill Heasman, PTSTA Organisational and the Vice President of IDTA, died on Monday 2 April. Bill had been ill for some time but had continued to be positive and upbeat, maintaining his contacts with us until a few weeks before his death. Bill was an engaging TA trainer and a fantastic modeller of I’m OK, You’re OK. The word ‘nice’ is often misused in English when we cannot think of something positive to say but Bill really was a truly nice person, who saw the best in everyone, was always supportive and was great fun to be around. The TA community has lost a valuable member.

IDTA Online Community Gathering 30 June 2018 1100-1500 UK time (BST)

Open for Bookings PTO for the Programme - several great sessions demonstrating a wide variety of TA applications

We have been running online Community Gathering events since April 2016 and this will be our 5th. Attendance is a free benefit to all IDTA members. Currently we also invite ITAA members and SATAA members because of the IDTA partnership arrangement with ITAA. For previous events we have had participation from Belgium, Brazil, France, India, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey and UK, with requests to have the recordings received from members in Australia, China, Russia and the USA because of the UK timings. Each time, we have several sessions in sequence, so we run it as one 4-hour event, with a 20-minute break, so that all participants are logged in for all presentations. We are using Zoom, which is great because it allows for any number of Webcams to be showing and also allows plenty of audience participation.

Free to IDTA, ITAA, SATAA members – just email [email protected] to book Non-members – join for £20 (discounts for economically-disadvantaged areas of the world) – just email and we will process your membership and your booking

IDTA Newsletter Volume 13 Issue 2 June 2018 2 PROGRAMME 30 June 2018 - 1100-1500 UK time

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IDTA Council News Meanwhile, on the agenda for the EATA Council meeting in July, it indicates that IDTA Online Community Gathering EATA President intends to put forward a proposal about financial support for the coming up soon Transactional Analysis Journal (TAJ). This Newsletter is being issued just before EATA our next IDTA Online Community Gathering takes place next Saturday, 30th June. There The point above about EATA considering is still time to register if you have not done financial support for theTAJ has prompted so already. We run these using Zoom, us to advise the UK delegates to EATA that which is very easy to access – we send you we wish EATA to support the International a link and you click on it to join in. It also Journal of TA Research & Practice (IJTARP). makes it very easy to run the sessions IDTA Executive Director Julie Hay is also interactively– you can see each other IJTARP Editor and requested that a courtesy of WebCams and you control correction and apology be issued when she when to unmute yourself so that you can saw, in October 2017, that the EATA ask questions and make comments. Council Minutes of their meeting in Berlin in July 2017 contained very inaccurate and ITAA derogatory comments about the way in We have just submitted our annual report which she had extended the content to as an ITAA Partner Organisation. As include Practice. Her request was refused mentioned in the last Newsletter, we pay and she therefore advised EATA President relatively small fees per member and we that she was unwilling to continue with the receive relatively small benefit, in that we considerable amount of volunteer work are able to circulate The Script, the ITAA done to produce the journal until this newsletter, to members each month – matter was dealt with. Her decision was although it is available in any case to also influenced by the fact that EATA anyone via the ITAA website. We have President was indicating that the whole received notification that the ITAA is future of IJTARP was due to be discussed in considering whether to change this policy July 2018, which meant that there was no and make at least the current issue guarantee that EATA would decide available to members only. We have continue with their funding of the journal. indicated disagreement with that as we Julie’s resignation was accepted by EATA think it is important to make information Executive Committee, who were unable to about TA available free as widely as find a volunteer to become an interim possible, just as we do with our own IDTA editor. Newsletter. During 2017 an application had been made We have noted that the ITAA Board of to include IJTARP in the Directory of Open Trustees continue to review the future of Access Journals. In March 2018 the DOAJ the association as its membership indicated that they intended to ‘prune’ continues to fall and publishing of the their list and remove journals which were Transactional Analysis Journal has resulted not actively publishing. Waiting for a in net expenditure averaging US$25,000 decision to be made at the July 2018 EATA per year over the past five years. ITAA have Council meeting would have meant that announced that they plan to run a there were no issues of IJTARP for over a workshop at the forthcoming conference in year, so there was a serious risk that it India during August, when the topic will be would be removed from the Directory. consideration of future options and Completing the application had taken many activities. hours of work. Julie therefore felt that this

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was too big a risk and decided that she Council Member News would resume the editorship without any guarantee of support from EATA. An extra- large issue has just been published that takes the place of the usual January and July issues. If you are not already a subscriber to IJTARP, please note that it is available completely free to everyone at www.ijtarp.org. If you click on that link, you can see the current issue as well as having access to the complete archives. If you decide to subscribe as well, it will mean that you will receive notifications whenever Council member Diane Richardson tells us further issues are published. This current that she has been elected as the President issue contains a research study conducted of Chiltern Speakers, which is a chapter of in Russia about suicide notes; an analysis of Toastmasters International. She didn’t tell the experiences of individuals reporting us but we see this photo on the website, workplace bullying in the UK; a paper from entitled congratulations to Diane. So from Brazil about sensations, emotions and IDTA also— feelings; an article by Julie Hay on Many Congratulations, Diane! psychological boundaries and bridges; and a review of book that introduces TA ideas TA Proficiency Awards to the layperson. In March we reported on over 100 EATA Conference 2019 participants receiving TA Proficiency Awards in India, and 12 receiving the TA After issuing three requests to find an Proficiency Award for Teachers & Educators association to volunteer to run the EATA in Turkey. Since then, we have dispatched conference in 2019, they have advised that 100 more badges for children on a scheme two associations have come forward but in the Netherlands, along with several they are not yet announcing which bid is badges for their teachers. being accepted. Our partner organisation the International IDTA Membership Centre for Developmental TA (ICDTA) In our regular report to EATA, we are asked continues to offer a very similar scheme to advise how many members we have; we when there is no involvement of children. are not sure why they ask this as we During this year that scheme has been complete returns twice a year with detailed running for a group of police officers in the information on which our payments are UK, for students on a Masters programme calculated. In June we have reported that and for coaches in Turkey, and for we have 116 members but only 43 of these unemployed people in Brazil. have opted to join EATA, of whom 7 are Keep in mind that the person providing outside the UK and three are outside teaching to participants on any of these Europe. In all, 51 of our members are schemes does not have to have TA outside Europe, and 26 of them are outside qualifications. Operating such a scheme can the UK. We remind EATA of these figures in be a significant added-value to participants each report, just as we remind them that – and is a great way of getting TA we have now been waiting since 2012 to be knowledge about there more widely. We recognised as a Special Interest Group have coordinators now in many different rather than as a UK association. countries – contact [email protected] if

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What is TA Counselling - or is we use TA specifically in order that they may change the ways in which they it Coaching? construct their world. © 2018 Julie Hay Allen & Allen (1997) point out that the Introduction constructionist practitioner aims to help the client conceptualise themselves Earlier this year I submitted my written differently. This is similar to post- exam for the Counselling field CTA and the modernism (Doan, 1977) in recognising feedback I received mentioned confusion that there are many ways to understand because I had used the terms coaching and our world. Even without the current counselling interchangeably. The assessor benefits of neuroscience, Maturana (1978) liked that I grappled with the complexity of used the term structural determinism to defining both terms, and then reiterated mean that the organisation of our brain that I needed to produce my own working determines how we construct what we definitions. This article is what I have think we are observing, and Dallos & produced alongside doing this in Draper (2010) reminded us that such views preparation for my oral exam. I welcome are responsible for maintaining inequalities feedback from readers, particularly before I such as “women’s subjugation by men, th take the oral exam in India on 15 August. oppression of ethnic minorities and of My first experience, in the 1970s, of those experiencing forms of mental providing what I thought of as TA coaching distress.” (p.12). Further, Summers & and which became counselling, was of a Tudor’s (2000) material on co-creativity one-to-one session with a participant who extends Allen & Allen’s ideas into had attended a TA-based management recognition that something new comes into training programme I had run. Expecting to existence when we interact. To their provide some form of organisational principles of: “we” versus individualism; coaching, we ended up closing escape shared responsibility for the process; and hatches (successfully) when she announced present-centred development as we help in our first session that she was suicidal. I clients understand differently now what went on to coach/counsel people within they had interpreted previously, I add the the organisation about topics such as ‘flavour’ of the relational approach, as severe birth deformities (thalidomide) as when Hargaden & Sills (2002) write of “real well as about team working and leadership. contact, real acceptance, real awareness I contrast that with my more recent and real reactions” (p.28) “whilst being experience as a psychotherapist within ordinarily human” and “by raising prisons, when I sometimes counselled/ awareness (both emotional and cognitive), coached inmates in the life skills they had by using [our] own responses to shed light never acquired. on the relational patterns” (p.29). The EATA definition of counselling (see During the process of writing the exam, I later) can easily be read as about coaching checked out how EATA describes the field and I struggle to differentiate the two nowadays (unchanged for many years) and unless I equate counselling with psycho- what has been written about it in the therapy. I regard the aim of both Transactional Analysis Journal (TAJ) and the counselling or coaching as to help clients International Journal of Transactional move from a limiting script towards having Analysis Research & Practice (IJTARP – increased autonomy - which I also believe is previously IJTAR). The rest of this paper the aim of any TA practitioner. In other therefore summarises how I think of the words, the aim is to help clients change and EATA approach to the field, followed by a

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summary of what I have found when I professionals who work in the socio/ searched the two journals for articles which psychological and cultural fields of practice. have coaching or counselling within the Some examples amongst others are: social title. I have shown coaching first because welfare, health care, pastoral work, there were only a few TAJ articles about prevention, mediation, process facilitation, that, although there were more on multicultural work and humanitarian coaching in IJTARP than there were on activities.” (Section 5, p.3) counselling. There was a special issue of The first sentence, and the aim of the TAJ on the theme of counselling in 2013 increasing autonomy, could apply to any so I have summarised the content of that application of TA. Social, professional and separately. As I was reviewing those cultural environment leaves me wondering previous materials, Sylvie Monin (2018) what other environments there might be. wrote an article inThe Script about the The second part of the definition is not counselling perspective on cure versus well really a definition– and when it goes on to -being, so I have included some comments refer to socio/psychological and cultural about that. fields of practice, that seems broad enough I then present some thoughts about to me to cover any form of helping activity. autonomy and script, some ideas about I use SPECTRE (Hay, 2012) as a checklist for client resources across the timespan of considering the environments of past, present and future, and my organisations: social, political, economic, conclusions about definitions. competition, technological, regulatory and environmental. Applied to an individual, it Before you read on, a note on ‘donkey seems to me that social and economic fit bridges’ in case you have not come across under socio; political, technological, that before. They are a way of helping regulatory and environmental fit under people recall what they have learned, such cultural; competition is presumably as through pictures, stories, alliteration and psychological; and they all might be similar ideas. The donkey bridges in this thought of as psychological from a TA article are tautograms, which means that perspective. they use words which all begin with the same initial letter, like Caesar’s Veni, Vidi, The Handbook also refers to 2 levels of Vici. Misery is optional– if you hate counselling: gimmicks like this feel free to change the • complementary counselling, also words I use. referred to as the use of counselling EATA Definition of Counselling skills, “as a sub-task in various psycho-social and socio-educational The EATA (2014) definition of the TA field professions, as well as in other social, of counselling states that it is “A psychological, medical, legal and professional activity within a contractual economic occupations” (Section 5, relationship. The counselling process p.3); and enables clients or client systems to develop awareness, options and skills for problem • primary counselling, which is management and personal development in described as done by “professional daily life through the enhancement of their counsellors working in private strengths and resources. Its aim is to practice, counselling centres, increase autonomy in relation to their voluntary, non-profit-and profit- social, professional and cultural organisations etc.” (Section 5, p.3). environment. In my exam, I positioned myself as using The field of counselling is chosen by those primary counselling and described the main

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focus of my work as helping clients to the Counselling field was described. A few increase their psychological intelligence, so years later the UK-based Institute of that they will better understand why they Transactional Analysis (ITA– now the UK TA act as they do, and hence will be better Association– UKATA) set up a Counselling equipped to generate alternative ways of Committee in order to progress recognition behaving in future. Because I operate from by the UK Council for Psychotherapy. In the a TA theoretical basis, this will usually same year, Napper (2008), as the first CTA involve helping them to understand how Counselling in the UK, pointed out the way their childhood experiences have impacted in which the EATA descriptions of the on them. counselling field fit well with coaching, mentioned how“ Julie Hay of the IDTA is Having pointed out that I am an Accredited pressuring EATA and ITAA to either change European Counsellor and have a Diploma in the name of the counselling field to Transactional Analysis Psychotherapeutic coaching or to add ‘and coaching.’… The Counselling from a TA Institute, I went on marketing of TA is losing out by not having to point out that the term counselling is a qualification on offer in coaching…” (p.3). interpreted in different ways in different Napper went on to write about countries. For example, within the UK, the psychosanology “by exploring the positive term is often used interchangeably with strengths within the Adult ego state and psychotherapy and one of the major empowering its resilience and capacities for professional associations has both terms ethos, pathos, logos and technos.” (p.4), within its name and makes no distinction in rather than psychopathology which she membership categories. In Italy, described as working “primarily with counselling is strictly regulated and must be deconfusing the Child ego state with the conducted in a person-centred manner. In intention of changing the neural Germany, current legislation requires pathways.” (p.4). further qualifications in order to be a psychotherapist so many TA Since then, coaching has continued to grow psychotherapists are called counsellors. as an ‘industry’ in its own right and the TA The European Association of Counselling Counselling field appears to be the does not appear to provide a definition of appropriate option for practitioners who do counselling but does state that it is not regard themselves as psychotherapists, concerned with promoting human educators or organisational consultants. development, encouraging individuals to Work in these other fields is likely to embrace change, and to build fuller, more include what EATA define as rewarding lives. (EAC, 2017). complementary counselling or use of counselling skills as a sub-task. As a Many years ago, I was one of the original psychotherapist, I have often found that my five founder members of the European clients need coaching in life skills; as an Mentoring & Coaching Council (EMCC). At educator, participants benefit considerably that time, I had the opportunity to put the from some coaching after they have CTA through a free pilot process that would attended a training programme; as an have granted it EMCC status, which would organisational consultant, my direct have considerably increased its credibility contact (HR director, manager, etc) may and popularity. However, EMCC were not need coaching in how to present proposals willing to provide such accreditation for to senior management or company boards. something labelled Counselling and I was unable to convince EATA Council to add a When it comes to coaching, the options are field of Coaching, even when I pointed out infinitely varied. I have found numerous that it could be a simple copy of the way types of coaching being written about and/

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or publicised, including: brief, personal therapeutic approach in a business context construct, existential, co-active, business, by explaining that his 10 years of executive, leadership, challenge, relational, experience as a psychotherapist before sports, life, team, mindful, inner game, becoming a business consultant allowed ontological, and out of the box. There is him to perceive the differences between also an increasing focus on ‘therapeutic Berne’s (1961) social control, symptomatic coaching’. EMCC has been attempting over relief, transference cure and script cure. He many years to develop definitions that added that people “do reach cure in a would separate mentoring and coaching business environment and it is far more but still operate a policy agreed a long time than just ‘understanding what happened’. ago that they would use the term coach/ They do regress, change the root cause and mentor as a way of signalling to people that leave the workshop with profound and they should discuss their own definitions sustainable redecisions.” (p.15). When the before they engage in any arguments about authors describe what they did, they refer their approaches. to facilitated developmental workshops run by them as trainers, and describe the What these myriad versions of counselling process “in terms of Berne’s (1961) stages and coaching mean is that clients may well of cure: arrive with a very different concept of counselling or coaching and we need to • social control involves bringing clarify carefully how their expectations dysfunctional behaviours under match what we are offering. control IJTARP articles with Coaching in the • symptomatic relief comes from title having a good understanding of intrapersonal functioning; Mohr (2014) described a research study participants go on to report that they that evaluated an ‘individual coached are handling situations effectively within a group’ programme that used TA that previously would have strongly and was run over many years in Germany. invited them into scripty behaviour He described coaching as “a professional relationship in which a coach works with • transference cure comes when the client to achieve certain goals of the participants symbolically and internally substitute the trainer for client in terms of personal and professional their parents – as when they claim: “I competencies.” (p.3). He concluded that remember you said…” – often group coaching in the leadership/ attributing words to us that we did management area is complex and needs all of the following: a learning culture within a not say – they have created an protective setting, expertise in work and internally adjusted parent professional life, specialist management • script cure - when the person takes knowledge, psychological expertise, up-to- over for themself the intrapsychic date academic training, and expertise in role they had projected onto the pedagogy, group dynamics and methods. trainer” (p.17).

Rosseau, Rosseau & Widdowson (2014) TAJ articles with Coaching in the title wrote the first of a series of three papers about applying the redecision approach Considering the TAJ has been published (Goulding & Goulding, 1979, 1986) within now for 48 years, compared to the 8 years executive coaching workshops of IJTARP, articles in the TAJ with Coaching internationally. The first author addressed in the title are not common – I found only the potential controversy about using a five!

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Baugh (1981) wrote of therapeutic promote individual, group, organizational, coaching as a technique which integrates and social growth and development.” Gestalt, TA and other theories that (p.367). She then added Kilburg’s (2002) “support the position that psychotherapy is definition of“ a helping relationship formed a training procedure” (p.300) (italics in between a client who has managerial original). He went on to refer to such authority and responsibility in an coaching as a problem solving organization and a consultant who uses a psychotherapy that uses a three chair wide variety of behavioral techniques and arrangement where the clients switch from methods to help clients achieve a mutually Needful to Caretaker position and the identified set of goals, to improve his/her “third [Coaching] chair is occupied by the professional performance and personal psychotherapist/coach who coaches and satisfaction and, consequently, to improve trains the person…” (p.300). the effectiveness of the client’s organization within a formally defined Almost 20 years later, Slater (2002) wrote coaching agreement. (p.65)” (p.367 in about how “general counselling principles Krausz). and specific transactional analysis concepts - including ego states, games, rackets and The most recent article is by Kouwenhoven drivers - can enhance sports coaching.” (2017), in which he comments that “The p.184) (italics added). He provided a principal objective of coaching is autonomy. description of how this had worked well Autonomy is another word for managing with a boys’ field hockey team, oneself in relation to others.” (p.77) (italics emphasising that Child needs, for asserting added). He went on to present a coaching oneself, independence, being noticed, matrix based on autonomy being: approval, feeling competent, belonging, competent – able to think logically; being creative, and playing, can be met in a confident– managing our emotions; safe way through sport. committed– to taking care of the needs of ourselves and others; and in control – Nespoli (2013) also wrote of the application acting effectively. He relates these to of TA to sports, providing a case study of thinking, feeling, caring and acting, and what he refers to as mental coaching, refers to a mental shift from what is where “special attention is paid to goal impossible to what is possible. setting, with preference given to goals Kouwenhoven writes of how therapeutic focused on performance rather than confrontations of discounts may have a results.” (p.241) and where consideration is negative effect, whilst“ a strategic coach given to the athlete’s here-and-now offers positive strokes for every positive thoughts, behaviours and emotions. step in the right direction.” (p.80). Beyond Nespoli is writing as a sports psychologist that, he suggests that the strategic who contracts with the athlete and involves coaching matrix can be used within the coach within the contracting when education, psychotherapy, management, possible. counselling and coaching – anywhere Krausz (2005) described how various TA where goals need to be realised in complex, concepts could make a contribution to ever-changing situations. executive coaching, which she described as IJTARP articles with Counselling in the “an interactive process between coach and coachee designed to produce changes or title transforming results through the Although there were two articles with enhancement of personal awareness and Counselling in the title in IJTARP, neither optimal use of potentialities. The aim is to were about the nature of TA counselling.

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The first was a comparison of TA pathology, decontamination, deconfusion, Psychotherapy with Integrative Counselling and restoring the balance of energy in Psychology and the second was about the Parent (although the latter is missing in the impact of an organisational restructuring diagram). on a (non-TA) counselling team. After another two-year gap, Cornell & Hine TAJ articles with Counselling in the title (1999) presented a model for TA Counsellor – prior to the special issue of TAJ training. They began by pointing out that “counselors do not work with intrapsychic The earliest I found in the TAJ was Thweatt dynamics; that is, they are not to intervene (1975), who wrote about how students within the Child ego state… training in… approach vocational counsellors in Adapted diagnosis, psychopathology, and Child, which means that the counselling intrapsychic intervention, is not necessarily needs to stay in Adult, especially if tests are appropriate professional preparation… for being used. work that is focused on personal health and A few years later Margolis (1979) suggested growth as encountered in counselling that counsellors work with invisible clients situations…” (p.175). They then when the client in front of them wants to commented that emphasising social- talk about someone else. Margolis control contracts and interventions create a described this only for occasions when two limited focus on symptom management clients attend together and complain about and that “both clinicians and counselors a third person. need clear theoretical understanding of the role of emotions in human development, In the same issue of the TAJ, Thweatt & health, and relatedness.” (p.175). They Miller (1979) describe the combination of continued by quoting the EATA definition, counselling and teaching in the classroom, referencing it to 1995 although it is still the where an expanded TA 101 was taught and same words now, before emphasising that then ‘paraprofessionals’, who were in their view counselling needs to be a previous TA 101 students with extra separate profession even though TA training, led small groups with a focus on practitioners can do both in some areas of “growth and change as well as the world. They went on to suggest that learning.” (p.290). counselor training needs to include skills of A couple of years after that, Boyd & Boyd observing and differentiating emotions, (1981) referred to relationship and within the clients and within groups, premarital counselling, suggesting that attending to them in the here-and-now intimacy consists of caring (P2-C2), without inviting or evoking regression, closeness (C2-C2) and compatibility (P2-P2). recognising when containment or external However, in the text they consistently support may be needed, and being able to referred to a therapist providing the stay in Adult as the practitioner. In the rest counselling. of their article, they comment on what training is required so that counsellors can There was a long gap until Retief with work with the Adult only, before explaining Conroy (1997) used therapist and that the article was prompted by counsellor interchangeably when psychotherapy exam board members describing conscious empowerment therapy contesting “the right of counselors to for clients traumatised by physical, sexual address emotionality in their and emotional abuse within dysfunctional work.” (p.185). family systems. They describe the process of identifying abuse (and confirming it if 12 years later, Monin (2011), writing about possible), explaining TA, diagnosing ethical challenges, pointed out that

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“counseling covers a wide variety of life challenges or to solve a problem” professions, both in a helping relationship (p.292), and that counselling is “a journey (e.g. counsellors in private practice, social of discovery that may lead to finding workers, nurses, priests, policemen (sic), undiscovered or unexpected legal professionals, etc.) and in a managing richness.” (p.292). She went on to stress capacity (e.g. human resources the importance of focus on resources, with professionals, those in managerial the counsellor as a guide to finding these, positions, etc.).” and that “the focus of the and the need for a counsellor to protect work is the here and now and on a working the client from setting unrealistic goals. through the Adult ego state in working through and with the Adult, there will be The Special Issue of TAJ – The Many an impact on both the Child and the Facets of Counselling Parent.” (p.118) (italics added). She In the introduction to this special issue, commented on the differences between Guest Editor Monin (2013) commented primary and complementary roles, stating that the field is“ still so little known and that the main difference is that primary recognized within the larger transactional counselling involves a dyadic contract and analysis community” (p.3), adding that in complementary counselling usually involves French ‘conseiller’ is not a recognised a three or more cornered contract. She profession and can be applied to real pointed out that counsellors must be aware estate, marital counselling, financial of transferential issues when accompanying counselling, and so on. clients through the decontamination process, and they must be able to Monin’s Editorial is followed by Cornell distinguish their own issues from those of (2013) who explained his conclusion that the client. Interestingly, Monin uses a Berne conceived of TA as a psychotherapy, quotation about therapy to mention that described how the Special Fields category, the therapeutic relationship is central to that came before the differentiation long-term counselling, agrees on the between organisational, educational and importance of ruptures and enactments counselling, was consistently regarded as occurring in counselling as well as in somehow of a lower status than TA psychotherapy, and confirms also the need psychotherapy (then referred to as clinical), to focus on the transactional, relational and quoted the American Mental Health reciprocal dimensions of the relationship. Counsellors Association (2011) as having since 1986 clearly conflated counselling Later the same year, Fassbind-Kech (2011) with psychotherapy [there is a new Code of pointed out that Novellino (2011), Berne Ethics dated 2015 which still refers to (1961) and Stewart (1989) had not counselling/therapy and the counsellor as provided any definitions of psychotherapy, therapist], mentioned the paucity of before referring to the EATA definition of material on counselling in the TAJ, counselling, now dated 2008 but still the proposed that we need to know the past if same as the 1995 version mentioned by we are to look to the future of the Cornell & Hine – and still current today. She discipline, and concluded with the hope wrote about how we would determine that this special issue would be an when a client is in counselling, stressing opportunity to reassess the TA counselling that they are a client and not a patient, that field. the counselling relationship can be based on all three ego states of both parties, that Landaiche (2013) referred to himself as a “clients usually see counseling as a support mental health counsellor; advised us that for finding options so as to master current his “counseling colleagues work in settings

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nearly too numerous to name: schools, chosen to define them as separate fields.” prisons, job sites, military bases, religious She went on to reference Tilney (1998) for institutions, medical facilities, social service describing the difference as being “in the agencies, eldercare homes, hospices, public level of intrapsychic restructuring involved: health offices, community centers, drug ‘counselling’ consisting mainly of a and alcohol treatment centers, women’s restructuring of currently available shelters, methadone maintenance clinics, resources while ‘psychotherapy’ involves birth control clinics, shelters for the deeper level interventions to make homeless, residential treatment homes for additional resources available.” (Tilney, adolescents or the chronically mentally ill, 1998, p.21). What Tilney also wrote was crisis hotlines and private practices.” (p.14). that there was a lack of agreement about He went on to describe his professional the exact definition of counselling, lack of a development and his work as “a counsellor clear distinction between counselling and and therapist… in the larger field of mental psychotherapy within the UK, and he wrote health…” (p.14). In the Author Biography he that EATA specify the field by reference to referred to himself as a licensed mental the activities not coming under the clinical, health counsellor employed as a organisational or educational field. The rest psychotherapist and training supervisor for of Bowater’s article contains examples of a student counselling centre at a university. working with dreams, an exhortation for counsellors to ask clients about their Fassbind-Kech (2013) described how her dreams, and Berne’s (1966) comments own working style is highly resource about the therapist doing their best and oriented. She again quoted the EATA 2008 God curing the client. definition (as she had in her 2011 paper), included an overview of the competencies Dewarrat (2013) described how she in the same document, and added that incorporates TA into her role as a midwife. although all of the competencies are Although she referred to this as important, No. 8 – Focusing on resources – counselling, she wrote about contracting is essential. She presented material on between therapist and client, that she resources on an axis of time, making the practices her work as an art, and described point that the timeframe can extend back how she teaches ego states to future to birth or even beyond to ancestors, as parents and latterly to other midwives. well as into the future and potentially Grant (2013) quoted the EATA definition of beyond death. Having given many counselling, though she referenced it to the examples of what she regarded as Training & Certification Council of resources, she concluded by likening Transactional Analysis in 2009. She also counselling to a journey of discovery, just provided a definition from the as Hargaden & Sills (2002) had written Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation about therapy. of Australia (2013) which began by Bowater (2013) proposed that although referring to psychotherapy and counselling working with dreams is usually associated in terms of utilising an interpersonal with long-term psychotherapy, short-term relationship to enable people to develop counselling can be effective when a dream self understanding and make changes in encapsulates an ongoing problem. their lives, working with clear contracts, Suggesting that dream work operated and requiring in-depth training in a range of across the interface between counselling therapeutic interventions which should be and psychotherapy, she wrote that “there differentiated from counselling skills. She is considerable overlap between the two went on to quote that this definition points approaches, even though the ITAA has out recognised differences in that “the

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focus of Counselling is more likely to be on term difficulties. The work may be specific problems, changes in life short-term or long-term, depending adjustments and fostering clients’ well- on the nature of the difficulties, and being. Psychotherapy is more concerned may involve working with individuals, with the restructuring of the personality or couples, families or groups. self and the development of • Counselling and Psychotherapy occur insight.” (online). in a variety of contexts in the public The website accessed by Grant has an and private sectors. additional sentence [accessed 2018 but still • Regard ongoing clinical supervision, copyrighted 2013]: “At advanced levels of professional development, self- training, Counselling has a greater overlap awareness, self-development, self- with Psychotherapy than at foundation monitoring and self-examination as levels.” (online). It also contains six points central to effective and ethical that are related to what is shown as: practice. Such practices lead to “Professional Psychotherapy/Counselling: enhanced capacity to utilise the self of the practitioner effectively in the • Utilise counselling, psychother- therapeutic relationship.” (online) apeutic, and psychological theories, and a set of advanced interpersonal Grant commented that in her article she skills which emphasise facilitating would use the words counseling, therapy clients’ change processes in the and treatment interchangeably, gave therapeutic context. This work with quotes from various other authors that client processes is based on an ethos were about therapeutic relationships, and of respect for clients, their values, emphasised in her conclusion that “The their beliefs, their uniqueness and counselor needs to be able to establish a their right to self-determination. positive therapeutic relationship, identify the client’s goals, help the person achieve • Require in-depth training processes them, and be willing to say good-bye, all in to develop understanding and a short period of time.” (p.66). knowledge about human behaviour, therapeutic capacities, and ethical Vinella (2013) extended the 2008 EATA and professional boundaries. definition of counselling to describe it as “a helping relationship in which the qualified • Take account of the cultural and professional, using TA methodology, socio-political context in which the enhances Adult awareness in the client or client lives and how these factors in the group from a problem-solving affect the presenting problem. This perspective. Transactional analysis includes awareness and assessment methodology is applied in order to bring of social and cultural influences such about change through an appropriate as age, development, (dis)ability, technique based on the here and now, the religion, cultural identity, indigenous aim being to enhance cognitive and identity, sexual orientation, emotional awareness related to a specific socioeconomic status, nationality problematic area (difficulties in and gender. Professional relationships or performance). Psychotherapists and Counsellors Counselling thus becomes an intentional value such differences and avoid learning environment in which the goal is to discrimination on the basis of these facilitate the development of the client’s aspects of identity. ability to identify his or her limits and • May involve intervening with current resources in specific behavioral areas. problems, immediate crises, or long- Counselling privileges a type of intervention

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that aims at reaching a state of well-being deterministic view of scripts” (p.294), based on social and personal needs that are referencing in turn Berne (1972) as the not specifically clinical. Such interventions main source for his material on script. are based on a methodology organized into English goes on to comment that three strategic stages (alliance, decontam- “However, the resilience of children (and ination, relearning) that seeks to help the indeed of humans at all ages) must not be client (individual, group, system) to acquire underestimated. To do so implies that new competencies and to identify children can be conditioned in a simplistic, constructive options intended to enhance Pavlovian manner. Many individuals the development of the client’s own social overcome difficult, even tragic, childhood identity.” (p.69) (italics added) experiences successfully without the benefit of therapy. Life has a way of Vinella’s focus in the article is on offering many corrective opportunities. As counselling groups, emphasising that these mental health professionals we all too are not the same as treatment groups, and often forget about healthy development, mentioning specifically that Berne’s (1966) thus discounting the human ability to therapeutic operation of interpretation symbolize, to transform, to create, to seek should not be used within counselling freedom even at some risk, and, ultimately, because it deals with pathology of the Child to let go” (p.294-295). Influenced by through deconfusion and hence is a English, I tend to refer to deterministic connection between the here and now and versus developmental scripts (Hay, 2012). the there and then, and requires the practitioner to be competent regarding Monin also refers to various models of transference phenomena. script matrices (Steiner, 1966; Summers & Tudor, 2000) describing it as “a never- Vinella provides a table of the differences ending process of evolution… an ongoing between counselling and psychotherapy process in constant evolution and a groups, with the goals for the former being resource rather than a pathology one prevention, facilitating communication, and needs to be cured of… a constant resource increasing awareness of one’s own in our life: past, present, and future.” (p.2). relational style whereas for psychotherapy I prefer to use my autonomy matrix (Hay, the goal is cure/care and autonomy. 2012), which I will describe below. Cure or Well-Being Monin points out that definitions of health Monin (2018) linked her article on the (World Health Organization, 2018a, 2018b) counselling perspective about cure or well- sound very similar to definitions of being to the TA exam question that asks counselling based on research within the candidates to relate this outcome to the TA USA (Kaplan, Tarvydas & Gladding, 2014), concepts they use to understand the origin which in turn sound similar to the TA of psychological problems. She comments definition of counselling (EATA, 2014– that the trainees she discussed this with which is of course to the same Handbook thought that all TA concepts were relevant referred to several times above). She also but that she found script particularly refers to examples of counselling as being appropriate, especially when it is with a client after a brutal murder of the considered as a resource as proposed by client’s parents, a client in palliative care Fanita English. Monin does not reference with only a few weeks left to live, and a English but the most relevant article human resource manager counselling an appears to be English (1988), in which employee integrating into a new team, English refers to Berne’s “narrow before commenting that she does not refer

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to cure or well-being. For her, counselling is provide discounted rates to those in “helping the client to find a new sense of financially-disadvantaged areas of the self-agency, to build the capacity, with a world exist because I introduced these more lucid Adult, to cope better with his or policies as a way to ‘rob the rich and give to her life, and at times to learn to bear and the poor’ just as Robin Hood did in the live with the unbearable.” (p.3). story. Script and Autonomy Instead of focussing on script as pathological, I have developed an For me, the point of applying TA is to help autonomy matrix (Hay, 1997, 2012) as clients to move from a deterministic script reproduced below; this presents an so that they can attain increased autonomy interpretation based on the notion that within the framework of a developmental parents/caregivers generally want to script. The script provides us with structure support their children to reach their – without that, we would have to re-think potential, however much the parents/ our identity each morning as we wake up. caregivers may be limited by their own Fanita English wrote of improvisation scripts. Hence, in this diagram the theatre – we have an overall structure but aspiration arrow that represents physis we know that we can make our own (Berne, 1968) extends above the stacked choices within that – and indeed, we have circles of the parents. Also, I have made the choice of the overall structure. developed Holloway’s (1977) suggestion For instance, when I realised that my script about the lines not reaching the little character is Robin Hood (Hay, 1995) I was person so that the gap represents how the able to choose which aspects of the story little person interprets the messages from to keep. The way in which ITAA, EATA, the big people. I have also made the lines EMCC and my own non-profit business all dotted to show that the messages may

Figure 1: Autonomy Matrix (Hay, 2012, p.19)

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exist only at the psychological level i.e. the • attachment – the ability to enter into big person may never have overtly interactions and exchange healthy expressed whatever the little person has strokes with others; interpreted. • authenticity – the knowledge that we I have also considered the nature of and others are OK even with our autonomy, which Berne (1964) described faults; and as a combination of awareness, spontaneity • accountability – the willingness to and intimacy. His rather strange use of the accept responsibility for our own word spontaneity is misleading as he choices and expect and allow others described it as being aware that we have to do the same; options for how to behave, whereas that the more we are able to run a develop- word is often taken to mean that we do mental rather than a deterministic script. I something ‘spontaneously’ when we see that developing autonomy is the aim of exhibit some kind of Free Child behaviour any TA practitioner with any client – it is without stopping to think about the likely only the ways in which we approach this impact. I prefer to think of this as options, that will vary depending on how rather like Karpman (1971), who pointed significantly deterministic the script of the out that we always have five different ego client is. state options to choose from. We have many other TA concepts that we can use to For this, I turn to neuroscience as a way of identify a range of ways in which we can understanding Berne’s (1961) metaphors of choose to behave. I also tend to use the script and protocol. It is now generally term ‘attachment’ rather than intimacy, accepted that the brain develops from the partly because attachment is well bottom up, so whatever labels we use, we recognised outside the TA community and begin life with a brainstem or reptilian partly because it avoids the sexual brain that will operate the fight-flight- connotations that are often attached to freeze responses; above that will be the Berne’s labels for time structuring. limbic system or emotional brain; and above that will develop the layers of the To provide a donkey bridge, I change the cortex. This process of development is why ‘spontaneous/options‘ to alternatives so it is also recognised that the younger the that I have a run of awareness, alternatives brain, the more vulnerable it will be to the and attachment. I then add two more effects of the environment. elements (Hay, 2017): authenticity to represent the fact that we are OK even Berne described the protocol as “played though we will not be perfect – we can be out to an unsatisfactory conclusion in the ourselves ‘warts and all’ and be accepted earliest years of life… repressed in later by others; and accountability to emphasise years. Its precipitates re-appear as the the fact that we are responsible for the script proper, which is a preconscious choices we make (at least, we are once derivative of the protocol.” (p.117) (italics someone has taught us about the TA in original). If we consider the structure of concepts of script and autonomy). the brain, our protocol might be thought of as how we form our basic life position, Hence, the more we have: depending on the ways in which we are • awareness – of who we are, who treated. Then, as our neocortex grows and other people really are, without we begin to think logically, we may choose, transference or projection; or create our own special version, of a fairy • alternatives – and can choose from a story that seems to us to explain the way range of options; we are feeling within our emotional brain.

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Recognising that protocol and script are can develop a fantasy of what may have both metaphors, it does seem that been happening to them as they developed neuroscience is now confirming what Berne their protocol, based on what they have surmised. We can also link this to structural recognised as their script. She describes a ego states, in that the emotional brain couple of client cases: in one case the client corresponds to Child with some overlays of got in touch with the early emotional Parent, the neocortex might be thought of experiences that she had been repressing as Adult, and more structural Parent may and was then able to move on; in the other be created as our brain continues case imagining the protocol fantasy developing through to adulthood and resulted in the client recalling a later scene hopefully for the rest of our life. and completing a redecision on the basis of For me, positioning protocol and script that. It seems to me that, because the within the brain in this way allows us to client is aware that they are creating their distinguish between counselling and own protocol fantasy, this provides a useful psychotherapy – if the damage was done technique for clients to ‘keep one foot in before the child was about three years old, the here-and-now’ as they explore how it is likely to be contained within the they may have ‘laid down’ their original life emotional brain and therefore within Child, position at the basis of their script. My so it will be a second or third degree own example involved realising that there impasse (Goulding & Goulding, 1976) to be were bombs being dropped when I was resolved through deconfusion. However, if born, my father was a soldier who was the experiences of the little person were wounded more than once, my mother was generally positive in the very early months left to care for me and for her young of their life, then the protocol may be brother, and to deal with a father who was largely one of OKness and hence any script attempting to have her mother committed may be amenable to decontamination to a mental hospital so he would be free to because it is accessible to their structural live with his mistress – so my life position Adult. Deconfusion often requires longer- was based on the sense as a baby that the term and deeper therapeutic work whereas world was a threatening place and I could decontamination may be achieved whilst not rely on anyone else - I’m OK, You’re not the client remains in the here-and-now – OK. hence counselling or coaching may be the appropriate approach. A Donkey Bridge about Resources A technique described by Greve (1976) is I present below another donkey bridge that also helpful in considering how the has emerged as I have been writing. This protocol/script connection might enable us encapsulates my way of prompting clients to decide whether the work fits within the to consider resources they may have from boundaries of counselling/coaching. Greve the past, resources they may have in the describes a technique she refers to as present, and how they can take those protocol fantasy. Pointing out that adults resources into the future. I include it here cannot remember scenes when they were because it has relevance to how I define still very young, she suggests that clients counselling/coaching.

Past Present Future Regression/Rubberbanding Reactions/Rackets Rewards Resource States Responses Risks

Resources from Past to Future

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Past appropriate for their presentation– this In my opinion, TA counselling/coaching is may well be when they were engaging in so potent precisely because we have so some other activity, such as a sport, being many great constructs that allow us to help in a choir, cooking a meal – the activity clients understand how events in does not need to have any relationship to childhood, and their interpretations of making a presentation. What matters is these and the decisions they made, are still that the person recreates the way they impacting on them and will continue to do were feeling in the past; they then set up so in the future unless they make some an ‘anchor’ that they can use to trigger changes. feeling the same way again whenever they wish. When I passed the teaching part of Regression/Rubberbanding – although my TSTA exam, I recreated the way I had often regarded as something to be avoided, felt when white water rafting – very neuroscience tells us that regression, exhilarated whilst aware that there were including the TA concept of rubberbanding risks involved - this would not have been a (Kupfer & Haimowitz, 1971) simply means good example if I had fallen from the raft. that we are constructing our present world by firing off the same pattern of synapses Even for a client who would not consider it as we did in the past (unless there is so credible to have resources from past lives, much fear that fight, flight or freeze is it is worth considering how resources are involved); provided we regress transferred through the transgenerational momentarily (such as through setting up a scripting process (Noriega Gayol, 2004). ‘safe word’ to bring us back to the present, There is no valid reason why this process as is customary when working with should only be considered in terms of trauma), regression can be a useful way of pathology. identifying both issues and resources that occurred in the past. Issues in the sense that the individual can remind themself of Reactions/Rackets – I have suggested what they recall happening in the past, above that neuroscience allied to ego with the option to change, or re-construct, states and protocol/script provides us with their interpretation of it nowadays; or a way of differentiating whether the resources in the sense of getting in touch reactions of the client are here-and-now – with their uncontaminated emotional with the neocortex ‘in charge’ - or whether responses such as curiosity, creativity, joy, they are regressions – being triggered in anger, sadness, etc. the emotional brain. If they are second or third degree impasses they may be Resource states – an NLP rather than a TA occurring in the emotional brain and the concept, creating a resource state is done client may need psychotherapy; provided by choosing to regress into a moment in the client has an OK enough protocol, it is the past when the individual was more likely to be a first degree impasse and functioning in a manner which they would coaching/counselling in the here-and-now like to repeat. For example, someone will be appropriate. needing to make a presentation might identify that they wish to feel confident – To help clients overcome rackets, we can yet they have never previously felt work with them to understand that these confident whilst doing a presentation– tend to be substitute feelings (English, maybe they have never done a 1971, 1972) so they can explore what the presentation before. They can be invited to ‘genuine ‘feelings are underneath; that t think of a time in the past when they felt rackets have a manipulative effect on confident in a way that would be others (Berne, 1966) so they can explore

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what the gains are and how they might are the steps to success (Hay, 2009) that obtain the same outcomes in a healthier are based on the treatment levels manner; and that there are thinking rackets contained in the discount matrix (Schiff & (Hay, 2009) in the sense that we are told as Contributors, 1975). When preparing action children that we should feel guilty or we plans, I use the metaphor of M&M’s (Hay, learn that ‘being confused’ gets us lots of 2009) as a framework for checking that all attention. of their ego states are in line with whatever they plan to do – measurable so that Responses – having determined that the Parent can approve what is being planned, client’s reactions are here-and-now, there manageable so that Adult can check that it are several TA frameworks for thinking is realistic, and motivational so that it is about their choices for responding. I have worthwhile enough for the Child to be simplified Kahler’s (1971, 1979a, 1979b, committed to achieving. 2008) material into what I refer to as the assessing cube, or AP3 (Hay, 2001, 2009) Conclusions which brings together working styles/ I notice several themes in terms of what drivers, stroking preferences, channels of has appeared in the TA literature: communication (preferred transactions), doors to contact, and leadership style • Lack of definitions – most of the preferences. authors failed to define what they mean by counselling or coaching; Future many of them reference instead the NLP has a very useful concept of meta EATA Handbook, where the programs, which are high level mental definition could be applied to any of processes by which we sort and respond to the ways in which practitioners apply experience (Cameron-Bandler, 1985) and TA. which include one which is about whether • Terminological confusion – many of people are motivated to move towards gain the authors equate counselling to or to move away from pain. Charvet (1995) therapy; some even use the words has demonstrated through the use of the interchangeably. This is the case questionnaire (in North America and generally within the UK; we have the Western Europe) that 40% of respondents British Association for Counselling & move towards and 40% move away from. Psychotherapy which has been When working with clients, we need to considering for some time whether take this into account as some will be to add Coaching to the name of the sufficiently motivated as they think about organisation. Increasingly, coaching the rewards of changing their behaviour is not being differentiated from whereas others will become more therapy; I have an ever-growing list motivated if we invite them to think about of modes of coaching in addition to the negative outcomes if they fail to change those mentioned in this article (e.g. their behaviour. personal construct, existential, co- Although I have shown Rewards and Risks active, inner game, ontological, out as if they are separate factors, they are of of the box, and many more) and this course intertwined. An obvious TA concept increasingly includes people referring to help clients think about their future to therapeutic coaching. rewards and risks is to consider their • Ego state confusion – I mention this stroking patterns (McKenna, 1974 ; Hay, separately as it is a significant 2009). In terms of them identifying current potential terminological confusion. problems and planning what to do, there Several authors refer to the use of

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Adult within counselling, without theoretical frameworks that allow them to: defining which model of ego states understand the impact of childhood events they are using. Berne caused and their interpretations of them; identify a considerable confusion by describing wider range of cognitive, affective and Adult as existing within both the behavioural options; and initiate actions structural and functional models, that will contribute to an enhanced sense defining it as how we are when we of OKness for themselves and others. are in the here-and-now, and then I represent this as a metaphor based on the using the same term to describe the way in which plants will still grow towards behavioural aspects only of what he the sun even when they have been covered called the functional model in which in concrete – they will sprout around the Adult is like a computer. Clearly edges and will also come through any behaving like a computer will only be cracks appear. This is due to the physis in the here-and-now when logical within the plants. Children have the same behaviour is called for – and even urge to grow and develop to their potential then what looks like logical but often it is as if the grown-ups pour behaviour may be a regression to concrete over them. The main tool of the childhood and/or a behaviour TA practitioner is a pickaxe because this modelled by a parent figure. enables us to make cracks in their • Extensive range – several authors, metaphorical concrete – often that will be and the EATA Handbook, suggest all we need to do because the client’s very lengthy lists of who might be physis will then kick in and they will begin providing TA counselling; it might be to grow through the cracks. Eventually, more accurate to say that the field is there will be so many cracks in the concrete intended for anyone who is working that it is as if it no longer exists. one-to-one. This raises other Psychotherapeutic rather than questions- consultants often work developmental TA may be needed when one-to-one - how can a practitioner the concrete poured over the child is so support a client who wishes to create thick that a pickaxe is not enough and it a healthier organisation without at needs a bulldozer - in the form of a more the same time enhancing the potent set of practitioner ego states than autonomy of that client. A non-TA those possessed by the original concrete- consultant might be passing on pourers. expertise about management but a TA consultant will be focusing on References psychological factors – and the client Allen, James & Allen, Barbara (1997) A New is part of the system. Type of Transactional Analysis and One In terms of the question raised by the Version of Script Work with a assessor of my written exam, my definition Constructionist SensibilityTransactional for counselling and coaching is the same as Analysis Journal 27:2 89-98 my definition for any developmental American Mental Health Counselors application of TA– it is a process through Association. (2011). Standards for the which the practitioner assists the client to practice of mental health counselling. URL construct their world differently in ways provided by Cornell (2013) no longer in which enable them to be increasingly operation but see http://www.amhca.org/ autonomous. What makes it TA is that this learn/ethics accessed 20 June 2018 is done by increasing their psychological intelligence – their ability to apply Baugh, James (1981) Therapeutic Coaching Transactional Analysis Journal 11:4 300

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Berne, Eric (1961) Transactional Analysis in EAC (2017) http://eac.eu.com/about-eac/ Psychotherapy. New York: Grove Press accessed 27 December 2017 Berne, Eric (1966) Principles of Group EATA (2014) EATA Training and Treatment, New York: Grove Press Inc Examinations Handbook online: EATA Berne, Eric (1968) A Layman’s Guide to http://www.eatanews.org/training- Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis 3rd edition manuals-and-supplements/ accessed 9 New York: Simon and Schuster (original June 2018 work published in 1947 as The Mind in English, Fanita (1971) The substitution Action, New York: Simon and Schuster) factor; rackets and real feelings Berne, Eric. (1972) What Do You Say After Transactional Analysis Journal 1:4 225-230 You Say Hello? New York: Grove Press English, Fanita (1972) Rackets and Real Bowater, Margaret (2013) Fighting Back: Feelings Part II Transactional Analysis Addressing a Nightmare in Counselling Journal, 2:1 23-25 Transactional Analysis Journal 43:1 38-47 English, Fanita (1988) Whither Scripts? Boyd, Laura & Boyd, Harry (1981) A Transactional Analysis Journal 18:4 294-303 Transactional Model for Relationship Fassbind-Kech, Liselotte (2011) The First Counselling Transactional Analysis Journal Interview from a Counselor’s Perspective: 11:2 142-146 What If the First Interview is Also the Last? Cameron-Bandler, Leslie (1985) Solutions: Transactional Analysis Journal 41:4 291-295 Enhancing Love, Sex, and Relationships Fashbind-Kech, Liselotte (2013) Counselling Moab, UT: Real People Press as a Treasure Hunt Transactional Analysis Charvet, Shelle Rose (1995) Words That Journal 43:1 24-37 Change Minds Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Goulding, Robert & Goulding, Mary (1976) Cornell, William (2013) “Special Fields”: A Injunctions, Decisions and Redecisions Brief History of and Anxious Dilemma and Transactional Analysis Journal 6:1 41-48 Its Lingering Consequences for Goulding, Robert & Goulding, Mary (1979) Transactional Analysis Councillors Changing Lives through Redecision Therapy. Transactional Analysis Journal 43:1 7-13 New York: Grove Press Inc. Cornell, William & Hine, Jenni (1999) Goulding, Mary & Goulding, Robert (1986) Cognitive and Social Functions of Emotions: Redecision Therapy (video recording) San A Model for Transactional Analysis Francisco: International Transactional Counselor Training Transactional Analysis Analysis Association Journal 29:3 175-15 Grant, Jan (2013) Short-Term Counselling Dallos, Rudi & Draper, Ros (2010) An and Transactional AnalysisTransactional Introduction to Family Therapy 3rd ed. Analysis Journal 43:1 58-67 Maidenhead: Open University Press Greve, Becky (1976) Protocol Fantasy and Dewarrat, Maryse (2013) Preparing for a Early Decision Transactional Analysis New Life: Midwifery and Transactional Journal 6: 1 57-60 Analysis Transactional Analysis Journal 43:1 Hargaden, Helena & Sills, Charlotte (2002) 48-57 Transactional Analysis: A Relational Doan, Robert (1977) Narrative Therapy, Perspective Hove: Brunner-Routledge Postmodernism, Social Constructionism, Hay, Julie (1995) Julie Hay a.k.a. Robin and Constructivism: Discussion and Hood Transactional Analysis Journal 25:1 Distinctions Transactional Analysis Journal 37-41 27:2 128-133

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Hay, Julie (1997) The Autonomy Matrix in Krausz, Rosa (2005) Transactional Executive INTAND Newsletter 5:1 November Coaching Transactional Analysis Journal Hay, Julie (2001) AP3: The Assessing Cube 35:4 367-373 TA UK 59 16-19 Kupfer, David & Haimowitz, Morris (1971) Hay, Julie (2009) Transactional Analysis for Therapeutic Interventions Part 1 Trainers 2nd edition Hertford: Sherwood Rubberbands Now. Transactional Analysis Publishing Journal 1:1 10-16 Hay, Julie (2012) Donkey Bridges for Landaiche, N Michel (2013) Working Within Developmental TA 2nd edit Hertford: Limits Transactional Analysis Journal 43:1 Sherwood Publishing 14-23 Hay, Julie (2017) Autonomy - some of the Margolis, Gary (1979) Counseling the Early Material IDTA Newsletter 12:3 16-21 Invisible Client Transactional Analysis Journal 9:4 241-243 Holloway, William (1977) Transactional Analysis: An Integrative View in Barnes, G. Maturana, Humberto (1978) Biology of (ed) Transactional Analysis after Eric Berne: language: The epistemology of reality in Teachings and Practices of Three TA Miller, G A., and Lenneberg E (eds.), Schools, New York: Harper’s College Press Psychology and Biology of Language and Chap 11 169-221 Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg. Academic Press: 27-63 Kahler, Taibi (1971) personal communication– workshop in London McKenna, Jim (1974) Stroking profile: Application to Script Analysis Transactional Kahler, Taibi (1979a) Managing with the Analysis Journal 4:4 20-24 Process Communication Model 2nd edition Little Rock, AR: Human Development Mohr, Günther (2014) Systemic Publications Transactional Analysis Coaching: A study of effective conditions, consequences and Kahler, Taibi (1979b) Process Therapy in effects on organisational culture rd Brief 3 edition Little Rock, AR: Human International Journal of Transactional Development Publications. Analysis Research 5:2 3-16 Kahler, Taibi (2008) The Process Therapy Monin, Sylvie (2011) The Part of Minding Model: The Six Personality Types with the Gap: A Counselor’s Ethical Challenge Adaptations USA: Taibi Kahler Associates Transactional Analysis Journal 41:2 118-122 Kaplan, D, Tarvydas, M & Gladding, S T Monin, Sylvie (2013) Letter from the Guest (2014) 2020: A vision for the future of Editor Transactional Analysis Journal 43:2 3 counseling: The new consensus definition -6 of counselling Journal of Counseling & Development 92 366-372 Monin, Sylvie (2018) Cure or Well-Being? A Counseling Perspective The Script 48: 5 1-3 Karpman, Stephen (1971) Options Transactional Analysis Journal 1:1 79-87 Napper, Rosemary (2008) Counselling CTA – why did I do it? ITA News 39 p.1 & 3-4, Kilburg, Richard (2002) Executive Coaching: Developing Managerial Wisdom in a World Nespoli, Andrea (2013) The Application of of Chaos Washington, DC: American Transactional Analysis to Sports Psychology Psychological Association Transactional Analysis Journal 43:3 240-250 Kouwenhoven, Maarten (2017) The Noriega Gayol, Gloria (2004) Strategic Coaching Matrix Transactional Codependence: A Transgenerational Script Analysis Journal 41:1 77-91 Transactional Analysis Journal 34:4 312-322

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Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation Summers, Graeme & Tudor, Keith (2000) of Australia (2013) Counselling and Cocreative Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy Definition http:// Transactional Analysis Journal 30:1 23-40 www.pacfa.org.au/practitioner-resources/ Thweatt, William (1975) My High School counselling-psychotherapy-definitions/ Counselor Said I Should Be a Forest Ranger! Accessed 10 June 2018 Transactional Analysis Journal 5:3 234-237 Retief, Yvonne with Conroy, Bea (1997) Thweatt, Bill & Miller, Nancy (1979) Conscious Empowerment Therapy: A Model Counselling through the Classroom or How for Counseling Adult Survivors of Childhood to Have the Best Course in the Whole Abuse Transactional Analysis Journal 27:1 University Transactional Analysis Journal 42-48 9:4 290-293 Rosseau, Mil, Rosseau, Rik & Widdowson, Tilney, Tony (1998) Dictionary of Mark (2014) Application of Redecision Transactional AnalysisLondon: Whurr Therapy in Executive Coaching Workshops: Publishers Ltd Part 1 – the Workshop International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research 5: 1 15- Vinella, Patrizia (2013) Transactional 18 Analysis Counselling Groups: Theory, Practice, and How They Differ from Other Schiff, Jacqui & Contributors (1975), TA Groups Transactional Analysis Journal Cathexis Reader: Transactional Analysis 43: 1 68-79 Treatment of Psychosis, New York: Harper & Row Publishers Inc World Health Organization (2018a) Constitution of the WHO: Principles Slater, Stuart (2002) Using Transactional www.who.int/about/mission/en accessed Analysis in Sports Coaching Transactional 21 June 2018 Analysis Journal 32:3 184-189 World Health Organization (2018b) The Steiner, Claude (1966) Scripts People Live, Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion New York: Grove Press www.who.int/healthpromotion/ Stewart, Ian (1989), Transactional Analysis conferences/previous/ottawa/en/ accessed Counselling in Action London: Sage 21 June 2018 Publications

Would you like to join IDTA Council? We meet online to allow international participation. We will be having our elections at the Annual General Meeting (also online) sometime in August or September Watch out for the nomination forms Go ahead and contact any one of the existing Council members if you would like to talk about what is involved

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Psychological Intelligence Foundation CIC A non-profit educational foundation

Led by Julie Hay, TSTA Organisational, Psychotherapy & Educational Workshops and Interactive Webinars Get an MSc while you study for CTA, CTA Trainer or TSTA Get TA practitioner accreditation in one year Get recognition by EMCC, ICF, ILM, CMI TA Awards you can offer your clients Add an extra field without repeating the training hours Now processing applications for September www.pifcic.org www.ictaq.org Or http://bit.ly/JHBOOKME to arrange a free exploratory discussion with Julie Hay

Psychological Intelligence Foundation CIC Wildhill, Broadoak End, Hertford SG14 2JA, UK +44 (0)1992 550246 www.pifcic.org

IDTA Newsletter Volume 13 Issue 2 June 2018 26

Contact details for Council

Executive Director— Julie Hay 03000 115230 [email protected] Website—Mary Tobin Chairperson—Sandra Wilson [email protected] [email protected] TA Proficiency Awards—Julie Hay Training Standards—Lynda Tongue 07793 03000 115230 [email protected] 077953 [email protected]

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