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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Asbury Theological Seminary ASTRACT VIKTOR EMILE FRANKL’S MEANING PARADIGM: LOGOTHERAPY AS A MODEL FOR MEANING-CENTERED PASTORAL MINISTRY IN THE CONTEMPORARY SINGAPOREAN CONTEXT Peter Wong Keen Mun This dissertation examined Viktor Frankl’s works published in English and assessed logotherapy as a model for meaning-centered pastoral ministry in the contemporary Singaporean context. The project explored four composite case studies portraying experiences observed in Singapore. Each case study was constructed from a composite of personalities and a matrix of events and drew from my knowledge of actual persons and experience of real-life scenarios. The studies were analyzed using logotherapy in a pastoral ministry setting. The cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes anticipated demonstrated the suitability of logotherapy as a model of meaning-centered pastoral ministry in the contemporary Singaporean context. DISSERTATION APPROVAL This is to certify that the dissertation entitled VIKTOR EMILE FRANKL’S MEANING PARADIGM: LOGOTHERAPY AS A MODEL FOR MEANING-CENTERED PASTORAL MINISTRY IN THE CONTEMPORARY SINGAPOREAN CONTEXT presented by Peter Wong Keen Mun has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for the DOCTOR OF MINISTRY degree at Asbury Theological Seminary ____________________________________ April 27, 2005 _ Mentor Date ____________________________________ April 27, 2005 _ Internal Reader Date ____________________________________ April 27, 2005 _ Vice President of Educational Development Date VIKTOR EMILE FRANKL’S MEANING PARADIGM: LOGOTHERAPY AS A MODEL FOR MEANING-CENTERED PASTORAL MINISTRY IN THE CONTEMPORARY SINGAPOREAN CONTEXT A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Asbury Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Ministry by Peter Wong Keen Mun May 2005 © 2005 Peter Wong Keen Mun ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables…………………………………….……...……………………….…………. ix List of Figures.……………………………………………...………….……………..…….. x Acknowledgments…………………………………………...………………………….……xi. Chapter 1. The Problem of Meaninglessness………………..…………………..…………….. 1 The Sense of Meaninglessness……………...…………………….…….…….. 1 What is Meaninglessness?……………………...……………………….……. 1 Searching for Meaning……………………..………………………….……... 2 Theological Foundations…………………..………………………………. ….5 Viktor Emile Frankl, the Search for Meaning, and the Singaporean Context………………………………...…………………………….…..…. 9 Purpose and Research Questions..…………..………………………….……1 1 Research Question 1.…………………………….………….………11 Research Question 2.……………..…………………………….……11 Definition of Terms.…………………………..……………………….……12. 5Cs……………………………………………………..…………..... .12 Appealing Technique……………..…………………………….…….. .12 Attitudinal Paradigm…………………..……………………….……... .12 Creative Paradigm………………..…………………………….……... .12 Dereflection…………………..………………………………….……. .12 Existential…………………..…………………………………………. .12 Experiential Paradigm………..………………………………………. .13 iii Logotherapy………………….…………………………….…………. .13 Meaning Paradigms…………..………………………………….……. .13 Noögenic……………………..………………………………….……. .13 Noödynamics……………..…………………………………….…….. .13 Paradoxical Intention…………………..……………………….…….. .13 Psychogenic Neuroses……………..…………………………….……. .13 Socratic Dialogue…………………..…………………………………. .14 Methodology…………………………………..………………….…….…. .14 Validation………...…………………………..……………………………. .16 Confidentiality and Anonymity………………..…………….….…. 17 Delimitations and Generalizability……………..…………………….…….… .17 Overview of Dissertation……………………..……………………….…….... .18 2. Review of Selected Literature…………………..……………………….…..….. 19 Overview………………………………..……………………………….…. 19 The Search for Meaning…………………………..…………………….…. 19 Experiencing the Existential Vacuum…..………………….…....…19 Finding Meaning: Frankl’s Meaning Triads……..…………..……22.… Summary…………………………….……..…………….…..…..…27 The Search for Ultimate Meaning……………….……………………….…27 The Human Spiritual Dimension………….……………………..…27 The Search for Ultimate Meaning……..………………………...…31 Finding God……………………....…….……………...….….. .…33 Summary…………………..…….…….………..…….…….….. …35 iv Meaning and the Logotherapeutic Method……..………………..…..….…35. Definition of Logotherapy..…………..…………………….…..…36. The Logotherapeutic Method…………..……………….………..…37 Logotherapeutic Interventions……….………………………..…….… 39 Summary……………………….………………………..……….…48 The Development, Critique, and Application of Logotherapy…..…… .…48 Developments in Logotherapy………………………..………….…49 A Christian Critique of Logotherapy……..……..………………...…51 The Application of Logotherapy in Singapore…..……………......…54 Summary……………………………………………………….……. .55 Future Research on Logotherapy for the Singaporean Context…..……..…56 Expanding Frankl’s Meaning Paradigms…………..…………....…56 Deepening the Creative Paradigm……………..…………….…..…59 Correlating with Other Paradigms……………..………………..…60. Summary……………………………………………………………….……. .62 3. The Search for Meaning in Singapore………………….………………….….…64 Overview………………………………………….………….……….….…64 Singapore’s Development and Frankl’s Meaning Paradigm…..…….…..…65 Phase 1: Surviving with Attitude………….………………….….…67 Phase 2: Experiencing Stability……………..…………………..…71. Phase 3: Creating the Cutting Edge…………..………………….…78 Snapshots of Singaporean Society…………………….…..………….….…84 Multiracial Society………………..…….…………………….. .…84 iv Many Religions………………….….....……………………… .…87 Rapid Urbanism……………………………….……………….. …89 The Government and the State……….….……………………... …92 The Economy…………………………….…………………..….…93 Education………………………………….…………………....…95 Family and Society……………………….………………….…. …97 The Counseling Environment…………….………………..….... .101 The Ministry of the Church……………….………….………..... .106 4. Composite Case Studies and Analysis………………….…………………….. .112 Overview………………………………………….……………………... .112 The Composite Case Study Methodology……………….……………... .112 Formulating the Studies…………………………….………….... .113 The Dissertation Reflection Team………………….………….….. 114 Synthesis of Reflection Team Input……………….…………….. .115 Exploring and Analyzing the Cases…………………….…….…... 117 The Composite Case Studies………………………………….……….. ..118 Case 1: Caroline’s Expatriate Career……….……….…………..... 118 Exploration and Analysis of Case 1………………….………….... 121 Case 2: The Queks’ Ambition and Trial……….…….………….... 125 Exploration and Analysis of Case 2…………….……………….... 128 Case 3: A Life Overhaul for Ann……….……….………………... 132 Exploration and Analysis of Case 3…………….……………….... 135 Case 4: Johnny’s Need……….……………….…………………... 139 viiv Exploration and Analysis of Case 4…………….……………….... 141 The Suitability of Logotherapy………………….……………….…….... .145 5. Future Directions……………………………………….……………….…... ..148 Theoretical Directions………………………………………………..….... 148 Practical Directions….…………………………………………………..... 149 Soul Searching for the Christian………………….………….….. .149 The Meaning-Centered Approach for Mainline Religions…..….. .150 Moving across Boundaries…….……………………………..…... .150 Pastoral Directions……………………………………………………....... 151 Personal Transition of the Pastoral Caregiver…………………... .151 General Education in Logotherapy……….………………….….. .152 Training in the Logotherapeutic Process…………….……….... ..152 Conclusion…………………………………………….………………... .153 Appendixes A. The Life Matrix………………………………….……………………..….….... 155 B. The Personal Meaning Profile (PMP)…………………….…………….…….... 156 C. Sample Letter Requesting Logotherapy Input on Composite Case Studies... ..159 D. Sample Letter Requesting Singaporean Input on Composite Case Studies.... ..160 E. Dr. Paul Wong’s Input on Logotherapy……………………….…………….…. 161 F. Dr. Alfried Längle’s Input on Logotherapy………………….……….……... ..162 G. Rev. Dr. Symond Kock’s Input on the Singaporean Context………….…...... .165 H. Dr. Roland Chia’s Input on the Singaporean Context……………….……... ..166 I. Miss Helen Hee’s Input on the Singaporean Context………………….….…. ..168 viivi J. Prototype Logotherapeutic Counsel and Techniques Worksheet…….……….... 171 Works Cited…….…………………………………………………………………….…... 175 viivii TABLES Table Page 3.1 Correlating Singapore’s Historical Phases with Frankl’s Meaning Paradigms……………………………………………………….……. .…66 3.2 The Shift from Traditional to Contemporary Views Regarding Family.…... 101 ivx FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Frankl’s Meaning Triads ………………………………….……………..…23 3.1 Singapore in Relation to Asia ………………………………………….…..63 ixv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I offer my deepest appreciation to: Edna, who believed in me and sustained me, body and soul. Avram and Avelle, who insisted that I not forget to play. Dr. Leslie Andrews, who was a model of strength. Dr. Tapiwa Mucherera, who showed me the pathways. Dr. Stephen Martyn, who always encouraged me. Mum, for her love, care, and prayers. Jeffrey and Susie Gan for their care and concern. Helen Hee, for her love and support. Steven and Christina Lim, for their love and support. John and Josephine Wong, for their love and support. Dear friends at Fairfield Methodist Church, Singapore. God, in whom ultimate meaning is found. In loving memory of my father, Wong Thong Heng, who passed away on 30 August 2003. He is a reminder that God loves me. xiiv Wong 1 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM OF MEANINGLESSNESS The Sense of Meaninglessness From 1993 to 2003, I was a pastor in the local church in the Trinity Annual Conference of the Methodist Church in Singapore. During this time, I encountered people who asked what the meaning of life was. They were dissatisfied with their lives. They did not find meaning in their work, nor could they get to the things that really mattered to them. Others, while seeming to enjoy the good life,
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