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(Closed Greenhouse): Underlying Physiological and Morphological Parameters

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(Closed Greenhouse): Underlying Physiological and Morphological Parameters ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN CUT CHRYSANTHEMUM RESPONSE TO HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (CLOSED GREENHOUSE): UNDERLYING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS SUPERVISORS: RUUD MAASWINKEL, MSc AND DR. EP HEUVELINK DIMITRIOS FANOURAKIS WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY GREENHOUSE HORTICULTURE MAY 2007 © 2007 Wageningen, UR Glastuinbouw Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving. Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw is niet aansprakelijk voor eventuele schadelijke gevolgen die kunnen ontstaan bij gebruik van gegevens uit deze uitgave. Projectnummer: 3242008100 Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw Adres : Violierenweg 1, Bleiswijk : Postbus 20, 2665 ZG Bleiswijk Tel. : 0317 – 485 606 Internet : www.glastuinbouw.wur.nl CONTENTS PREFACE ..................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT .................................................................................. 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.................................................... 5 Growth and development of chrysanthemum in enriched CO 2 regimes......................... 5 CO 2 concentration........................................................................................................... 6 Adaptation to the high [CO 2] .......................................................................................... 6 AIM OF THE RESEARCH......................................................... 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................. 8 Experimental set-up ........................................................................................................ 8 Greenhouse climate......................................................................................................... 9 Treatments....................................................................................................................... 9 Destructive measurements .............................................................................................. 9 Growth analysis ............................................................................................................ 10 Stomatal density measurements.................................................................................... 10 Photosynthesis measurements....................................................................................... 10 Statistical design and analysis....................................................................................... 11 RESULTS.................................................................................... 12 Plant development and quality aspects ......................................................................... 12 Number of leaves on the main stem.......................................................................... 12 Leaf area index, Leaf Area Ratio and Net Assimilation Rate................................... 12 Stem length ............................................................................................................... 12 Number of flowers .................................................................................................... 13 Reaction time and flower development rate ............................................................. 14 Mass production............................................................................................................ 15 Fresh weight.............................................................................................................. 15 Fresh weight 80 cm length........................................................................................ 15 Dry weight ................................................................................................................ 16 Water content............................................................................................................ 16 Growth analysis ............................................................................................................ 17 Relative growth rate.................................................................................................. 17 Crop growth rate ....................................................................................................... 17 Morphological and Physiological parameters............................................................... 19 Stomatal density measurements................................................................................ 19 Photosynthesis measurements................................................................................... 19 DISCUSSION.............................................................................. 21 Plant development and quality aspects ......................................................................... 21 Number of leaves on the main stem.......................................................................... 21 Stem length ............................................................................................................... 21 Number of flowers and flower bubs ......................................................................... 21 Reaction time and flower development rate ............................................................. 21 Mass production............................................................................................................ 22 Fresh weight.............................................................................................................. 22 Fresh weight 80 cm length........................................................................................ 22 Dry weight ................................................................................................................ 22 Water content............................................................................................................ 22 Growth analysis ............................................................................................................ 22 Relative growth rate and Crop Growth Rate............................................................. 22 Morphological and Physiological parameters............................................................... 23 Stomatal density measurements................................................................................ 23 Photosynthesis measurements................................................................................... 23 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 24 REFERENCES ........................................................................... 25 APPENDICES............................................................................. 26 2 PREFACE Nowadays, the closed greenhouse concept offers new possibilities for controlling the climate, in ranges that in current commercial production are technically not possible or economically not feasible. One of these possibilities is the improved CO 2 fertilization in terms of dose, but also duration of application. In this point of view the effects of elevated carbon dioxide, except from the physiological interest, become important for applicable purposes. This concept in combination with the genotypic variation is an excellent discipline to experiment with. The present report was written in the framework of my internship for the MSc study program I followed in the Horticultural Production Chains Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UR, during the academic years 2005-2007. The experiment took place in Bleiswijk, part of the infrastructure of Wageningen UR, during the period February to April 2007, and was financed by Productschap Tuinbouw and OCAP. Experiment’s planning, working in the greenhouse, discussions with my colleagues, as well as the writing of the report offered me valuable knowledge and experience on scientific research. I would like to thank Ruud Maaswinkel, my daily supervisor, for our discussions, his ideas and the Dutch I learnt, the time we spend together. I would also like to acknowledge my professor Dr Ep Heuvelink for his advice during the experiment, his contribution in overcoming several obstacles and for his critical comments on the report. It would be an omission not to mention the PhD student Govert Trouwborst, and my colleague, Zhichao Zhang, who made possible the photosynthesis measurements; Fred van Leeuwen, for arranging the cultivation measures; and Peter Lagas, for his kind assistance during the measurements. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the foundation Alexander S. Onassis for the financial support during my studies. Dimitrios N. Fanourakis May 2007 Wageningen, Netherlands 3 ABSTRACT Seventeen cut chrysanthemum cultivars were used to evaluate the effects of elevated CO 2 concentration (1500ppm), compared to the concentration (500ppm) used in commercial chrysanthemum production in The Netherlands, on growth, development and quality aspects in an experiment conducted between February and April 2007. CO 2 enrichment increased the aboveground fresh weight (2-28%) of plants in all cultivars, significantly only for two, an increase that was partially due to higher stem length (0- 12%), but also increased fresh weight of plants at 80 cm fixed length (1-22%). Moreover, the elevated CO 2 regime increased the
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