DINOSAURS ALIVE!

A 3-D LARGE-FORMAT FILM

A Production Of

DAVID CLARK INC.

GIANT SCREEN FILMS

MARYLAND SCIENCE CENTER

STARDUST BLUE LLC

In Association With

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

and

HUGO PRODUCTIONS

Narrated By

MICHAEL DOUGLAS

Final Script 4/4/07 Written by David Clark & Bayley Silleck

CGI #1 Fighting

FADE UP on the eroded slope of a semi-vegetated sand dune in the . The sky, full of menacing clouds, heralds an approaching storm. Sand is blowing. A small, four-legged, crested – an herbivorous – ambles into view, looks about for food. Suddenly, from the top of the dune, a carnivorous leaps through the air and lands on the Proto’s back. The shrieking Proto takes off, runs out of frame.

Locked in mortal combat, the dinosaurs plunge downhill toward us, getting larger and larger in 3D space. All at once the Proto stops, plants its forelegs in the sand, and throws the Velo off its back. The Velo attacks again, striking at the Proto’s neck and belly with its forelimb claws. The Proto retaliates by seizing the Velo’s neck in its hook-like beak and snapping down hard, then seizes the dangerous forelimb of the Velo in its mouth. Now the dinosaurs are right in our laps, the Proto on top and the Velo on its back, screeching at its adversary, as it sinks one of its toe-claws into the Proto’s belly. Both dinosaurs are fatally wounded. The action FREEZES on their deadly embrace.

DISSOLVE to: Interior of Mongolian Museum of Natural History. Eighty million years have passed. The dinos’ entwined bodies are now perfectly preserved skeletons. The camera rises high over the , and looks down on the two ancient adversaries.

NARRATOR Eighty million years ago, two dinosaurs - - a crested Protoceratops and a sharp-clawed Velociraptor, fought to the death. Somehow, as they died in the sands of the Gobi Desert, their battle was frozen in time - - the Velociraptor flat on its back, its clawed arm caught in the jaws of the Protoceratops.

DISSOLVE to: Close TRACKING shot past the skeletons, showing the supine Velo’s toe-claw stuck in the Proto’s belly and its forearm caught in the Proto’s jaws.

An extraordinary . A mysterious glimpse of life and death in the Age of Dinosaurs.

DISSOLVE to: High-angle close shot: Wind blows the sand away to reveal what at first appears to be a fossil, but is then revealed as two words carved in stone. The title then lifts from the sandy matrix and grows larger in the blackness of 3D space.

DINOSAURS ALIVE

Once again we hear the screeching sound of the aggressive Velociraptor. Suddenly, the Velociraptor‟s clawed hand appears out of the dark background and smashes the Main Title logo to pieces; broken letters fly out into the audience. CUT to: Interior, American Museum of Natural History, Hall of Saurischian Dinosaurs. TRACK IN on the horned and frilled head of Triceratops.

NARRATOR For more than 150 million years, dinosaurs roamed every corner of the planet. Only a very few left evidence of their existence - - their fossilized bones.

CRANE along the spine of Stegosaurus, with its distinctive dorsal plates slicing though 3-D space. Below, we see its dangerous-looking tail spikes.

And those bones never cease to fascinate us.

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CRANE down from hip of Tyrannosaurus rex to legs and feet.

Dinosaurs came in amazing shapes and sizes. Some were the largest animals ever to walk the Earth.

CRANE into T. rex jaws, with its awesome, curved teeth.

Paleontologists – the scientists who study prehistoric life… Tilt down from head of T. rex to awed visitors staring at its massive body and skull. In the background is a gigantic Apatosaurus. … are discovering more dinosaurs now than ever before. And this fossil evidence is allowing them to reconstruct not only their strange skeletons, but also their lives. CUT to: Interior of New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. We CRANE UP from a Stegosaurus to reveal a gigantic skeleton of a Sauropod, filling the entire hall.

An example is this gigantic long-necked, plant-eater known as Seismosaurus. Found in New Mexico it lived during the Jurassic Period, 150 million years ago, when many dinosaurs grew to unprecedented size.

CRANE from close-up of the creature’s head, down its long neck vertebrae and into its massive rib cage.

Seismosaurus means “earth-shaking lizard,” and there‟s no doubt that its footsteps echoed across the Jurassic landscape. Measuring 110 feet from nose to tail, it is one of the longest dinosaurs ever discovered.

Strangely, when it was excavated, some 240 smooth, round stones were found in and around its huge stomach cavity.

CGI #6 Seismosaurus An enormous Seismosaurus head comes into frame, bends down, and picks up some stones in its mouth. The camera pulls back and we see in the background, two smaller Seismosaurus walking and feeding.

Some scientists believe Seismosaurus swallowed stones to help its digestion.

Wide low-angle shot of Seismosaurus crossing a rocky riverbed toward a stand of trees, as a small flock of pterosaurs circle around it. The dinosaur approaches a couple of trees as its gigantic feet come uncomfortably close to the camera.

Others say that finding the stones was a coincidence, that they were part of a riverbed where Seismosaurus was found.

Medium-close shot of the vast expanse of Seismo’s back. Two pterosaurs fly into frame and we follow them, over the huge dino’s back and up its incredibly long neck to its relatively small head. With its rake- like teeth, Seismo strips foliage from a tree, and then turns toward camera, giving us an intimate close-up of this great herbivore.

Seismosaurus weighed over 30 tons - - as much as eight elephants, and must have consumed hundreds of pounds of vegetation every day.

Ground -level wide shot of the wide riverbed, fringed with evergreen trees. The Seismosaurus moves away from camera and, having eaten well, leaves a prodigious dump.

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Sometimes scientists can even learn what dinosaurs ate, from clues they left behind… in their fossilized dung. CUT back to: Interior, New Mexico Museum. Crane shot moving back from the Seismo’s spacious rib cage and along its tail vertebrae.

Dinosaurs were first discovered in Europe and America, but in the Twentieth Century scientific explorers struck out for the most remote corners of the Earth…

Wide shot of mounted Daspletosaurus skeleton which seems to be attempting an attack on the much larger Seismosaurus. Crane down rapidly to the carnivore’s wide-open jaws and sharp teeth.

…and the full extent of the dinosaur kingdom began to be revealed.

Dissolve DISSOLVE to: vintage-looking map of Asia and ZOOM IN to . MAP #1 OLD-FASHIONED MAP SHOWING ASIA, MONGOLIA, ULAANBAATAR The Gobi Desert spans a half-million square miles of Mongolia and China - - the ancient land of Chingghis Khan.

CUT TO: A camel caravan crossing the Gobi sand dunes.

Beneath sands that camel caravans traversed for centuries, lay a vast treasure trove of fossils, undisturbed for more than 70 million years that would forever change our view of dinosaur life. CUT to: Panoramic view of huge Gobi sand dunes. SUPERIMPOSE single panel archival 35mm black & white footage of ’ 1920’s Central Asiatic Expeditions:

1920s Dodge touring car rumbles through boulder-strewn desert valley. Several Dodges splash through a muddy stream.

In the 1920s a team of scientists from the American Museum of Natural History set out to explore the little-known Gobi.

Close-up of Roy Chapman Andrews drinking from water bag, smiling at camera. FREEZE FRAME

Their leader was Roy Chapman Andrews.

Dodge cars approach Great Wall of China at Kalgan. Cars pass through gate of the Great Wall.

Andrews and his team traveled in a fleet of automobiles.

Expedition team tries to push stalled motorcar out of muddy ravine.

It was one of the first major expeditions to use motorized transport...

Wider: With more men helping, car is extricated from the mud.

...in Central Asia. To keep his expedition supplied…

Andrews watches as long line of heavily-loaded camels passes by.

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…when the nearest gas station was a thousand miles away, he came up with a novel plan, sending out…

Long camel caravan passing camera with Gobi cliffs in background.

camel caravans in advance, loaded with food and fuel.

Mongolians plucking hair from flank of a camel.

And the camels provided an unexpected service to the expedition.

Close shot: hair being plucked by hand.

Hair, plucked from their shedding winter coats, was ideal…

Scientists line wooden shipping cases with camel hair.

for packing fragile fossils.

Gorgeous, Lawrence of Arabia-like shot of camel caravan crossing a high dune. Camel caravan crosses a high dune.

Mongolia was a dangerous place full of…

DISSOLVE to: Still of Andrews with rifle.

…roving bandits, but Andrews, thought to be the inspiration for “Indiana Jones,” reveled in the…

DISSOLVE to: Still of Andrews scanning desert with binoculars.

…adventure of it all. VOICE OF ANDREWS Never again will I have such a feeling…

Wide shot: camel caravan in large dune field.

as Mongolia gave me. All this thrilled me to the core.

High angle dunes, camels, and mountain escarpment.

Somewhere in the depths of that vast, silent desert…

Andrews searches for fossils in rocky terrain.

…lay those records of the past that I had come to seek.

Andrews’s caravan rolls past camera, in a cloud of wind-blown sand.

NARRATOR Andrews fended off the bandits, but he and his team could not avoid…

Scientists rush out of tent to secure it against a powerful windstorm.

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…the violent sandstorms that often sweep across the Gobi.

RCA archival footage fades out, leaving full-screen image of sand dunes.

CGI #8 Dust Storm A massive sand storm sweeps across the dunes.

To their amazement, they found…

Close-up live-action shot of wind blowing sand to reveal a fossil.

…that each new storm uncovered a wealth of bones – dinosaur bones - never before seen, and perfectly preserved in the desert sands.

CUT to a huge Russian MI-8 helicopter on the Gobi plains, its rotors turning. Mark Norell and Mike Novacek enter frame and climb aboard.

Mark Norell and Mike Novacek of the American Museum of Natural History, following in Andrews‟ footsteps, have been leading expeditions to the Gobi every year since 1990.

Helicopter taxis and takes off in a swirl of dust. Helicopter flies over camera and out into vast, flat desert. CUT to: Interior helicopter cockpit; two Mongolian pilots look down on red Gobi landscape.

Mike and Mark, silhouetted in the open doorway, gaze down at Flaming Cliffs, talk and gesture excitedly about what they’re seeing.

MARK (SYNC) That area looks pretty good. I think we should go down over there.

NARRATOR Fascinated by dinosaurs in their youth, Mike and Mark have both become renowned paleontologists.

MIKE (SYNC) The light is good. If we have a few more hours, shouldn‟t have trouble finding things here.

CUT to: their POV: Aerial of the spectacular Flaming Cliffs in late afternoon light.

NARRATOR They‟ve dug dinosaurs all over the world, but they‟ve made their most spectacular finds here in the Gobi Desert.

Julia, Amy, and Alan walk through the courtyard of the Gandan Monastery on the way to their vehicles.

Dr. Julia Clarke has arrived in Mongolia‟s capital, Ulaanbataar, with graduate students Alan Turner and Amy Balanoff, to prepare for this year‟s expedition.

Aided by their Mongolian colleagues, Julia, Amy, and Alan load a Russian 4x4 with equipment and supplies.

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They are part of the team that will join Mike and Mark in the desert.

JULIA (V/O) This will be my sixth summer in the Gobi. Mongolia has proven so rich in fossils…

The four expedition vehicles pass through the ornate temple gate.

… I know that each year there will be great new finds to be made.

CUT to TRACKING SHOT: Caravan of trucks driving across expanse of roadless desert, leaving long clouds of dust. We cross behind a big Russian GAZ truck.

POV from top of truck along tire-marked track in flat desert, making sweeping right turn.

NARRATOR There are few paved roads outside of Ulaanbaatar. The team‟s destination in the western Gobi is a minimum of three days‟ driving…. a “Mad Max” journey over hot, dusty plains…

High-angle PAN from top of mountain: tiny vehicles making their way through a rugged mountain pass.

… and through mountain passes.

POV from top of truck moving slowly down a treacherous dirt track toward Flaming Cliffs.

Archival shots in a single panel of Andrews and team arriving at Flaming Cliffs, superimposed on full- screen IMAX shots of the cliffs from a high angle.

Dodge touring car approaches Cliffs, stops. Scientists get out.

NARRATOR In 1921, after months of overland travel…

Scientists hike up to steep, sculpted cliffs.

…Roy Chapman Andrews‟ motor-caravan came across a strange and beautiful place of eroded canyons and…

Wide shot: Scientists explore the rugged flanks of the Cliffs.

..and sandstone towers.

Archival panel DISSOLVES away, leaving full-screen IMAX shot of gorgeous Flaming Cliffs at dawn.

The late-afternoon sun seemed to set the rocks on fire. Andrews named it the Flaming Cliffs. Here they would come upon one of the greatest repositories…

In full-screen IMAX, the AMNH caravan pulls up to Flaming Cliffs. Scientists get out of their vehicles.

…of dinosaur remains ever found. More than eighty years later, the Flaming Cliffs are still a fabled and productive destination for dinosaur hunters. To find dinosaurs, paleontologists must first…

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Wide shot: Mike, Mark, Julia, Alan, Boldra and other scientists spread out at the base of the Cliffs, moving slowly over the rock-strewn desert, eyes trained at their feet.

…look in the right places. They know that fossils are preserved in certain rock deposits. The only tool they need at first…

Scientist’s POV: moving low and slow up a rocky slope. Here and there are small, white fragments of fossilized bone.

… is keen eyesight. Tiny white bone fragments on the surface hint at what could be an entire dinosaur buried below.

Medium shot: Mike and Mark move uphill toward camera, searching for fossils.

MIKE (SYNC) There‟s a lot of bone in here. MARK Always a good place. Hey, come check this out. MIKE Oh, what? MARK An egg.

NARRATOR With decades of experience…

Hand-held close shot: Mike examines egg that Mark has found.

…Mike and Mark can readily spot fossils and identify them.

MIKE (SYNC) That‟s a nice one.

CUT to PAN of Alan and Amy searching a shallow canyon.

NARRATOR For grad students Alan and Amy, time in the field is the best way to develop their own skills.

ALAN (V/O) This is my first time going to the Gobi with Mark and everyone. I‟m really excited and happy to be part of a tradition that goes back to Roy Chapman Andrews.

ALAN (SYNC) I don‟t know, where to?

NARRATOR The Gobi expeditions…

Bolortsetseg climbs down rocky terrain, stops to break open rocks with her hammer to find fossils.

…are a collaboration with the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. This year, Mongolian grad student Boldra Minjin, joins the team.

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BOLDRA V/O My father is a paleontologist and when he first showed me a giant skeleton found in Mongolia I couldn‟t believe such animals really lived. I have loved finding fossils ever since.

Wide shot of a cleft in the Flaming Cliffs. Davka stops, bends down to look closely at something, and calls Julia and Allan over.

DAVKA (SYNC) Julia! ALAN What you‟ve got going over here? JULIA What did you find? Oh wow.

NARRATOR Today, after only a few hours of searching, the team

Medium-close shot: Davka, Julia, Alan brush off and inspect the skull.

… uncovers a fossilized skull. Julia is quick to recognize it as that of a large, armored dinosaur.

Close-up of Julia brushing off the new discovery.

JULIA V/O It‟s called a Pinacosaurus. It was sort of the heavy tank of its day.

Extreme close-up of fossil skull.

SUPERIMPOSE: A graphic line drawing of the head of a Pinacosaurus .

With experience, we can visualize what fossils like this would have looked like in life.

CGI Turntable #1 Tarchia In CGI, a life-like Tarchia dinosaur strides through space and slowly rotates on a grid, so that we see its armored body from every angle. Beneath the dinosaur is a graphic time-lime showing the three great periods of dinosaur life: Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. A moving cursor stops at 75 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period and the name Tarchia appears above.

Pinacosaurus and its relatives like this Tarchia were built for defense. Their backs bristled with rows of hard, bony plates and spikes. Even their eyelids were armored. And their tails ended in a massive bony club.

Standing by jeep, Boldra shows a large Tarbosaurus leg bone to Mark.

BOLDRA (SYNC) This bone is from Bugin Tsav.

NARRATOR One of Tarchia‟s few enemies was the ferocious Tarbosaurus, whose bones have also been found in the Gobi.

MARK (SYNC)

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Yeh, actually it‟s the proximal end. It‟s very nice. You can see how it‟s still hollow here just like a bone is.

CGI Turntable #2 Tarbosaurus A large, life-like, predatory Tarbosarus moves through space and slowly rotates on a grid. On the graphic time-line below, the cursor stops at 70 MYA in the Cretaceous Period and the name Tarbosaurus appears.

NARRATOR Tarbosaurus was a close relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and it was a top predator. It was 30 feet long and weighed 5 tons. It had a super-sized bite with razor-sharp teeth nearly six inches long.

Tracking shot from head to side of a walking T.rex robot.

Scientists have debated for many years how fast or slow these big predators were. This scale model of a T.rex skeleton…

Side-view close-up of T. rex legs and feet in motion

…. reveals how a massive two-legged, or bipedal dinosaur might have moved. As they walked they shifted their entire weight from leg to leg, as humans do.

TRACK from rear view of tail to left side of robot.

Their large tails helped to balance them. Their legs were directly beneath their hips, allowing them to carry more weight and move faster.

Dinosaurs like T.rex could have reached speeds up to 25 miles per hour - - faster than an average human could run.

CUT to: CGI #12 Tarbosaurus/Tarchia fight The CGI camera tracks beside a huge, carnivorous Tarbosaurus loping down a sand dune in the Gobi.

Tarbosaurus was at the top of the food chain in the area of Asia that is now the Gobi Desert.

Reverse angle of dunes fringed with bushes: Tarbosaurus lumbers into frame, spots the distant Tarchia, and stops abruptly.

CUT to: An armored Tarchia grazing on some thick bushes below the dune. Suddenly the Tarchia hears something. It stops eating and looks over its shoulder, swinging its tail club back and forth in agitation.

But Tarchia was no wimp, and could use its tail club to cripple or kill an attacker.

Wide shot of dunes: Tarchia turns quickly to face the danger. Tarbosaurus enters foreground.

Close shot on Tarbosaurus: It leans forward and bellows at the Tarchia, revealing a huge mouth full of dagger-like teeth, then moves forward to attack.

Wide shot: The Tarchia stands its ground as the Tarbosaurus closes in and attempts to lock its jaws on the Tarchia’s back.

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From low angle, beneath the Tarbosaurus‟s massive frame, we seem them collide. With blows from its massive head, The Tarbosaurus tries to overturn the Tarchia and get at its unarmored belly. The heavy Tarchia manages to stay on all four feet, and swings its tail club at its attacker.

Wider angle, looking up the dune. The tail club misses its target. Now Tarchia charges into Tarbo, trying to knock it over. Tarbo makes a counterattack, going for the Tarchia’s neck with its massive jaws. Once again, the Tarchia turns and swings its tail-club. This time, the Tarchia’s 40-pound tail club smacks into Tarbo’s right leg with a resounding crunch. Knocked off balance, the Tarbosaurus staggers, then crashes to the ground , jaws gaping in agony.

FADE OUT / FADE IN on wide, high-angle shot of Flaming Cliffs. SUPERIMPOSE: Single panel of Andrews’ archival footage.

Close-up: Scientist brushes sand off a fossilized Protoceratops skull.

In the 1920‟s, the Andrews‟ expeditions found a number of new dinosaurs.

Scientists run downhill excitedly.

Their most important…

Granger and another scientist examine a dinosaur egg. Andrews, and two other men join them to see the exciting new discovery.

…discovery wasn‟t a ferocious predator…it was something rather small...but one of the great dinosaur finds of all time.

Close-up: Scientist brushes away sand, revealing more eggs. Extreme close-up: brushing sand from egg. Medium shot: Granger removes egg from sand and passes it to a colleague.

They found the first dinosaur eggs, lying in…

Close-up: Nest of eggs. Scientist picks up two halves of broken egg and fits them together.

… large, round nests in the ground.

Extreme close-up: broken egg in hand.

This amazing find confirmed that dinosaurs actually laid eggs.

CUT to: Full-screen shot of Museum exhibit of two Protoceratops: pan from their nest of eggs up to their heads.

Andrews and his team believed the eggs belonged to Protoceratops, because they found so many of these dinosaurs in the Gobi. About the size of sheep, Protoceratops had a distinctive head shield and a hook-like beak.

CUT back to: panel of RCA archive footage: scientist lifting a large rock off of a fossil.

On top of one nest, they made a puzzling discovery…

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AMNH archive photo of first skeleton.

…the skeleton of a bird-like, meat-eating dinosaur, definitely not a Protoceratops. They concluded that it was a predator that had been raiding the nest. It was named Oviraptor - - meaning"egg thief."

CUT to “Big Momma” Oviraptor cast at AMNH. Camera moves toward fossilized egg with embryo displayed next to it.

It took 70 years to prove they were wrong. In 1993 Mark Norell made an extraordinary find in the Gobi…

CGI: Zoom in on fossil egg and embryo then SUPERIMPOSE a life-drawing of the Oviraptor embryo.

… a fossilized dinosaur embryo.

NORELL (V/O) We discovered that it was the embryo of a very close relative of Oviraptor.

CGI #9: Oviraptor nests beside a lake, surrounded by vegetated dunes. Medium Tracking shot: A feathered Oviraptor climbs onto its nest and, like a bird, scrunches down to protect its eggs. There are many other nests in the background, all with brooding parents.

In other words, the dinosaur was not stealing the eggs, it was a good parent, brooding them.

NARRATOR The discovery of preserved on their nests places new light on these dinosaurs. They sat on their eggs, just like modern .

Wide angle from top of dune: the colony-like cluster of Oviraptor nests at one end of a long lake and the dunes that surround them.

FADE OUT/FADE IN on close shot of “Khaan” fossil: leg-bones and toe-claws.

Many of the Gobi dinosaurs are in a remarkable state of preservation, undisturbed by scavengers or damaged by erosion.

DISSOLVE to: Close shot of fossilized “Fighting Dinosaurs” in their state of perfect preservation.

Not only Oviraptors, but many others…like the Fighting Dinosaurs…

DISSOLVE to: a cluster of Protoceratopsian babies, huddled together as they died.

…and even a nest-full of barely-hatched baby Protoceratops. How did they die so suddenly and remain so intact?

Wide shot: Gobi Desert with storm clouds in distance.

Until recently it was thought that sandstorms buried these creatures. New evidence suggests a much more spectacular scenario.

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CUT to: Pan of huge sand dunes (the “Singing Sands”) at sunrise, mirrored in a lake.

During this expedition, heavier-than-normal rainfall flooded parts of the Gobi. According to a new theory, water and sand dunes played a dramatic part in preserving dinosaur remains.

Pan across lake as wind blows up waves. Pan and tilt up to show water flooding primeval-looking rock formations.

Scientists now believe that every few centuries, rainstorms of immense power swept down on this arid world…with catastrophic effect.

CGI #13 steal Oviraptor egg; storm buries nests Against a menacingly dark sky, a pair of keen-eyed, hungry Velociraptors suddenly appear atop a huge sand dune.

Reverse angle: They look down on dozens of Oviraptorid nests and brooding parents near a lake that has formed in low-lying area between the 200-foot-high dunes.

The inhabitants could not have known what was coming. A pair of speedy, aggressive Velociraptors are on the hunt and approach a large

CUT to: edge of the nesting ground. Beneath an ever-darkening sky, the Velociraptors approach an outlying Oviraptorid nest. The brooding parent is asleep.

…group of nesting Oviraptors - - but on this day, unaware they are chasing…

High-angle: One Velo heads straight for the nest; the other circles around it.

...their last meal.

As the first Velo probes for an egg beneath her, and nearby nesters set up a cry of alarm, the Oviraptorid wakes up and lunges at the little predator.

But, as the Ovi is tenaciously defending her nest, the second Velociraptor sneaks in quickly and grabs an egg. We hear a powerful roll of thunder. Towering storm clouds envelop the scene, bearing an airborne lake of moisture toward the unsuspecting dinosaurs .

The Velociraptors race away and the Ovi settles back down on her nest, squawking in anger. The massive rainstorm strikes. The Ovi looks up at the sky.

The Ovi’s POV: Huge dark clouds and heavy rain falling.

Wide shot of nearby dunes: Torrential rains drench and destabilize one of the huge dunes. Suddenly, the dune liquefies and collapses with a thunderous roar.

CUT back to nesting dinosaurs: An avalanche of sand and water roars down upon the nesting ground of the Oviraptorids, burying everything in its path … including a good mother trying to protect its doomed eggs.

CGI #14 Bone Fossilization The CGI camera goes underground, and we witness 80 million years compressed into twenty seconds. The Oviraptor body decays and we see a leg bone mineralize into a fossil.

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Bones become fossilized when they are quickly buried, protecting them from weather and predators. Over time, living tissues decay and bone is replaced by minerals seeping in from the surrounding sediment.

The CGI leg bone then morphs into the same leg bone on the fossil of the Oviraptor (Khaan) as it died on its nest of eggs.

But bones are not the only clues to the understanding of dinosaur life. New evidence is revolutionizing our view of dinosaurs like Velociraptor.

CGI Turntable #3 Velociraptor A life-like Velociraptor walks on a slowly-rotating grid. On the graphic time-line below, the moving cursor stops at 80 MYA in the Cretaceous Period.

Long thought to be leathery-skinned or scaly, Velociraptor was in fact covered with FEATHERS. And though it could not fly, it had the same S-shaped neck, four-toed feet, and many other features that birds have today.

CUT to Julia Clarke examining feathers and fossils at AMNH lab.

Julia Clarke is using the very latest evidence to study one of nature‟s most enduring mysteries - - the origin of birds, and how feathers developed to give them the power of flight.

JULIA (V/O) Understanding the evolution of flight is, to me, one of the most interesting questions in dinosaur paleontology.

CUT to: feathered fossils moving toward camera: Microrapter gui and Sinornithosaurus millenii.

Dozens of new dinosaur species are being discovered in the north of China. They‟re preserved in the extremely fine volcanic ash and, for the first time, we can see distinct impressions of feathers associated with their delicate bones, confirming to us that non-flying dinosaurs were the first feathered creatures on Earth.

CGI #15 Confuciusornis rises from fossil and takes flight A stone slab containing a fossil of Confuciusornis moves down and away from us. As it does so, we fade in a live-action background plate: a craggy mountain landscape. The fossil melds with the rocky ledge in foreground, then starts to “come alive,” transforming into a fully fleshed and feathered bird about the size of a magpie. It fluffs its feathers, extends its wings, and takes to the sky.

NARRATOR But at least one group of dinosaurs, like this Confuciusornis, recently found in China, DID develop the body structure and the kind of feathers that allowed them to take to the sky.

CUT TO: The grassy steppes of eastern Mongolia. From the distance a handsome, weathered Mongol horseman in traditional dress rides toward camera. Perched on his extended arm is a large and magnificent Steppe Eagle.

Sixty-five million years ago dinosaurs disappeared from Earth. Or so it was long thought. Today we know that the dinosaurs are NOT all gone.

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Close-up of this feathered hunter with its keen, darting eyes and razor-sharp beak. The resemblance to a theropod dinosaur is remarkable.

One line of dinosaurs survives -- and we call them BIRDS.

CUT TO: Telephoto shot, PANNING with a majestic eagle flapping its great wings and gliding past colorful sandstone cliffs.

CUT TO: Aerial of Flaming Cliffs at sunrise

Mongolia is a great place to find some of the LAST non-flying dinosaurs that lived on earth.

FADE OUT / FADE IN on: MAP #2 OLD-FASHIONED MAP OF N. AMERICA, NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE, ALBUQUERQUE

But to go back further in time and find the EARLIEST dinosaurs, scientists come to places like the high desert badlands of New Mexico.

DISSOLVES TO: Camera flies low over New Mexico high desert, then climbs toward sheer cliffs and passes between the stone pillars of Chimney Rock.

The land has a rich and turbulent human history, of Pueblo people, Spanish conquistadors, cowboys, and cattle rustlers. But it has an even richer history of life stretching back over 200 million years. It is one of the few places in the world where rock layers span the Age of Dinosaurs.

CUT TO: Aerial shot starting from the top of the Piedra Lumbre mesa (Dakota Formation), and descending rapidly from the top layer of sandstone to the red badlands (Chinle Formation) 1200 feet below.

SUPERIMPOSE graphic titles: Cretaceous Period 144-65 million years ago Jurassic Period 200-144 million years ago Triassic Period 248-200 million years ago

The deeper the layer, the older the rock. At the top, rock from the Cretaceous. Below that, further back in time: the gold and white cliffs of the Jurassic; and near the bottom: the oldest, red Triassic badlands, when dinosaurs first appeared.

Another aerial, flying at low altitude over the desert scrub. A vintage red Toyota Land Cruiser comes in to view, driving along a dirt road beneath the cliffs. Low-level aerial: Land Cruiser comes toward us and we swoop over it.

CUT to hood-mounted medium close-up of Toyota’s two occupants: grad students Sterling Nesbitt and Alan Turner. Alan pulls the vehicle to a stop.

ALAN (SYNC) This looks good. STERLING (SYNC) Yeah. ALAN (SYNC) Let‟s look here.

NARRATOR

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Alan Turner is having a busy summer. In addition to trekking across the Gobi, he is working with his…

Wider: Sterling and Alan get out of the Toyota and walk off across the desert under a scorching sun.

…fellow grad student Sterling Nesbitt on a new excavation at a place called Ghost Ranch.

STERLING (SYNC) Yeah, just up in these badlands? ALAN (SYNC) Yeah, definitely. This looks like it‟s going to be real nice.

NARRATOR Sterling grew up in the Southwest, reading about dinosaurs…

Sterling and Alan walking in box canyon with Kitchen Mesa in the background.

…and the amazing discoveries that had been made at Ghost Ranch.

STERLING (V/O) I‟ve spent every school vacation since I was 15 digging for dinosaurs. I‟ve always wanted to be a…

Sterling passes verdant pond, pauses to look up.

…paleontologist, so the chance to excavate at Ghost Ranch is a dream come true.

Sterling’s POV: Dramatic cliff wall. SUPERIMPOSE single-panel archive photos of Colbert excavations at Ghost Ranch in the 1940s:

Two paleontologists dig on steep rock face

Ghost Ranch was explored in the 1940s…

DISSOLVE to: Colbert dig site at foot of cliff.

…by paleontologists from the American Museum.

DISSOLVE to: Huge of block of fossils being winched out of rock

They discovered rich fossil beds…

DISSOLVE to: Colbert and colleague examine the block in AMNH

…220 million years old, with hundreds of bones…

DISSOLVE to: Close shot of Coelophysis skull being prepared

… of a small, early dinosaur now considered a kind of blueprint for the carnivorous dinosaurs yet to come.

DISSOLVE to: PAN of complete Coelophysis skeleton (live action in panel)

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CGI Turntable #4 Coelophysis A life-like Coelophysis dinosaur walks on a slowly rotating grid, making a complete turn. On the graphic time-line below, the moving cursor stops at 215 MYA in the Triassic Period and the name Coelophysis appears.

NARRATOR Named Coelophysis, it grew to nine feet long and weighed 100 pounds. It‟s size and leg bones indicate an ability to run fast. On each hand, it had three clawed fingers for catching and holding prey. Large eye sockets suggest very acute vision. It all adds up to a small but effective predator.

CUT TO: Interior, AMNH. Pan with STERLING NESBITT, as he searches through the “catacombs” of the world’s largest dinosaur collection, many still enshrouded in plaster, just as they were when they were taken from the ground 60 or more years ago. Sterling pauses here and there, looks at huge sauropod legs, stoops to read labels on several plaster blocks.

Pursuing his graduate research, Sterling became intrigued by the dozens of the unexamined fossils at the museum, collected from Ghost Ranch in the 1940‟s. He knew that not all dinosaur discoveries are made in the field. Each expedition collects fossils and brings them back for later examination. But some remain in museum catacombs for decades, unopened.

Another angle on Sterling, as he searches. Track with him to a large, dusty fossil block on the floor. He reads the scrawled writing on it. This is what he’s been looking for.

STERLING (V/O) It‟s amazing. When you walk through these catacombs, filled with tens of thousands of dinosaur bones…

STERLING wheels the large block on a dolly into the AMNH paleontology prep lab.

… some still wrapped in plaster, and you realize that they were dug up by really famous paleontologists, to get the chance to see what they saw, for the first time in 70 or 80 years is pretty incredible.

CUT TO: STERLING sitting at lab table, comparing fossil bones to a sketch he has made of a bipedal creature with along tail. Above table is full-size cast of Coelophysis skeleton.

It took me a few months to prepare and remove the bones from the old plaster cast, but by comparing it to Coelophysis directly, I very quickly realized that this was not a dinosaur at all. It was actually an animal new to science.

CUT to: Mike and Mark in Mark’s impressive turret office at AMNH. STERLING enters and they join him at a display table to examine the skeleton of the creature STERLING has discovered.

Another angle: three-shot of scientists. Close-up: Mark holding Effigia skull.

STERLING (SYNC) Hey guys. Preparations are finally done on this.

NARRATOR It isn‟t often that a grad student discovers a new species. And when his find captures the attention of leading paleontologists like Mike and Mark, it‟s a memorable day.

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MIKE (SYNC) Yeah wow, look at this ankle too, it‟s really nicely preserved. MARK Yeah, it‟s a totally new animal for Ghost Ranch.

CGI Turntable #5 Effigia A life-like Effigia walks on a slowly-turning grid. When it rotates to full profile, its skin becomes transparent and reveals its skeleton, with the ankle-bones highlighted. The time-line cursor moves to 215 MYA in the Triassic Period and the name Effigia appears above.

NARRATOR Sterling named this new creature Effigia, the Latin word for ghost, in honor of Ghost Ranch. It was up to nine feet long, and weighed about 200 pounds.

It really looks like a dinosaur, but one bone tells a different story: the ankle is that of an ancient relative of crocodiles, telling us that Effigia was a member of the crocodile group. But strangely… Effigia walked upright on two legs.

CUT to: Aerial of Ghost Ranch buildings.

STERLING (V/O) After the discovery of Effigia, I knew I had to go to New Mexico.

CUT TO: Interior, Ruth Hall Museum of Paleontology,Ghost Ranch.

STERLING (SYNC) Looks like you‟ve got a nice Coelophysis skull here.

Curator/preparator Alex Downs works on a large block of dinosaur fossils, as Sterling looks on:

STERLING (V/O) My first stop was to see Alex Downs, curator of paleontology at Ghost Ranch, who‟s been working for years on Coelophysis.

Alex points out features of two entwined Coelophysis skeletons: long necks, skulls with sharp teeth, etc.

STERLING This is one of the few places in the world where fossilized bones of early dinosaurs and their closest relatives are found together.

ALEX (SYNC) There‟s a somewhat larger one here. This is the tip of the snout, and we can see the teeth here. And we have a beautiful skull. It‟s just missing one tooth.

STERLING (SYNC) That‟s great.

Aerial flying low over pinyon pines of New Mexico desert. Rise up and circle around Ghost Ranch dig site; we see activity around several blue tents where excavations are underway.

NARRATOR For grad students like Sterling and Alan, who work in classrooms and labs most of the year…

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High angle of four grad students digging away over-burden; crane down to ground level.

…the opportunity to spend a few weeks at a hot, dusty hunt for dinosaurs is what they live for…The new dig at Ghost Ranch is a joint project of the University of California, Berkeley and the American Museum.

Tracking shot: Alan shoveling away over-burden; he tosses a shovel-full of dirt at camera.

CRANE DOWN from top of blue tent to diggers at work beneath. Track slowly past them, and move in slowly on Sterling and Kevin Padian as they unearth several leg bones.

Once the overlying tons of rock are removed, the grad students soon realize they‟ve come upon a huge fossil site.

ALAN (SYNC) I‟m gonna try to trench around this block. I think there‟s gonna be some more therapod material in it. NATE Oh, cool. ALAN How about you? NATE There„s a humerus of what looks like a sinosaurid, one of those dinosaur relatives, over here.

NARRATOR For paleontologists, great work is often accomplished - - while lying down on the job.

NATE It‟s right in that layer between the clay and conglomerate. ALAN Oh, it‟s going to be great. RANDY You guys got anything over there Ster? STERLING Yeah, there‟s a really nice phytosaur calcanium.

STERLING (V/O) We hope to piece together a picture of which creatures lived in the Late Triassic….

STERLING (SYNC) No, looks like it‟s just isolated. ALAN Is it that lower conglomerate? STERLING Yeah, exactly.

Extreme close-up: Sterling using a pick and brush on dino leg bones.

STERLING (V/O) … what their surroundings were like, and where they fit into the family tree of reptiles.

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Crane up over dig site to reveal nearby high-desert badlands, dotted with small pinyon pines and junipers, and distant mesas.

NARRATOR When dinosaurs first appeared, this part of North America was a very different environment.

CGI #4 Triassic floodplain A Triassic floodplain woven with several channels, some with slow-running water, all lined with horsetails and ferns. Here and there are sparse stands of tall conifers.

STERLING (V/O) The region had a wet, tropical climate. Tall evergreen-like trees grew along the banks of streams and rivers flowing through a vast floodplain. All in all, it seems to have been a rich habitat for life. The question is…

CGI #4 Effigia-Coelophysis chase and Redondasaurus encounter A dark, lush canyon in the Triassic, its sheer walls covered with a thick tapestry of fern. On the canyon floor, a stream meanders downhill beneath large fallen tree-trunks. Camera pans to reveal small, two- legged creature (Effigia) on the hunt.

… how did the early dinosaurs interact with other animals?

Effigia spots a spider-like bug on a foreground log, rushes toward camera, snaps up the bug, and swallows it. Then, sensing danger in the distance, Effigia looks off-camera.

NARRATOR Reptiles appeared on Earth before dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are reptiles too, but over 200 million years ago they branched off from the evolutionary line leading towards crocodiles. Effigia was an early crocodile relative.

Effigia’s POV: a hunting pack of five Coelophysis are coming down the trunk of a huge tree that has collapsed into the canyon. They jump down and gather as a group in front of the massive tree’s roots, moving slowly and using their keen senses to locate prey. Their behavior is somewhat like that of predatory water birds.

Coelophysis was one of the first dinosaurs. Undoubtedly, they came across one another in the canyons and forests of the Triassic Southwest.

Cut to wide shot from behind Effigia. The lone reptile panics, turns, and runs off-screen. The Coelophysis, in background, notice this sudden movement, squawk to one another, and give chase. They too run past camera and out of frame.

Tracking shot from behind Effigia: Effigia is running at full speed, but not fast enough to elude the Coelophysis pack. Three of the small, fast dinosaurs catch up with Effigia and try to sink their teeth in it.

Reverse Angle tracking shot: Effigia runs toward camera, splashes through the stream, under a fallen tree-trunk, and manages to gain a few yards on its pursuers. But the Coelos quickly close the gap, snapping with their sharp-toothed jaws at Effigia’s hind-quarters. The dinos seem to be coming out of the screen and nipping at the viewer.

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Once more the tracking camera follows the chase from behind. All five Coelos are now closing in on Effigia. Only by making radical turns from one side of the canyon to another and over logs does Effigia succeed in staying a few steps ahead.

CUT to: Static wide shot from end of canyon. Stream flows across foreground. Mist is drifting into the scene from behind camera. As it races toward the water, Effigia slams on the brakes. It has seen something. The lead Coelo flies right past the now motionless Effigia and jumps on a water-logged piece of wood in extreme FG. For a moment, he Coelo stares in complete dread at something behind the camera, then jumps back and runs back up canyon with the other four dinos, leaving Effigia alone.

Reverse angle: All five Coelophysis fly out of the bank of fog , racing over and past the camera, left and right; Effigia trails. Through the mist, a massive 20-foot Phytosaur (Redondasaurus) appears, splashing towards Effigia, its jaws agape. Effigia looks back and sees its escape route blocked by the Coelos. It hesitates for an instant…a fatal mistake. Just as Effigia decides to run up-canyon, the surprisingly agile Redondasaurus, breaks into a run, snaps Effigia in its great jaws, shakes its victim violently, and runs out of frame.

FADE OUT/FADE UP to CRANE SHOT of Mike, Mark, and Julia crossing a dry arroyo and climbing a hill toward the Ghost Ranch dig, under a blazing sun.

NARRATOR The prospect of a new dinosaur discovery has brought Mike, Julia, and Mark to Ghost Ranch to see for themselves.

CUT to: High angle shot looking down on Sterling, Mark, Mike, and Alan seated around a cluster of fossils still in the ground. Sterling points out the various types of bone.

STERLING (SYNC) Yeah, here‟s the lower leg bone. Here‟s the other one. This is the fibula, tibia, and the other tibia, and part of the pelvis is coming out here.

MARK Right. The skeleton is sort of smeared across this direction.

Wider, TRACKING shot of entire group, including Julia and Nate.

STERLING … and part of the femur. This area is a little bit….

NARRATOR The number of fossils here is staggering. Layers and layers of animals are piled up in this mass burial place, which seems to have been a sharp bend in an ancient riverbed. What happened here?

CUT to desert vista with arroyo in foreground. Time-lapse shot going from sunny to stormy.

The high desert landscape is dramatic, and so are the torrential rainsqualls that can turn dry canyons into raging rivers of death,…

CUT to: Long Logs area of Petrified Forest National Park. Large sections of petrified tree trunks are in the foreground. Low, magic-hour light on dramatically sculpted badlands beyond.

…. as they must have done back in the Age of Dinosaurs.

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In Arizona‟s Petrified Forest National Park…

Sterling and Bill Parker come from behind a massive fallen tree trunk (Old Faithful) and walk along it.

…200 million-year-old fossilized trees are reappearing as the ground erodes around them…evidence of the ancient floods that violently uprooted and buried them.

STERLING (SYNC) What‟s the species of this? RANGER Species of this tree is called Araucarioxylon

CUT TO: Matched angle on a massive redwood trunk lying on a hillside in Humboldt Redwoods State Park. NARRATOR Though now extinct, these giant trees of the Triassic were similar to the Pacific redwoods of today.

CGI #5 Postosuchus chases Coelophysis Late Triassic forest, with huge conifers towering overhead. From a high angle, we CRANE down into a dry riverbed. The pack of five nervous and agitated Coelophysis tread cautiously along it, looking for small prey. We hear rumble of distant thunder.

But it wasn‟t just trees that got swept up in ancient floods.

Tighter, low-angle shot of nerve-wracked Coelophysis reacting to the thunder, tensely moving forward.

Early dinosaurs like Coelophysis were always on the defensive. They lived in a world still dominated by larger reptiles…

CUT to: Close-up of a huge Postosuchus lying on a fallen tree-trunk. It turns its massive head to watch the Coelophysis pack coming towards it.

Reverse angle (Coelophysis POV): The big reptile leaps off its perch onto the canyon floor, opens its awesome jaws, and bellows toward camera.

From behind, camera TRACKS with the Postosuchus as it charges toward the five Coelos. The little dinosaurs are so fast on their feet, they easily avoid each of the Posto’s lunges. It almost seems that they are playing a game of tag with the much larger predator, teasing it with their superior agility.

CUT to: another part of the dry canyon bed, above the animals. All at once, a flash flood roars into view, flooding the canyon with turbulent, debris-filled water moving at high speed

CUT back to the Coelophysis pack and the attacking Postosuchus on the dry canyon floor. They have no chance to react as the wall of raging water crashes into them, sweeping them away.

From high angle above the canyon, we see the flood waters race around a sharp bend, ripping at the fern- covered banks. We catch glimpses of the Coelophysis as they are carried along by the powerful current, then pulled under, and drowned. The long tail of the Postosuchus whips past camera and we see its big head bob briefly to the surface before going down for the last time.

NARRATOR Flash floods washed the drowned bodies of reptiles and dinosaurs into concentrated deposits.

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CUT to: high-angle shot of the Ghost Ranch dig site where a large conglomeration of fossils is being plastered and prepped for removal. Sterling, Alan Nate and Randy are carefully undercutting a one- meter-wide section of the Triassic dinosaur bone bed.

Perhaps this is why Sterling and team are finding so many in one area. When they locate a skeleton, they carefully excavate around it, then cover it up…

DISSOLVE to: Same high-angle shot, an hour later. Alan unrolls toilet paper and hands it to Randy, who soaks it in plaster to it and wraps it around the fossil block.

… with a jacket made of plaster and toilet paper…which ALWAYS comes in handy out in the field.

Low-angle side view: The four grad students heave the large plaster jacket with its precious fossils onto a stretcher.

This protects the fossils so that they can be transported to the lab…

Medium-wide shot looking uphill as the grad students slide the stretcher down a slippery gravel slope, struggling to keep their footing. At the bottom of the hill they lift the 250-pound load (and carry it right into camera).

…where the bones will be delicately separated from the rock.

ALAN (V/O) This summer‟s dig at Ghost Ranch has been productive beyond our greatest expectations. We‟ve found something really exciting, and we think it may be a new dinosaur.

STERLING (SYNC) Alright, get ready….

CUT to: Extreme close-up of saw cutting into the plaster jacket. Loud BUZZ on sound.

Medium-close shot of Sterling and Alan removing the top of the plaster cast, as Amy observes, at the AMNH Fossil Preparation Laboratory.

STERLING (V/O) It‟s thrilling to find a dinosaur we‟ve never known before, that hasn‟t seen the light of day for over 200 million years. It will take many months …

Extreme close-up of the preparator’s needle scraping away the stone matrix around a dinosaur bone.

… to determine what it looked like and how important it is. But it will surely change our views of how dinosaurs…

Medium-close shot of the team examining the dinosaur bones being revealed in the rocky matrix.

…rose to dominance.

STERLING (SYNC) Oh excellent. The preservation looks really nice. It‟s preparing very nicely in this area.

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Extreme-close-up of Sterling’s hand pointing features of the fossil bones, while the preparatory works delicately with her sharp needle.

It looks like more of the skeleton….

NARRATOR There are things the fossil record cannot preserve, that we may never know…

CUT to: a montage of CGI images reprised from the film:

Seismosaurus walking.

… such as the color of dinosaurs, or precisely what sounds they made.

Tarbosaurus roars

Coelophysis pack descending tree trunk into canyon.

But year by year, we learn more about them. Some dinosaurs traveled in herds and hunted in packs.

Nesting Oviraptor

We know that they made nests, protected their eggs, probably cared for their young.

Fighting Dinosaurs

From some fossils we‟ve learned who were the hunters and who were the hunted.

A pair of Velociraptors approach on Oviraptor nesting area.

That feathers FIRST appeared on non-flying dinosaurs BEFORE birds evolved.

Mongolian hunter holds a Steppe Eagle on his arm.

And that some dinosaurs live on, as modern birds.

CUT to: a sweeping aerial along Piedra Lumbre mesa near Ghost Ranch; airborne camera moves toward cliff edge and discovers Sterling and Alan gazing out over the spectacular, ancient landscape.

Those who love to contemplate the secrets of the history of life – must come to places like Ghost Ranch and the Flaming Cliffs. It is hard to imagine our own human sense of who we are and where we come from – without the records buried beneath our feet.

For young paleontologists like Sterling and Alan, the adventure is just beginning.

CUT to: Aerial of the Flaming Cliffs in the heart of the Gobi Desert. SUPERIMPOSE archival panel shots of Roy Chapman Andrews:

Andrews with rifle, gazing out over the Gobi landscape.

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Three quarters of a century ago, Roy Chapman Andrews discovered a whole new world of dinosaurs beneath the Flaming Cliffs. Camping in this…

Andrews sitting in his tent, reading

…magical place, he wrote in his diary of a sense of having traveled back in time.

FADE OUT/FADE IN on: Wide shot of AMNH Gobi expedition members sitting around a campfire as night falls over the Gobi.

It‟s a feeling shared by paleontologists then and now - -

VOICE OF ANDREWS In the evening shadows, the rocks took on fantastic shapes.

CGI #17 Dinosaur ghosts around campfire In the distance beyond the campfire, ghostly silhouettes of dinosaurs appear and move slowly across the darkening desert floor. After a few moments, these ancient apparitions fade back into the past.

We seemed to be living in the world of a long-gone yesterday. At any moment, I imagined that dinosaurs might wander to the doorways of our tents.

NARRATOR We have discovered less than two percent of all the dinosaur species that once lived. Imagine all those dinosaurs out there…. yet to be found.

CGI : A Velociraptor claw reaches out into the night and rips the campfire scene off the screen.

END CREDITS - END –

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