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B. A. Part- I STD Title English.Pmd HI SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION Science, Technology and Development (S.T.D.) (From Academic Year 2013-14) Paper-I & II For B. A. Part-I KJSemester - I & II Copyright © Registrar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. (Maharashtra) First Edition 2014 Prescribed for B. A. Part-I All rights reserved, No part of this work may be reproduced in any form by mimeography or any other means without permission in writing from the Shivaji University, Kolhapur (MS) Copies : 300 Published by: Dr. D. V. Muley Registrar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004 Printed by : Shri. B. P. Patil Superintendent, Shivaji University Press, Kolhapur-416 004 ISBN- 978-81-8486-552-3 # Further information about the Centre for Distance Education & Shivaji University may be obtained from the University Office at Vidyanagar, Kolhapur-416 004, India. # This material has been produced out of the Developmental Grant from UGC, Distance Education Bureau, New Delhi. (ii) Centre for Distance Education Shivaji University, Kolhapur I ADVISORY COMMITTEE I Prof. (Dr.) N. J. Pawar Dr. J. S. Patil Vice-Chancellor, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur Prof. (Dr.) M. M. Salunkhe Dr. C. J. Khilare Vice-Chancellor, Dean, Faculty of Science, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open Shivaji University, Kolhapur University, Nashi. Dr. R. G. Phadatare Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Prof. (Dr.) K. S. Rangappa Shivaji University, Kolhapur Hon. Vice-Chancellor, Prof. (Dr.) A. B. Rajage University of Mysore Director, B.C.U.D., Prof. P. Prakash Shivaji University, Kolhapur Pro. Vice-Chancellor, Prof. (Dr.) D. V. Muley Indira Gandhi National Open University, Registrar, New Delhi Shivaji University, Kolhapur Prin. (Dr.) A. S. Bhoite Shri. M. A. Kakade Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Controller of Examinations, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Shivaji University, Kolhapur Prof. (Dr.) Cima Yeole Shri. V. T. Patil, Git Govind, Flat No. 2, Finance and Accounts Officer, 1139 Sykes Extension, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Kolhapur-416001 Prof. (Dr.) A. R. Bhosale Dr. A. P. Gavali (Member Secretary) Director, Centre for Distance Education, Dean, Faculty of Arts and Fine Arts, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Shivaji University, Kolhapur I B. O. S. IN GEOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY Chairman- Dr. B. N. Gophane Venutai Chavan College, Karad, Dist. Satara G Dr. P. D. Raut G Dr. A. B. Patil Head of Department, Geography Dept. Arts, Commerce Mahavidyalaya, Ashta, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Tal. Walwa, Dist. Sangli G Dr. S. B. Gaikwad G Dr. B. L. Ajgekar Miraj Mahavidyalaya, Miraj, Dist. Sangli Karmvir Hire College of Arts, Science, Commerce and Education, Gargoti G Dr. H. Y. Karande Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Mangalwar Peth, G Prof. Dr. A. S. Raymane Karad, Dist. Satara Benglor University, Bengalore G Prof. A. S. Jadhav G Dr. S. S. Kothawale Geography Department, Padmbhushan Dr. Vasantraodada Patil Mahavidyalaya, Kavathemahankal, Mumbai University, Mumbai. G Dr. K. A. Mali Rajaram College, Kolhapur (iii) Centre for Distance Education Science, Technology and Development (S.T.D.) Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Writing Team Sem. III Sem. IV Writers Name Units Units Dr. Meena B. Potdar 1, 2 - Dept. of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Dr. S. D. Shinde 3, 4 - Dept. of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Dr. P. V. Patil - 1 Sambhajirao Kadam Mahavidyalaya, Deur Dr. M. K. Patil - 2 Padmabhushan Vasantraodada Patil Mahavidyalaya, Kavathe Mahankal Dr. Sanjay S. Sathe - 3 Padmabhushan Dr. Vasantraodada Patil Mahavidyalaya, Tasgaon Dr. B. S. Jadhav - 4 Vijaysinh Yadav Arts & Science College, Peth-Vadgaon I Editors I Dr. B. N. Gophane Venutai Chavan College, Karad, Dist. Satara Dr. S. S. Kothavale Dr. Meena B. Potdar Padmabhushan Vasantraodada Patil Dept. of Geography, Mahavidyalaya, Kavathe Mahankal Shivaji University, Kolhapur (iv) Preface On the behalf of Shivaji University, Kolhapur it is good and welcoming planning to implement SIM (Self Instructional Material) for the external students of B. A. Part-I for the academic year 2013-14. I feel great pleasure to provide SIM of Science, Technology and Development (S.T.D) For B. A. I students. This text is useful for the students of B. A. Part-I as well as who are preparing themselves for M.P.S.C. I tried my level best to make it as easy as possible. If established the current and modern information of science and Technology. It will help to increase the scientific attitude amongst the students. The book contain eight units, each unit explain of each point and the questions are given for self studying with answers. For this, I am inspired by Hon. Prof. Dr. N. J. Pawar, Vice-Chancellor of Shivaji University, Kolhapur and other Honrable members of the Distance Education Section of University, and I greatly thankful for the authors for their co-operation for creating SIM. Dr. B. N. Gophane Editor Chairman, Board of Studies, Geography Shivaji University, Kolhapur. (v) B. A Part-I SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & DEVELOPMENT (STD) INDEX Unit No. Topic Page No. Semester-I : Paper I 1. Introduction of Science and Technology 1 2. Contribution of Eminent Scientist in the Development of Science and Technology 27 3. Power Resources of India 58 4. Science, Technology and Human Healtgh 80 Semester-II : Paper-II 1. Disaster Management 99 2. Means of Communication and Information Technology 121 3. Science, Technology and Agriculture 155 4. Science Technology in Space & Ocean Research 195 (vii) Each Unit begins with the section objectives - Objectives are directive and indicative of : 1. what has been presented in the unit and 2. what is expected from you 3. what you are expected to know pertaining to the specific unit, once you have completed working on the unit. The self check exercises with possible answers will help you understand the unit in the right perspective. Go through the possible answers only after you write your answers. These exercises are not to be submitted to us for evaluation. They have been provided to you as study tools to keep you in the right track as you study the unit. Dear Students The SIM is simply a supporting material for the study of this paper. It is also advised to see the new syllabus 2013-14 and study the reference books & other related material for the detailed study of the paper. (viii) B. A. Part-I STD : Sem. I Unit-1 Introduction of Science and Technology Index 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Developing a curriculum 1.2.1 Science and Technology: Definition, Nature, scope 1.2.2 Fundamental Concepts in scientific thinking 1.2.3 Stages in the Study of Science observation, experiment – Analysis, Result and hypothesis 1.2.4 Science and Superstitions 1.2.5 Scientific outlook and social development 1.2.6 A Brief History of Science and Technology 1.3 Terminology and Meaning 1.4 Answers to check your progress 1.5 Summary 1.6 Exercise 1.7 References 1.0 Objectives To understand definition of science and technology, nature and types of science • To understand fundamental concepts scientific research • To study the methods of scientific research • To reduce superstitions with the help of science and to analyze the social development due to scientific growth. 1 1.1 Introduction Science and technology is one the important part of today’s human life with the help of science and technology man has made many development in Agriculture, medical science, cultural, social as well as economic values of our lives. With the help of science we have discovered many hidden truths in nature. Due to this for solving the problems of making our day to day life more comfortable many research work are conducted. Research made science more vast and opened thousands of doors for career and human development. Science also helped us in many ways to erase superstitions and gave new view to look towards science and technology so the study of science definitions, nature, types fundamental concepts is helpful in overall development of society therefore in this part we are going to see definition of science and other information of science and technology. 1.2 Developing a Curriculum 1.2.1 Science and Technology: Definition, Nature, Scope Over the course of human history, people have developed many interconnected and validated ideas about the physical and non physical world. Those ideas have enabled successive generations to achieve an increasingly comprehensive and reliable understanding of the nature. The means used to develop these ideas are particular ways of observing, thinking, experimenting, and validating. These ways represent a fundamental aspect of the nature of science and reflect how science tends to differ from other modes of knowing.Science is the desired human effort to understand or to understand better, the history of the natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidences as the basis of that understanding. It is done through observation of natural phenomena and through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions with the help of this man achieved developments. Very few modern people continued traditional life style from centuries or ago traveling carts pulled by draft animals, cooking over fires, herding sheep and cattle, sleeping in poorly heated huts. The advantages of modern lifestyle are too great for most of us to pass up. Some of us will nonetheless wakeup to our clock radios flip on the electric light shower in our heated water carried by plumbing, using refrigerator, oven and gas for cooking 2 traveling by automobiles or airplanes and watching television broadcast via satellite our opinion that traditional understandings of the world are superior to those developed by science in the modern era. We can understand more with the help of following definition. Science Science comes from a Latin word scientia it means to know the meaning, to gain knowledge or to understand the nominal form of verb scire, “to know”.
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