Synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 in Telecoms Next Generation
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Synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 in Telecoms Synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 in Telecoms Next Generation Synchronization Networks Jean-Loup Ferrant, Mike Gilson, Sébastien Jobert, Michael Mayer, Laurent Montini, Michel Ouellette, Silvana Rodrigues, Stefano Ruffini Series Editor Pierre-Noël Favennec First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2013 The rights of Jean-Loup Ferrant, Mike Gilson, Sébastien Jobert, Michael Mayer, Laurent Montini, Michel Ouellette, Silvana Rodrigues, Stefano Ruffini to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013933689 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84821-443-9 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd., Croydon, Surrey CR0 4YY Table of Contents Foreword.......................................... xi Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................. xv Acknowledgments .................................... xxvii Introduction........................................ xxxiii Chapter 1. Network Evolutions, Applications and Their Synchronization Requirements ............................ 1 1.1.Introduction.................................... 1 1.2. Evolution from plesiochronous digital hierarchy to optical transport networks ........................................ 3 1.2.1. Plesiochronous digital hierarchy and public switch telephone networks................................. 3 1.2.2.EvolutiontowardSDHandsynchronousopticalnetwork...... 7 1.2.3. Introduction of optical transport network in transport networks . 11 1.3. Migration and evolution in the next-generation networks: from time division multiplexing to packet networks.................. 12 1.3.1.Circuitemulationsynchronizationrequirements ........... 14 1.4.Mobilenetworksandmobilebackhaul.................... 17 1.4.1.Synchronizationrequirementsinmobilenetworks.......... 22 1.5.Synchronizationrequirementsinotherapplications............ 27 1.6.Theneedtodefinenewsynchronizationtechnologies........... 28 1.7.Bibliography................................... 30 Chapter 2. Synchronization Technologies ..................... 33 2.1. Fundamental aspects related to network synchronization ......... 33 2.2.Timingtransportviathephysicallayer ................... 42 2.2.1.SynchronousEthernet........................... 42 vi Synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 in Telecommunications 2.3. Packet timing................................... 47 2.3.1.Packettimingusingtrafficdata...................... 47 2.3.2. Packet-based methods ........................... 52 2.4.IEEE 1588 and its Precision Time Protocol ................. 55 2.4.1.SomeessentialsofIEEE1588...................... 56 2.4.2.IEEE1588-2002:originandlimitations ................ 64 2.4.3.IEEE1588-2008andPTPv2....................... 68 2.5.Theconceptof“profiles”............................ 75 2.5.1.Frequencyprofile.............................. 77 2.5.2.Phaseandtimeprofile(ITU-TG.8275.1)................ 81 2.6.Otherpacket-basedprotocols......................... 82 2.6.1.Packet-basedtiming:startingwithCES................. 82 2.6.2.DedicatedtimingTDMPW........................ 86 2.6.3.NTP...................................... 87 2.6.4.Summaryandcomparison......................... 91 2.7.GNSSandotherradioclocksources..................... 94 2.7.1.Globalandregionalspace-basedtimingsystem............ 94 2.7.2.Regionalterrestrialsystems........................ 102 2.7.3.Comparison................................. 104 2.8.Summary..................................... 105 2.9.Bibliography................................... 107 Chapter 3. Synchronization Network Architectures in Packet Networks ..................................... 111 3.1. The network synchronization layer ...................... 111 3.1.1.Networklayersandabstraction...................... 111 3.1.2.Thesynchronizationlayer......................... 116 3.2.Functionalmodeling .............................. 117 3.3. Frequency synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes using SyncE................................. 119 3.3.1.Introduction................................. 119 3.3.2.Networktopologies............................. 120 3.3.3. Redundancy and source traceability ................... 121 3.3.4.UseofSSMinrealnetworks....................... 122 3.3.5.NetworksinvolvingSSUs......................... 130 3.3.6.ClassicalerrorsduringSSMconfiguration............... 131 3.3.7.Conclusiononsynchronizationtopologies............... 133 3.4.The IEEE 1588 standard and its applicability in telecommunication networks ............................ 133 3.5. Frequency synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes using IEEE 1588 .............................. 134 3.5.1.Redundancy schemes using IEEE 1588................. 136 Table of Contents vii 3.6. Time synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes ....... 139 3.6.1.LocallydistributedPRTC......................... 140 3.6.2.Packet-basedmethod............................ 141 3.6.3.Resiliency and redundancy schemes................... 142 3.7.Bibliography................................... 146 Chapter 4. Synchronization Design and Deployments ............. 149 4.1. High-level principles .............................. 149 4.1.1.Networkevolution............................. 152 4.1.2.Typicalmobilenetworksrequirementsandevolutions........ 158 4.2.MAKEorBUYnetworksynchronizationstrategies............ 161 4.2.1. Relationships between MAKE or BUY strategies for network connectivity and Synchronization ........................ 162 4.2.2.MAKEorBUYnetworksynchronizationsourcestrategies..... 167 4.2.3.Fixed/mobilenetworkscenarios..................... 170 4.3. Deployment of timing solutions for frequency synchronization needs ................................ 182 4.3.1.Overviewofsynchronizationsolutionsforfrequencyneeds .... 183 4.3.2.SynchronousEthernetdeployments................... 184 4.3.3.IEEE1588end-to-enddeployments................... 196 4.4.Deployment of timing solutions for accurate phase/time synchronization needs ................................ 220 4.4.1.GNSSdeploymentsandassociatedissues............... 221 4.4.2.IEEE1588fulltimingsupportdeployments.............. 225 4.4.3. Possible migration paths toward IEEE 1588 phase/time profile ................................. 236 4.5.Bibliography................................... 237 Chapter 5. Management and Monitoring of Synchronization Networks.......................................... 239 5.1. Introduction.................................... 239 5.2. Network management systems and the telecommunications management network (TMN) ............................ 240 5.3. Synchronization Network management: the synchronization plan and protection .................................. 242 5.4.Provisioningandsetup:manualversusautomatic............. 245 5.5.Monitoringfunctions.............................. 246 5.6.Managementissuesinwirelessbackhaul.................. 249 5.7.NetworkOSintegration:M.3000versusSNMP.............. 250 5.8.Bibliography................................... 252 viii Synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 in Telecommunications Chapter 6. Security Aspects Impacting Synchronization............ 255 6.1. Security and synchronization ......................... 255 6.1.1.Terminologyusedinsecurity....................... 257 6.1.2.Synchronizationinnetworksecurityensemble ............ 259 6.2.Securityofthetimingsource ......................... 261 6.2.1. Access security to device ......................... 262 6.2.2.GNSSsignalvulnerability......................... 263 6.2.3.Protectingandmitigatingfromcompromisesignal.......... 270 6.3.Securityofsynchronizationdistribution................... 274 6.3.1.Securityaspectsofphysicaltimingtransmission........... 275 6.3.2.Securityaspectsofpacket-basedtimingtransmission........ 277 6.4.Synchronizationriskmanagement...................... 282 6.5.Bibliography................................... 284 Chapter 7. Test and Measurement Aspects of Packet Synchronization Networks............................... 287 7.1. Introduction.................................... 287 7.2.Traditionalmetrics ............................... 287 7.3.Equipmentconfiguration............................ 292 7.4.Referencesignals,cablesandconnectors.................. 293 7.5.TestingSynchronousEthernet......................... 293 7.5.1.TestingtheperformanceofSyncEEEC ................ 294 7.5.2.TestingtheESMCprotocol........................ 304 7.6.TestingtheIEEE1588end-to-endtelecomprofile ............ 308 7.6.1.Testingthetelecomprofile–protocol.................. 308 7.6.2.Testingthetelecomprofile–performanceofpacketnetworks... 316 7.6.3. Testing the telecom profile – performance of a PTP packet